Mini Review

Year: 2020 AN UPDATED REVIEW ON ELECTROCHEMICAL Volume: 01 Issue: 01 TECHNIQUES Pages: 69-72

Arifa Saeed1* 1Deejhons Pharma Lahore, Pakistan *Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Electrochemistry is a branch which deals with the production by chemical changes. This review is mainly concerned with the electrochemical methods. This technique uses the potential measurement by analyzing charges, which causes chemical changes to occur through Reactions. Keywords: Electrochemistry, , Charge Introduction All techniques have some common features Except Instrumentation level i.e. All causes same changes to cause Electricity Production But the instruments used in Each Technique have Different Principles. So, in this review we cover all the points regarding Electricity Production through charges, most commonly there are only Three methods used, to determine the Electrical charges in different concentrations, But Except these, there are more techniques available, viz voltammetry, conductimetry, coulometry etc. i.e. In voltammetry technique potential apply on cells with time reference to measure current changes in a cell. Likewise, in coulometry Analyte reacts with the reagent through oxidation –Reduction method to cause changes (1). Processes involved:  Electrolytic  Galvanic or Voltaic Electrolytic The process in which Electric pass to produce chemical changes through Reactions in . Galvanic or voltaic The production of Electrical energy through chemical reaction is called Galvanic or Voltaic processes.

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TYPES OF CELLS: Electrochemical cell: It is a cell which Either produces Electricity Through chemical Reactions or Vice Versa. Fuel Cell: It converts Chemical Energy into Electrical potential Through Conversion of Chemical Reaction Electrolytic Cell: It is a type of cell in which Redox Reactions occur Through Electrical Energy changes, causes Decomposition of Chemical Compounds so Named As “Lytic” (2). CLASSIFICATION: Potentiometry coulometry Voltammetry (1). POTENTIOMETRY Potentiometer is an instrument use to measure the potential of Electrochemical cells at zero current conditions and Potentiometry is a technique in which potential is measure in static conditions. POTENTIOMETRIC ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL There are two Half Cells Dipped in solution containing Electrolytes whose determine the potential separating through a Salt Bridge (3)(4). REFERENCE ELECTRODES: 1. SHE (STANDARD HYDROGEN ELECTRODES): Standard Hydrogen Electrode(SHE) Is a potenial electrode which shows potential with high accuracy in the absense of liquid junction.It is the Hydrogen not the gas which determines the electrode potential , at one atmosphere in equilibrium(5)(6). 2. CALOMEL ELECTRODE: COMPOSITION: It consists of following: Glass or a plastic tube: (5 to 15cm in length and 0.5 to 1.0cm in diameter) Ag/Agcl Electrode (7). COULOMETRY Coulometry represents both reversible and irreversible heat conversations, measured in enthalpy changes (8).

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VOLTAMETRY It is a technique which involves potential to be applied on Electrochemical Cell, on Time dependent basis, leads to cause Current which measures in Potential Terms (9)(10). TYPES OF VOLTAMETRY CYCLIC: It describes that most of the reactions involves electron transfer directly and indirectly, and covers all types of inorganic, organic and semiconductors (11). SQUAREWAVE: A synchronized high amplitude wave is generated through potential(12)(13). References 1) Pingarrón JM, Labuda J, Barek J, Brett CM, Camões MF, Fojta M, Hibbert DB. Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2020;92(4):641-94. 2) Suryawanshi SB. Electrogravimetric Analysis. 3) Kalyakin A, Demin A, Gorbova E, Volkov A, Tsiakaras P. Combined amperometric- potentiometric oxygen sensor. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2020 ;313:127999. 4) Brull MB. Potentiometric detection. DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS FOR HYDROGEN PEROXIDE DETERMINATION.:2. 5) Jerkiewicz G. Standard and reversible hydrogen electrodes: Theory, design, operation, and applications. ACS Catalysis. 2020;10(15):8409-17. 6) Ito SI, Hirabayashi T, Ishibiki R, Kawamura R, Goto T, Fujita T, Yamaguchi A, Hosono H, Miyauchi M, Kondo T. Hydrogen Boride Sheets as Reductants and the Formation of Nanocomposites with Metal Nanoparticles. Chemistry Letters. 2020;49(7):789-93. 7) Petrovic S. Electrode Potential. InElectrochemistry Crash Course for Engineers 2021 (pp. 11-26). Springer, Cham. 8) Kondratyeva YO, Tolstopjatova EG, Kirsanov DO, Mikhelson KN. Chronoamperometric and coulometric analysis with ionophore-based ion-selective electrodes: A modified theory and the potassium ion in serum samples. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2020 ;310:127894. 9) Gonzalez J, Sequí-Castellano JA. Electrochemical determination of kinetic parameters of surface confined redox probes in presence of intermolecular interactions by means of

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Cyclic Voltammetry. Application to TEMPO monolayers in gold and platinum electrodes. Electrochimica Acta. 2021 ;365:137331. 10) Ashokkumar SP, Vijeth H, Yesappa L, Vandana M, Veeresh S, Ganesh H, Nagaraju YS, Devendrappa H. , morphology and thermal studies of electrochemically synthesized PANI/CuO nanocomposite for supercapacitor application. InAIP Conference Proceedings 2020 (Vol. 2244, No. 1, p. 080026). AIP Publishing LLC. 11) Gharbi O, Tran MT, Tribollet B, Turmine M, Vivier V. Revisiting cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis for capacitance measurements. Electrochimica Acta. 2020 ;343:136109. 12) Brycht M, Łukawska A, Frühbauerová M, Pravcová K, Metelka R, Skrzypek S, Sýs M. Rapid monitoring of fungicide fenhexamid residues in selected berries and wine grapes by square-wave voltammetry at carbon-based electrodes. Food Chemistry. 2021. 13) Laborda E, Gómez-Gil JM, López-Tenés M, Molina A. Cyclic square wave voltammetry of electrode reactions with nonunity stoichiometry. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2020 ;873:114421

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