Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Use of Multipurpose Tree Species (MPTS) in Agroforestry Farms in Mt. Makiling, Laguna, Philippines
he study was a household survey of 93 dominant farming system. Cleaning and occupants in Bagong Silang, Mt. brushing are most common care and T Makiling conducted to determine the maintenance activities, while pruning, silvicultural techniques, factors affecting use, fertilizing and spraying were done on and local customs/beliefs in farmers' selected crops. production and utilization of MPTS. Productive, protective and other services Of the 22 identified MPTS, 20 were fruit trees provided by MPTS were the factors of averaging five uses, MPTS fruits were consideration in planting. intended both for home consumption and for sale, but a larger percentage was marketed. Dizon, Josefina T. and Fe K. Mallion. 1995. Use of Multipurpose Tree Species Farmers raised their own seedlings but (MPTS) in Agroforestry Farms in Mt. bought grafter/budded seedlings of the more Makiling, Laguna, Philippines. U.P. economically important ones. Most common Research Digest. establishment method was transplanting and planting location was determined by the Location: ENFOR, CFNR, UPLB
Agroforestry as an Approach to Rural Community Development
he forest resource of the country may forest far its economic, environmental be tapped to contribute more to the and social values that must have to be T welfare of rural communities as a overcome before agro-forestry can be source of food, fuel, fodder for animals and adopted as an integral part of a other products that can be used directly by comprehensive land use policy of the the rural population. This approach is country. growing urgency and will become more and more important as the population continues Lantican, Domingo M. 1979. Agroforestry to grow in view of the limited land resources as an Approach to Rural Community of the country. However, there is a limit to Development. The Philippine the extent that forest lands can be exploited Lumberman, March 1979, pp. 8-12. and manipulated if they are to continue existing as a renewable resource. There are Location: CFNR Library, UPLB problems related to the conservation of the
Soil Conservation Practices in the Hilly Agricultural Lands of the Philippines
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
ffective management of soil erosion in the Philippine hillylands combines soil Monsalud, Florentino C. 1999. Soil E conservation measures and food Conservation Practices in the Hilly production. Several soil conservation Agricultural Lands of the Philippines. technologies have been tested and proven Paper Compilation International effective in minimizing soil loss. Good Symposium on Management of understanding of the farmers' biophysical Technologies for Improvement of and socio -economic environments would Problem Soils. Improving the enhance the effectiveness and improve the Productivity of Problem Soils for Food adoption of appropriate soil conservation Security. Bureau of Soils and Water technologies. Management. August 3-5.
Factors Influencing the Adoption of AF Systems in an ISFP in Dumarao, Capiz
he study was conducted in an awareness in the importance of trees to Integrated Social Forestry project ecological balance. Most of them T (ISFP) site in Dumarao, Capiz. It aimed observed and believed that climatic primarily to identify and analyze the factors conditions, soil type, and topography of which influence the recipients' adoption of the area are beneficial to AF farming. agroforestry (AF) systems. All respondents adopted the AF systems. Almost half (47%) were considered as Out of the 484 recipients, 144 were taken as innovators. These people had already respondents (30% of the total population) known the importance of combining trees using the simple random sampling technique. with appropriate agricultural crops in Data were gathered through personal upland farming. Multistorey AF system is interviews using an interview schedule. the most widely adopted. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied in data analysis. Simple correlation analysis using Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Findings showed that 98% of the Coefficient (r), showed that income inside recipient-respondents were formally CSC area, and percentage of area educated with an average formal schooling developed were significantly related with of 5.38 years. Of the total gross income (all the adoption of AF systems. Adoption is three sources), only 38% came from CSC affected more by the recipients' basic (Certificate of Stewardship Contract) areas needs, viz., income for food, clothing, and and the bulk of 62% came from outside CSC shelter. Similarly, AF will be adopted areas. The majority were classified under low when the recipient is committed to the level of living. objective of the program and to the national interest. Likewise, when the Generally, recipients had level of perceptions recipient is satisfied with the size of his and favorable attitude toward AF systems; CSC farm, he would be motivated to were knowledgeable on the specific adopt the system. Hence, these factors provisions of the stewardship agreement; must be given due attention by the and had high level of aspirations and
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
implementers of the ISFP and other related Developments in Agroforestry upland development programs. Research. International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), Virtudazo, Adelfo Z. 1997. Factors FAO-APAN, NRMP-GOP, PCARRD, Influencing the Adoption of AF Systems DOST. Los Baños, Laguna. pp. in an ISFP in Dumarao, Capiz. 293-301. Agroforestry Adoption Patterns in Oriental Mindoro
he study identified some significant Out of the 12 variables which were variables which explain variation in the significantly correlated with agroforestry T adoption of agroforestry practices by adoption patterns, only seven Integrated Social Forestry Project (ISFP) significantly explained the variations in participants in Oriental Mindoro, Philippines. the adoption of agroforestry practices. These were attitude, perception, farming Data were gathered through personal experience, farm size, land tenure, interviews with 101 respondents, educational attainment, and social examination of secondary information from participation. Among these seven DENR, and direct observation in the three variables, farmers’ attitude and study sites. Descriptive and inferential perception of agroforestry had the statistics were used to analyze data. highest coefficient of determination, implying that they are the strongest The socioeconomic characteristics, determinants of agroforestry adoption. psychological orientation, and communication exposure of the respondents Rebugio, Lucrecio L. and Prakash Sayami. were studied. Based on the number of 1997. Agroforestry Adoptio n Patterns recommended agroforestry practices in Oriental Mindoro. Developments in adopted, the respondents were categorized Agroforestry Research. International into full and partial adoptors. On the basis of Centre for Research in Agroforestry innovativeness, they were further (ICRAF), FAO-APAN, NRMP-GOP, categorized into: (a) innovators; (b) early PCARRD, DOST. Los Baños, Laguna. adoptors; (c) the early majority; (e) the late pp. 303-317. majority; and (e) laggards.
Perceptions, Attitude, and behavior of CARP-ISF Farmer-Beneficiaries and their Influence on Agroforestry Technology Adoption in Eastern Visayas
he study was conducted to determine, sought to identify the socio -cultural analyze, and evaluate the perceptions, structures and the psycho-social basis T attitude, and behavior of that promote technology adoption and farmer-cooperators and noncooperators in determine the essential ingredient that three project sites in Leyte and Samar and motivates farmers to adopt a given relate these factors to their influence in the technology. adoption of agroforestry technologies. It also
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Fifty farmer-cooperators and 40 nonproject was no significant relationship between cooperators were surveyed and asked the perceptions and factors such as age, regarding their perceptions, attitude, and income, educational attainment, size of behavior toward agroforestry farming. The household, and number of hours spent on farmers’ perceptions and attitude were the farm. Significantly correlated were correlated to their demographic understanding of the “economics” of characteristics such as age, educational applying improved agroforestry attainment, size of household, monthly technologies with educational attainment income, and the number of hours they spent of the respondents, and application of in their farms everyday. The study showed improved agroforestry technologies with that respondents were knowledgeable about the level of farmers’ income. the introduced agroforestry technologies and they perceived the old farming methods as Nasayao, Edilberto E. and Marulen A. Zara. needing improvement and should be Perceptions, Attitude, and Behavior of replaced. Increasing the income of the CARP-ISF Farmer-Beneficiaries and farmers motivated respondents to adopt a their Influence on Agroforestry given technology. Among noncooperators, Technology Adoption in Eastern their predominant attitude towards the new Visayas. Developments in technologies was curiosity, a desire to learn Agroforestry Research. International more about it, while among the project Centre for Research in Agroforestry cooperators, their attitude was one of (ICRAF), FAO-APAN, NRMP-GOP, readiness to experiment with the new or PCARRD, DOST. Los Baños, Laguna. improved technologies. In general, there pp. 318-327.
Analysis of Perceptions, Attitude, and Expectations of CARP-ISF Farmers in Abra Toward Agroforestry and its Management
he study was conducted in two mixed planting was most applicable, while CARP-ISF R & D Agroforestry sites 20% claimed that strip planting was more T located at Nagtipulan, Lagangilang and appropriate. In Nagtipulan, they Villa Mercedes, San Quintin in Abra. enumerated mixed planting, strip planting, Sloping Agricultural Land Technology The study aimed to determine the (SALT), and a combination of two or more socioeconomic characteristics and the of these schemes as applicable. Analysis perceptions, attitude, and the expectations showed the respondents’ favorable of farmer-beneficiaries toward the project. attitude toward agroforestry and its Data were gathered through personal management in both sites. interviews with the farmer-cooperators as the respondents. A structured interview Moreover, the farmer-participants schedule was used to gather the desired expected that with the agroforestry information. project, their farm production and income will increase. Also, they believed that Preliminary results showed that 80% of the agroforestry as a sustainable land use will participants in Villa Mercedes perceived that
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
improve the ecological condition of the and its Management Developments in project area. Agroforestry Research. International Centre for Research in Agroforestry Allan, Frolaine M. Analysis of Perceptions, (ICRAF), FAO-APAN, NRMP-GOP, Attitude, and Expectations of CARP-ISF PCARRD, DOST. Los Baños, Laguna. Farmers in Abra Toward Agroforestry pp. 328-339.
Farmers’ Participatory Process on Soil and Water Conservation and Agroforestry in Bukidnon Uplands
fter 7 years of MUSUAN program The four pilot sites became models of implementation, the number of upland development in Bukidnon, which A farmers who adopted soil conservation other farmers, students, and scientists in their farms was 50 in Himaya, with a total emulated. area conserved of 54.9 ha.; 37 farmers in San Jose with 31.91 ha.; 40 farmers in Pava, Herminio M. Developments in Sabacan with 35.79 ha.; and 61 farmers in Agroforestry Research. Farmers’ Managok with 67.74 ha. In Himaya, there Participatory Process on Soil and were 36 farmers with 14,514 gmelina trees Water Conservation and Agroforestry survived; in San Jose, 51 farmers with 9,451 in Bukidnon Uplands. International trees; in Sabacan 64 farmers with 15,602 Centre for Research in Agroforestry trees; and in Managok, 59 farmers with (ICRAF), FAO-APAN, NRMP-GOP, 17,822 trees. The main hedgerows were wild PCARRD, DOST. Los Baños, Laguna. sunflower. pp. 377-390.
A Method for Farmer-Participatory Research and Technology Transfer: Upland Soil Conservation in the Philippines
lthough viewed as important for scientists with the transfer of technology on-farm adaptive research, from farmer to farmer. A farmer-participation has often been superficial and has not led to meaningful Fujisaka, Sam. 1989. A Method for incorporation of farmer perspectives. This Farmer-Participatory Research and paper describes the use of a method Technology Transfer: Upland Soil involving the understanding of farmers’ Conservation in the Philippines. perceptions in determining priorities for Farming Systems Series 21. research which integrates the different Experimental Agriculture, Vol. 25, pp. concerns and contributions of farmers and 423-433, 1 February.
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Slopeland Technology for Agroforestry Resources to Improve the Income Level of Upland Farmers
en farmers who were awarded with intercrops, 3) Combination of double land stewardship certificates by the hedgerows of ipil-ipil and contour canals T Bureau of Forest Development and with different intercrops, and 4) resid ing in the Integrated Social Forestry Combination of hedgerows and rock wall Project at Himaya, Colambogon, Maramag, with different intercrops. Bukidnon were selected by the Participant Informant Panel (PIP) based on their level of Problems encountered by the participants income, willingness and receptivity, include lack of seeds for the double cooperativeness and leadership potentials. hedgerows, insect infestation on ipil-ipil, These farmers were were involved in the inadequacy of family labor and necessity conduct of cross-farm visits on the of off-farm labor to meet daily household established, privately managed Sloping needs. Agricultural Land Technology (SALT) in some parts of the country. After field exposure, the Pava, Herminio M., Jose B. Arances, farmers were trained in the Central Josefin o Magallanes, Isabelo O. Mindanao University on Slopeland Mugot, Jesus Manubag and Isales Technology for Agroforestry Resources and Sealza. 1987. Slopeland Technology were made to select their own cropping for Agroforestry Resources to technologies. Improve the Income Level of Upland Initial results of the study revealed the Farmers. Sustaining Upland following slopeland technology being Development (Selected Papers). 2nd implemented by the farmers: 1) Double National Seminar Workshop on hedgerows of Ipil-ipil (Leucaena Research in the Uplands. December leucocephala) with monocrop, 2) Double 1-6, Vizcaya, Baybay, Leyte. p. 1. hedgerows of ipil-ipil with different
Agroforestry through Community Participation: Selected Issues in Project Implementation
he Buhi-Lalo Upland Development Pilot how the attainment of these objectives Project (BLUDPP) was establisjed in was influenced not only by the innovating T 1979 in Buhi, Camarines Sur. One of its organization and the bureaucratic context, main objectives was to mobilize the local but also by the client-beneficiaries and community to plant orchard crops, establish their local village milieu. firewood lots, and adopt soil conservation measures such as contour ditches and bench Data were gathered through the method and vegetative terraces. The paper examines of participant-observation. Additional
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
information were obtained from project led to more bottlenecks as resources were records and reports and through a sample increasingly filtered through a interview survey. bureaucracy in which hierarchical control and conformity to procedures were the The project showed much promise. Its norms. Similarly, political and design allowed a two-year pilot phase during administrative support became harder to which lessons were drawn to guide the orchestrate as new actors controlling project’s expansion. It also introduced different domains and resources began to innovative strategies for channeling compete for power and prestige. Second, resources into the project and improving in the arena of the local implementing management capabilities at the local level. organization, the competition among the To increase the demand for agroforestry and patron-client networks headed by the ensure farmer participation, the project political elite and the project officers provided the essential inputs and extension exacerbated the inefficiencies in project services and made access to these benefits administration and management, and in contingent upon membership in a farmers’ the extension and delivery system. Third, association. response to the project was also influenced by perceived inadequacies in By December 1983, the project had the technologies and by the community’s accomplished many of its targets, at least in social, economic, and political terms of the hectarage covered, the number environment. of association formed and farmer-members The paper concludes with several enlisted, and the number of inputs produced proposals for improving agroforestry and distributed. A closer look, however, implementation through community reveals that the results were inadequate in participation. other respects and that the project’s initial successes were short-lived. In the long run, Salazar, Robert C. 1987. Agroforestry project inputs and incentives were much through Community Participation: delayed and inequitably distributed; Selected Issues in Project agroforestry technologies were not Implementation. Sustaining Upland extensively adopted nor well maintained; Development (Selected Papers). 2nd and member-involvement in the association National Seminar Workshop on and organizational participation in the Research in the Uplands. December project were limited. 1-6, Vizcaya, Baybay, Leyte. p. 2 -3.
Several factors contributed to this outcome. First, changes in the implementing structures
Stabilizing Upland Agroecosystems to Protect National Park Buffer Zones
his paper examines the close and how their claims for ancestral domain relationship of Bukidnon tribes with the may interact with the park's conservation T forested slopes of the Mt. Kitanglad mandate. The study is placed into Range nature Park in Mindanao, Philippines, historical context by reviewing attempts
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
to assimilate the tribes under successive that is evolving spontaneously in these Spanish, American and Philippine forest margin villages is internally -driven governments, and their steady displacement and has been enabled by reviving and by waves of migrant settlers. Natives were strengthening existing tribal institutions. quickly relegated to marginalized minorities This determined and highly organized in the new society, and invariably responded surveillance of the forest warrants by retreating further up the mountain slopes. recognition by DENR, and argues for It was through this process that the tribes further empowerement of these now find themselves pressed around some of communities by formally decentralizing the last intact remnants of their ancestral forest protection to their control. homeland, the Mt. Kitanglad Range. The tribes' demonstrated commitment to The park's rich biodiversity is threatened by conservation suggest that granting them rapid deforestation on its lower slopes, ancestral domain would not be fueled by logging, wildfires, vegetable antagonistic to National Park objectives. gardening, swiddening, and rising population Rather, it could form the basis of a densities from both high in -migration and contractual agreement in which the tribes fertility rates. Native belief that nature is would guarantee protection of the forest controlled by a hierarchy of spirits whose margins in exchange for commensurate wrath must be avoided, guide the tribes in a development programs. The cultural respectful attitude to the environment. diversity of the tribes has contributed to Indigenous practices such as safe havens for maintenance of the park's biodiversity, wildlife, preservation of keystone tree suggesting that cultural conservation species, and restricting swidden size indicate should be an integral goal in National Park a conservation approach to resource protection. management. The tribes reacted to the Cairns, Malcolms. Stabilizing Upland degradation of their ancestral lands in 1993 Agroecosystems to Protect National organizing and creating a network of 'tribal Park Buffer Zones. Buffer zone guardians' to maintain vigilance on the forest Management and Agroforestry, margins. Some seizures of poached lumber Summary Report of a National have been made and the initiative appears to Workshop. Central Mindanao be gaining momentum. The University, Bukidnon, Philippines, community -based park protection (CBPP) 8-11 August, p. 15.
Buffer Zone Management and Agroforestry: The Ifugao Experience
ndigenous forestry and agroforestry muyong (second growth dipterocarp systems in the Philippines stand out as forest underplanted with coffee), the uma Imodels for the development of buffer (traditional swidden),. And the payoh zone management systems to protect forest (irrigated rice terraces). These three land lands. The indigenous agroforestry system of uses have been viewed as independent, the Ifugaos is a production system provides but in fact thay are interconnected and particular insights in this regard. It integrates are treated as one holistic system. three traditional land use components: The Ifugaos have a clear understanding of the
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
crucial interrelationships; this ecological The case of the Ifugao, as well as other consciousness have been passed on from indigenous systems, provide principles one generation to the next. and practices that help in the design of similar agroforestry systems suited for The muyung serves as environmental other upland areas. It confirms the protection for the uma and payoh located technical soundness and sustainability of further downslope. The natural forest stand agroforestry in tropical rain forests. is kept intact and underplanted with coffee. Income is a strong force adoption. Prime Seeds from the biodiverse muyung are consideration should be given to the dispersed to the ajoining swiddens, thus profitability of the system, not only to its accelerating the fallow succssesion and technical soundness. fertility regeneration. The muyung also regulates and enhances water supplies to the Serrano, Rogelio. Buffer Zone rice terraces, making two rice crops possible Management and Agroforestry: The each year. This water contains important Ifugao Experience Buffer zone quantities of nutrients for sustaining training Management and Agroforestry, rice yields. Here is minimal loss of soil due to Summary Report of a National erosion. Workshop. Central Mindanao University, Bukidnon, Philippines, 8-11 August, p. 17.
Productivity and Sustainability of a Compost Fertilized Kaingin Farm with Wood Dams as Erosion Control
hese results point out that in this cover and perhaps amount of rainfall are particular area rice cropping can only some of most significant factors affecting T be productive for the first two years. the rate of soil eroision. Soil pH and Yield can be improved by the use of compost, exchangeable potassium are two though more compost should be added important soil parameters that are (probably doubled) for every year of strongly affected by erosion. Much of the cropping to sustain yield. After two years, potassium loss from the system is rainy season crops should be change to crops through the erodent sediment. that could provide adequate ground cover. Garlic still proved to be the dry season crop Cuevas, Virginia C. and Fernando C. Diez. adapted to the area. 1987. Productivity and Sustainability of a Compost Fertilized Kaingin Farm Wood dams laid along contours do not with Wood Dams as Erosion Control. effectively control erosion. Its effectiveness Sustaining Upland Development is probably limited to one year. Perhaps other (Selected Papers). 2nd National types of dams could be tried such as low Seminar Workshop on Research in the statured crops. Slope, amount of ground
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Uplands. December 1-6, Vizcaya, Baybay, Leyte, p. 1.
Alley Cropping systems in the Philippines
lley cropping is the most commonly upland farms. After a few years, natural dessiminated agroforestry system in terraces are formed. There is also some A the Philippines where it is the more evidence that it helps in reducing surface popularly known as SALT (Sloping runoff. agricultural Land Technolgy). It involves the planting of hedgerows along contours and Farm yield and income are reduced crops in the alleys formed between initially as result of competition but they hedgerows. increase once the favorable impacts of mulching are felt. There is some concern The establishment starts with the laying out on the labor requirements of of contour lines with the aid of an A-frame. establishment which might to be too Seeds of hedgerows are usually directly sown. much for some farmers. There are many species suitable for hedgerows which are typically nitrogen fixing Lasco, R. D., M. Okazaki and R. P. Furoc. tree species. After about one year, Alley Cropping systems in the hedgerows are prunes and the biomass cut Philippines. Rehabilitation and are used as green manure or mulch in the Development of Upland and Highland alleys. Ecosystem. Tokyo University of Agriculture. pp. 137-147. Several studies have shown the effectivity of alley cropping in reducing soil erosion in
MPTS Field Adoption Assessment at Magallones, Cabagan, Isabela Philippines
he attempt to explore the wider use species’ social acceptability to the small MPTS as a potential farm crop for small farmers. T farmers is a growing concern among tree researchers in response to the rapidly The purpose of this field adoption unaverted depletion of traditional wood assessment is to evaluate how species. The result of this effort, however, if farmer-participants responded to some it does not transcend to the level of the real MPTS test species in terms of the type of end-users, it becomes a pile of information species and number of seedlings planted devoid of real meaning and purpose. after some extension activities have been conducted. However, prior to this was the Farmers’ response to a newly introduced tree analysis of participants’ preference for species can not be significantly verified by certain MPTS as affected by their level of just the result of personal interviews. Actual awareness on the species’ uses and field adoption is the ultimate indicator of the features. From the results of the analysis
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
two(2) research hypotheses were drawn out: Factors like farmers’ initial involvement in tree planting, comparative features of 1. Farmer respondents would adopt other tree crops, sense of bias to already MPTS test species if their level of known wood species, occurrence of awareness about the features and episodical environmental hazards and uses of the species is increased. some sociological and institutional 2. The availability and accessibility of constraints are among the perceived tree seedlings of test species would factors affecting farmers’ desire to adopt likely increase farmer respondents’ the test species. desirability to adopt such species. Results of the field evaluation reveal that Pasicolan, Paulo N. 1991. MPTS Field farmers’ training workshop on Agroforestry Adoption Assessment at Magallones, and MPTS, educational tours and availability Cabagan, Isabela Philippines. Paper of free seedlings of test species are not presented during the 4th sufficient conditions to successful field MPTS-Philippine Annual Research adoption. Network Meeting, January 22-24, Development Academy of the Philippines, Tagaytay City. 13 pages.
Height Growth and Herbage Production of Seven MPTS Used as Hedgerows in an Alley Cropping System: An On-Farm Experiment
he study's main objectives was to leucocephala and F. congesta had the determine the height growth and best over-all performance among the T herbage production of selected MPTS MPTS while A. vellosa and A. mangium as hedgerows in an on-farm setting. Seven did not survive. MPTS were tested, viz.,: Acacia mangium, A. auriculiformis , A. vellosa, Leucaena Lasco, Rodel D. and Elpidio C. Malinao. leucocephala, L. diversifolia, Flemingia 1993. Height Growth and Herbage congesta, and Gliricidia sepium. Production of Seven MPTS Used as Hedgerows in an Alley Cropping The study was conducted in a farmer's field System: An On-Farm Experiment. in Mt. Makiling, Los Baños, Laguna, Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. Philippines. 3(1):97-107.
Height growth and herbage production of the MPTS were measured regularly. G. sepium, L.
Impact of Agroforestry and Gully Stabilization on the Water Budget of a Secondary Dipterocarp Forest Watershed, Norzagaray, Bulacan, Philippines
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
water budget analysis was made for evapotranspiration and 17 percent 18 years in a secondary dipterocarp recharged to the groundwater. A forest of the Angat watershed in San Lorenzo, Norzagaray, Bulacan, Philippines For the treatment period (1986-1992), which is considered representative of the annual rainfall was decomposed as: 48 elevation of dipterocarp forests in the percent streamflow, 32 percent country. Water balance calculation was evapotranspiration and 20 percent based on rainfall, streamflow, recharged to the groundwater. A evapotranspiration and groundwater decrease in streamflow and recharge and storage based on the evapotranspiration and an increase in conservation of mass. groundwater recharge were observed. There was no signific ant difference In the calibration phase of the study, the between calibration and treatment area was protected and different water parameters of the water budget/balance budget parameters were monitored. An components. agroforestry scheme and gully stabilization using rock check dams were implemented in Baconguis, Santiago R. 1993. Impact of the secondary dipterocarp forest for the Agroforestry and Gully Stabilization treatment period. on the Water Budget of a Secondary During the calibration period (1975-1985), Dipterocarp Forest Watershed, annual rainfall was broken down as: 49 Norzagaray, Bulacan, Philippines. percent streamflow, 34 percent Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 3(2):1-26.
Effect of Tending Operation on the Survival and Growth of Acacia (Samanea saman)
trip -brushing and ring-brushing significantly increased survival and Maun, Marcelino M. 1978. Effect of Ssignificantly improved the total height Tending Operation on the Survival growth of acacia. The control and cultivated and Growth of Acacia (Samanea did not differ significantly in terms of saman ). Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. survival. 3(4):249-250.
Silvicultural Alternatives for Sustainable Management of Dipterocarp Residual Forests in the Philippines
elogging the second-growth logged-over stands under the "Residual production forests prior to the Forest Silvicultural System (RFSS)". R prescribed felling cycle requires a These are : (1) RFSS without silvicultural study on the appropriate silvicultural system. treatment (2) RFSS with Timber Stand Three silvicultural alternatives were studied Improvement (TSI) and supplemental as applied to relogging 20-year old and older planting of dipterocarp species; and (3)
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
RFSS with TSI and supplemental planting of fast-growing species would attain the fast-growing species. potential sustained yield at 30-year felling cycle with18 per cent increase in harvest Compared with initial harvest cut and cut and 158 per cent increase in growing growing stock left after RFSS application, the stock. results of the study reveals the following: (1) RFSS with no silvicultural treatment would The implications of supplemental planting produce potential sustained yield at 60-year of fast-growing species on the felling cycle with 15 per cent increase in regeneration and development of natural harvest cut and 204 per cent increasing species are under tudy. growing stock; (2) RFSS with TSI and supplemental planting of dipterocarp species Virtucio, Felizardo D. 1999. Silvicultural would attain potential sustained yield at Alternatives for Sustainable 60-year felling cycle with 58 per cent Management of Dipterocarp Residual increase in harvest cut and 347 per cent Forests in the Philippines. The increase in growing stock; and (3) RFSS with Philippine Lumberman March-April, TSI and supplemental planting of pp.12-18.
Effects of Cropping History on Soil Erodibility of Kaingin Farms in My Makiling, Laguna, Philippines
he study aimed to understand better Results of the investigation showed that the soil and other characteristics of the significance of cropping age on T kaingin areas of different cropping erosion depended primarily on vegetation ages that affected erodibility. In the process, cover and organic matter. There was a two other objectives were achieved: sharp decline in organic matter from the establishment of the relationship between secondary forest to the new and old kaingin land use an d soil erodibility and kaingins. A lacking trend, however, was assessment of the effectiveness of the observed for the new and the old kaingins. raindrop impact technique in determining soil This was attributed to the kaingeneros’ erodibility. ability to shift their cropping and cultural practices to those that could maintain the Erosion plots were established on slopes of soil organic matter level. Consequently, 36 percent, and 70 percent gradients of the the result ing erosion from the new and secondary forest (zero age cropping), new old kaingins did not differ much. kaingin (3-year old cropping) and old kaingin (5-year old cropping) areas. Runoff and Data analysis showed the primary sediment load were monitored in relation to importance of vegetation cover and various soil properties, vegetation cover and organic matter in protecting the soil climatic factors. Soil samples were collected against erosion. In the raindrop impact for testing with the raindrop impact technique determination of soil erodibility, technique. organic matter was found to be the most important strengthening factor against breakage even under wet condition where
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
the soil peds were much weaker than those climatic factor. Sediment load, however, under either air0dried or oven-dried was strongly influenced by runoff. conditions. The general trend of soil erodibility at The other soil characteristics such as bulk various cropping ages as determined by density, particle density, percent porosity, the raindrop impact technique showed percent sand, percent silt and percent clay similarity to that determined by actual did not show definite trends in relation to field monitoring using erosion plots. The different cropping ages. Through showing difference was attributed to some interactive relationships with each other and inherent weakness of the raindrop impact with organic matter, these factors when technique such as its inability to account taken individually did not significantly for defects of factors such as vegetation influence erosion with the exception of soil cover and slope and variability due to texture in some cases. effects of ped size and shape.
The dynamics of runoff was shown to be Ganapin, Delfin Jr. 1983. Effects of different from that of sediment load with Cropping History on Soil Erodibility of runoff influenced more by climatic factors Kaingin Farms in My Makiling, Laguna, sediment load, more by soil factors. Total Philippines. PhD Thesis. University of rainfall, rainfall intensity and wind velocity the Philippines Los Baños, College, significantly influenced runoff. For sediment Laguna. load, wind velocity was the only significant
Surface Soil Loss of Sloping Land Planted to Corn (Zea mays L.) and Beans (Vigna sesquipedallis)
oil loss and the best way of weeding the pegs and non-recording rain gauge, soil hills of corn and beans minimize soil loss and rainfall data were collected in Sloss determined. Field experiment on a August-October 1983. The plot having no 400 sq m site of moderately rolling slope was clearing method had least soil loss. conducted. Burning was done to clear the area. Seeds of corn and beans were planted Rebolledo, Glenn G. and Tabuno, Jocelyn 50 cm apart on intercropped system by M. .1984. Surface Soil Loss of Sloping dibble method. Treatments (A) removal of Land Planted to Corn (Zea mays L.) bigger crops and (B) removal of both small and Beans (Vigna sesquipedallis). BS and big weeds were made. No clearing (C) Thesis, Tarlac College of Agriculture, was the control. Randomized Complete Tarlac. Block Design was applied. Using erosion
Soil Loss from Selected Slopes Planted to Upland Rice
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
mount of soil loss on a 15-20 percent the highest amount of soil loss with a slope planted to upland rice and the mean of 1.12 followed by Treatment B, A best way of we eding to minimize soil 0.68 cm and Treatment A, 0.53 cm. loss were studies. Weeding variations Treatment C was significant over applied were 1) weeding along the contour Treatments A and B. It was inferred that (Treatment A); 2) weeding across the grasses in between the hills in Treatments contour (Treatment B); and 3) weeding A and B might have affected downward along and across the contour (Treatment C0. soil movement and that the Treatments Field experiment was conducted on a sandy were significant when rainfall intensity clay loam soil with 1.3 g/cc bulk density using and duration were less. Randomized Complete Block Design. The study area was cleared, using “slash and Tolentino, Gilbert M. and Domingo, burn” method before planting upland rice by Teresita M. 1984. Soil Loss from dibble method. The dominant weeds, Selected Slopes Planted to Upland hagonoy (Chromolaena odorata) were Rice. BS Thesis, Tarlac College of uprooted. Erosion and rainfall data were Agriculture, Tarlac. collected just after the rain. Treatment C had
A Comparative Economic Study of Traditional Kaingin, Modified Cropping Patterns and Tree Farming in Mt Makiling
he study aimed primarily to assess and The average BCR (1.99) was higher in the compare the economic viability and traditional kaingin than in modified T sustainable productivity of traditional cropping patterns (1.46) because of the kaingin, modified cropping patterns and tree difference in cost structure. At P98/cu m farming. To determine the profitability of the BCR of the giant ipil-ipil was equal to traditional kaingin, modified cropping one. The IRR was 24.53 percent at patterns and tree farming, the net present stumpage price O P125/cu m. worth (NPW) and benefit -cost ratio (BCR) analyses were used at 18 percent interest The cost of fertilizers needed to bring rate for 9-year duration. back the original fertility of the soil was negligible. The use of buffer strips of The average net farm income in the giant ipil-ipil and kakawate in the traditional kaingin was P3,000/farm/yr and in modified cropping patterns was more the modified cropping patterns a net farm effective in conserving soil nutrients than loss of P3,122/farm/yr. However, at 1980 in the traditional kaingin. prices the average net income from annuals in the traditional kaingin was P 3,556/ha/yr Corpuz, Eumelia. 1984. A Comparative while P4,820/ha/yr in the modified cropping Economic Study of Traditional Kaingin, patterns than in the traditional kaingin Modified Cropping Patterns and Tree (P16,622). At P55/cu m the NPW was Farming in Mt Makiling. MS Thesis, P1,185. University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna.
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
The Relationship of Firewood Extraction to Farming System: The Case of Some Upland Farmers in Eastern Cabagan, Isabela
his study was conducted to: 1) household size, physical accessib ility, determine the nature and extent of annual income, land tenure status, food T firewood extraction and farming habits, and market practices and systems by the upland farmers in eastern conditions. Finally, there was a negative Cabagan, 2) evaluate the effect of some correlation between firewood extraction socio-economic variables (household size, and farming systems which implied a call income, landholding, physical accessibility, for intensified delivery systems bearing food habits, occupation, education, on this significant socio-economic knowledge of government policies, land variables in order to increase agricultural tenure, and market conditions to both productivity and to minimize pressure on firewood and farming systems), and 3) forest denudation due to firewood examine the relationship between firewood extraction. extraction and farming systems as affected by the above-mentioned variables. It is recommended that further investigation be made along other The date were generated from secondary socio-economic factors not included in information supplied by various local this study. Ecological and bio -physical government offices and from primary specificity is further recommended. sources through an interview among 59 farmer-firewood gatherer respondents. Acay, Florence T. 1987. The Relationship The study revealed that farming systems h ad of Firewood Extraction to Farming significant relationship to annual income, System: The Case of Some Upland size of landholding, physical accessibility, Farmers in Eastern Cabagan, Isabela. and knowledge of government programs and MS thesis, Isabela State University, policies. Moreover, there was significant Isabela. relationship of level of firewood extraction to
The Himaya Bukidnon: Musuan Experience
he hilly land farming technology in development activities in Northern Northern Mindanao needed to be Mindanao. Among its major features T developed to be economically sound, were 1) participatory approach, 2) sustainable in production, and acceptable to non-formal education, 3) farmers. No soil conservation was practiced research-cum-action projects, and 4) by the farmers. There was poor crop technical assistance. management. The farmer were poor and survived critical constraints through adaptive Pava, Herminio M.; Arances, Jose B.; strategies. To provide upland farmers with Manubag, Jesus M.; Mugot, Isabelo opportunities to improve their life, the O.; Sealza, Isaias and Magallanes, MUSUAN program was developed. It was Josefino. The Himaya Bukidnon: designed to provide a model for upland Musuan Experience
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Socio-Cultural and Economic Correlates of Farming Systems at Bagong Silang Los Baños
he study described the farming Of the 24 variables tested for association systems in Bagong Silang, Los Baños with farming systems, only four were T Situated within the Mt Makiling Forest found to be significant using the Reserve and the socio -cultural and economic chi-square method. These were: family circumstances of the farmers. It also life cycle stage, interaction with neighbors, examined the extent to which socio-cultural identification and interaction with leaders and economic variables were associated with in the community, and size of land farming systems identified. cultivated.
Structures interview schedules were used in Respondents in the beginning and gathering data for both the preliminary contracting stages of family life cycle investigation phase and the formal survey adopted the IP cropping system while phase of the study. Unstructured interviews these in the expanding and the retirement with the Barangay Captain and other key stages adopted the IAP system. informants were also conducted. Respondents who had interaction with neighbors in social and economic terms Upland farmers who are household heads adopted the IAP and the IAIP cropping composed the respondents of the study. systems, while those who had interaction Generally, the respondents belong to the with neighbors and on social terms middle-age group, have low level of adopted the IP cropping system. educational attainment and have a mean Respondents who had interaction only annual gross income of P16,405.70. with the barrio captain as well as the councilors adopted the IAP and IAIP Cropping system served as the basis for cropping systems. Respondents with classifying farming systems in the area since large size of land for cultivation adopted other components such as livestock the IA, IP and IAP cropping system while production and involvement in non-and those cultivating small land size adopted off-farm enterprises played relatively minor the IAIP cropping combination. roles as compared to crop production. The qualitative analysis showed that such There were four cropping systems in the area, variables and ethno-linguistic namely: intercropped annuals (IA), identification of respondents also affected intercropped perennials (IP), intercropped the variations of farming systems in the annuals and perennials (IAP), intercropped area. annuals-intercropped perennials (IAIP). The intercropped annuals was treated as a Avila, Teodora N. 1987. Socio -Cultural specia l category since there were only two and Economic Correlates of Farming respondents adopting it. Thus, quantitative Systems at Bagong Silang Los Baños. and qualitative analyses were focused on the MS Thesis. University of the other three cropping systems. Philippines at Los Baños, College, Laguna.
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Survival Strategies of Upland Farmers to Environmental Conditions in Solong, San Miguel, Catanduanes
he study attempted to explore the The functional coping consequences survival strategies of upland farmers to considered were: a) producing earning T environmental conditions obtaining in enough for food; b) satisfaction of basic the area. It also studied the cropping needs; c) preventing soil erosion; d) patterns and conservation methods practiced accumulation of farm capital for more by the upland farmers in Solong, San Miguel. stable livelihood opportunity and sustained survival; and e) enabling the Solong is an abaca farming community. upland farm family to send children to Typhoon is the dominant environmental college. disturbance in the area. The upland farm households employed varied coping Disfunctional coping conditions and mechanisms or strategies in order to survive. consequences observed were: a) illness; These included diversification of agricultural b) undernourishment; c) absenteeism activities and income sources, dependence and dropping out from school; d) on institutional support systems, scarcity depletion of rattan and other forest adjustments or “belt tightening measures” products; e) return of migrants to their and migration. place of origin; and f) family abandonment and disorganization. The abaca farming system followed by the farm households was evolved in response to Isorena, Salvador V. 1990. Survival typhoons and related environmental Strategies of Upland Farmers to conditions. Various cropping patterns and Environmental Conditions in Solong, soil conservation methods were also San Miguel, Catanduanes MS Thesis. employed by the farmers to sustain University of the Philippines Los productivity. Baños, College, Laguna
Determinants of Soil Conservation Measure Adoption Among the Upland Farmers of Selected Integrated Social Forestry Projects in Regions VII and VIII.
he study primarily aimed to determine Results indicated that majority of ISP significant variables which affected the farmers in Regions VII and VIII were T extent to which structural soil under low level of living condition with an conservation measures (SCM) were adopted average annual household income of by 200 Integrated Social Forestry (ISF) P9,788. Capital assets were generally farmers of Region VII and VIII (four projects limited as 65 percent of them only had each). farm tools valued at P1,000 or less. Farm
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
sizes ranged from 0.5 to 10.2 with an from ISF, subsidy, membership in work average area of 1.68 ha. Almost all alliances, training duration and frequency respondents (95%) were provided with of farm visits. However, stepwise certificates of stewardship contact. Majority regression analysis with only four (4) (61%) of farmers had attempted trainings variables combined significantly related to soil conservation. The ISF explained the area devoted to structural technicians had visited the project sites on SCM by ISF farmers. These were the average of 27 times a year or about twice perception of farm condition, a month. membership in work alliances, training duration and frequency of visits to Overall, 61 percent of respondents had farmers. Among these four variables, adopted some form of soil conservation frequency of visit to farmers showed the measures such as multi-storey cropping, tree largest coefficient of determination. This plantation, rockwalls, contour canals and indicated DENR should focus more on terraces. The average area occupied by improving its extension activities to structural SCM was about 81.2 sq m. The encourage more ISF farmers to adopt most frequently mentioned problem on structural soil conservation technologies. adoption of SCM was related to labor shortage. Other problems had to do with site Dolom, Buenaventura. 1990. condition, material inputs and others. Determinants of Soil Conservation Combined analy sis revealed ten variables Measure Adoption Among the Upland were significantly correlated with adoption of Farmers of Selected Integrated Social structural SCM. These included the Forestry Projects in Regions VII and following: perception farm condition, VIII. MS Thesis. University of the attitude towards SCM, knowledge about soil Philippines Los Baños, College, conservation, distance of ISF farm from Laguna house, annual household income, income
Communal Tree Farming: A Socio -Economic Analysis of Selected Upland Communities
he Communal Tree Farming (CTF) activities also served as a main source of program in Ilocos region was livelihood. Farmers joined the program T documented and evaluated. The due primarily to economic reasons. They program was designed to uplift the believed that the program could increase socio-economic condition of upland their income in the long run. occupants and regenerate denuded forests. Socio -economic indicators showed the Majority of farmers in CTF areas had poor significant achievements of CTF in living conditions. A small number of uplifting the socio-economic status of participants belong to well-to-do families. farmers at this stage. Lowland farm income was found to be the major Upland farming which was not related to CTF determinant of total household income. contributed 35 percent of the total household Household size, the location of CTF in income. Other non-farm production valleys, and land tenure were the main
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
factors affecting income derived from CTF. Selected Upland Communities. MS Thesis. University of the Philippines Espiritu, Nena O. 1984. Communal Tree Los Baños, College, Laguna. Farming: A Socio -Economic Analysis of
The Adoption of Agroforestry Technology: The Case of the Hillyland Households
his study attempted to determine the aspirations on the future of their children. consequences of the new agroforestry Adoption of the agroforestry technology T technology on the social structure of project brought about some changes in the hillyland community and to identify the the community such as the kinds of factors associated with the adoption of housing materials and lighting facilities, agroforestry technology. Conducted in Bacsil used sources of drinking water, types of South and Bacsil North, Laoag, Ilocos Norte, toilet, and kinds of roads. However, not the study included a complete enumeration all of these changes were attributes to the of 85 agroforestry beneficiaries in the two introduction of agroforestry technology communities. project but also to other government countryside development programs. The role of each household member was as follows: 1) the husband was mainly Adoption of agroforestry technology responsible for making contact of farm project was found significantly related to produce an d hauling products while some of the number of technical changes, number the wife’s traditional roles changed of species planted in the project, and considerably as more opportunities to earn number of organizational affiliations. Age, income were brought about by the civil status, length of residence in the agroforestry project; 2) the male and female community and position in the children helped in agroforestry activities such agroforestry organization were found as clearing, pruning, hasvesting, and related to family type. Attitudes toward seedling preparation, among others; 3) with innovation and aspirations regarding the introduction of the agroforestry project, children, farming as a livelihood and grandparents were given the role of child community life were found related to caring, which they resented. The hillyland adoption of agroforestry technology households were involved in several informal project. Socio -economic and groupings such as “uma”, ‘anup”, “tagnawa”, psychological characteristics of hillyland “aruga”, “buras”, to mention a few. After the households influenced their adoption of a introduction of the agroforestry technology new technology, which consequently project, there was an increase in households catered changes in the social structures who claimed to have improved their as exemplified by the emergence of new economic status and parents who had higher roles.
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
The study concluded that given the Castillo, Elvira R. 1987 The Adoption of introduction of agroforestry technology and Agroforestry Technology: The Case of the socioeconomic and psychological factors, the Hillyland Households.PhD Thesis. changes in the social structure occurred University of the Philippines Los which brought about socioeconomic and Baños, College, Laguna. psychological consequences.
Environmental and Socio-Economic Impact Analysis of an Indigenous and an Introduced Agroforestry System in Luzon
he study, conducted in 1988 to 1989, P43,960 of which P6,536 came from their covered an indigenous and an agroforestry system. Their agroforestry T introduced agroforestry systems in income was expected to rise further when Ifugao and in Nueva Ecija, respectively. It all their fruit trees bear fruit. sought to evaluate the factors that led to the adoption of these agroforestry systems and Adoption of agroforestry system was their ensuing environmental and evaluated to be “very good” for the Ifugao socioeconomic impacts on the community. respondents and “fair” for the Pantabangan respondents with average Findings revealed the capacity of the two technology adoption score of 81.49 agroforestry systems to protect and percent and 60.99 percent, respectively. conserve the upland environment as evidenced by reduced surface runoff and soil For Ifugao site, the variables found to erosion, improved soil physical and chemical have combined effects on agroforestry properties, soil nutrient build up and better technology adoption were income from microclimate for growth and development of agroforestry system, knowledge of the agroforestry crops. The productivity and system or technology, attraction from sustainability of payoh (rice terraces), a other adopters and soundness of subcomponent of the Ifugao indigenous agroforestry system or technology. For agroforestry system was found to be linked Pantabangan site, variables found to have with the nutrient-rich water emanating from combined effects on agroforestry the muyung. Findings also revealed that technology adoption were income from capacity of the two agroforestry systems to agroforestry system, income from other provide food and income for the farmers. sources, total income, distance of Average total household income for the agroforestry farm and area of Ifugao respondents was P57,259 of which agroforestry farm. P47,935 came from their agroforestry system. For Pantabangan respondents, Recommendations given included equity average total household income was considerations in upland development,
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
educational campaign, vigorous technology Indigenous and an Introduced transfer, and participatory, including their Agroforestry System in Luzon. PhD post-implementation impacts. Thesis. Univ ersity of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna. Serrano, Rogelio C. 1990. Environmental and Socio-Economic Impact Analysis of an
The Effects of Continuous Crop Cover via Multiple Cropping on Soil Erosion in Hilly Areas
field experiment was conducted at sweet potato followed by peanut (T8), Cabegoan, Aborlan, Palawan from July pure stand of mungbean (T3), pure stand A 1984 to February 1985 to evaluate the of potato (T4), cassava intercropped with effects of continuous crop cover via multiple peanut followed by rice (T9) and the pure cropping in minimizing soil erosion in hilly stand of cassava (T1). Cassava’s height areas, the growth and yield performance of increment and final height were the individual crop component under each significantly reduced when intercropped cropping pattern and the productivity and with sweet potato. However, its yield was profitability of each cropping pattern. not markedly affected by sweet potato or Results of the study showed that crop cover by the other intercrops. significantly reduced runoff and soil loss. However, the effect of crop cover varied Among the cropping patterns tried in this depending upon the growth stages of crops study, cassava intercropped with peanut and the extent of their foliage development. gave the highest production per unit land area and the highest net return per Cassava intercropped with peanut followed hectare. by mungbean (T7) and cassava intercropped with peanut followed by corn (T10 ) were Banlawe, Nilo V. 1985. The Effects of found effective in preventing soil erosion. Continuous Crop Cover via Multiple These treatments had an accumulative soil Cropping on S oil Erosion in Hilly Areas. loss of 11.97 and 13.65 t/ha, respectively. MS Thesis University of the These treatments 7 and 10 were followed in Philippines Los Baños, College, decreasing order of effectiveness by the pure Laguna. stand of rice cassava intercropped with
Effects of Corn (Zea Mays L.) and Legume (Vigna radiata L.) Wilczek, Arachis hypogaea (L.) Intercrops on Crops Productivity and Soil Erosion in Hillyland
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
two-cropping study on the influence + mungbean and 1:1 corn + peanut with of corn and legumes (mungbean and LER of 1.41 and 1.29, respectively. In the A peanut) on crop productivity and soil second cropping, there were no erosion in hilly land was conducted in an area significant differences in LER among the with 31 percent slope in Campangga, Barili, cropping patterns. Cebu from May 1984 to January 1985. The effects of corn ‘IPB Var 1’, mungbean ‘Pagasa Soil loss from corn intercropped with 3’ and peanut ‘UPL-Pn2’ The effects as mungbean or peanut at 1:1 row planting monocrops or as intercrops in one-to-one pattern was low than that of the 2:2 row and two-to-two row planting combinations planting pattern and the monocrops. The were evaluated. 1:1 corn + peanut planting pattern minimized soil erosion better than 1:1 During the wet season, mungbean had poor corn + mungbean. growth and low pod setting. Peanut was viny, had low pod formation and lower yield than Berganio, Milagros L. 1985. Effects of that of the dry season planting (first Corn (Zea Mays L.) and Legume cropping). (Vigna radiata L.) Wilczek, Arachis hypogaea (L.) Intercrops on Crops Productivity per unit are of intercropping was Productivity and Soil Erosion in generally higher than the monoculture check. Hillyland. MS Thesis. University of the Corn intercropped with mungbean in 2:2 row Philippines Los Baños, College, planting pattern gave the highest LER of 1.62 Laguna. during the first cropping followed by 1;1 corn Ecological Analysis of the Cropping Patterns and Farm Practices of Migrant Farmers in the National Botanic Garden, Real, Quezon
profile of migrant farmers in the the soils were moderately deep, with National Botanic Garden (NBG) Real, good drainage. Furthermore, moisture A Quezon was drawn and the cases of availability was not a constraint. However, two farmers were studied to describe their the steep slopes of the area and the cropping patterns and farm practices and declining fertility posed a sever limitation assess their ecological implications to the too crop production. objectives of NBG. The land clearing and extractive The swiddeners were typical migrant farmers agriculture including the utilization of who will till the upland only for supplement forest products practiced by migrant income and food to support large families farmers in NBG disrupt the biophysical, and they exploited the forest resources for hydrological and chemical equlibria of the charcoal making. The household as a social soils and the ecosystems as a whole. unit made decisions on the cropping patterns There is a need to minimize the adverse and practices employed. effects and definite action plans are imperative. The major crop was banana and the secondary crops were fruit trees, plantation Ilao, Suan Sandra. 1988. Ecological crops and rootcrops. The area was suitable Analysis of the Cropping Patterns and for growing trees and deep-rooted because Farm Practices of Migrant Farmers in
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
the National Botanic Garden, Real, Philippines Los Baños, College, Quezon. MS Thesis. University of the Laguna
Economics of Crop Farming Systems in the Upland of Lumintao and Caguray Watersheds in Occidental Mindoro, Philippines
his study was an attempt to provide a in their paddy or combination farm was basis for describing or developing more than 2 ha. T economically acceptable upland crop farming systems in the Caguray and Average labor per hectare was 69.73 man Lumintao watersheds. days and the average expenditure per hectare was 753.79. Low expenditures The data used in this study were taken from were observed in either upland or kaingin the benchmark survey conducted by the farms while the other farms had relatively Mindoro Integrated Rural Development higher expenditures. Expenditures per Office within the watersheds of Lumintaon hectare were P753.78 and P866.09 in and Caguray in Mindoro Occidental. There Lumintao and Caguray, respectively. were three methods of analysis: 1) descriptive analysis; 2) input productivity The economic acceptability index showed analysis; 3) farm business analysis. all farms were generally acceptable. Highest index was observed in the Based on their physical characteristics and upland-paddy farms. Farms were already the cultivation practices they involve, the at a stage of diminishing productivity. farms within the two watersheds were This was indicated by less than one sum classified as upland, kaingin, paddy- upland of elasticities. and kaingin -paddy. Rebugio, Artemio. 1985. . Economics of Landholdings were relatively large as Crop Farming Systems in the Upland evidences by the presence of idle farm of Lumintao and Caguray Watersheds portions. Average area planted in both in Occidental Mindoro, Philippines. MS watersheds was 2.1 ha and cropping or land Thesis. University of the Philippines use intensity was 1.3. Average area planted Los Baños, College, Laguna
A Diagnostic Study of the Problem Complex in Shifting Cultivation Systems of Upland Farmers in Basey, Samar
asey farmers usually cultivated around would plant corn, rice, gabi, sweet potato, 1 ha. Half of the households own the and cassava as monocrops or in B land they work on, the rest part own, combinations. Through shifting rent or tenant the land. Commonly, they
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
cultivation, farmers managed to maintain Farmers wish to increase access to their land resources. resources and also improve their resources management. Shifting cultivation was affected by both the bio -physical and socio -economic factors. Pielago, Gines D.; Distrajo, Renato P.; The first included low yield, weeds, and red Gayon, Lina P. and Apura, Deonaldo, ants while the latter involved land, draft G. 1987. A Diagnostic Study of the animals for plowing, and labor. Land was Problem Complex in Shifting marginal. Many experiences rill erosion Cultivation Systems of Upland during heavy rains. Farmers in Basey, Samar.
Upland Conservation Strategies in Selected Areas of the Philippines
onservation measures in Naalad, Naga, recommendations included 1) Cebu; Guba, Cebu City; and Barinayam, comprehensive evaluation; 2) economic C Laurel, Batangas were documented. analysis; 3) study of sociological aspects. Erosibility, type of soil, crops raised, and The paper includes comments during tenurial status were studied. Conservation presentation. technologies were 1) balabag and fallowing or libon in Naalad; 2) contour ditching; 3) University of the Philippines Los Baños – plowing; 4) check damming; 5) contour College of Forestry Department of rockwalling; 6) soil trapping; and 7) drainage Social Forestry. Upland Conservation canals in Guba; and 8) tudling technology in Strategies in Selected Areas of the Berinayan. Specific recommendations were Philippines. made on the technologies. Other Upland Rice Cultivation Using Leguminous Tree Hedgerows on Strongly Acid Soils
field experiment was established in Terrace information was well advanced two locations at the key acid upland 2.5 years after hedgerow establishment. A research site of the International Rice Research Institute in Claveria, Misamis The hedgerow trees competed with the Oriental, Northern Mindanao, Philippine to upland rice crop in terms of nutrients and evaluate the effects of hedgerow, pruning light to a significant extent. Competition management and fertilizer management on was most severe in the 2-3 rice rows the yield of upland rice. The soil was in Ultic closest to the hedgerow, where yields Haplorthox characterized as a moderately were reduced by 50-75 percent compared well drained clay with pH of 4.6 to 5.0. The to the center of the alleys. Incorporation experimental sites had a slope ranging from of the prunings of Cassia spectabilis 25 to 30 percent. hedgerows contributed 44, 2.4, 15, 3 and 13 kg/ha of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, Hedgerow establishment reduced the respectively, to the upland rice crop available space for upland rice by 25 percent. planted in the alleys. Installation of
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
hedgerows and incorporation of the prunings hedgerow prunings. Results suggested were observed to increase upland rice yield the need for further identification of by 25 to 35 percent on a field area basis, in leguminous hedgerow species with more the absence of inorganic fertilizer application. positive ef fects and less competition with Phosphorus fertilizer produced a strong yield companion alley crops. response on the strongly acid upland soil of the experimental site. Application of 20 kg Basri, Iswandi; Mercado, Agustin, Jr.; and P/ha as super phosphate significantly Garrity, Dennis 1990. Upland Rice increased yield with or without the Cultivation Using Leguminous Tree application of green leaf manure from the Hedgerows on Strongly Acid Soils. hedgerows. Crop response to nitrogen International Rice Research Institute, fertilizer was not consistent, particularly Los Baños, Laguna. when combined with the application of
Erosion Control by Sondeo Approach to Rapid Rural Reconnaissance: Locating and Assisting Farmers Whose Top Soil is Eroding in Region X, Philippines
oil erosion caused floods damaging technologies which are not eroding the people and property. The threatened topsoil and are designed for sustainability. Sequilibrium of the ecosystem has been Their confidence was aimed to be raised contributed by massive use of slash and burn for undertaking development by farming motivated by landlessness, which in themselves. turn is spawned by population growth and underemployment of agricultural labor. Madigan, Francis, C. SJ 1986. Erosion Control by Sondeo Approach to Rapid To help the people live in their upland areas, Rural Reconnaissance: Locating and already released by the government for Assisting Farmers Whose Top Soil is private ownership, the project sought to Eroding in Region X, Philippines. make farmers aware of the causes of soil Research Report. Research Institute erosion. It initiated trials of social methods in for Mindanao Culture, Xavier dealing with these causes. Farmers were University, Cagayan de Oro City also helped to raised their income by using
Evaluation of Two Soil Conservation Measures in an Upland Cropping Systems
wo kinds of conservation measures, conservation measures were integrated namely, balabag and contour strips at different intensities at 6.0 m, 3.5 m and T were evaluated based on: 1) ability to 2.0 m intervals to form in between farm reduce the rate of accelerated sheet erosion alleys where gabi (Colocasia esculenta from sloping farms, and 2) comparative (L.) Schoot) plants were grown as the economic feasibility and advantages. These agricultural crop.
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
lower towards the end of the rainy season The study showed that conservation or the cropping period. measures at higher conservation intensities or closer intervals were more efficient in The economic analysis of the different trapping soil particles eroding down the cropping schemes defined by the slopes than those at lower intensities or different experimental treatments farther intervals, with napier slightly more showed that the napier contour strips as efficient than balabag. However, the conservation measures were more balabag structures were found to be more economically attractive than the balabag effective in breaking the erosive force of structures. Aside from additional income surface runoff than the napier contour strips. from fodder, the napier contour The study also showed that a natural structures could be established at lower terracing process actually occurred on the costs than balabag. Moreover, the napier sloping farms as a result of integrating the strips are more permanent structures contour structures with either the balabag or than the balabags which need to be the napier grass acting as risers. replaced almost every four years. The soil fertility replacement method was used to show the ecological costs resulting from The experimental study confirmed that total accelerated sheet erosion from various rainfall was logarithmically correlated with cropping schemes. the extent of sheet erosion. It was also observed that at similar amounts of total Ramirez, Domingo 1988. Evaluation of rainfall, sheet erosion was comparatively Two Soil Conservation Measures in an Upland Cropping Systems.
Participatory Research in Upland Farming Systems Development in San Isidro, Leyte: Some Preliminary Results in Barangay San Miguel
reliminary findings were gathered from extent to which material and labor San Miguel, one of the four barangays requirements were met by local Pin the San Isidro Rural Systems resources. Development Project. Lessons were evident. Adoption of innovation was accelerated by 1) San Miguel was poverty stricken. the increased level of community dialogue, Production and income were below the 2) the degree to which farmers’ priorities subsistence level resulting from were met, 3) the degree of compatibility of environmental degradation since the the cultural and management requirements feudal era. The exploitative and of the innovation with existing socio-cultural dependent community structure forced values and technical practices, and 4) the the marginal farmers in their struggle for survival to resort to uncontrolled timber
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
harvesting, erosive cultivation techniques, in Barangay San Miguel. Second and absence of soil conservation measures. SUAN-EAPI Regional Research Symposium on Agroecosystem Ponce, Eliseo R. and Nasayao, Edilberto 1985. Research in Rural Resources Participatory Research in Upland Management and Development, Farming Systems Development in San Baguio City, March 18-22. Isidro, Leyte: Some Preliminary Results
Blueprints and Realities: The Experience of Upland Development Projects
ocial forestry hopes to transform the outside entities who brought along even uplanders into a conservationist. The the project goals. The project staff failed Sconcept developed alongside actual to have a meaningful exchange with the field attempts. Upland Development people. Bureaucracy delayed the release Programs (UDPs) were implemented by the of funds and bred inaction. Between the government, NGOs, and other groups. Most UDPs and the intended beneficiaries, (13.5%) of them were in Region I while the there were differences in perspective on least (5.2%) were in Region VIII. The aim land security, primacy of basic needs, and was to rehabilitate the environment to technology transfer. The need of upland improve the socio-economic condition of and uplanders overwhelmed the uplanders. The design featured marketing, technology and design proponents. technological and participatory components and land tenure. Performance d iffered from Aguilar, Filomeno, Jr 1983. Blueprints and blueprint. Realities: The Experience of Upland Development Projects. Conference on Performance could be traced to the manner Upland Development: Policies and of project implementation and Issues, University of the Philippines conceptualization. UDPs were initiated by Los Baños, August 22-25.
MSAC’s Agro-Forestry Project
enuded forest reservation in the through the agroforestation approach. Mountain State Agricultural College To improv e coffee, specifically, Arabica D was planted to coffee in an yield and quality, better cultural practices agroforestry project. Employed were are needed. plantation and maintenance steps such as weeding, spot terracing, composting, Dimas, Benjamin D. 1985. MSAC’s mulching, fire protection, pruning, growing Agro-Forestry Project. Second cover crops and intercropping. The objective SUAN-EAPI Regional Research was to intensify and diversify agricultural Symposium on Agroecosystem production in existing denuded mountains Research in Rural Resource
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Management and Development, Baguio City, March 18-22.
Agroforestry and Albizzia Falcataria in PICOP
he Paper Industries Corporation of the correspondingly increased, reaching Philippines (PICOP) agroforestry 125,000 cu m as of September 1981. T program was conceived in 1967 as a solutio n to the expected inadequate supply PICOP has also gained a world record as of raw materials requirement of the mills, the first to use 100 percent short-fibered, kaingin making in the concession, and the mixed tropical hardwood for newsprint socio-economic problems in the barangay and corrugating medium manufacture. near the mill site and concession. It was a With regards to rural development, the scheme where agricultural and timber crops average financial rate of return for a were produced together by small private land DBP-financed tree farm was estimated at owners, thus ending competition between 59 percent, and 53 percent for non-DBP agriculture and forestry over the use of land. financed farms. For 1982, PICOP planned to purchase around 419 cu m from tree The Program has proved a success in the farmers, meaning P32 million was to be socio-economic upliftment of people living pumped into the economy of the rural around the concession forest. The main communities surrounding PICOP factors that led to the initial participation of a concession for that year alone. farmer not availing himself of Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) financing Domingo, Ireneo L. 1981. Agroforestry scheme were his annual family income, and Albizzia Falcataria in PICOP. education, and degree of risk aversion. East-West Center Workshop on Continued participation was attributed to Environmentally-Sustainable high return on family investment and Agroforestry and Fuelwood assured market for the tree crop. Some 5000 Production with Fast-Growing cu m of falcata pulpwood was purchased Nitrogen Fixing, Multipurpose from tree farmers in 1974. With the extent of Legumes, east-West Center, Honolulu, harvestable tree farms increasing, purchases Hawaii, November 12-20.
Agroforestry Systems in the Philippine Uplands and the Model Principle
ominant agroforestry systems appear the present systems such as a)alley to be imitations of two sustainable cropping and b) multi-storey agroforestry D models, lowland annual crop system; and 3) the other systems such as production in flat areas and the tropical a) taungya, b) PICOP scheme, and c) rainforest. Among them are 1) the silvipastoral systems. Likely to be indigenous agroforestry systems such as a) dominant in the Philippines is alley rice-terrace forest coupled agroforestry, b) cropping. Towards ecologically sound fallow system, and c) multi-storey system; 2) agroforestry systems, the structure and
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
functions of the tropical rainforest must be studied and soil conservation must be a basic Lasco, Rodel D. 1987. Agroforestry requirement. Agroforestry design and Systems in the Philippine Uplands and development must be patterned after the Model Principle. sustainable systems. Indigenous agroforestry systems must be documented
Managing Agroforestry Systems as Renewable Resources
anagement of an agroforoestry productivity, 2) expanding productivity, system can be done on a renewable 3) productivity approaching stability, and M basis. It must achieve sustainable 4) productivity approaching collapse. and productive flexibility. A system Thus, the manager who handles undergoes biological and management populations of different species can transformation over time. Hence, it must be manipulate behavior under various capable of surviving changes in its modes of productive stability or instability components. Systems as multicrop, depending on his management multispecies, primary production systems objectives. that simultaneously produce different goods of different economic importance and with a Malayang, Ben S. III 1985. Managing productive capacity that is derived from the Agroforestry Systems as Renewable interaction of many organisms can serve as a Resources. Second SUAN-EAPI management context for a agroforestry Regional Research Symposium on systems. Sustainability and productive Agroecosystem Research in Rural flexibility are two criteria for management of Resource Management and these systems. Development, Baguio City, March 18-22. The behavior of agroforestry systems may be seen in four general scenario: 1) declining
Agroforestry Programs/Activities of the Bureau of Forest Development
esponsible for the development, was launched in 1982. ISFP treats forest management and conservation of occupants as partners I food production R forest resources, the Bureau of Forest and forest rehabilitation, development Development pursues the following and conservation. strategies: 1) Forestry for Rural Development (FRD); 2) Industrial Forestry; Agroforestry is a major component of 3) Environmental and Reclamation Forestry; ISFP. Problems, however, face and 4) Support Programs. With the growing agroforestry, like 1) lack of basic data on orientation for people-oriented forestry, the agroforestry; 2) inadequate education Integrated Social Forestry Program (ISFP) and training on agroforestry; 3)
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
insufficient research on agroforestation. Forest Development. Forest Research may consider 1) species site Management Bureau-Interagency suitability including cropping systems; 2) Group for Forestry Research economic-size farm for agroforestry; 3) Application Workshop on Agroforestry marketing strategies for agroforestry in the Philippines: Implementation, products; 4) impact analysis of agroforestry; Evaluation, and Documentation, and participatory strategies. Center for Forestry Education and Development, University of the Payuan, Edwin V. 1984. Agroforestry Philippines Los Baños, College, Programs/Activities of the Bureau of Laguna, May 2-4.
Agroforestry as a Social Forestry Production System
groforestry plays a key role in the products such as 1) forestry; 2) social forestry program. Working on agriculture; 3) animal husbandry; 4) A the biological and human resources, it agrisilviculture; 5) silvipasture; and 6) is the most widely accepted production silvipasture. There are two basic alternative in rehabilitating degraded lands agroforestry types – rotational and and developing the countryside. Productivity, integral. These are indigenous sustainability and adaptability are requisites agroforestry practices too. These were of a sound design. Essential are key noted in Mt Makiling, Los Baños, Laguna; principles such as 1) productive and Naalad, Naga, Cebu; Lipa, Batangas; protective; 2) careful selection of species; 3) Imugan, Sta Fe, Nueva Vizvaya; and the crop compatibility; 4) requiring inputs which Nasipit Lumber company. are too expensive nor unavoidable; and 5) sustainable. As a land use management Ramirez, Domingo M. Agroforestry as a system, it combines agricultural and forest Social Forestry Production System.
Agroforestry in Upland Ecosystems
nadequate upland technology, The paper presents indicators of the inappropriate lowland technology, and kaingin problem. It specifies crop Iincreasing land use pressure rendered duration, stand diversity, stand much of the uplands wasted. Rehabilitation stratification and production, and is needed. The uplands must be viewed not socioeconomic and bio-ecological solely as production units but as principal characteristics as criteria for classifying watershed protection areas. Cropping upland cropping systems. It also gives a systems must be established akin to the checklist of factors for analyzing cropping structure and functions of the tropical rain systems, such as 1) socio-economic forest. In the uplands, the biomass is the profile, 2) production technology, and 3) storehouse of nutrients. physical resources.
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Raros, Romeo S. 1979. Agroforestry in Seminar Series, March 8. Upland Ecosystems. UPLB-PESAM
Agro-Forestation Program
o increase productivity and prevent soil establishment of model soil erosion plots erosion by alternative cropping in 16 priority barangays. Strategies T patterns, the agroforestry was adopted identified were information drive, planting for the Bukidnon Settlement area. gmelina and kakawate in open grasslands, Implementation involved 1) nursery planting forestal and medicinal trees to operation, 2) seedling dispersal, and 3) determine area suitability and agency planting operation. Promising trends were coordination and consultation. Extent of made by farmer settlers who tried using assistance was to be determined to foster decomposed corn cobs as organic fertilizer self-reliance. The area has poor soil and planting giant ipil-ipil and/or banana as condition, squatters on public and forestal shade trees to coffee and cacao. lands, and needs more nurseries.
Set to be done were 1) establishment of a Sicad, Ramon Noriel B. and Padsing, nursery and a 5 -hectare communal forest in Marcos L. 1981. Agro-Forestation every barangay; 2) replanting, maintenance Program. Third ABC -ASC Annual and protection of about 200 ha of previously Conference, Cagayan de Oro City, reforested areas; 3) agro-forestation of two January 19-23. critical watershed areas, and 4)
Agroforestry Tree Farming in Eastern Mindanao, Philippines: A PICOP Experience
he Paper Industries Corporation of the incentives were given to participant Philippines (PICOP) embarked on a farmers. Slow community response was T tree farm project to convert into observed despite four years of extensive productive conditions marginal and campaign so that a special financing sub-marginal lands for fast-growing scheme was sought from the pulpwood species, interplant agricultural Development Bank of the Philippines to crops between forest and develop the encourage interested tree farmers who remaining suitable portions thereof to the did not have enough capital to participate. raining of agricultural crops. A new In order to ensure a ready market department was organized to handle the between the farmers and PICOP. Albizzia project. Community assemblies and a daily falcataria (falcata) was chosen as the radio program was organized were part of planting stock. their promotional strategies. Tree farm and animal dispersal demonstration plots were After 14 years of implementation, some established in strategies and centrally 3,900 small time tree farmers have located areas. Free technical assistance and planted about 22,000 ha of falcata,
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
distributed all over four provinces of Eastern Philippines: A PICOP Experience. Mindanao. PICOP is guaranteed a steady Workshop on Agroforestry in the supply of pulpwood and the whole eastern Philippines, sponsored by the Mindanao is assured of a balanced ecological Interagency Group for Forestry environment. The project had helped reduce Research Application (IAGFRA), unemployment in the region through Center for Forestry Education and numerous forestry activities and a model for Development, University of the the rest of the entire nation to emulate. Philippines Los Baños, College of Forestry, College, Laguna, May 2 -4. Tagudar, Eulogio T. 1984. Agroforestry Tree Farming in Eastern Mindanao,
Appropriate Technology and Research Area for Hillyland Development
echnologies must be appropriate for hydro -meteorology of hillyland hillyland development. They must be development activities; marketing T evaluated for applicability and viability networks and schemes; and structure of a on specific conditions. Modification of the development organization. It must be land surface, bringing back vegetation, and oriented towards sustained productivity bringing about social and ecological justice and stability. Strategies must be resource and self-respect and self-reliance among the conserving and upgrading. upland poor require a variety of physical, biological and socio -economic technologies. Saplaco, Severo R. 1983. Appropriate Technology and Research Area for Hillyland development may start from Hillyland Development. Workshop on research on identification and Hillyland Development, Cebu City, characterization of hillyland; adaptable March 24-26, 1983 species and cropping combinations;
Corn Intercrop with Ipil-ipil Followed by Upland Crops for the Development of Marginal and Hilly Areas
he cropping system was tested for It was observed that after three years of three consecutive cropping seasons continuous cropping there was a gradual T from 1979-1982 at Capiz Settlement to leveling of the contours in between evaluate the feasibility of the cropping hedgerows and in effect natural terracing scheme to control soil erosion, increase crop was likely to occur. production and maintain the fertility levels of Yield potential of upland crops in the the land. higher slopes gradually decreased.
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Caspillo, E.L.; Margarejo, J.; and Funa, A. Fourth ASC Annual Review, ABC 1982. Corn Intercrop with Ipil-ipil Settlement Areas, Cebu City, March Followed by Upland Crops for the 8-10. Development of Marginal and Hilly Areas.
Some Integrated Upland Farming Approaches
hree integrated upland farming permanent and productive land utilization projects were analyzed. These were was lacking. Bottom-up planning or T the Antique Upland Development technology generation was also weak. Program (AUDP), the Ipil-ipil Based Integrated Farming Systems for marginal In the last case study, the approach used and Hilly Areas of Cebu, and the second was the integration of support services Rural Development Land Settlement Project such as infrastructure development, (SRDLSP) in Capiz. agricultural and cooperative program, In the AUDP conceptual model for upland and health and support services. The development, all efforts were directed to the scheme for the ipil-ipil field crop farmer associations as recipients of services, combination is basically the same with the training and technology. Thus, this proved Cebu model. Too much bias was given on to be ideal for the upland farmers. field crops such that the need to produce meat and energy products for household The ipil-ipil based technology used in Cebu, consumption was neglected. Less however, was focused on increasing unit attention was given to restoring land yield of crops and animal production in hilly cultivation practices. lands and on conserving soil and water resources and maintain ing high level of Duhaylungsod, N.C. 1982 Some production at reduced farm costs through Integrated Upland Farming organic fertilization. The success factor of Approaches. Livelihood Project and this technology was primarily on the Curriculum Development Workshop availability of human labor force, which was Series, University of the Philippines found to be scarce in marginal hilly lands. Los Baños, College, Laguna, And because farmers in these areas were December 15-18. mostly tenants, attitude towards a more
Multiple Cropping Systems for the Upland Hilly Areas: The SALT-1 and SALT-3 Experiences
rosion was a big problem causing productivity. The Mindanao Baptist Rural impoverishment to the upland farmers Life Center (MBRLC) thus developed E and sedimentation and siltation of technologies designed for cultivation of bodies of water. A technology was deemed 5-25 degrees slope. The Sloping needed for farming hilly areas to conserve Agricultural Land Technology (SALT) is a the topsoil and improve soil fertility and mix of cash crops, cereals, and vegetables
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
(SALT 1) while SALT III is a mix of SALT-1 and SALT-3 Experiences. agricultural crops, fruit trees, and different Seminar-workshop on the tree species. Development of Upland Hilly Areas of Region XII, Mindanao Baptist Rural Laquihon, Warlito A. 1989. Multiple Cropping Life Center, Davao del Sur, December Systems for the Upland Hilly Areas: The 19.
The Development and Diffusion of an Upland Farming System: The SALT (Sloping Agricultural Land Technology) Experience
he Min danao Baptist Rural Life Center developed the Sloping Agricultural In 1982, SALT was diffused throughout T Land Technology (SALT) in the late Mindanao by the Center through its 1970s for the Mindanao upland farmers with church groups. Baptist churches and the objective to 1) conserve topsoil; 2) their entities were made as points of entry preserve fertility and prevent soil erosion; for SALT. Later on, different public and and 3) increase productiv ity. Most of the private organizations, locally and Center’s crop tests pertain to corn since it is internationally, picked up SALT and the staple food and grain of the upland disseminated it to their clientele. farmers in Mindanao. The influence of Leucaena on corn yields and how they will Laquihon, Warlito A. 1989. The respond to minimum fertilizer with maximum Development and Diffusion of an production are areas of concern of the Upland Farming System: The SALT Center. (Sloping Agricultural Land Technology) Experience. Seminar on In 1981, 12 upland farmers near the Center Farming Systems Experiences in became the pioneer SALT Visayas and Mindanao, University of farmer-cooperators. Support such as seeds Southern Mindanao, September and materials worth P500 and field visits by 14-15. the Center’s extension workers facilitated SALT adoption.
Simple Agro-Livestock Technology (SALT-2): A Dairy Goat-Based Agroforestry in Sloping Lands
ALT-2 (Simple Agro-Livestock Technology) which is now a little over Generally, all variants of MBRLC’s SALT Sthree years old is a modified version of aim to meet needs for better productivity the Mindanao Baptist Rural Life Center’s and sustainability in the uplands. (MBRLC) well-known agroforestry called Specifically, SALT’s have the three-fold Sloping Agricultural Land Technology or objectives of 1) protecting the precious SALT-1. topsoil from erosion, 2) ameliorating the
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
land with largely locally available biomass, Establishing half hectare SALT-2 project and 3) providing sufficient food supply and needs about 60,000. Yet, cost and return regular decent income for the upland family. analysis shows that SALT-2 can generate a cash net profit of P2,165.78 (or SATL-2 improves SALT-1 by adding the dairy P4,331.56/ha) per month. Its return on goat component to it. Thus, the upland use investment (ROI) is 33.35 percent and its in SALT-2 is composed of 20 percent forest, benefit -cost ratio (BCR) is 1.33. But on 40 percent agriculture and 40 percent top of these financial benefits is a livestock. The hedgerows of nitrogen fixing self-sufficient family (with diverse food multipurpose plant species (NF-MPS) whic h crop supplies plus about 4,735 liters of are planted to borders and farm contours of goat milk yearly) and a protected and 5 m apart constitute the forestry component. ameliorated soil (with about 16 tons of This component is for the protection and goat manure yearly) which enhances amelioration of the soil. The upper half of productivity and sustainability of the the alleyways created by the contour sloping lands. hedgerows accommodate the agriculture component, three-fourths are short-term on Pagbilao, Merlie V.; Watson, Harold R,; (corn, mongo, peanuts). The rest of the and Laquihon, Warlito A. 1989. alleyways are for the livestock component, Simple Agro-Livestock Technology which is made up of a 12-doe milking barn, a (SALT-2): A Dairy Goat-based buck house and a forage garden. The forage Agroforestry in Sloping Lands. mixture is 50 percent Desmodium rensonii, Seminar-Workshop on the 25 percent Flmingia congesta, 20 percent Development of Upland Hilly Areas of Gliricidia sepium, and five other high quality Region XII, MBRLX, Kinuskusan, legumes and grasses. The concentrate Bansalan, Davao del Sur, November composition is 18 percent first class rice bran, 19. 23 percent corn grain or rice middlings, 21 percent copra meal, 36 percent ipil-ipil leaf meal, 1 percent salt and 1 percent limestone.
Evaluation of Erosion Control Techniques for the Upland Agroecosystems
wo types of erosion control years. Among the insights gained on the techniques were evaluated: use of functioning of the upland agroecosystem in T biological contour strips consisting O these two studies were as follows: weed Leucaena leucocephala (giant ipil-ipil) and competition caused significant loss in grain Gliricidia sepium (“kakawate"or "madre de yield; interaction with neighboring cacao") and use of mulch consisting of ecosystem species such as birds from slightly decomposed Imperata cylindrica forests and erosion rate from grasslands (cogon) leaves mixed with ipil-ipil. Both caused significant loss in yield; the first t wo experiments were conducted in a kaingin cases of yield loss were magnified by area farm planted to rice. While the first study location; soil fertility level seemed to be an took three years, the second lasted for two important factor controlling productivity of
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
the agroecosystem; soil erosion seemed to Upland Agroecosystems. Second be an insignificant factor in decreasing yield SUAN-EAPI Regional Research although it might be site-specific; and the Symposium on Agroecosystem cultivation-fallow cycle seemed to render Research in Rural Resources sustainability to the upland agroecosystem. Management and development, Baguio City, March 18-22. Cuevas, Virginia C. 1985. Evaluation of Erosion Control Techniques for the
The Establishment and Performance of Tree Legume Hedgerows in Farmers’ Fields in a Sloping Acid Upland Environment
evere soil erosion and nutrient from stem cuttings was poor in all depletion are dominant threats to the treatments. The biomass production of 6 Ssustainability of food crop systems on m wide alleys between two hedgerows in sloping acid upland soils. On-farm research farmers’ field contributed 94 to 4114 was initiated to develop the biological kg/ha green leaf manure (GLM) during component of contour hedgerow systems in the second year. The variation was Northern Mindanao. Tree legume species related to the percentage A1 saturation in evaluation trials identified four species the surface soil at different sites. Average adapted to contour bunds: Gliricidia sepium, nutrient contribution of the GLM was 53 Cassia spectabilis, Flemingia congesta and kg N, 4 kg P, 8 kg K/ha/yr across five sites Cassia siamea. Mercado, S.R. Jr.; Tumacas, A.M.; and The former two species were studied in Garrity, D.P. 1989. The Establishment extensive plantings due to the availability of and Performance of Tree Legume planting materials. Trials to improve the Hedgerows in Farmers’ Fields in a survival of cuttings showed that deep Sloping Acid Upland Environment. planting (20 cm) of branch cuttings Societies Annual Scientific Meeting of substantially improved Gliricidia hedgerow the Federation of the Crop Science establishment, with or without application of Societies of the Philippines, Iloilo City, commercial hormones. Cassia establishment April 26-29.
Tenure, Technology, and Productivity of Agroforestry Schemes
vailable literature on Philippine upland technology and productivity of development focusing on tenure issues, agroforestry schemes reveal the A available upland development following:
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
6. Data on technical and economic 1. Many of the upland areas currently provide productivity of different upland common access resources to present production/agroforestry systems occupants. Environmental degradation are few and where available, are represents a “tragedy of the commons” in (a) usually based on controlled which resources are over utilized and experimentation, (b) limited to otherwise mismanaged by local residents short term, i.e., one season or one given that they are available to all but year estimates, and (c) usually owned by no one. based on combinations of ipil-ipil and other crops. The last is a 2. Soil conservation and slope stabilization reflection of the predominance of technologies often used in combination ipil-ipil based technologies in with agroforestry projects include: strip upland development projects. cropping of fast -growing species, bench terracing, contour ditching, contour 7. The literature tends to planting and weed lot establishment. overestimate productivity and profitability of agroforestry systems. 3. Social forestry project and programs The discrepancy between projected provide opportunities for involving estimates and actual figures communities in the effort to rehabilitate derives from differences in and develop the uplands as well as test the resource quality and availability in applicability of available technologies. As ideal experimental conditions and of yearend 1981, 255 social forestry in farmers’ fields. Constraints to projects covered 500,000 hectares or 2.7% high agroforestry yield include: of the public domain. lack of material, cash, capital 8. and labor inputs; stray animals and 4. The government, through the BFD, tries to pest infestation; and inappropriate avert the on-going tragedy of the commons technology. by granting upland cultivators rights over their upland farms. These rights include 9. Although programs and projects two year renewable leases granted to FOM aim for community participation in participants, 25 year renewable leases to the development effort, “real CTF participating communities and legally participation” has yet to be defined incorporated organization and 25 year and operationalized. Participation renewable stewardship contracts to ISF has so far been mostly in terms of participants. contributing labor, attending seminars and meetings. Upland 5. Tenure insecurity is generally thought of as communities biasing land use practices in favor of crops have not had much say in project that yield immediate returns but, decision-making. unfortunately, cause environmental degradation. However, there are no 10. A number of reports on experiences studies investigating the direct quantitative with the use of ipil-ipil based effects of tenure on the environment, agroforestry technologies point to productivity of the farm system and the need for further fine tuning intensification of upland cultivation. and/or scrutiny of these technologies. Questions revolve
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
around the technical viability, economic 2. Upland farmer decision-making feasibility and suitability to site specific concerning the practice of bio -physical conditions. agroforestry, i.e., what is the relative importance of which 11. In addition to the factors constraining factors in deciding whether or not agroforestry yields, thereby reducing the to do agroforestry?; to what extent attractiveness of agroforestry to upland is the practice/non-practice of farmers, small size of landholdings and agroforestry a response to market insecurity of tenure on the land are two prices and economic policies? oft-mentioned obstacles to adoption of agroforestry technology. However, cases 3. The technical and economic where agroforestry has been practiced viability of existing agroforestry despite the absence of tenure security can technologies given current farming also be noted. practices and available farm inputs, i.e., would the farmer be better off 12. Studies on the economic returns from if he adopts the technology? agroforestry systems deal mostly with specific short term cropping combinations; 4. The income distributional impact of long term studies have been limited to the agroforestry technolo gy in upland PICOP agroforestry program. In general, communities, i.e., whether upland studies of long term economic returns yield households have equal access to favorable results; short term studies show the technology and whether they less profitable, sometimes unprofitable will be equally benefited by it. results. Markets for output from agroforestry systems and cost of in puts are 5. Costs of and returns to agroforestry the most commonly cited economic relative to costs and returns of problems. alternative upland production systems reckoned from both the The following issues have not been addressed individual upland farmer’s and by existing literature and are therefore society’s points of view. suggested as areas for further socio-economic research: Capistrano, A. D. and S. Fujisaka. Tenure, technology, and 1. The relationship between tenure status, productivity of agroforestry actual productiv ity and environmental schemes. Working Paper Series No. protectiveness of upland production 84-06. Philippine Institute for systems, i.e., are Development Studies. 1984. 64 pp. upland production systems with secure (Summary and Suggested tenure more productive and less Research Agenda). environmentally destructive than those with insecure tenures? Location: FDC Reading Room, CFNR, UPLB.
The Effect Of Corn/Ipil-Ipil Cropping System On Productivity And Stability Of Upland Agro-Ecosystems
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
he 1983 data showed that regardless of affects not only the volume of runoff the intensity of rain, the volume of runoff water and the accompanying T water and amount of soil loss was highest suspended load but also crop yield. in the bare plots and lowest in the corn/ipil-ipil plots where the cut stubbles were PACARDO, E. P. and MONTECILLO, L. A. retained. Chemical analysis of the runoff water The effect of corn/ipil-ipil cropping showed no apparent effects of treatments on system on productivity and stability the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and of upland agro-ecosystems. potassium. The magnitude of nutrient loss Philippine Council for Agriculture depends on the volume of runoff water. The and Resources Research dry matter yield of Ipil-Ipil herbage applied to Development, Los Baños, Laguna, the experimental plots ranged approximately Philippines, 1985. from 6.2 tons/ha to 8.3 tons/ha in Carcar, Philippines and from 5.2 tons/ha to 5.6 tons/ha Location: Watershed Abstracts Volume in Barili. These could augment the soil capacity 2, US-ASEAN Watershed Project, to provide corn plants College of Forestry, College, with roughly 100 kg/ha N, 27 kg/ha P and 90 Laguna. kg/ha K in Carcar. Removing the corn stubbles Hillyland Farming In Candis Valley: (Bacungan, Puerto Princesa, Palawan) A Rapid Rural Appraisal Report
he rapid rural appraisal (RRA) a picture of the potentials and problems of approach was applied in an the area for development. T assessment of Candis Valley in Bacungan, Puerto Princesa City by a team We conclude that Candis is still in a very from the Farming Systems and Soil young stage of transition from a natural Resources Institute (FSSRI) as part of a (forest) system to a managed system and national inventory of hillyland farming yet is already showing some critical weak systems. The site was chosen as points in its structure. Although there are representative of the present hillyland indications of stability and sustainability in situation in Palawan. the low-lying areas, the reverse is true in low and steep hillylands and low mountain areas The appraisal provided information on (i.e., 20% slope and above). Hence, as a existing natural resources, agriculture and whole, the Candis agro-ecosystem is other livelihood systems, the socio-political considered to be unstable and unsustainable environment and perceived needs and from the point of view of soil fertility problems of the farming community. The dynamics and genetic information gathered was then used in resource conservation. analyzing and diagnosing the Valley as an agro-ecosystem, with space and time HILLYLAND -BASED FARMIN G SYSTEMS patterns, decisions, and flows providing TEAM. Hillyland farming in Candis the framework for integration. An Valley: (Bacungan, Puerto Princesa, evaluation the agro-ecosystem according to Palawan) A Rapid Rural Appraisal Report. the properties of productivity, stability, Farming Systems and Soil sustainability and equitability then provided
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Resources Institute, University of the Philippines at Los Baños. 1986. Location: FSSRI Reading Room, UPLB, (Summary and Conclusions). College, Laguna.
A Comparative Study of Two Agroforestry Systems in Pangkalinawan, Jala-Jala, Rizal
wo indigenous agroforestry systems in peanut it was -P9,610.28 per hectare the uplands of Pangkalinawan, equivalent to 32.6% ROI and -66.4% RO, T Jala-jala, Rizal were analyzed and respectively. compared in terms of their ability to conserve soil and water, their cost and Documentation of cultural practices showed returns, and their cultural management that for both cassava and peanut, the practices. The first cropping system was Pangkalinawan farmer was generally basically peanut monoculture in -between practicing traditional indigenous practic es in ipil-ipil strip while the second was cassava contrast to the recommended practices. monoculture in between ipil-ipil strips. Areas for probable improvement were identified. It was also observed that The results showed that cassava with ipil-ipil cassava involved simpler management strip was more effective in minimizing practices than peanut. surface runoff (SRO) and soil loss. A total of 1.8% (SD) and 0.602 ton/ha sediment loss In view of the above, cassava and ipil-ipil were obtained for cassava with strip (C 2) strips appear to be the superior agroforestry compared with 7.5 % SRO and 26.137 tons / system under the indigenous Pangkalinawan ha sediment yield for peanut alone (P1), conditions. 5.4% SRO and 8.22 tons/ha of sediment yield of peanut with strip (P 2) and 6.6% SRO LASCO, R. D. A comparative study of two and 2.07 g tons/ha sediment yield for agroforestry systems in Pangkalinawan, cassava without strip (C1). Jala-Jala, Rizal. Master of Science in With respect to economic profitability Forestry, UPLB College of Forestry, cassava production resulted a much higher College, Laguna, 1986. 190 p. net income than peanut production. The net income for cassava was P1, 754.61 per Location: UPLB-CFNR Library, UPLB, hectare while for College, Laguna.
Productivity And Protectiveness Of Different Density Combinations Of Kakawate [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud] And Corn [Zea mays L.] In An Alley Cropping Scheme Under Two Slope Grad ients
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
he general objective of this study was widths in that order with 29.251 and 34.938 to determine the productivity and m³/ha, respectively. Likewise, sediment T protectiveness of different density yield production was in the same order, the combinations of kakawate and corn in an values being 64.578, 121.082 and 172.662 alley cropping scheme under two slope kg/ha for 2 m, 4 m and 6 m alley widths, gradients. respectively.
There were three alley widths and two slope The degree of slope also significantly gradients considered in the study for a total affected surface runoff giving 34.126 m³/ha of six treatment combinations. Each in 18% slope and 22.160 m³/ha in 43% treatment combination was replicated thrice slope. Eighteen percent slope also gave for a total of 18 runoff plots. higher sediment yield of 144.452 kg/ha as compared with 94.343 kg/ha of the 43% All productivity and protectiveness slope although the difference was not parameters asid e from below ground statistically significant. biomass observed in the study were not significantly affected by treatment Much of the variation in surface runoff and combination. Variations in the observed sediment yield productions can be attributed values were mostly affected by slope and to the interactions between slope and alley width as individual factors. rainfall amount and between alley width and rainfall amount as both were statistically Two-meter alley width significantly had the significant. highest percentages of organic matter and nitrogen for both the topsoil and the subsoil Relationships between rainfall amount and followed by 4 m and 6 m in that order. On surface runoff and between rainfall amount, the other hand, percentages of organic and sediment yield were found to be not matter and nitrogen were generally higher in linear. Prediction equations were developed 43% slope than in 18% slope although the for both surface runoff and sediment yield. differences were not statistically significant. Phosphorous and potassium contents, on Corn yield as indicated by above ground and the other hand, were higher in 43% slope below ground biomass at 45 days after than in 18% slope before the experiment. planting were significantly higher in 4 m After the experiment, however, 43% slope alley width followed by 6 m and 2 m in that had lesser amount of phosphorous for both order. The values obtained were 85.32, soil horizons. Phosphorous and potassium 321.43 and 233.92 g/plant for above ground contents of both soil horizons increased in biomass and 12.62, 76.22 and 45.90 g/plant 18% slope and decreased in 43% slope. for below ground biomass for 2 m, 4 m, and Alley width did not significantly affect both 6 m alley phosphorous and potassium contents of the widths, respectively. Total biomass soil. Soil reaction of both the topsoil and production was significantly higher in 43% subsoil markedly increased in all of the slope than in 18% slope. treatment combinations but differences were not significant. LAPITAN, L. C. Jr. Productivity and protectiveness of different density Two-meter alley width significantly combinations of kakawate [Gliricidia produced the least surface runoff with sepium (Jacq.) Steud] and corn [Zea 20.239 m³/ha followed by 4 m and 6 m alley mays L.] in an alley cropping scheme
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
under two slope gradients. Master of Science in Forestry, Silviculture and Location: UPLB-CFNR Library, UPLB, Forest Influences, UPLB College of College, Laguna. Forestry, College, Laguna. 1989. 142 p.
Analysis Of Selected Agroforestry Practices In Region II
he result of the study revealed by Sangbay at 14.0 tons / hectare / year; different agroforestry practices in the and Top Hill at 16.4 tons/hectare/year. T three study areas, mostly in terms of The lower value for Villa Miemban may be management practices which may have attributed to the adoption of the Sloping been influenced by differences in the origin Agricultural Land Technology (SALT) by of respondents and accessibility of the farmers in their farms planted to study areas. Differences in crops grown subsistence crops. In addition, sediment were also noted. load for Villa Miemban is below the critical value of 12.5 tons per hectare per year as The study also revealed that Top Hill noted by Hudson (1973) and Salvador respondents have the highest gross average (1981). income on a hectare basis per year (P 18,247.00) followed by Sangbay (P A major finding, through the interviews, was 9,368.00) and Villa Miemban (P 3,645.00). that almost all (97%) of the respondents have positive attitudes towards the It was noted that the respondents who practice of agroforestry and find the earned more than the gross average income practice socially acceptable. per year were those mostly concentrating on the planting and growing of perennial and MENDEZ, J. S. Analysis of selected cash crops. agroforestry practices in Region II. Master of Science in Forestry, On the other hand, the DISS method which Silviculture and Forest Influences (SFI) measured net sediment load on creeks Department, UPLB College of Forestry, abutting farms revealed that Villa Miemban College, Laguna. 1989. 105 p. has the lowest net sediment load of 11.5 tons/ hectare/ year; followed Location: UPLB-CFNR Library, UPLB, College, Laguna.
Evaluation Of Agroforestry Schemes In Albay
even agroforestry models were fertility changes, crop production yield, evaluated in Balogo, Oas, Albay in farmers acceptability and economics of Sterms of soil erosion control, soil production.
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
SALT resulted in increased crop yield and Albay. Technical Report. DENR -ERDS, biomass production and increased pH and Region V, Legazpi City. 1990. soil P. Average erosion rate was h ighest at farmers plot. Location: ERDB Planning Division, College, Laguna. GARCIA, P. R. and M.G. DIONGLAY. Evaluation of agroforestry schemes in
Factors Affecting The Adoption Of Agroforestry Systems In An Integrated Social Forestry Projects In Dumarao, Capiz
his study attempted to assess the wherein these policies operated was Integrated Social Forestry (ISF) Program also considered. T of the then Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) which was implemented by the Bureau Five ISF sites were chosen for the of Forest Development (BFD), in terms of the analysis of farmers’ participation based said agencies’ capability to manage a rural on the acceptable minimum number of development program wherein people’s respondents, contiguity of the area, participation was considered an essential input and peace and order situation. More and process. It had three sub-studies namely: importantly, the choice was also made (a) project environment analysis - the based on special characteristics of the substance of policies and strategies as they study sites: Dumarao, Capiz as a pilot conditioned the participation of the farmers in ISF area; Barangay Paitan in Naujan, the ISF, (b) analysis of administrative capability Oriental Mindoro due to the presence of and willingness of the implementors to manage a Non-Governmental Organization a development program in the context where (NGO); Barangay Tagbakin, Pola, people were to be organized and mobilized to Oriental Mindoro where participants participate actively in the various aspects of were mostly composed of migrant program management: planning, organizing, farmers; Sitio Maranan, Barangay decision making, actual implementation, and in Calategas, Narra in evaluation of process and results, and (c) Palawan which was an area far remote analysis of farmers’ participation - the from the center of economy and capability, attitude and willingness of the population; Bgy. Gabud in Bulan, people to participate as well as the Sorsogon, a former Forest Occupancy opportunities for and constraints that Management area. determined the extent and nature of participation in the program. Interview schedules, after pretesting, were administered to For the project environment, content analysis farmer-participants by trained research of pertinent laws, rules and regulations that assistants from April 16 to May 7, 1985. impinged on the ISF was done, including The interview schedule was structured policies that may or may not run potentially in to generate demographic data, farming conflict with ISF policies. The political context data, participation of farmers in the ISF, their awareness of, agreement to
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
and compliance with specific ISF project given arbitrary values for awareness of, policies, their perception about participation, agreement of, and compliance. and their capability to perform ISF activit ies. Findings on policy analysis revealed A questionnaire, also after pretesting, was that farmers’ participation in the ISF administered to 109 officials and personnel of was not only allowed but encouraged the BFD who were involved in the by existing policies. The policy context implementation of the ISF including field identified structures and mechanism workers responsible for implementing the for farmers’ participation in the project in the sites chosen for this study. This program, however, these structures, was done to determine the BFD’s capability to like the farmer’s organization as well, manage the ISF project in a participatory were not effective in promoting active manner and the implementors’ attitude farmer involvement primarily due to the towards participation. inability of the BFD implementors to provide impetus for activity growth. The questionnaire sought data on the implementor’s work, problems in his job, his The farmers were aware of ISF policies. effectiveness and that of his region in In fact, agreed practically to all of them. implementing the ISF program; his perception Degree of compliance was also high. of the ISF; identification of areas of ISF However, awareness, agreement and concerns where the farmers were allowed to compliance did not infer participation in participate in, and his perception of people’s the management of the program as participation. there were very few opportunities for To measure project implementation, data on participation in project planning, the responses of implementors were analyzed decision making, implementation and to answer and determine the capability of the evaluation. pertinent government agencies, with particular focus on the BFD, in implementing the program. Willingness on the part of the This included the assessment of structures and implementors to allow participation by management processes, including behavioral the farmers did not lead to actual dimensions like as willingness and capability to substantive participation despite their promote participation. technical capability and commitment. Their lack of community mobilization To determine farmers’ participation, indicators and organizational skills and the very were reflected to examine the nature and meager resources made available to extent of the farmers’ involvement in planning, them, compounded by limiting decision making, organiz ing, implementation administrative systems, impeded the and evaluation in the ISF. The farmers’ degree growth of farmer participation and of awareness of policies and agreement to the development of participatory ISF policies was done also studied to evaluate mechanisms in the program. the farmers’ predisposition to participation. Sixteen policies pertaining to the Over-all, the findings of the study implementatio n of the ISF projects were tended to indicate that policies and presented to the participants to determine their administrative structures alone did not awareness and agreement, while thirteen create, or lead to participation. The policies out of the sixteen were presented again capability of the administrative to find out their compliance. Responses were machinery and its actors to implement
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
the policies was the important factor that could promote participation. Capability and VIRTUDAZO, A. Z. Factors affecting willingness of the farmers to participate in the adoption of agroforestry organizational activities were important in systems in an Integrated Social promoting participation in development Forestry Projects in Dumarao, projects, but, at most, they only indicated the Capiz. Master of Science in potentials for meaningful participation. As Forestry, Social Forestry, UPLB indicated, the active presence of the College of Forestry, College, implementors was necessary to create the Laguna. 1990. 155 p. same activeness among participants. This necessitated their continued presence in the Location: UPLB Main Library, College, project site though such presence depended on Laguna.. what support they received from the administrative machinery.
Environmental Management Of The Hilly-Land Farming System
illy-land farming system is an ecosystem analysis. It is a helpful guide in agroecosy stem that constitutes soil, assessing the impact of hilly land H water resources, crops, livestock, and management and technology on various other resources of the farming system. properties and systems. Some of its environmental issues are high soil erosion, drought during dry season, Research and development programs should resource poor environment, inadequate focus more on the environmental support services and infrastructure. management of the hilly land farming system. The behavior or performance of the agroecosystem is characterized as productive, stable, sustainable, equitable, ALCANTARA, A. J. Environmental and autonomous. These characteristics are management of the hilly -land farming interconnected. They should be the system. Productivity Enhancement in objectives of environmental management Rainfed Areas, Los Baños, Laguna: for the hilly land development. PCARRD Book Series No. 110. 1991. 93 p. Agroecosystem analysis can be used within the framework of the farming system Location: FSSRI Reading Room, UPLB research and development. It is a structural College, Laguna. but flexible procedure of
Agroecosystem Analysis Of Makiling Forest Reserve, Philippines
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
his report presents the results of an CRUZ, R. V. O., H. A. FRANCISCO and C. S. agroecosystem analysis of the TORRES. Agroecosystem analysis of T Makiling Forest Reserve, Philippines. Makiling Forest Reserve, Philippines. Major areas of concern include issues of ERMP Reports I, Environment and resource utilization, administration and Resource Management Project (ERMP) management, property rights and tenurial Philippines, College, Laguna. 1991. 95 arrangement, and institutional linkages. Key p. questions for research and guidelines for development were identified through the Location: SESAM Library, UPLB College, active involvement of the major Laguna. stakeholders, each with their own perception, knowledge and motivation.
Productivity Of Hilly-Land Farming Systems
illy lands are potential sources for Agroforestry is one of the feasible options agricultural production. However, towards productivity enhancement. H these are plagued with problems such Multipurpose trees in agroforestry supply as indiscriminate logging, shifting cultivation, either or a combination of fodder, organic and overgrazing. Hence, the forested hilly fertilizer, or green manure, fuelwood, and areas become denuded, degraded, and sometimes food. It also supplies products marginalized; effects of which are drought, harvested from agronomic crops and/or floods, and poor farm productivity. animals associated with the trees. The agroforestry system helps conserve and Options to enhance productivity in hilly lands improve soil. include contract tree farming, plantation forestry, fruit tree-based production systems, LAWAS, N. R. and B. M. CALUB. Productivity sloping agricultural land technology (SALT), of hilly -land farming systems. In and agroforestry. Each of these options has Productivity Enhancement in Rainfed its own degree of appropriateness for a Areas, Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD specific site and time. Book Series No. 110. 1991. pp. 81-92.
Location: FSSRI Reading Room, UPLB, College, Laguna.
The State Of Philippine Uplands Research: Profile And Annotated Bibliography
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
. Results of the survey suggest that use and people participation in community researchers and institutions shared no activities. Reforestation and social forestry 1 common definition of “uplands”. were the two most researched topics related However, there were defining elements and to upland management, while agroforestry, characterizations that were used in many of farming system, soil and water conservation the definitions: e.g. concepts like were the foci of research on upland topography and general ecological technology. characteristics. While there appears to be agreement on general concepts, there was 5. Upland research was largely collaborative. none on specific details like percentage of Academic institutions were involved in elevation and the like. What seems clear in upland research with GOs and NGOs. the definitions is that they were essentially operational definitions based on the needs, 6. Research priority areas run across preferences or focus of the individual or different issues and topics: agency providing the definition. 6.1 Biophysical: crops, soil erosion, soil nutrition 2. Uplands were seen to be faced with a number of problems infringing on 6.2 Socio -economics: technology resource-use. The most critical of these assessment, cult ural traditions, land problems were: a) forest denudation, b) tenure, environmental impact peace and order, c) lack of inputs and capital assessment, and people for farmers, d) lack of marketing systems participation. and transportation, e) environmental degradation, f) poverty, g) low education of 6.3 Upland management: uplanders and h) unemployment or reforestation and social forestry underemployment. 6.4 Upland technology: farming systems, agro-forestry, soil and 3. Researchers on the uplands in the water conservation Philippines were generally young. This may mean that they might be at the prime of 6.5 Agroecosystem their professional development and are potentially productive. There may be more 6.6 Policy male than female respondents, but this might simply be a function of the 7. Among the impediments to upland research were accessibility, peace and order sample which was non-random. conditions, financial constraints to Researchers tended to be well trained (they researchers, negative attitude of farmers have advanced degrees) and they tended to toward researchers, and communication / come from academia. Most researchers language problem between researchers and specialize in either agriculture or forestry, uplanders. and they have been doing upland research in one to ten years. 8. The three major means by which results of upland research were disseminated were 4. The most extensively researched topics direct contact among researchers, i.e., on the uplands were crops and soil erosion. through seminars/ workshops/ conferences/ Most socio-economic research were on land symposia and technical publications.
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
General access to results was restricted to Profile and annotated bibliography. popular articles. Dissemination of outputs College, Laguna, Philippines, UPLB were largely in print, i.e., monographs or Institute of Environmental Science and journal articles. Funding for publications Management. 1991. (Conclusion) was largely through either internal university budgets or foreign grants. Government Location: ESSC Manila Observatory, Ateneo support for publications appears lo w. de Manila, Quezon City. LIBRERO, A. D. and Z. C. LAMAYRA. The state of Philippine uplands research:
An Evaluation Of An Upland Development Project In Passi, Iloilo, Philippines
he main objectives of this study were 64 farmlots, while farmers adopted a to: (1) assess whether programmed number of agroforestry technologies. T activities and target outputs of the Magdungao Agroforestry 2. T-test results showed the yields for Project (MAP) were achieved; (2) evaluate rice, corn, coffee, squash, banana and the socio -economic and environmental charcoal significantly increased (more than impacts of the MAP; (3) determine the doubled). financial viability of the 3. Regression analyses showed changes whole MAP and each component / in fertilizer use significantly affected production alternative as well as economic production of rice, squash, corn and viability of the whole project; and (4) bittergourd. generate policy recommendations based on the results of the study. 4. There was a 193% (P 17,059) increase in average real income. The study utilized both primary and secondary data, the former consisting of 5. Other indicators of the improvement benchmark data gathered by the Forest in quality of life are: (a) increase in Research Institute, the latter collected household expenses by many farmer through personal interviews. Complete families, (b) addition of meat in the diet of enumeration was adopted since there were 70 percent of the respondents, (c) repair of only 118 farmer cooperators of the MAP. dwellings, and (d) more investment in education of children. The MAP started field operation in 1985. The project area in Barangay Magdungao 6. Majority of the farmers are now 5-10 covers about 314 hectares of both alienable year planners. and disposable public lands. The project 7. Because of land tenure, they have accomplishments are as follows: been motivated to plant permanent crops and undertake improvements on farm 1. MAP facilitated issuance of the CSC’s structures. to 98 participants, and coordinated titling of
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
8. Tangible signs of improvement in 14. Both FIRR and EIRR are sensitive to the environment are the: (a) recovery of a decrease in revenue. To remain financially green vegetation and the cool temperature, viable, the decrease in project return of the bats and birds, (b) soil has revenues and the increase in project been stabilized and is more fertile, and (3) costs should be less than 20%. non-drying up of 30 water springs at the site during the dry season. 15. The farmers’ organization is still weak in administrative and financial matters. 9. Rice-corn-bittergourd-mungben gave the highest net income P 12,840 per hectare The policy implications of the findings for a period of 35 years followed by include the following managerial rice-corn-mungbean (P 12,616.14), considerations: 1) need to pre-assess rice-corn-bittergourd (P 11,914); rice-corn technologies, 2) need to strengthen the local (P 10,526.80); and rice-corn-squash (P work group (hil-o-hil-o), 3) improved 9,698.51). standard of living is possible without ecological abuse, 4) the dole-out mentality 10. The agroforestry component is of MAP participants is apparently financially viable since the annual net encouraged by MAP operations, 5) better incremental benefit throughout project life health and nutrition is a natural (35 years) is P 918,170. consequence of improved family income,
11. The communal reforestation 6) farmers are capable of long-range component (forest and fruit trees) is planning, 7) land tenure is a positive factor financially viable since it has a Financial in increasing farm productivity, 8) access to Internal Rate of Return (FIRR) of 53% which market is a key ingredient in a development is greater than the 24% lending rate in 1989. project, and 9) project withdrawal should be an integral part of MAP. 12. The project is also financially viable from the point of view of the government OLIVA, A. T. An Evaluation of an Upland since the FIRR is 28.8%. The Net Present Development Project in Passi, Iloilo, Value (NPV) at 24% is P 813,003. Philippines. Ph.D. Dissertation, Forest Resources Management, UPLB College 13. The computed Economic Internal of Forestry, College, Laguna. 1991. 293 Rate of Return (EIRR) is 83.3% and the NPV p. at 24% is P 5,247,380, indicating economic viability. Location: UPLB-CFNR Library, College, Laguna.
Soil Conservation For Hilly-Land Farming Systems
he nature of the agroclimatic Unless acceptable, cropping system environment and crop management alternatives with built -in soil conservation T practices of hilly land farmers in the and rehabilitation measures are adopted, Philippines are conducive to sev ere erosion. land degradation and the impoverished
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
living condition of these farmers will continue to worsen. In alley cropping systems. erosion rates on steep slopes can be brought down to a Alley and multistorey cropping systems are tolerable level when other soil conservation soil conservation-oriented agroforestry practices such as contouring, mulching, systems that are appropriate for farming minimum tillage, and waterways are hilly areas. Alley cropping which involves incorporated in the system. planting of shrub, tree or leguminous hedgerows along the contours and PANINGBATAN, E. P., D. T. GUINTO and R. agricultural crops in the alleys has become A. COMIA. Soil Conservation for acceptable to hilly land farmers in some Hilly -Land Farming Systems. In parts of Mindanao and the Visayas. Productivity Enhancement in Rainfed Multistorey cropping which involves growing Areas, Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD of a combination of annual and or perennial 1991. pp 63-80 (Book Series No. 110). crops of different heights, canopy and rooting patterns to maximize Location: FSSRI Reading Room College, use of sunlight, nutrient, and water and Laguna. minimize erosion, is successfully done in the rolling areas of Cavite and Batangas.
Land Evaluation For Agroforestry In The Philippines
he biophysical components of land units of the four agroforestry sites. agroforestry were characterized to Four of the LUT’s existed in the study sites. T serve as benchmark data for land evaluation. The four agroforestry sites A representative soil pit was dug for each of representing the four types of Philippine the agroforestry sites. The pedons were climate were selected and studied. These classified based on the USDA Soil Taxonomy are: Bobok, Bukod, Benguet; Binahaan, (1975). The soils of Binahaan, Pagbilao, Pagbilao, Quezon; Burgos, Cabarroguis, Quezon and Burgos, Cabarroguis, Quirino AF Quirino; and Sangbay, Nagtipunan, Quirino. sites were classified as Fine and very fine The plant, climate, land and soil were clayey, kaolinitic isohyperthermic Ultic characterized in each of the representative Hapludalfs. Robusta coffee yield in these sampling strips of the agroforestry sites. sites are 850 kg. and 630 kg. dried Agroforestry sites were subdivided into land beans/ha., respectively, while the soils of units based on the degree of shading and/or Bobok, types or heights of forest trees species Benguet and Sangbay, Nagtipunan, Quirino associations. were classified as Fine clayey, kaolinitic isothermic Typic Kanhapludults and Fine Land suitability classification was done by clayey, kaolinitic isohyperthermic Typic matching the environmental requirements of Haplohumults, respectively. Chayote yield the seventeen (17) land utilization types in Bobok, Benguet AF site is 5760 kg/yr. and (LUT) with the land qualities of the specific the Robusta coffee yield in Sangbay,
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Nagtipunan, Quirino AF site is 510 kg. dried The project potential production showed the beans/ha. appropriate crop combination alternatives for the development of agroforestry in the The land qualities/parameters that various forest conditions in the country. influenced the suitability of the LUTs are: light transmission ratio, forest cover, altitude, EVANGELISTA, P. P. Land evaluation for temperature, moisture availability, and soil agroforestry in the Philippines. Ph.D. chemical properties (nutrients and acidity). Dissertation in Soil Science, UPLB College of Agriculture, College, Laguna. The yield of the existing crops in the four 1992. 218 p. agroforestry sites are satisfactory as shown by the net annual income. Location: UPLB Main Library, College, Laguna.
Evaluation Of Hillylands For Appropriate Conservation-Oriented Farming Systems
his study sought to develop a framework for assessing alternative The study showed that using a combination T crop enterprises and conservation- of conservation practices, and the proper oriented farming systems on the respective choice of crop cover and cover mixes, land management units of hillylands. The together with sound soil and crop study was conducted also management, soil losses can be reduced to as low as about 4, 3, and 2 t/ha/yr for the to determine crop productivity as affected by tomato-corn-tomato and corn-corn-cowpea, slope positions, map predicted soil erosion, upland rice-cowpea-corn, and cassava + and classify the soils of the study area. The corn-upland rice + cowpea-sweet potato Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation cropping patterns, respectively, even for the (MUSLE) was adopted and used barangay 30-60% slope in Cabacungan. This Cabacungan and Patrocinio at Claveria, indicates that areas not suited for crop Misamis Oriental as the test sites. production because of the danger of severe soil erosion could still be cropped, provided Cabacungan soils were classified using the that conserv ation practices are employed. USDA Soil Taxonomy as very fine, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic, Rhodic Hapludox, while Relative grain yield (RGY) and relative dry Patrocinio soils were very fine, kaolinitic, matter yield (RDMY) of upland rice allic, isohyperthermic, Typic Hapludox. significantly decreased upslope. RGY had regression equations of Y = 97.17 - 4.44X, Y Both Cabacungan and Patrocinio soils have = 104.72 - 8.14 X, Y = 106.55 - 8.37 X, and moderate to very severe potential erosion Y = 104.00 - 6.20 X, while RDMY had Y = (31 to 3453 and 47 to 5235 t/ha/yr, 100.49 - 5.15 X, Y = 104.65 - 8.38 X, Y respectively). based on a maximum of 15% = 106.33 - 7.55 X and Y = 104. 09 - 8.50 X slope, only about 35% of the area can be for the 0-3%, 4-8%, 9-15%, and 16-30% used for agricultural crops. slope categories, respectively. The main
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
reason for the yield differences between management, and conservation practice slope positions was the variation of the values, for few locations in the Philippines. A depth of the topsoil due to soil erosion, with sample on how to determine the various the bottom portion of the field having parameters in predicting soil loss was also deeper topsoil. included.
A conservation practice guide for extension LIMBAGA, C. M. Evaluation of hillylands for workers to advice farmers was developed. appropriate conservation-oriented The guide quantifies the effect of the various farming systems. Ph.D. Dissertation in factors on soil erosion and predict soil losses Soil Science, UPLB College of Agriculture, of a particular cropping system on various College, Laguna. 1993. 399 p. soils and landscape unit. It was made easier to follow by the inclusion of tables on rainfall Location: UPLB Main Library College, erosivity, soil erodibility, slope, crop and soil Laguna.
Upland Philippine Communities: Guardians Of The Final Forest Frontiers
ocumentation of deforestation and its ecological survival is critically important for impacts upon two of the Philippines’ tribal communities, upland migrants, and D largest and most strategic downstream rural and urban dwellers alike. watersheds, the Dupinga of Central Luzon and the Pulangi of Mindanao, provides Concerned and disadvantaged upland lessons for the future communities have already taken action in an management of the nation’s remaining attempt to halt logging and control forests. These watersheds support some of downstream flooding problems. They have the country’s last primary rainforests, while barricaded logging roads and confronted also serving major agricultural and armed gangs hired by timber companies in population centers in the lowland plains. an attempt to stop the destruction of their Poorly regulated logging by multinational forest environment. The challenge facing corporations and Filipino elites have rapidly the community is to resolve conflicts among denuded upland environments between the different resource user groups and to reach 1950s and 1980s, and a debilitating a consensus regarding management economic crisis in the lowlands has forced a objectives, operating rules and regulations, steady stream of poor migrants into the and the institutional structure through which uplands to seek their subsistence from a access controls and use rights will be dwindling natural resource base. implemented. Strong community leadership, Indigenous tribal communities, combined with facilitation from neutral third overwhelmed by this onslaught, have parties based in nongovernmental typically fled deeper into the upper reaches organizations (NGOs), is already helping to of the forests in a struggle to hold on to their join together tribal traditional land-use practices and ways of communities with migrant settlers to life. The Dupinga and the Upper Pulangi negotiate common goals and develop watersheds truly represent the final forest sustainable management strategies. frontiers in the Philippines, and their However, the government will need to
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
demonstrate strong political will in desperately need strong, supportive supporting community initiatives to stabilize leadership and action from a government valuable watersheds. This will require the committed to enabling their role as unequivocal termination of remaining guardians of the forest. mining and logging leases, even if held by the rich and powerful. While the Philippines WALPOLE, P., G. BRAGANZA, J. B. ONG, G.J. has drafted some of the most progressive TENGCO, and E. WIJANCO (Team community -oriented resource management Coordinator). POFFENBERGER, M. AND policies in Asia, they will have little impact on B. MCGEAN (eds.). Upland Philippine the larger issues of upland resource Communities: Guardians of the Final degradation unless the government can Forest Frontiers. South East Asia move quickly and decisively to channel its Sustainable Forest Management policies to empower poor tribal and upland Network. Research Network Report No. migrant groups. The following case study 4. Center for South East Asian Studies research documents the severity of the International and Area Studies. Univ. of problems, while also giving notice that local California, Berkeley. 1993. (Executive communities are already experimenting with Summary) strategies to respond to them. These communities undoubtedly hold the key to Location: ESSC Manila Observatory, Ateneo the solution of access controls and de Manila, Q uezon City. participatory management. Yet they
Agroecosystem Analysis of Ikloy River Watershed in Indang, Cavite
he study was conducted to: 1) identify Secondary data collection, transect and and describe the major farming survey questionnaires were used to gather T systems existing within the Ikloy River data. A total of 62 farmer respondents Watershed; 2) identify the factors that lead permanently cultivating upland farms within to the present farming systems in the area; the watershed were included in the study. 3) assess the productivity, stability, Chi-square test, frequency and correlation sustainability and equitability of the analyses were used to analyzed the data. watershed ecosystem; 4) identify how the behavior and performance of farming Two major farming systems, classified as systems affect the productivity, stability, coconut-based and coffee-based, were sustainability and equitability of the identified. These farming systems are watershed; and 5) come up with rainfed, with flat to hilly topography, not suggestions and policy recommendations for integrated with animals, and employ mixed the conservation and management of the or multiple cropping system of planting watershed. crops. Farmers grow crops both for home consumption and commercial purposes. The systems approach using the Sources of labor in the farm are family and agroecosystem analysis procedure defined hired labor. Majority of the farmers apply by Conway (1985), was used in the study fertilizers in their farms but do not use focusing on the farm and watershed. chemical pesticides. Soil conservation
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
measures employed by farmers are alley other sources of water, development of cropping, planting of nitrogen -fixing trees alternative sources of income, absence of like madre de cacao and ipil-ipil, composting, big land owners and regulated resource use minimum weeding and “tambak” system or are factors that contribute to the their productivity, stability, sustainability, and indigenous way of controlling surface water equitability of the Ikloy river watershed. The flow and soil erosion. negative factors are inadequate agricultural Farmer respondents have an average support services, natural calamities like household income of P 84,910.82. Non-farm typhoons in droughts, inefficient water sources contributed 76 percent to the total supply and household income while the farm contributed only 24 percent. Household distribution system, land conversion, income, educational attainment, and farm fluctuating market price, pests and diseases, expenses/cost have significant relationships. soil erosion and the absence of a watershed Household income or farm size have highly protection program. significant relationships. An impact flow diagram revealed that performance and behavior of the farm The type of farming systems in the area is systems directly affect the productivity, attributed to prevailing market and market stability, sustainability, and equitability of conditions, topography and climate. the watershed ecosystem. Analysis using chi-square tests and correlation coefficients showed that Findings of the study stressed the need to cropping systems have significant have a watershed protection program. relationship with age, and farming Identified key players in the area are the experience. Cropping system and farm size Indang Water District, local have highly significant relationship. government units like the DA and Municipal In decision making at the farm level, the Development Office, DSAC, farmers and husband decides on the cropping system to consumers groups. follow, harvesting, marketing and price of products. The influence of co-farmers affect SEDIGO, N. A. Agro ecosystem Analysis of most the farmer’s decisions. Ikloy River Watershed in Indang, Cavite. Master of Science in Environmental Factors that determined the systems Studies, UPLB School of Environmental properties or behavior of the watershed Science and Management, College, ecosystem were classified as positive or Laguna. 1994. 163 p. negative. Soil and water conservation practices, mixed or multiple cropping system, Location: UPLB Main Library, College, land suitability and capability classification, Laguna. maintenance of diversity, development of
Technology in Transition: Lesson From Lantapan
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
his paper attempts to illustrate the considerations, i.e. profit in the short technological trajectories trailed by the run. The general tendency of farmers T agricultural sector in Lantapan. Through is to produce anything that has key informants and focused group interviews, commercial value in order for them to changes over time in a number of farming survive. Inspite of farmers' awareness technologies were traced. These include of environment-friendly technologies, changes in land use and cropping pattern, in the lure of immediate earnings defeats crop varieties planted, in use of fertilizers and the purpose of such technologies. pesticides and in farm mechanization. Elazegui, Dulce D. Technology in A myriad of factors influence farmers' choice of Transition: Lesson From Lantapan. technologies. There are internal factors rooted SANREM CRSP Philippines. to farm family's decisions and external Socio -economics Working Group influence brought about by government Technical Report 4/95 (Draft). 11 programs and policies. pp. + tables The technological paradigm of Lantapan agriculture can be characterized by a Location: SANREM, PCARRD, Los combination of indigenous and modern Baños, Laguna. technologies. Adoption or non-adoption of either or both depends largely on economic
Profitability And Sustainability Of Agricultural Production Systems In The Lantapan Subwatershed
sing the data gathered in the January technologies. Wages are cheaper in 1995 survey, we attempted to analyze the vegetable areas, and the U the profitability and sustainability of technologies used are labor intensive. agricultural production systems in the Lantapan Weeding is preferable to herbicide use. subwatershed. Marginal benefit -cost analysis Our findings however, cannot was done to compare technologies with low, discrimin ate tenurial status and use of medium and high levels of chemical use, in the chemicals, production of corn, coffee, sugarcane, tomato, choice of crops or market orientation. and cabbage. Our findings suggest that That is, owners, lessees and tenants increasing current levels of fertilizer use in corn plant more erosive crops, do not and coffee would yield profitable added returns. usually use pesticides in Kamaisan and However, increasing use of chemicals, Kapatagan areas, and are mostly especially pesticides in tomatoes and cabbage market oriented. Kasagbutan farmers will not give significant additional benefits. The experience more externalities resulting most profitable cropping system, although not from more intensive chemical use. sustainable at current technologies available to Availability of cash influence farmers' farmers, is corn-cabbage-corn. use of high yielding seeds and fertilizer.
We also investigated the influence of labor, It is recommended that Integrated Pest tenure and credit arrangements in choice of Management (IPM) be introduced
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
especially in intensiv e pesticide using areas. (Philippines) Socio-economics Adaptive research on the crop mixes that would Working Group Technical Report maximize incomes and biological interactions; 5/95 (Draft). 14pp + 17 tables.. and minimize chemical use is needed. Location: SANREM, PCARRD, Los Rola, Agnes C. Profitability and Sustainability Baños, Laguna. of Agricultural Production Systems in the Lantapan Subwatershed. SANREM CRSP
Natural Resource Management On A Watershed Scale: What Can Agroforestry Contribute?
uccessful watershed management is the forest margins, imperata grasslands, built on two pillars: Sound, practical and permanently - farmed hillslopes. Stechnical innovation, and participatory institutional Innovation. Agroforestry has a The environmental impacts of complex key role to play in both. Although agroforests, smallholder conventionally seen as a set of technical timber-and-fruit -tree production systems, options applied at the field level, improved indigenous fallow management agroforestry is increasingly conceived as a systems, and contour vegetative strip framework for whole systems are discussed in the context of the landscape management within a community above issues. Selected watershed and ecological context. Watershed management projects in Thailand, the degradation poses a threat in many Philippines, and countries in Asia but past watershed management programs have most Indonesia are then examined to draw frequently been ineffectual. Asian conclusions on the effective pathways watersheds have the highest sediment loads toward effective andl husbandry and local in the world. Nevertheless, within limits, the natural resource management. Application evidence indicates that it is of the concept of community landscape mosaics as a tool is highlighted. Lessons possible for smallholders to engage in from these cases, and from two global farming and management of natural forest research programs (ASB and SANREM), resources in both a productive and indicate that if local communities are conservation - effective manner. allowed to capture the direct benefits of Agroforestry research and development is improved systems through tenurial security creating a much wider array of practical and involvement in decision making, they solutions that reduce the tension in will be firm partners in reversing the achieving both the environmental service environmental degradation of Asian functions of watersheds and the watersheds. productivity functions essential to the livelihood of the dense rural populations that GARRITY, D. P. and F. AGUS. Natural inhabit them. ‘Best-bet’ agroforestry resource management on a watershed systems are reviewed for the three major scale: What can agroforestry contribute?. upland ecosystems within Asian watersheds:
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
For submission to Journal of Soil and Location: ICRAF Library, UPLB-CFNR, Water Conservation, January 6, 1998. College, Laguna.
Upper Manupali Watershed Biodiversity Research Conservation Program
A. Perception Survey clearings (28-41%) are the best gauge of these changes. ource of timber (73-100%) is perceived as most important value of forest by 6 Six (6) communities confirmed Scommunities. Second is watershed, (48-80%) forest fire incidents in the except in Kiboda and Pamation which value 70's and 80's. Drought and hunting watershed as most important. Third most (11-36%) were identified to have important value of forest are the following: caused these fires. A fair number source of food, source of medicine and habitat (27-54%) denied any knowledge of the for wildlife. Wildlife is valued as most important fire; (though an equal number of source of food (70-84%); Second most respondent with a majority from the important value of wildlife is for hunting three (3) communities testified to have (30-58%): In Lomoton, they prefer it as pets. witnessed the fire). Most observations on the forest fire showed that it lasted Plants to include trees is perceived as most from one to four (1-4) months; while a important source of timber and few said that it lasted up to ten (10) wood (75-100%); for housing and construction, months. for firewood and (role of trees as giant sponge) sustain ing water sources. Medicine is the Specific areas identified affected by second most important value of plants and forest fire include; Kiabansag, trees. Source of food is the third most Kitanglad, Katamanan, Maagnaw, top important value of plants, except in of Kinosuhan, top of Binisligan, Panan -awa. Mapawa, lower part and surrounding of Greenfields, Kiboda, Pamation, Forest denudation (69-94%) is perceived the Katsuayan and Bul-ogan. Other areas most prominent change in the area except in reported to have been affected by Lomoton which observed high migration of forest fire are; Kaulayanan in Talakag Dumagat. Changes in farming system and Bagyangon in Malitbog. (19-61%) emerged next; waning water supply (33-44%) and loss of wildlife (29-44%) in each Lomoton, Panan-awa and Bul-ogan three community groups is the third noticeable (44-64%) are barely aware of the change. Sudden drop in animals and fish NIPAS project in Mt. Kitanglad; and significant number of remaining caught in hunting/fishing (44-85%) are best communities (44-87%) did not know indicators of wildlife behavior vis-à-vis to these about it. After brief information on the changes. Poor growth of crops due to loss of objectives of the NIPAS project such soil nutrients and loss of forest due to as ; to recognize their ancestral domain commercial farming (13-41%) and new farm as well respect their traditional culture,
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
all communities (82.98%) gave high in the area are the upper montane and expectations about it. mossy forest starting at 2000 to 2900 masl elevational range. This situation SANREM is best known in Bul-ogan (72%) and is very dismal compared to the sit e in Catamanan (66.66%) and barely in Lomoton Baungon (upper Cagayan watershed) (48.64%). It is significantly unknown in 5 other where relatively intact tropical communities (41-32%). A brief information rainforest are still found at 800 masl about the SANREM project is shared. However, elevation. The nearly absence or rare they expected to see concrete development presence of large mammals in the area programs in their area relative to the project. is important concern to watch; however the presence of 7 listed birds important B. Floral Survey to watch is a sign of relief. The final tally of bird species in the survey at 52 "The final tally for the one (1) hectare plot at or about 38% of birds identified at Mt. Bul-ogan, Mt. Kinasalapi totalled; 1028 trees Kitanglad indicated a need for further with 10 cm. minimum dbh, a record for that study on regions not covered in the environment, 43 species an extremely low survey such as; ravines (Lawgawan, figure and an average diameter of 24.1 cm, Atanib, Maagnaw, Tugasan including substantially above the normal. Why this forest Manupali rivers) and residual forest is so species-poor but so dense and contains regions in Kibangay. so much wood is still a mystery. At the same time 40% of the trees inventoried are unique The same is true with insectivores and ("endemic") to the region, or to the Philippines. rodents where only 35% (9 out of 28 A number of new records were discovered at species) are listed. Only two (2) the summit of Mt. Kinasalapi and perhaps one species out of six (6) new species" (Pipoly). arboreal mammals or 33% were Dr. Amoroso recorded 61 species at 2100 masl confirmed present. Out of eleven (11) while station 2 has 39.6 species. This higher species of microbats known in Mt. record in station 1 as compared to the National Kitanglad , only three (3) were Museu m includes ferns and fern allies which documented or barely 27%. These contributed the bulk of species count. However relatively low count on birds, floral diversity started to drop at the montane insectivores, arboreal mammals and forest region (2250 masl) except a slight microbats species could be attributed increase on gymnosperms. This could be to receding forest cover left where the relational to the faunal survey result. However, study undertaken, starting at 1900 full inventory type of floral study in Mt. masl. Kitanglad is still on its infant stage and much D. Community Symposia; Facilitated more future studies are needed to understand by Victorino Saway, Apu Agbibilin fully floral diversity dynamics in Mt. Kitanglad. Community Inc.
C. Faunal Survey Biodiversity Conservation and Community Management of Virtually all the highly commercial lowland Ecosystems Workshop was conducted tropical rainforest (dipterocarp) in Bul-ogan are last June 17-18, 1995 in Tulugan, gone. Thus what remains to be relatively intact Sungco Lantapan, Bukidnon. About 70
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
participants representing Tala-andig leaders, hunters, forest guardians, tribal midwives, F. Associative Convergence of medicine men, farmers, migrant settlers of Perception Survey and Community Kiboda, Mapawa, Greenfields or Lomoton, Symposia Results; According to Kaatuan, Panan -awa, Tulugan and Maliwanag Importance: attended the workshop. The workshop objective is to identify indigenous resource Perception Survey Community management and conservation practices; and Symposia relating initial biodiversity assessment to biodiversity conservation in the watershed. a. Timber (Forest) Land (Forest) Lecture updates on biodiversity assessment, b. Watershed Water group workshop and information exchange (Drinking) approaches (Water) c. Food Forest were employed. Community mapping exercise d. Medicine Grasses and was conducted to recognize participants Herbs common knowledge on their community e. Aesthetics Wildlife resources; and integrate biodiversity f. Habitat (wildlife) Caves, God, conservation perspective among Tala-andig Spirits and Sun and some "Visayan" settlers. Impacts: Perception survey result was presented to the community by Chona Maria Cultura of GREEN 1. Pioneering inter-disc iplinarity Mindanao. Marvie Carmona of MSU-IIT, faunal within the SANREM CRSP consortium survey team leader presented their initial by involving local Tala-andig fieldwork activities, findings and observations. community members in the research process along with students and Participation in the community symposia was other researchers from local very enriching and interaction among universities and volunteers from participants is evident. The use of native NGO's integrating non-formal hands Tala-andig dialect made the participants felt at on training process. ease and confidently shared their opinions and views without reservations. Workshop groups 2. Established linkage and rapport vigorously shared results of the workshop and from an environmental religious sect individually developed more self-esteem in the and community in Greenfields or process. Lomoton (they wished to establish linkage with GREEN Mindanao upon E. Popular Perception of Tala-andig hearing the name in the radio). They Community and Associate - Migrant Settlers had established partner-relationship Towards Various Elements of their with Apu Agbibilin Tribal Community Environment in the following Succession of Association. Importance: 3. Documented presence of new a. Land d. Grass settlements in the upper watershed b. Water e. Animals (Panan -awa, Pamation and Bul-ogan) c. Trees f. Birds, Cave, God, at elevation 1800 MASL; and Spirits and Sun continued clearing of forest for
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
cultivation of high value crops, primarily research and development; potatoes. exchanged learnings and experiences on divergent issues on sustainability 4. Shared geographic information to and natural resource management. community leaders and members of Songco Constraints, Problems, Opportunities on the state of the forest watersheds in and Suggestions Katamanan, Panan-awa and Bul-ogan; especially relative to the August 1994 Financially incapable to support the flashflood in upper Katamanan creek which following; full time research team on caused considerable damage to lives and biodiversity assessment (flora and property. fauna inventory) and full time project management staff to administer 5. Trained local Tala-andig community logistical needs of the research project. members on basic scientific techniques in the However, an opportunity to cut cost on identification of flora and fauna; to include this kind of project implementation was collection of specimen for laboratory given; but emasculation of this type of identification and sampling. research activities may jeopardize quality. Workplans with priority on 6. Confirmed pre-dominance of Tala-andig in biodiversity and community resource the forest margin communities (72%) and inventory regardless of the nationalities documented their traditional perception of of the collaboration should be treated biodiversity and understanding of the with equitable access to financial values of forest resources. These will be support like on other areas involving important to biodiversity conservation and divergent partners. management of the protected area.
7. Elucidate better understanding among the 1. Requested inter-workplan community and LGU of Lantapan on the coordination such as; suggested importance of Cinchona Plantation or pre-requisite organizing activities Ka-atuan Forest Reserve; as an integrated of COPARD Phase I had caused ecosystem into upper Manupali watershed considerable delay on perception and Mt. Kitanglad Nature Park. survey activities. Community organizing type workplan should 8. Facilitate the initial formation of justify clearly the need for their community tribal guardians conceptualize activities prior to requesting early by the local Tala-andig community other workplan holders to held in partner to enforce protection in Mt. Kitanglad abeyance implementation Nature Park. activities; or acknowledge distinction to workplans with 9. Facilitate the formation of local consortium strong community participation of NGO's mostly based in Bukidnon to or community-based participate as host-NGO to Mt. Kitanglad co-investigator. Community IPAS -CPPAP project. organizing workplans should consider existing indigenous and 10. Facilitate linkaging and networking local community organizations or among and between various academic, institutions as potential partners research, GO, NGO and PO institutions on
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
in their future research and development highly recommended to other activities. future workplans to enhance confidence building and community rapport to SANREM CRSP. 2. Language and cultural barrier between Tala-andig and Visayan to Tagalog or English including traditional spirituality 4. Collected significant geographic and modern science emerged. Learning informations on distribution of and understanding of Tala-andig forest margin communities in the language and culture is highly landscape. Draw out regions with recommended as basic skill for significant forest left. Verification researchers and staffs in every workplan through ground thruthing of other implemented in the landscape (especially existing significant forest regions forest margins). Employing Tala-andig or left in the watershed. Other Visayan language in the research and unidentified forest margin development process will greatly communities and forest regions facilitate community understanding and significant to the focal areas of cooperation with SANREM CRSP. SANREM CRSP are highly recommended for study in the 3. Significant opportunities on the following: future. Learned other areas of research include new methodology and recent informations. Facilitate conflict resolutions and make Dagondon, G., V. Amoroso, B. amend on misconception among and Tabaranza and V. Saway. Upper between scientists and traditional Manupali watershed biodiversity communities; and shared new insights and research conservation program. information on traditional perception and SANREM CRSP Philippines. (not values on biodiversity along with scientific dated). Analysis and Conclusions. assessments of flora and fauna. Influenced Location: SANREM, PCARRD, Los traditional community tribal leaders and Baños, Laguna. university scientists to be culturally and scientifically sensitive. The methodology is
Farming Systems Interactions In The Landscape/Lifescape Of The Manupali Watershed In Lantapan, Bukidnon, Philippines
his work plan focused on identifying experimentation which is major problems of the farming systems in researcher-managed in close T the "kamaisan" agroecosystem in the collaboration with the farmer, was Manupali watershed. It is also aimed at done to validate results in various identifying together with corn farmers the locations in the "kamaisan". alternative cropping system that will alleviate the major problems identified. Testing of the The specific objectives of the project is alternative cropping systems through on-farm to describe the existing farming
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
systems (EFS) by describing farm household cropping technologies will be done characteristics, farm resources, corn across the landscape. Studies on the production practices including material inputs adaptability, economic feasibility, for corn production, labor utilization, marketing sustainability of production practices, assess training and information technologies will be done during this needs identify problematic interactions in the time. Likewise on-farm testing was corn-based farming systems; it will also done through controlled develop together with farmers solutions to the experimentation of variables. This was major problems, in the form of alternative done in close coordination with the production systems to sustain corn production farmer. in the "kamaisan": the project also aimed to promote and disseminate the most promising Results of the survey research activities sustainable alternative cropping system by from May 1995 to March 1996, multi-location trials, training of farmers, described the existing farming system agricultural technicians and key leaders; the and identified the existing major project also will provide support problems in the "kamaisan" including communication for the alternative cropping farming interactions. Results of the system through the use of traditional and survey indicated strong and weak indigenous media approaches involving interactions in the corn-based farming farmers and other household members. systems such as biophysical interactions, buildup of maize diseases; The project was implemented through a resource interaction was found to be multidisciplinary team composed of farming weak in cases of cash/credit availability, systems specialist, economist, sociologists, input availability and labor use; crop plant pathologists, entomologists, animal and livestock interaction was also scientists, development communication found to be weak. Most livestock is specialists, used for draft power sources; direct agronomist, and other related fields. Various interaction between crops needs to be criteria for selection of project sites were used strengthened. to get a representation of the "kamaisan" agroecosystem. After site selection, the In terms of corn productivity in the analysis of farm problems was done using "kamaisan" agroecological zone, it was various approaches, tools and techniques that found that grain yield in both season includes the Participatory Agricultural and Rural obtained from low-resource farmers Systems Appraisal (PARSA), formal farm survey, are low. The yield obtained from OPV key informant survey, farm parcel monitoring, corn ranged from 1.61 to 2.0 tons/ha, plant tissue and soil analysis and other while those obtained from hybrids observations. ranged from 2.97 to 4.0 tons/ha. It was found that the use of low yielding The four-year project is on its second year of open-pollinated native variety (`1.18 implementation. Year one involved the tons/ha) and the hig h incidence of corn identification and Description of the Existing downy mildew have largely contributed Farming Systems (EFS). Simultaneously, the to the low yield specially in the upper testing of alternative cropping system to portions of the watershed. Moreover, identified problems was done during the first the use of inadequate or insufficient and second year of implementation. During the amount of inorganic fertilizer, third year, a multi-location testing of alternative marginalized soil due to erosion and
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
lack of soil amelioration practices also Production and Maintenance or a total contributed to the low productivity in many of 96 corn farmers who are planting areas of the "kamaisan". open-pollinated varieties. At the same time the project has distributed to The study also revealed scarce capital farmers 220 kg of foundation seeds of resources of farmers and farmer organization OPVs that were evaluated earlier in the due to lack of capital build-up schemes, lack of watershed, for them to grow and technical expertise of cooperative leaders and possibly replace the native landraces low market price of corn among others. they are currently planting.
As part of the development of technology A compilation of training notes on Corn alternatives for the corn-based farming system, Seed Production and Maintenance was on-farm varietal introduction and evaluation also prepared as part of the handout revealed that several OPVs are adapted to during the farmers training. In addition, various environments of the watershed the project published a single issue of a particularly in high elevation areas where wall newspaper called SANREM BALITA maturity is prolonged. Of the 12 entries tested which translated the various on-farm, results showed that CMU 9422, CMU accomplishments of the project into the 9424 have good adaptation to the area with an local dialect and posted in strategic average yield across location of 4.24 and 3.70 places in every barangay in the tons/ha during the dry season trial. It was also watershed for information purposes. observed that the above varieties have higher yield compared to local varieties planted by Josue, A. R., V. T. Villancio, N. R. Franje, farmers for staple food. C. C. Tautho, H. M. Pava, R. B. Cagmat, L. L. Josue, R. B. The survey of fungal contamination in grains Paguntalan, S. M. Medina, C. M. across the watershed revealed that all shelled Medina, R. P. Escobin Jr., C. De grains were contaminated with various Leon, L. C. Lubos, L. M. Llego, and species of fungi which affects the quality of the F. B. Warquez. Farming systems grains. Among the genera identified from the interactions in the grains collected from across the watershed are landscape/lifescape of the as follows: Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Manupali watershed in Lantapan, Fusarium sp., Helminthosporium sp., Diplodia Bukidnon, Philippines. SANREM sp., and other minor ones. Aspergillus, CRSP (Philippines) Phase I Fusarium and Diplodia spp. are among the Terminal Report. 215 pp. (not genera of fungi that are known to produce dated). mycotoxins in grains. Location: SANREM, PCARRD, Los The project also has implemented four (4) Baños, Laguna. hatches of farmers' training on Corn Seed
The Establishment And Performance Of Tree Legume Hedgerows In Farmers’ Fields In A Sloping Acid Upland Environment
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
evere soil erosion and nutrient production of 6 m wide alleys between 2 depletion are dominant threats to the hedgerows in farmers’ field contributed 94 Ssustainability of food crop systems on to 4114 kg/ha green leaf manure (GLM) sloping acid to upland soils. On-farm during the second year. The variation was research was initiated to develop the related to the percentage A1 saturation in biological component of contour hedgerow the surface soil at different sites. Average systems in Northern Mindanao. Tree nutrient contribution of the GLM was 53 kg N, legume species evaluation trials identified 4 kg P, 8 kg K/ha per year across 5 sites. four species adapted to contour bunds: Gliricidia sepium, Cassia spectabilis , MERCADO, A. R., JR., A. M. TUMACAS AND Flemingia congesta and Cassia siamea. D. P. GARRITY. The Establishment and The former two species were studied in Performance of Tree Legume extensive plantings due to the availability of Hedgerows in Farmers’ Fields in a planting materials. Trials to improve the Sloping Acid Upland Environment. survival of cuttings showed that deep Paper Presented at the 5th Annual planting (20 cm) of branch cuttings Scientific Meeting of the Federat ion of substantially improves Gliricidia hedgerow Crop Science Societies of the Philippines establishment, with or without application of held at Iloilo City. (not dated). commercial hormones. Cassia establishment from stem cuttings was poor Location: ICRAF Library, UPLB-CFNR, in all treatments. The biomass College, Laguna.
Non-Timber Forest Products In Manupali Watersheds, Bukidnon, Philippines
n examination in Mt. Kitanglad, Recommendations on sustainable Philippines was conducted to develop a management and utilization and A checklist of Non-Timber Forest Products product development, among others, (NTFP). The study was carried out in two were highlighted. villages within Manupali watershed. The investigation revealed that more than 70 Palis, H. G. Non-Timber Forest species of NTFP are present in the study sites. Products in Manupali Watersheds, Seventy -five percent of these belong to floral Bukidnon, Philippines. Draft (not category and the rest (25%) are faunal species. dated). SANREM CRSP Philippines. The NTFPs are concentrated mostly in 26 pp. ecotones of forest margins and virgin stand. Location: SANREM, PCARRD, Los Extraction is not intended to supplement family Baños, Laguna. income but rather to meet other needs.
Appropriate Research for Hilly Lands
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
arginal hilly lands in the Philippines both perennial and annual crops, c) those comprises approximately 31% of the involving purely annual crops and d) M country’s total land area. Cultivation integration of crops and livestocks. of these areas with proper cultural management practices will augment The cropping pattern determinants in hilly self-sufficiency in food supply. land farming which are considered the primary factor for soil deterioration are slope, Multiple cropping is an ideal cropping rainfall and soil properties. These can be pattern that allow continuos crop production remedied by providing physical barriers as without or minimized soil deterioration. This mulching, contouring and vegetative ground involves selection of suitable crops for hilly cover. land farming that offers a solution to the perennial problem of erosion and extreme TENGCO, P. L. Appropriate Research for drought. The cropping pattern/practices Hilly Lands. UCEP, Department of that are known to minimize soil erosion and Agronomy, UPLB, College, Laguna. at the same time elevating soil condition in (Summary) marginal hilly lands are the following: a) those involving perennial crops, b) Location: FSSRI Reading Room College, involving Laguna.
Enhancing Viable Interactions Of Community-Based Organizations In Farming Systems Development
he policy and institutional environment of farm households are complex and may Villancio, Virgilio T. Enhancing Viable T require aggregate response from the Interactions Of Community-Based farm households. In developing economies Organizations In Farming Systems where farms are small, organizing the Development. SANREM CRSP community is one of the strategies to maximize Lantapan, Bukidnon, Philippines the gain in FSD. The CBOs could be the potent and Farming Systems Research and force in technology development and utilization, Development Network (FSRDN). and ensuring that support services such as Not credit, input supply, marketing and Dated. 42 pp. (Concluding other services are provided. There are services Comments). that could be provided by the organization but there are other services that will need Location: SANREM, PCARRD, Los government intervention and private sector Baños, Laguna. support. Still, the role of CBOs in representing the community and exerting pressure on those sectors to address their needs is critical.
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
How Will Medium Term Agricultural Sustainability In The Philippine Highlands Be Affected By Induced Reductions In Commodity Prices For Annual Crops, By Adoption Of Technologies That Reduce Erosion, And By Combinations Of The Two?
egetable farmers in the highlands of erosion control practices could offset northern Mindanao with current farming the need to introduce price reform in V practices predispose soil to erosion: annual crops. annual rates exceed 60 t/ha. Family incomes show that many farms are not economically MIDMORE, D. J., D. D. POUDEL AND T. viable. Strip cropping, contour planting, or M. NISSEN. How will medium term alley cropping with short-stature perennials agricultural sustainability in the crops all reduced soil loss, and were more Philippine highlands be affected by profitable than the farmer practice of planting induced reductions in commodity up-and-down the slope. Interplanting trees in prices for annual crops, by adoption vegetable fields also reduced loss of soil of technologies that reduce erosion, through erosion, but yields of vegetables and by combinations of the two?. progressively declined as competition with In Research Abstracts and Key trees for light and nutrients was exacerbated. Policy Questions. Methodology Since vegetable and corn prices are inflated Workshop. Environmental Services due to government import policy, we subjected and Land Use Change. Bridging the our data to a range of price scenarios, for both Gap between Policy and Research vegetables and timber. This analyses show in Southeast Asia. 31 May - 2 June that for a worst case scenario of continuous 1999 Chiang Mai, Thailand. cropping of seven seasons, even 20% Thomas P. Thomich, David E. farm-gate price reduction would result in Thomas, and Meine van Noordwijk non-viability of annual cropping. (eds.) ASB Indonesia Report Number 10. International Centre Agroforestry would only be competitive with for Research in Agroforestry. p. annual cropping on a per hectare basis if crop 112. yield declined by 20% annually due to disease and loss of Location: Dr. Rex Victor O. Cruz fertility. Agroforestry would be relatively more (personal copy), Forestry attractive than annual cropping if food prices Development Center, CFNR, fell by 20%. We believe that adoption of College, Laguna.
Grassland Regeneration Strategy for Small Upland Farmers
grassland regeneration strategy llegume) into an Imperata-saccharum employing the introduction of (cogon-talahib) grassland combined with A Stylosanthes guyanensis (forage
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
a goat production system was tested on the based on standin g biomass available at 50 uplands of Mt Makiling. percent cutting level, 115 goats were supported by this legume mixture on a cut The productivity and ecological viability of and carry basis. Liveweight gains of this forage leguminative grass-goat caged goats were lower than those of production system was worked out through a goats subjected to the grazing system. series of experiments. Stylosanthes was This farming system also had a introduced into a cogon-talahib grasslands socio-economic dimension – it is simple and its growth closely monitored. After 1 ½ and requires no high capital input. It is years of establishment, the above ground labor intensive and turnover time for biomass of the mixed production is fast. cogon-talahib -Stylosanthes system was 152.2 sDW/m2 with 50 percent cutting or Sajise, Percy E. 1980. Grassland 18.26 t dry weight/ha/yr, a value higher than Regeneration Strategy for Small native grass cover alone. The amount of Upland Farmers. Southeast Asian total feed harvested from the grass legume Regional Center for Graduate Study mixture was then taken. Feed consumption and Research in Agriculture and liveweight gains of caged goats in a cut Professorial Chair Lecture, and carry system were compared with those Department of Botany, College of Arts of goats grazing on the improved stand a and Sciences, University of the year later. The average monthly Philippines Los Baños, July 4, 1980. consumption of feed was 13.8 kg/animal and
Initial Growth, Biomass Accumulation, Nutrient Content and Litterfall of Four Agroforestry Hedgerow Tree Species.
our agroforestry hedgerow tree species the eight-month growing period was namely Piliostigma malabaricum, 1376.75 and 446.57 gm/0.5m strip for FFlemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium p.malabaricum; 1279.00 and 291.98 and Leucaena diversifolia were evaluated in gm/0.5 m strip for F. congesta; 4946.15 terms of growth performance during the first and 1953.70 gm/0.5 m strip for G.sepium year. Their diameter and height growth, and 861.10 and 363.70 gm/0.5 m strip for biomass accumulation, nutrient content, and L.diversifolia. At the age of 12 months, litterfall production were likewise determined G.sepium had the greatest amount of and compared. The study was conducted in biomass both freshly and ovendry July 1992 to July 1993 for F. congesta, G. (12,640 and 3,038.34 gm/0.5 m strip), sepium and L. diversifolia and in November 1, followed by F. congesta (4,580 and 1992- July 1993 for P. malabaricum. There 1,474.75 gm/0.5m strip) and were four replications constituting 16 plots. L.diversifolia (4,290 and 1340.16 With regards to height and diameter growth, gm/0.5m strip). G. sepium and P. malabaricum performed better than F.congesta and L.diversifolia. The average nitrogen content was 1.25, 1.43, 1.87, and 1.40% for P.malabaricum, The mean biomass production (fresh weight F.congesta, G.sepium and L.diversifolia, and ovendry weight) of the tree species in respectively. The presence of phosphorus
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
was 0.10% for P. malabaricum; 0.20% for among the species. However, statistical F.congesta; 0.17% for G.sepium; and 1.04% differences may be seen among the for L.diversifolia. The potassium content was observation periods. 1.04% ( P.malabaricum), 1.31% (F. congesta), 2.09% (G.sepium) and 1.41% (L. Kaliman Windrati. 1993. Initial Growth, diversifolia). Biomass Accumulation, Nutrient Content and Litterfall of Four L. diversifolia produced the hig hest amount Agroforestry Hedgerow Tree Species. of litterfall (1,099.86 kg/ha), followed by University of the Philippines at Los G.sepium (1,026.68 kg/ha), F.congesta Baños, MS Thesis, December 1993. (782.66 kg/ha) and P. malabaricum (165.60 kg/ha). Location: FRM Reading Room, CFNR Except for potassium, the nutrient content of UPLB the litterfall was not statistically different
A Brief Overview of the Process of Tree Domestication
our broad categories of activities problems are associated with current tree constitute the iterative process of tree improvement programmes. Those Fdomestication: exploration and discussed include the difficulty of identification, production, management and predicting the supply and demand of improvement and adoption of high quality germplasm, the limited participation of germplasm. Although tree domestication is farmers in the domestication process, usually taken to mean the evolution of difficulties with combining desired traits in species under natural, semi-natural or a single ideotype, the fate of improved human selection pressure, it also involves material introduced on farms populated non-genetic manipulations such as by genetically inferior plant populations, silvicultural practices, enhancement of site and farmers' germplasm collection productivity, and control of destructive practices that are highly likely to produce agents. No single domestication strategy is material with limited genetic base. applicable to all species because of differences between plants in importance, Among the solutio ns considered is greater end-use(s), farmers and other stakeholders participation of farmers in every activity of of interest, the amount and structure of the domestication process, the possible genetic variation. use of mixtures of species to prevent degeneration, and surveys to determine While diverse strategies are employed in the the demand and supply of improved domestication process, common factors for germplasm. The proposed goal for tree success exist. These are diverse and domestication in the Philippines is to productive germplasm, knowledge of diversify the species base on farm and to reproductiv e biology of the species, ability to conserve forest and germplasm. For this test different species/populations accurately, goal, indigenous tree species are highly knowledge of ideotypes, farmers' needs and recommended, particularly because thay criteria, and suitable extension programmes maintain natural biodiversity, they for release of planting material. A number of
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
provide food and habitat they are valued by Philippines’ , 5-6 December 2000. , local people. TREES, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Koffa, Samuel N. 2000. A Brief History of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Process of Tree Domestication, Paper Philippines. presented during the workshop 'Critical Issues in the Process Domesticating Location: Dr. Enrique Tolentino (Personal Indigenous Tree Species for the Copy) IRNR, CFNR, UPLB Improved Agroforestry Systems in the
Agroforestry Systems /Uplands
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Rainfall-Suspended Sediment Relationship of Annually Burned Grassland Watershed
uspended sediment pattern is similar Baconguis, Santiago R. 1978. Rainfall- to that of the rainfall pattern and Suspended Sediment Relationship of Srainfall suspended sediment Annually Burned Grassland Watershed. relationship follows a linear pattern. About Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 3(2):85- 64% and 72.25% of the variation in 94. suspended sediment was associated with rainfall for Right and Left Fork grassland Location: CFNR Library, UPLB subwatersheds, respectively.
Hydro -Meteorology of a Benguet Pine Watershed
urface run-off and sediments yield infiltration rates in heavily thinned, varied with stocking levels. For all moderately thinned and lightly thinned Srainfall durations and rainfall classes, plots. heavily thinned plots had significantly higher surface run-off and sediment yield There were no significant variations than either lightly thinned or unthinned among plots with respect to soil (control) plots. However, there were no compaction. Similarly, differences in the significant variations in surface run-off in physical and chemical properties of soil in the heavily thinned and moderately the various plots were not significant. (In thinned plots as well as in sediment yield this study, soil loss, soil erosion or in the moderately thinned, lightly thinned sediment yield are terms used and unthinned plots. interchangeably as these are related.)
Control plots had an infiltration rate that Veracion, Vicente P. 1985. Hydro- was significantly higher than that of either Meteorology of a Benguet Pine moderately thinned or heavily thinned Watershed. The Philippine Lumberman, plots but not significantly different from February, pp. 34-38. that of lightly thinned plots. Likewise there were no significant different among Location: CFNR Library, UPLB
Physical Resources Survey, Problem Analysis and Watershed Development Plan for the Naga - Calabanga IDA IV-A
his study entitled “Physical Watershed Management Development Resources Characterization and Plan” was conducted by research team T Problem Analysis for Naga- from the Watershed and Range Research Calabanga IDA IV-A for the creation of a Division of the Forest Research Institute
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
with the primary aim at reviewing the Physical resources survey, conditions of the major river watersheds problem analysis and watershed within the integrated development area development plan for the Naga- for the preparation of a comprehensive Calabanga IDA IV-A. Terminal watershed development project which will Report. FORI Research Team and be supportive to the construction of BRBDP Study Team Counterpart. irrigation facilities downstream. 1982. (Executive Summary).
FORI RESEARCH TEAM AND BRBDP Location: ERDB Planning Division, Los STUDY TEAM COUNTERPART. Baños, Laguna.
Watershed Management Research Project for Naga-Calabanga IDA VI- A
aga-Calabanga IDA IV- A area is PERINO, J.M.; S. R. BACONGUIS JR.; E. presently in a critical state as CASTILLO; M. LIM SUAN and M. N indicated by: the estimated soil loss LLEMIT. Watershed management of 5.69 - 7.20 tons/ha/yr. and sediment research project for Naga-Calabanga discharge ranging from 11,833-23,517 IDA VI- A. Bicol River Basin tons/yr at the watershed outlet; the Development Project Office. 1982.- remaining meager forest cover left which (Terminal Report). In PCARRD "State is only 33% of the total watershed area. of the art and abstract bibliography: Analysis showed that the sources of Soil and water conservation in the stream sedimentation and soil erosion are Philippine upland watersheds". Los the 2,043 ha of grassland/brushlands and Baños, Laguna: PCARRD, 1991. 160 the 12 ha of kaingin lands in the pp. watershed. Location: SEARCA Library, UPLB College, Laguna.
Terrain Quantification and Cluster Analysis in Watershed Characterization
methodology for the application of second clustering was done using 7 cluster analysis and terrain variables which were selected by stepwise A quantification using topographic discriminant analysis. maps was tested to form zones of similar sub-watersheds inside a river basin. Two Using stepwise discriminant analysis, only clustering procedures were compared, one seven physiographic variables, namely, by SAS Nearest-neighbor agglomerative area, slope, channel gradient, watershed method and the other CLUSTAN’s Ward perimeter, topographic factor, width and Method. The first clustering was done length of main channel were found to be using 15 physiographic variables and the significant to effect the same clustering
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
which the procedures can do using the 15 expressing average watershed slope, the variables. variable found to be most difficult to measure, in terms of other easily Based on boundary similarity with the soil measurable physiographic variables. map at the study area, the zone map produced by SAS Nearest neighbor VILLANUEVA, T. R. Terrain quantification agglomerative method using the seven and cluster analysis in watershed variables selected by stepwise characterization. Master of Science in discriminant analysis was the most Forestry (FRM) UPLB-CF, College, acceptable. Laguna. 1982. 103 pp.
Morphometric analysis of the variables led Location: UPLB-CF Library College, to the development of regression equation Laguna.
Morphological Characteristics of Upper Agno River Basin
he Upper Agno River Basin is Watersheds in higher elevations have composed of 16 small watersheds thinner and poorly developed soils. There T and nine large watersheds, the are 993 km of permanent st reams of latter occupying 54.5% of the basin. The about 22 m/km and 9 m/km average different watersheds are irregular in shape stream slope. The compactness with a general orientation of the drainage coefficient of the river basin is 1.64 to the northeast. The slope gradient of indicating that the basin has somewhat the river basin reaches up to 93% and the great flood potential. median slope for the basin is 64% as compared with a mean slope of 64.2%. RONQUILLO, S. P. R. Morphological Fifty-two percent of the area of the river characteristics of upper Agno river basin falls below the mean slope and the basin. Terminal Report. UPLB, remaining 48% falls above the mean College, Laguna, June 1, 1983. 22 p. slope. The elevation of the river basin ranges from 140 m to 2,992 m asl. with Location: Watershed Abstracts, Volume 1, about 50% of the area of the basin falling US-ASEAN Watershed Project, College in the higher elevations. of Forestry, College, Laguna.
Some Geomorphological Characteristics and Infiltration Capacities of the Different Land Uses at the Buhisan Watershed
eomorphological characteristics stream order, frequency and bifurcation (average elevation, local relief, ratio, drainage density, longitudinal profile, Gmean slope, watershed shape factor, and mainstream concavity) and infiltration
Watershed
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
capacities of different land-uses at the the soil infiltration rate is influenced by Buhisan Watershed were determined. differences in vegetation cover/land –use and geomorphological traits existing The highest Infiltration capacity was found within the watershed. This study hoped in a 12 year old yemane (Gmelina arborea to arrive at specific information vital to the Roxb.)plantation (315.11 mm/min) while development of sound management the lowest infiltration capacity was strategies for the Buhisan Watershed. It observed in heavily grazed grassland was conducted in 1983. (2.20 mm/min). BACONGUIS JR., S. R. and A. M. Watershed management is basically the DAÑO. “Some geomorphological management of resources present within characteristics and infiltration the watershed. All factors both biotic and capacities of the different land uses at abiotic, physical or biological (vegetation, the Buhisan Watershed”. Sylvatrop soil, climate) make up the watershed. Phil. For. Res. J. 9(1-2): 65-88, 1984. Each factor contributes separate functions In PCARRD "State of the art and leadin g to the overall performance of the abstract bibliography: Soil and watershed. water conservation in the Philippine upland The soil for instance, is a complex system watersheds". Los Baños, Laguna: by itself. Many of its properties are PCARRD, 1991. 160 pp. influenced by the existing vegetation and prevailing climate and weather conditions. Location: SEARCA Library, UPLB College, This study attempted to recognize how Laguna.
Watershed Characterization: Modelling and Other Computer-Oriented Approaches
atershed characterization is a procedures like systematic organization pre-management planning and coordination of data gathering and Wprocess wherein information analysis. In this paper, suggestions were related to the physical site factors of a given for the development of better watershed are gathered. Description of watershed characterization techniques. watershed features are of great help in the operationalization of multiple-use and CRUZ, R. V. O. Watershed integrated approaches to watershed characterization: modelling and other management. A watershed can be computer-oriented approaches. characterized either quantitatively or Proceedings of the Workshop on qualitatively. The method of describing Standardization of Guidelines for watershed on the basis of quantifiable Watershed Management Approaches features is known as terrain quantification. and Researches in the ASEAN Region. The Philippine system for watershed Edited by Saplaco, S. R. and Gapud, M. characterization still lacks standard
Watershed
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
T. College, Laguna: ASEAN-US Location: Watershed Abstracts, Volume 1, Watershed Project, 1984. 109-124 pp. US-ASEAN Watershed Project, College of Forestry, College, Laguna.
Environmental Effects of Watershed Modifications
he Philippines covers some 30 It is equally obvious that to be effective, a million hectares. The Philippines watershed management scheme must be T has never been any smaller. It will premised on satisfying the basic needs of never be any bigger. the people in and around the watershed and in allocating the natural, financial and In 1920, there were only 10 million technical resources on the basis of their Filipinos. Today, there are about 50 individual and economic well being. million of us. The Philippines is still of the same size. Its land and water resources At this point, it should further be stressed are bound to feel the strains from our that no two watersheds are alike. needs and wants. Similarly, no two sets of human It has been estimated that less than 35 population will respond in exactly the percent of the country’s land area is still same manner to a given watershed covered with forests. The rest has been management scheme. Each watershed disturbed and transformed into other land must be assessed carefully and given uses. competent technical planning of multiple land uses that are vital to the present and Of great environmental concern are the future welfare of its human communities. badly disturbed grasslands, uplands and pasture areas. These represent This paper discussed the relevant approximately one-third of the country’s environmental impacts of watershed land area at present and increase in modifications with the objective of coverage at the rate that is about equal to providing sound physical bases for land the population growth rate as rural use policies for rural and forest dwellers move into ever steeper slopes in watersheds. It is hoped that soil erosion, search of food, fuelwood and shelter. water quality and other hydrometeorological concerns be given It is quite obvious that the root cause of proper consideration in this present and all our environmental problems today is future management policy making the rapid growth in population. Many of exercises. our long term policies and programs for natural resources development, control DAVID, W. P. Environmental effects of and management are becoming obsolete watershed modifications. Philippine or socially unacceptable before they are Institute for Development Studies fully realized because of the doubling of Working Paper 84-07. 1984. the human loads of our watersheds every (Summary and Conclusions) 2 or 3 decades. Location: IESAM Library, College, Laguna.
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Towards a More Comprehensive Characterization of our Watersheds
ocial characterization / inventory of VELASCO, A. Towards a more watersheds is the process of comprehensive characterization of our Sdetermining the social character of watersheds. Proceedings of the such an area. It is not only confined to workshop on Standardization of demographic and economic features but Guidelines for Watershed Management also includes social institutional, social Approaches and Researches in the psychological and cultural aspects of the ASEAN Region. Edited by Saplaco, S. community. A comprehensive social R. and Gapud, M. T. College, Laguna: characterization may prove to be lengthy, ASEAN-US Watershed Project, 1984. taxing and requires ample financing 169-175 pp. support: somehow , retrieval of data is Location: Watershed Abstracts, Volume 1, much facilitated. US-ASEAN Watershed Project, College of Forestry, College, Laguna.
Hydrologic, Physical and Socio -Economic Characterization of the Hijo -Manat Watershed
roblem surveys and analyses of the kaingin areas (ave. of 0.87 cm/mo at Hijo Hijo and Manat Watershed of Maco and only 0.25 cm/mo at Manat) which Pand Mabini Davao del Norte were were caused by the interplay of the conducted for the formulation of effective following factors: physical characteristics watershed management strategies which of soils (Hijo-sandy clay loam; Manat- will be supportive to the Third Davao clay); steep topography, high precipitation Irrigation Project downstream. The status received by the area (3,534.6 mm per of the various biophysical microclimatic annum); land-use (kaingin, logging, and resources, water discharge extent of mining activities); and poor farming sedimentation, water quality of major activities. tributaries, erosion rates of land-uses, socioeconomic survey, demographic An alarming rate of suspended sediment perception and social acceptability of amounting to 2,687 – 9,119.7 ppm or an watershed development plans were average of 4,691.15 ppm was obtained at studied. Masara River which was predominantly caused by mining activities (excavation, Results showed that the Hijo Watershed dumping, gold planning) by two mining was suffering from a moderate to serious companies within the Masara catchment. sheet erosion with highest erosion rates in Causes of erosion, water quality, and
Watershed
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
sedimentation problems were found to vary with catchment. Hijo catchment was CASTILLO, R., M. P. LIM SUAN, S. R. mainly affected by agricultural activities BACONGUIS JR., M. B. LLEMIT, C. and logging. Masara by mining and to UMALI, A. EXCONDE, R. V. NAVARRO some extent logging and kaingin making; and P. C. ATEGA. Hydrologic, physical and Panagan by logging. and socio -economic characterization of the Hijo-Manat Watershed. Manila: Possible alternative solutions proposed BFD, 1985. (Progress Report). In included: proclamation of the watersheds PCARRD "State of the art and abstract as critical with due provisions in PD 705; bibliography: Soil and water mining companies abiding the Philippine conservation in the Philippine upland Water Quality Control Standards by NEPC; watersheds". Los Baños, Laguna: consideration of logging companies for PCARRD, 1991. 160 pp. cancellation; construction of diversion canals; and transfer of dam site to other Location: SEARCA Library, UPLB College, areas with desirable watershed Laguna. characteristics.
Environmental Assessment of the Watershed Resources of Marikina Watershed Reservation, Lungsod Silangan
n overall total figure of 980 Assessment of the watershed household heads comprised the resources of Marikina watershed A respondents of this study which reservation, Lungsod Silangan, aimed to determine the characteristic of Volume III - Socio -Economics and the occupants in areas within the Marikina Marketing Study. Forest Research Watershed Reservation (MWR) affecting Institute, Ministry of Natural and/or affected by the Lungsod Silangan Resources, College, Laguna. 1985. Integrated Development Program of the (Summary, Policy Implications and government. Recommendations)
WATERSHED AND RANGE MANAGEMENT Location: ERDB Planning Division, College, RESEARCH DIVISION. Environmental Laguna.
A Pilot Study on the Application of Multi-Level Remote Sensing to Forest Resources Mapping in the Philippines. Cost Effective Data Acquisition: Guidelines for Surveying and Monitoring Watersheds
Watershed
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
his case study describes a natural resources in an entire watershed, multistage sampling scheme for gives suggestions on how to improve T forest inventory using LANDSAT and resolution of LANDSAT observations, and aerial photographic data, which was illustrates an effort to estimate means. studied in a sit e with a total approximate The value of sample stratification is area of 1,260,000 ha located in Northern highlighted. The great difference between Luzon, Philippines. Results indicated that number of LANDSAT and aerial broad forest classifications derived from photograph (ratio 1/300) required LANDSAT imageries can be refined into suggests that direct ground testing of more detailed categories using aerial LANDSAT may be less costly than the photographic samples, with classification aerial photographic multistage alternative. estimates falling within allowable limits and with classification details approaching UMALI, R.M. and ARGETE, E. C. A pilot those of aerial photographs. This study on the application of multi-level suggests that the scheme may be a remote sensing to forest resources practical alternative to total aerial mapping in the Philippines. Cost photographic coverage and interpretation, Effective Data Acquisition: Guidelines which is a slow and expensive method for for Surveying and Monitoring forest inventory. Thus, speed and cost - Watersheds. East-West Center, effectiveness are cited as advantages of Hawaii, 1987. 81 pp. the multistage remote sensing technique. Location: Watershed Abstracts, Volume 1, The case study provides an example of US-ASEAN Watershed Project, College the use of remote sensing to inventory of Forestry, College, Laguna.
Watershed Management: Impacts on the Tumauini Irrigation System, Tumauini, Isabela
his study focused on the impacts of is 335,163 tons. The sedimentation rate various group of actors intervening is 257,705 tons per year; 62 percent of T in the management of the Tumauini which are suspended sediment and 38 watershed: the large-scale logging percent are bed load. From these data, concessionaires, the small-scale or the sediment delivery ratio was calculated carabao loggers, the kaingineros or to be 0.77. Due to the inherent upland farmers, and other groups such as operational characteristics of the intake indigenous cultural minorities and part- structure, about 489 and 213 tons per time fishermen. The activities of these year of suspended sediments and bed groups were found to cause, among other load, respectively, entered into the things, increased soil erosion and irrigation system. However, an estimated sedimentation in the Tumauini Irrigation volume of 5,644 cu m per year is actually System, which led to an apparent trapped on the river bed section near the decrease in irrigation water. intake inlet. The study found that the present annual soil erosion loss for the entire watershed
Watershed
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
The farmer-irrigators blamed the following dipterocarp species changes significantly factors for the decrease in irrigation the basic case results. High discount water: logging (41 percent), NIA-TIS rates (15%) would also reduce the values inefficiency (29 percent), logging plus of the NPVs and BCRs for all watershed kaingin (21 percent), climatic variations (5 management alternatives. percent),logging plus NIA-TIS personnel inefficiency (2 percent), and kaingin (1 This report includes some percent). recommendations for improving The study indicates that a watershed watershed management in the study area. management scheme will improve the It also lists possible topics for further economic condition of the community. research that would contribute additional Using a discount rate of 10%, the analysis knowledge on the complex nature of showed an NPV of P 1,935,280 and a BCR watershed resources. of 1.01 for the “without watershed” management alternative. On the other ROMERO, M. R. Watershed management: hand, the “with watershed” management Impacts on the Tumauini irrigation which considers logging for 10 years with system, Tumauini, Isabela. MS Thesis watershed protection such as (Environmental Science) UPLB-SESAM. reforestation and ISF projects in the area 1991. 196 pp. had an NPV of P 167,867,460 and a BCR of 3.27. The sensitivity analysis showed Location: UPLB Main Library College, that commercial log ban and planting of Laguna. industrial tree species instead of
Research and Development Strategies and Approaches to Critical Watershed Management
n summary, about a quarter of the A new approach called hierarchical whole watershed of the country is in approach is presented. It blends the Icritical condition. Approaches to R & strengths of the other approaches through D activities in and managing these areas a systematic procedure of analysis. The are varied. These include the river basin approach is a new conception and is yet approach, multiple use, concept/strategy, to be tried. upland - lowland continuum, From the standpoint of the hierarchical interdisciplinary /inter-sectoral teamwork, approach, most of the researches technical-social balance, and participatory conducted in the country are at the “local approach. level”. However, efforts towards the “global” level has started.
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
FORONDA, S. U. and R.C. SERRANO. 1992. Vol. 38 No. 3. 6-9 pp. Research and development strategies (Summary) and approaches to critical watershed management. Philippine Lumberman. Location: UPLB-College of Forestry Library, College, Laguna.
Case Study: Dupinga Watershed, Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija
he Dupinga Watershed Project falls watershed, Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija. under the Watershed Stabilization Ateneo Environmental Forum. Social T Program. The objective is to be Development Complex. Ateneo multidisciplinary, in search of a method to Campus, Loyola Heights, Q.C. 25 July formulate a management plan with the 1992, 54 pp. community. Location: ESSC Manila Observatory, WIJANGCO, E. Case Study: Dupinga Ateneo, Quezon City.
The Importance of Watershed Management to the Coastal Environment
he results show sedimentation can From the perspective of coastal zone seriously degrade coastal resources. management and planning, the results of T Therefore, the government the study suggest the valuable institutions and non - government information, guidance and sometimes, organizations (NGOs) concerned with clear answers can be obtained from the maintaining a sustainable coastal marine combination of integrated ecological fisheries should consider increasing the research and economic evaluation. It is role of watersheds and sediment pollution likely that this approach will be useful in monitoring in the national environmental resolving a variety of coastal zone programs. resource conflicts in many other locations in the Philippines. More basic researches are needed to investigate the indirect effects of coastal BACONGUIS, S. R. and L. I. CAÑETE sedimentation pollution on commercially RANES. The importance of watershed important tropical marine fish species management to the coastal such as tuna, which have traditionally env ironment. Philippine Lumberman. been considered entirely pelagic, but July -August 1995. Vol. 42 No. 4. 24- which may, in fact, be dependent on the 28 pp. (Concluding Remarks). nearshore marine environment for at least part of their life cycle. Location: UPLB-CF Library, College, Laguna.
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Watershed Management Improvement Component Phases I and II
his report prepared by the programme. Water Resources consultants during the last week of Development Project. Watershed T phase II, serves as the final report Management Improvement on activities undertaken under both Component Phases I and II. Final phases I (formulation of a national Report. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, watershed management strategy) and II Danida, The Government of the (formulation of a national watershed Philippines, Department of management programme) of the WRDP- Environment and Natural Resources WMIC. The report summarises the and Forest Management Bureau. consultant inputs used and matches the 1998. 16 pp. + appendices. final accomplishments with the expected outputs. Location: Dr. Rex Victor O. Cruz (personal copy), Forestry Development Center, COWI. Formulation of a watershed CFNR, College, Laguna. management strategy and investment
Guidelines for Watershed Management and Development in the Philippines
his guide book intends to catalyze successful watershed management in the the upliftment of the science, art country. T and practice of watershed management in the Philippines. This guide book is also written to Specifically, this book is designed to clarify supplement and complement the and promote a common understanding of Philippine Recommends for Watershed the basic concepts under girding Management and other related earlier watershed management; identify the publications. The intent is not to replace, guiding principles that should dictate the but to present new concepts, tools, path of watershed management and practices and assumptions to update the development in the Philippines; present preceding materials. The value of the the basic guidelines for watershed guidebook however should go beyond its management planning and pages. implementation and specific for watershed conservation, protection, and (where COWI. Formulation of a watershed necessary) rehabilitation; and identify the management strategy and investment requirements (policy and institutional programme. Guidelines for Watershed support, public participation, etc.) of a Management and Development in the Philippines. Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Watershed
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Danida, The Government of the Philippines, Department of Location: Dr. Rex Victor O. Cruz (personal Environment and Natural Resources copy), Forestry Development Center, and Forest Management Bureau. CFNR, College, Laguna. 1998. 247 pp.
Guidelines Criteria for the Prioritisation of Watersheds for Improved Management
hese guidelines have been prepared COWI. Guidelines criteria for the to assist in the process of selecting prioritisation of watersheds for T watersheds according to their level improved management. Prepared by of priority for improved management. the WRDP-WMIC Study Team for the The mater ials in this document have been Government of the Philippines, compiled at the end of phase II of the Department of Environment and Watershed Management Improvement Natural Resources and Forest Component of the Water Resources Management Bureau with the Ministry Development Programme. They comprise of Foreign Affairs, Danida. 1998. 28 an updated version of the materials pp. originally presented as part of the phase I Working Paper No. 1 Task 1 Prioritisation Location: Dr. Rex Victor O. Cruz (personal of Watersheds to be Managed. copy), Forestry Development Center, CFNR, College, Laguna.
Watershed Management Plans and Projects
n this document, a programme for the programme. National Watershed planning and management of Management Programme. Annex 1, Iwatersheds that are deemed Volume 1 Watershed Management important from that national and local Plans and Projects. Ministry of standpoints over the long term will be set Foreign Affairs, Danida, the out, and an indication of the resource Government of the Philippines, requirements will be given. This Department of Environment and document thus outlines the programme Natural Resources and Forest component, watershed management plans Management Bureau. 1998. 26 pp. + and projects, which underpins the national appendices. watershed management programme. Location: Dr. Rex Victor O. Cruz (personal COWI. Formulation of a watershed copy), Forestry Development Center, management strategy and investment CFNR, College, Laguna.
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Review of Watershed Management Programme and Projects
his document consisted of and Projects Reviewed. Ministry of programmes and projects being Foreign Affairs, Danida, the T reviewed. Each programme/project Government of the Philippines, consisted of a conclusion with an overall Department of Environment and assessment of the project, driving forces Natural Resources and Forest and lessons learned. Management Bureau. Working Paper No. 5 Volume 2. 1998. COWI. Formulation of a watershed management strategy and investment Location: Dr. Rex Victor O. Cruz (personal programme. Task 4 Review of copy), Forestry Development Center Watershed Management Programme (FDC), CFNR, College, Laguna.
Review of Watershed Management Programme and Projects
his task is concerned with the programme. Task 4 Review of review of watershed programmes, Watershed Management Programme T projects and research activities in and Projects. Ministry of Foreign order to identify lessons learned of Affairs, Danida, the Government of the approaches and methodologies used in Philippines, Department of watershed management to date and to Environment and Natural Resources formulate a set of recommendations to be and Forest Management Bureau. incorporated in a national strategy fo r Working Paper No. 5. 1998. 163 pp. watershed management in the Philippines. Location: Dr. Rex Victor O. Cruz (personal COWI. Formulation of a watershed copy), Forestry Development Center management strategy and investment (FDC), CFNR, College, Laguna.
Participatory Approaches to Catchment Management: Some Experiences to Build Upon
Watershed
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
atershed management requires resource management initiatives an integrated and multisectoral spearheaded by the public sector, and by Wapproach to sustainable grassroots farmer-led organizations. They development. But government suggest a bright promise for watershed departments are compartmentalized and management through local organizations geared for top-down operations. They will need to change. Participatory approaches in partnership with government transfer principles rather than standard institutions. Eventually, these locally -led solutions and make available a basket of processes will take a lead role in choices rather than a set package of transforming the way extension and research in upland management is done. practices (Garrity and Agus, in press). Further work needed to build on these Problem analysis must not simply be done and other experiences to further evolve by outsiders for the community, but must workable approaches that show clearly be done by the community itself with how this can be done on a much bigger backstopping from the outsiders. The scale in the tropics. solution is not to transfer some known technology, but to assist farmers to adapt GARRITY, DENNIS P. Participatory technologies to their own circumstances. approaches to catchment This is predicated on the recognition that management: Some experiences to rural people, educated or not, have a build upon. In Site selection and much greater ability to analyze, plan, and characterization: Focus on biophysical implement their own development and socioeconomic inventory. Papers activities that was assumed previously by presented at the Assembly of the outsiders. Management of Soil Erosion Consortium (Hanoi, Vietnam: 8-12 Experiences from selected watershed June 1998). Bangkok, Thailand: management projects in the Philippines IBSRAM. 1999. Issues in Sustainable and Thailand were able to draw Land Management No. 6. 19-41 pp. conclusions on the effective pathways toward effective land husbandry and local Location: Dr. Rex Victor O. Cruz (personal natural resource management. These copy), Forestry Development Center, examples included participatory natural CFNR, College, Laguna.
State of Art and Status of Upland Watershed Management in the Philippines
atershed management in the accelerated the decimation of forests. Philippines started in the early 1900s The construction of logging roads W on the advent of human also facilitated the migration of illegal encroachment in the uplands. However, it forest occupants resulting into further was only after the 50s that serious efforts destruction of watersheds by shifting on watershed management and their cultivation, forest fires and rehabilitation were initiated. During this uncontrolled timber cutting, among period commercial logging proliferated and others. Ever since, migration to the
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
uplands continued. By 1988, there were 8.5 protected areas such as proclaimed/ million upland dwellers in the Philippines when watershed reserves. People's the total population was 64 million. With a participation in watershed protection, population growth rate of 2.7%, their number rehabilitation and development is also is projected to be 25 million by the year 2000. emphasized and is now embodied in This will further strain the already marginal the National Forestation Program, the and fragile ecosystems. The degradation of National Master Plan for Forestry and upland watersheds has brought extreme the soon to be issued New Forestry ecological instability resulting into flash floods, Code . All these activities are geared prolonged droughts, accelerated soil erosion, toward restoring the productivity of undependable stream flow and poor water watersheds and arrest the impending quality, etc. problem of water crisis. The government has decreed Water Crisis Alarmed by these continuing threats, the Act in 1995 which calls for urgent government intensified research and upland watershed rehabilitation. development in the major critical watersheds of the country. Salient programs include the LIM SUAN, M. P. and E. A. ROSARIO. citizens' Tree Planting Decree, Family State of art and status of upland Approach to Reforestation, Communal Tree watershed management in the Farming, Agro-Forest Farm and Industrial Philippines. The Status of Tree Plantation Scheme. For welfare of the Watershed Management in Asia. uplanders, most of these programs were PWMTA-FARM Field Document No. integrated under the Social Forestry Program 1 (eds.) Prem N. Sharma and under which the farmers can be given Mohan P. Wagley. Kathmandu, conditional tenurial rights for 25 years which Nepal. Netherlands/ UNDP/ FAO, can be further renewed for 25 GCP / RAS / 161/ NET - more years. Under this contract program, the RAS/93/062. farmer must practice proper soil and water conservation measures. Location: SANREM, PCARRD, Los To augment the production of watershed Baños, Laguna. areas, the government has also banned logging activities in the old growth forest and
Watershed
Dipterocarps and Other Trees in the Research Forest of the Dipterocarp Forest Research Center
urigao del Sur, data were also individuals, volume, and the site quality gathered to enable the researchers are low. The frequency of occurrence of Sto relate the effects of soil texture, dipterocarps confirms previous findings in drainage and topography on the the area. distribution of the dipterocarps and other tree species. Analyses were made on the Tomboc, Carlos C., Noel S. Gianan, structure and floristic composition of the Jeremias B. Bruzon, and Romeo M. trees in the research forests. Results show Basada. 1980. Dipterocarps and Other a tendency for the species in the lauan Trees in the Research Forest of the group to occur more abundantly in sandy Dipterocarp Forest Research Center. clay loam, sandy clay and clay loam types Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 5(1):1- of soil, while those belonging to the 18. dipterocarp heavy hardwoods on clayey types of soil. Comparatively, the research Location: CFNR Library, UPLB forest is poor: the number of dipterocarp
Timber Stand Improvement of Binuang (Octomeles sumatrana) in Natural Stands
2-year improvement cutting of a 4- year old natural Binuang stand Faustino, Dominador M. Jr. and Emmanuel A significantly increased diameter, M. Bascug. 1977. Timber Stand height and volume per tree. Based on Improvement of Binuang (Octomeles wood yields in both treated and untreated sumatrana) in Natural Stands. stands, the average volume increment Sylv atrop Philipp. For. Res. J. was 41.13 meters3 per ha per year. 2(2):111-116 Economic benefits derived are shown to override the cost of stand improvement Location: CFNR Library, UPLB operations.
Properties of Some Philippine Dipterocarp Under Two Forest Types
rofile samples of logged -over The results were used in classifying the Benguet pine, Mindoro pine, soils according to the Soil Taxonomy PZambales dipterocarp and Davao del system. Norte dipterocarp were physically, chemically and mineralogically analyzed to All the sites have low bulk density, determine and compare their properties. dominance of clay-size particles, high available moisture content, moderately acidic to neutral pH and quite low organic The sand and silt fractions dominantly matter, deficient in nitrogen, phosphorous contain quartz and kaolinite for Benguet and potassium, relatively low in calcium, pine and Zambales dipterocarp sites, magnesium and sodium. Mindoro pine has magnetite for Mindoro pine and quartz for high particle density as compared to the Davao del Norte dipterocarp. three sites due to the presence of magnetite and the 2:1 types mineral The dominant minerals in the clay contents. The pines have low cation fractions are: quartz and kaolinite for exchange capacity as against average to Benguet pine, goethite for Mindoro pine, moderately high of Zambales and Davao kaolinite and goethite for Zambales del Norte dipterocarps, respectively. dipterocarp and quartz for Davao del Norte dipterocarp. Benguet pine site is classified as a fine clayey, kaolinitic, isomesic Typic Sambahon, Danilo Badrina. 1980. Tropudult; Mindoro pine site as a fine Properties of Some Philippine clayey, kaolinitic, isomesic Typic Dipterocarp Under Two Forest Types. Rhodudult; Zambales dipterocarp site as University of the Philippines at Los very fine clayey, kaolinitic, isomesic Baños, MS Thesis, November 1980. Dystropeptic Tropudult and Davao del Norte dipterocarp site as a fine clayey, Location: FRM Reading Room, CFNR, montmorillonotic, isomesic Typic UPLB Tropudalf.
Bioecological, Social and Economic Assessment of Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR) as an Approach to Forest Cover Restoration
ive Assisted Natural Regeneration The computed Benefit -Cost Ratios and Net (ANR) sites in three regions of the Present Values were all more than one Fcountry were analyzed on the which implies profitability for the sites. vegetative cover, social and economic However, caution must be observed in dimensions relative to the application of making generalizations since the this reforestation strategy for forest cover estimates were based on projections and restoration. Based on the results, policy no considerations for risks had been made. recommendations were arrived at. The study also looked at the social ANR showed positive results in promoting dimension of ANR. Social acceptability of plant diversity in the areas studied. ANR was assessed using the sociological Dominant species in other Community framework based on the following criteria: Forestry Project (CFP) pump-priming (1) social relevance; 2) cultural activities (e.g. Timber Stand Improvement consistency; (3) absorptive capacity; and and Agroforestry) were also noted. (4) social impact. Another approach was conceptualized such that presumed acceptance or rejection of ANR was dependent on congruency or disparity participation cannot be ascertained which with respect to forestry practices, will cause success or acceptance of the community’s perception, attitude, project. expectations and participation. The study ended in citation of theoretical The various appropriate indicators showed implications and relations to policy and that ANR was rated “high” in social practice in the adoption of ANR approach relevance, cultural consistency and to forest cover restoration. positive social impact. These were some influencing and affecting factors, however, Recommendations included the conduct of which limited the absorptive capacity of a resource inventory of the proposed ANR the clientele. sites before mobilization funds are released and a closer look at the It can be concluded that acceptabilit y or implementing guidelines on ANR must be success of ANR was not significantly done focusing on funds allocation. A related to the similarity or disparity more in -depth research should be between traditional and ANR forestry conducted beginning with the initial stage practices. of the plant communities before and after treatments are applied. An observation Community’s expectation was congruent period of at least five years is suggested. with that of the project personnel’s. Acceptability was related to congruency Also, monitoring and evaluation should be and disparity in expectation between the strengthened and continued even beyond community and project staff. There was the three-year contract period. high level of expectation and congruency existed. This implies that the project may ABARQUEZ, A. H., M. U. SY, N. M. achieve success. PAMPOLINA, M. N. RIVERA and C. G. ABRENILLA. Bioecological, social and The attitudes of community and project economic assessment of assisted staff were congruent and this will pave natural regeneration (ANR) as an the way toward acceptance of success of approach to forest cover restoration. ANR. ERDB-DENR College, Laguna. 1996.
There was a thin gap between Location: ERDB Planning Division, participation and non-participation among College, Laguna. community people. Hence, adequacy of
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Growth Yield and Economic Rotation of Bagras (Encalyptus deglupta) Pulptimber in the PICOP Plantations (Mindanao). Part 3: Economic Rotation
he economic rotations of bagras effects of accessibility, site quality, and pulptimber in the PICOP plantations rate of interest on the length of the T were determined by two rotation are also discussed. approaches: the Net Present Value Method and the Tomboc version of the Tomboc, Carlos C. 1978. Growth Yield and Faustmann’s Formula as presented by Economic Rotation of Bagras Hiley, at 18 percent rate of interest. The (Encalyptus deglupta) Pulptimber in derived figures were 10 years for the the PICOP Plantations (Mindanao). better sites and 11 years for the poorer Part 3: Economic Rotation. Sylvatrop sites. The present value and the land Philipp. For. Res. J. 3(2):107-114. expectation value at the rotations for the respective stands are also presented. The Location: CFNR Library, UPLB
Spacing of Benguet Pine (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon) in Laparan, Malaybalay, Bukidnon
he study was conducted to while diameter growth was significantly determine the ideal spacing for greater with wider spacing, decreasing T Benguet Pine in Malaybalay, with closer spacing. Bukidnon. Five spacing treatments, namely, 1x1m, 1x2m, 2x2m, 2x4m, 4x4m, Barangan, F. 1978. Spacing of Benguet were compared to determine mortality Pine (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon) in rates, height and diameter growths. Laparan, Malaybalay, Bukidnon. Mortality was observed to be greater in Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 3(1):47- closer spacings; height growth was not 50. significantly different in all the treatments,
Fertilization of Potted Mayapis (Shorea palosapis) Seedlings in Surigao del Sur
omplete fertilizer (14-14-14) fertilizer applied twice on each seedling dissolved in water at different levels gave significantly better results than the C was tested on mayapis seedlings. control. Height and growth responses were essentially the same except for the control. Bruzon, Jeremias B. 1978. Fertilization of The levels of 1 gram and 2 grams of Potted Mayapis (Shorea palosapis)
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Seedlings in Surigao del Sur. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 3(3):201-204.
Reproductive Potential of Major Weeds in Plantations of Fast-Growing Tree Species in Mt. Makiling, Luzon, Philippines
he reproductive potential of 35 taxa adaptations for dispersal and percent (33 species and 2 varieties) under germination are presented. T 34 genera and 16 families of major weeds in plantations of fast-growing tree Escobin, Ramiro P. and Justo P. Rojo. species in Mt. Makiling, Luzon, Philippines 1992. Reproductive Potential of Major was studied. Data on the number of seeds Weeds in Plantations of Fast-Growing produced by the typical plant (randomly Tree Species in Mt. Makiling, Luzon, selected to represent healthy in -between Philippines. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. the smallest and largest plant observed in J. 2(2):75-88. the area), seed size and weight, Location: CFNR Library, UPLB Location
Biomass and Net Production of Man-Made Forests in the Philippines
n four Albizia falcata stands (4~9 and 6.0 ton/ha, respectively. Leaf litter year-old), three Gmelina arborea did not vary greatly among these stands, Istands (8~10 year-old), a Swietenia ranging from 5.2 to 5.3 ton/ha/yr and macrophylla stand (16 year-old), and a making up 52 to 72 percent of the total natural dipterocarp stand, the above- litter. The annual net primary production ground biomass, net primary production, was 20 ton/ha, and 18 ton/ha, and 14 and litter fall were investigated. The ton/ha in the A. falcata, the G. arborea, above-ground biomass was 102, 127, 261, and the dipterocarp stands, respectively. and 262 ton/ha in the 9 year-old A. falcata, the 10 year-old G. arborea, the S. Teruhiko KAWAHARA, Yoichi KANAZAWA & macrophylla, and the dipterocarp stands, SHOUBU SAKURAI. Biomass and Net respectively. Leaf biomass in these stands Production of Man-Made Forests in the was 1.6 ton/ha, 1.4 ton/ha, 9.3 ton/ha, Philippines.
Ages of Benguet Pine Seedlings and Season of Planting
ay and June plantings gave the percentage, however, was highest in May best height and diameter growths of seedlings 11 to 12 months old. Planting M of outplanted seedlings of ages during the early days of the rainy season ranging from 9 to 12 months old. Survival with old enough seedlings is necessary to
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
attain success in establishing Benguet Season of Planting. Sylvatrop Philipp. Pine plantations. For. Res. J. 1:21-29.
Zamora, R.A. and A.C. Agpaoa. 1976. Location: CFNR Library, UPLB Ages of Benguet Pine Seedlings and
Months for Planting Gmelina arborea Stumps of Different Ages
melina stumps planted in May and outplanted Gmelina stumps. However, June gave the best height growth height growth was not influenced by the G rates; high survival percentage was age of planting materials. Planting during best attained with the May0July plan tings. the early days of the rainy season is Ages ranging from 7 to 10 months also necessary to attain success in growing yielded the best survival percentages of stumps into plantations. Stumps of Different Ages. Sylvatrop Zamora, R.A. and A.C. Agpaoa. 1976. Philipp. For. Res. J. 1:38-43. Months for Planting Gmelina arborea
Location: CFNR Library, UPLB
Transpiration Rates of Selected Reforestation Species
ranspiration rates and attributes of in the extent of root system, and 3) three reforestation species were increase in the amount of above ground T determined. An experiment on 6-8 biomass. These were found greater with month old narra, mahogany, and gmelina greater amount of dry matter yield. was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design with five replicates. Eugenio, Nympha R. and Eufracio F. Plant characteristics such as 1) leaf area, Regasa 1984. Transpiration Rates of 2) extent of root system, 3) dry matter Selected Reforestation Species. yield, and 4) above and below ground Research Problem. Tarlac College of biomass were found to be good Agriculture, Tarlac. The State of parameters for estimating transpiration Philippine Upland Research: Profile rates. and Bibliography, Vol.2.
Transpiration rates were found to increase Location: DSFFG, CBNRM Reading Room, with 1) increase in leaf area, 2) increase CFNR, UPLB
Status Report on the Review and Reevaluation of Catanduanes Reforestation Project
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
epublic Act No. 2706 created the gathering was a lucrative business. Small Reforestation Administration for the scale logging was existent. R Catanduanes Island whose virgin forest has become cogonal due to the The project met various problems about influx of transient settlers, kaingeneros, 1) bio-technical aspect, 2) administrative and illegal loggers. In 1967, the matters, 3) and socio-economic reforestation Project was established constraints. People participation was an covering 6,903 ha of denuded land. The issue. objectives were to revive the forest cover, to satisfy wood requirements, an d to Bicol University and Bicol University sustain a wholesome and ecologically Development Foundation, Inc. 1989. balanced environment. Status Report on the Review and Reevaluation of Catanduanes Review of the implementation determined Reforestation Project. The State of community factors affecting the project. Philippine Upland Research: Profile Upland farmers were living in the area and Bibliography, Vol.2. and were engaged in upland farming and abaca stripping. In the vicinity, firewood Location: DSFFG, CBNRM Reading Room, CFNR, UPLB
Status Report on the Review and Reevaluation of Balatan Reforestation Project
fter logging concessions closed in review of project objectives and the 1960s, open areas attracted formulation of adequate operationalization A settlers from Camarines Sur. of objectives; 2) development of an Further encroachment into the forest economic zone; and 3) conduct of a made the ecosystem deteriorate fast. To situational analysis to determine rehabilitate the impaired ecosystem, appropriate approach for people reforestation was launched covering 366.5 participation. ha within a 5-year period. Reforestation and rehabilitation of the denuded lands Bicol University and Bicol University were aimed at along with the Development Foundation, Inc. 1989. maintenance and protection of established Status Report on the Review and plantations from forest fires, squatters, Reevaluation of Balatan Reforestation and pest and diseases. Affecting project Project. The State of Philippine Upland implementation were bureaucratic Research: Profile and Bibliography, inefficiency; pest and diseases; lack of a Vol.2. system for documentation, monitoring, and evaluation of project activities; forest Location: DSFFG, CBNRM Reading Room, occupancy; and fuelwood extraction. CFNR, UPLB Project evaluation suggested needs for 1)
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Status Report on the Review and Reevaluation of Western Albay Reforestation Project
ith only 7 percent forest cover release of funds, left due to illegal logging and misallocation/mismanagement of funds, W kaingin, Western Albay needed political interference, forest fires, lack of intensive reforestation to project the information dissemination, lack of Pangasinan River watershed and to coordination, and peace and order. maintain ecological condition favorable to farming. In November 1961, the Bicol University and Bicol University reforestation Project was launched to 1) Development Foundation, Inc. 1989. protect/conserve soil water; 2) provide Status Report on the Review and high yielding tree species; and 3) provide Reevaluation of Western Albay employment for people in the vicinity. Reforestation Project. The State of Philippine Upland Research: Profile Project review however showed problems and Bibliography, Vol.2. beset the project along the bio -technical, administrative, and socio-economic areas. Location: DSFFG, CBNRM Reading Room, Among the problems were pest and CFNR, UPLB diseases, absence of firelines, delayed
Status Report on the Review and Reevaluation of Matang-Tubig Reforestation Project
ampant kaingin and logging needed: 1) provision of adequate funds denuded the Matang Tubig and elimination of red tape in R watershed such that the water yield disbursement: 2) deployment of forest of a nearby spring was radically reduced. guards to strictly patrol the area; 3) To protect the watershed and to prevent conduct of orientation programs and further deterioration, the reforestation regular dialogue between the residents project was started in 1983. It was and the project staff; 4) resettlements of designed to reforest 5,000 ha of open forest occupants; 5) establishment of tie- grasslands; to improve the water yield; up with the Land Reform Program; 6) and to check soil erosion and preserve soil provision of sustainable livelihood fertility. Implementation strategies projects; and 7) use of more tree species included hiring of forest occupants as which are fast growing. laborers. The implementation process, however, was poorly documented. Bicol University and Bicol University Development Foundation, Inc. 1989. Project review determined that towards Status Report on the Review and effective reforestation, the following are Reevaluation of Matang-Tubig
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Reforestation Project. The State of Philippine Upland Research: Profile Location: DSFFG, CBNRM Reading Room, and Bibliography, Vol.2. CFNR, UPLB
Status Report on the Review and Reevaluation of Pili Reforestation Project
atershed development along and maintenance. There were scarce Bulusan Lake was the primary supply and pest and diseases. W objective of the Pili Reforestation Project. It also aimed to prevent soil Bicol University and Bicol University erosion, reduce siltation of the lake, Development Foundation, Inc. 1989. establish seed orchard, and generate Status Report on the Review and employment for local residents. Reevaluation of Pili Reforestation Project. The State of Philippine Upland Distance of the site from communities and Research: Profile and Bibliography, the young tree population perhaps spared Vol.2. the project from forest encroachment. Problems were on nursery development Location: DSFFG, CBNRM Reading Room, CFNR, UPLB
Status Report on the Review and Reevaluation of Eastern Masbate Reforestation Project
eople’s socio-economic upliftment shield the project from population and environmental protection of the pressure. Appropriate educational Parea were basically the aims of the programs are necessary. Eastern Masbate Reforestation Project. Not even secondary forest grew on the Bicol University and Bicol University area left by a logging concession. Development Foundation, Inc. 1989. Status Report on the Revie w and Towards socio -economic development, Reevaluation of Eastern Masbate agroforestry and social forestry Reforestation Project. The State of technologies were introduced. There Philippine Upland Research: Profile were about 720 farming families by and Bibliography, Vol.2. subsistence production. Some families opened sari-sari store, others did stable Location: DSFFG, CBNRM Reading Room, income must be given these families to CFNR, UPLB
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Status Report on the Review and Reevaluation of Mt Cadig Reforestation Project
eevaluation of the Mt Cadig sites, occurrence of forest fires, and poor Reforestation Project revealed that monitoring and evaluation system. R there was a high percentage of sample area effectively planted. There Factors directly contributing to were however, unattended components maintenance problems were 1) fast such as: 1) management component; 2) turnover of staff, 2) pests, 3) high cogonal socio-economic; 3) information growth rate, and 4) bureaucratic red tapes. dissemination; 4) trainings; and 4) awareness campaigns. Bicol University and Bicol University Development Foundation, Inc. 1989. Here were problems such as unavailability Status Report on the Review and as well as delayed release of funds, Reevaluation of Mt Cadig continuous settlement of low income Reforestation Project. The State of families for agricultural activities, forest Philippine Upland Research: Profile fires from forest occupants, or lack of and Bibliography, Vol.2. trainings and attempts to raise awareness. Location: DSFFG, CBNRM Reading Room, The bulk of the problems lies on the CFNR, UPLB maintenance of nursery and plantation
Status Report on the Review and Reevaluation of Bicol National Park Reforestation Project
ssessment of the project that it was The project had a large number of forest mainly concerned with the occupants and a large supply of cheap A development and protection of community labor. watershed areas and with the conservation of the remaining natural Bicol University and Bicol University forest stands. There was no built -in Development Foundation, Inc. 1989. production objective that would justify the Status Report on the Review and economic merits of the undertaking. Reevaluation of Bicol National Park Reorientation of project directions was a Reforestation Project. The State of felt need to capture the environmental Philippine Upland Research: Profile objectives. Family-based approach to and Bibliography, Vol.2. reforestation considering a community - managed family -based approach was Location: DSFFG, CBNRM Reading Room, recommended to be prioritized. CFNR, UPLB Development zones were proposed.
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Status Report on the Review and Reevaluation of Mt Isarog National Park Reforestation Project
ehabilitation of the Mt Isarog Recommendations were made to restore National Park took effect under the environmental condition of the area R Proclamation No. 293. It was and to improve the socio-economic intended to rehabilitate 1,100 ha of condition of neighboring communities. denuded watershed, to annually produce 600,000 seedlings of recommended Bicol University and Bicol University species, to improve water supply, to Development Foundation, Inc. 1989. minimize soil erosion, and to employ Status Report on the Review and additional laborers and forest occupants of Reevaluation of Mt Isarog National the area. Park Reforestation Project. The State of Philippine Upland Research: Profile Implementation was beset with problems and Bibliography, Vol.2. relates to squatters and their livelihood and to management aspects such as in Location: DSFFG, CBNRM Reading Room, the delayed release of funds. CFNR, UPLB
Review and Reevaluation of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources Reforestation Projects
leven reforestation projects of the while project management should be Department of Environment and given more support. E Natural Resources were reevaluated in 1989. The projects were mainly aimed Central Luzon State University-Evaluation to protect the watersheds and increase Team. 1989. Review and Reevaluation the water yield of rivers and storage of the Department of Environment and reservoirs. Reforestation may take many Natural Resources Reforestation more years if no additional schemes such Projects. The State of Philippine as involving as many people and sectors Upland Research: Profile and as possible including non-governmental Bibliography, Vo l.2. and governmental entities are implemented. Current reforestation Location: DSFFG, CBNRM Reading Room, efforts must be continued and sustained CFNR, UPLB .
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
The Role of Savanna Tree Species in Plant Succession and Reforestation
he savanna ecosystem is a transition during the rainy season. The availability sere between a forest and a of nutrients during rainy season was taken T grassland. It is viewed as an advantaged of by the plants and by ecosystem that can offer information microorganisms. Thus, the soil was being required to affect an ecologically based depleted of the nutrients especially N and reforestation strategy. Piliostigma P during the rainy season. However, K malabaricum and Antidesma frutescens availability was enhanced during the rainy are common savanna trees in the season and its level was higher than that Philippines. There was an observed of N and P. agglomeration of savanna trees which Plant tissue NPK was low during the rainy have relatively richer vegetation compares season and high during the dry season. to the “open” grassland. The “life form Low nutrient level was observed during effects” of reforestation species were the rainy season due to the assumed studies. The “open” condition served as mobility of nutrients resulting from control stand. activated plant metabolism and abundance of soil moisture. Soil and plant tissue samples were collected and analyzed periodically for a Survival and growth performance of one year period. reforestation species were used to describe the suitability of the Positive correlations were found between microenvironment under the savanna tree the microorganisms, the nutrient uptake clumps for progressive plant succession. of plants and the availability of nutrients The savanna tree clump had a buffering in the soil. Soil moisture was positively effect against the adverse condition correlated to the soil fungi population and prevailing within the “open” grassland negatively correlated to soil nitrogen. Soil ecosystem. This elicited greater growth pH was positively correlated to soil and survival among reforestation species. bacteria population and plant tissue phosphorus were negatively correlated In the given grassland condition, it is with soil organic matter. Soil nitrogen had commendable that reforestation seedlings positive correlation with soil organic be planted under savanna tree clumps. matter. These biochemical correlations Gmelina arborea and Leucaena were being controlled by the physical and leucocephala were found advisable for climatic factors of the environment. reforestation. Furthermore, planting time would be favorable at the onset of rainy Soil pH, soil organic matter, soil moisture, season. the population of soil microorganisms and soil NPK were influenced by the season. Tupas, Gloria L. 1976. The Role of During the dry season, soil pH value, soil Savanna Tree Species in Plant moisture percentage, soil fungi and soil Succession and Reforestation. MS bacteria population were low. During the Thesis. University of the Philippines wet season, the preceding conditions Los Baños, College, Laguna. were reverse. Nutrients were available
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Location: CFNR Library, UPLB
Growth Rhythm of Some Reforestation Species
eight increments of 17.5 cm and Marquez. A. 1976. Growth Rhythm of 17.3 cm during the months of Some Reforestation Species. Sylvatrop H February and October, respectively Philipp. For. Res. J. 1:99. were attained by Benguet Pine. Growth peaks Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Gmelina Location: CFNR Library, UPLB arborea, and Alnus sp. Were observed in October, May and July to September, respectively.
ALGAL Bloom: Its Cause and Impact to Mangrove Plantation and Potential Utilization in Siargao Island, Surigao del Norte
lgal damage to a two -year old plants; (2) seagrass decimation; (3) mangrove reforestation project in improper selection of propagules A Siargao Islands, Surigao del Norte contributed to at least 30 per cent was evaluated. The infestation resulted to mortality of the plantation. It was noted 90 per cent mortality of the 30 ha Dapa that about 30 per cent of the propagules mangrove reforestation project. The DENR used in the reforestation program were CENR Officer opened that so far, no infested with Poecilips fallax. competent authority has explained this abnormality. The purpose of the It is recommended that the source of evaluation was to investigate the cause of pollution shall be checked if not totally the algal bloom, assess the damage and controlled. Seagrass plantation should be recommend rehabilitation of the encouraged and banned purse seine plantation. fishing in designated areas and implement quality control in the selection of Based on the survey conducted, it was propagules to be planted. Bam boo and found that the main cause of algal bloom net barriers were also recommended to was domestic population especially those keep fishermen from the plantation and sewage coming from the public market reduce entry of floating algae. and nearby coastal settlements which is just appoints the mangrove plantation. Harvesting and utilization of the algae is Secondary causes are: (1) purse seine also recommended. Nutrient and feed fishing (baling) which brought and values is presented. concentrate the algae in the mangrove plantation area and its intrusion in the Baconguis, Santiago R. and Ma. Lourdes Q. mangrove plantation damage the young Moreno. 1995. ALGAL Bloom: Its
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Cause and Impact to Mangrove Philippine Lumberman, May-June, pp. Plantation and Potential Utilization in 12-16. Siargao Island, Surigao del Norte The Location: CFNR Library, UPLB
Reforestation in the Pine Region Through Benguet Pine Germinant Planting
he use of germinated seeds or cultivate site preparation. Results of the germinants for reforestation was experimental trials conducted show T tested and compared with direct promise for the use of germinants in seeding. Also included in the study are 3 improving the pace of reforestation at the site preparation methods, namely: cut- same time cutting costs. scalp-cultivate, scalping and undisturbed. In terms of seedling percentage on the Peñafiel, Samuel. 1979. Reforestation in number of planted spots with seedling the Pine Region Through Benguet Pine there was no significant difference Germinant Planting. 5th Anniversary between germinants and direct seeding Symposium, Forest Research Institute, and the single factor with affected the College, Laguna, December 18. resultant seedling % is the site preparation employed. For both direct Location: ERDB Library, College Laguna. seeding and germinant high seeding % (73.48%) occurred in the clear-scalp -
Growth and Survival of Gmelina arborea in Magat Reforestation Project as Affected by Different Planting Spacing Methods
The average height growth of Gmelina growth went to 3x3 meter spacing with arborea was not significantly affected by 14.2cm, the lowest to 1.5x1.5 meter the different planting spaces. Diameter spacing with 8.8 cm. Spacing had no growth was highly significantly affected by significant effect on clear length. spacing. The highest average diameter
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Maun, M. 1976. Growth and Survival of Different Planting Spacing Methods. Gmelina arborea in Magat Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 1:101. Reforestation Project as Affected by Location: CFNR Library, UPLB
Underplanting of White Lauan (Pentacme contorta) in Benguet Pine and Mahagony Plantations
hite Lauan attained a height of Serna, C.B. and B.A. Apura. 1976. 14.5 meters and diameter of 14.8 Underplanting of White Lauan W cm, with an annual growth rate (Pentacme contorta) in Benguet Pine of 0.6 meters in height and 7 cm in and Mahagony Plantations. Sylvatrop diameter. Philipp. For. Res. J. 1:101.
Location: CFNR Library, UPLB
Depth of Planting Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings
Three depths of planting: 5, 10 and 15 cm, were tested on mulberry cuttings 18 to 20 Peñafiel, Samuel R. 1976. Depth of cm long. The 15-cm planting depth Planting Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) produced the highest rooting percentage Cuttings. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. (78). Significant differences among 1:142-144. rooting due to depths of planting were found at the .05 level. Only 65 percent of Location: CFNR Library, UPLB the cuttings rooted.
Production of “Instant Trees” I. Narra
ig branch cuttings of Narra growth, however, were not significantly (Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Forma enhanced by the treatments. B indicus) about 10 cm in diameter and 2 m long were treated with 500, 1000 Dalmacio, M.V., E.N. Crizaldo and Z.N. and 2000 ppm each of napthalene acetic Genil. 1978. Production of “Instant acid (NAA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) Trees” I. Narra. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. for 24 hr. Root formation was significantly Res. J. 3(1):55-62. affected by hormone treatments. A concentration of 1000 ppm IAA produced Location: CFNR Library the most roots. Shoot development and
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Vegetative Propagation by Cuttings of Yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.)
ndoleacetic acid (IAA), Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Indolebutyric Florido, Levi V. 1978. Vegetative Iacid (IBA) in four levels: 0 ppm, 250 Propagation by Cuttings of Yemane ppm, 500 ppm, and 750 ppm were tested (Gmelina arborea Roxb.). Sylvatrop on yemane cuttings. NAA induced more Philipp. For. Res. J. 3(2):115-122. formation of roots than IAA and IBA. Higher concentration of the hormones Location: CFNR Library enhanced root initiation and development.
Eucalyptus Species Trials
he early performance of the Northern Territories and E. saligna provenances from the Northern from Brazil gave superior survival T Territories, Italy, Australia, percentages. Philippines, New South Wales, and Brazil, is presented. The mean height and Maun, Marcelino M. 1978. Eucalyptus survival percentages between species Species Trials. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. were found not to differ; however, Res. J. 3(3):197-200. significant differences in percent survival were found among provenances within Location: CFNR Library species. Eucalyptus camaldulensis from
White Lauan (Shorea contorta) in the Open and Under Second-Growth Forest Canopy
urvival was significantly higher under Tomboc, Carlos C. and Romeo M. Basada. forest canopy but height growth and 1978. White Lauan (Shorea contorta) Sleaf development of white lauan in the Open and Under Second- were substantially greater on the open. Growth Forest Canopy. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 3(4):205-210.
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Growth Performance of Acia mangium and A. auriculiformis in the National Capital Region
ixty-one temporary sample plots auriculiformis ) and mangium (A. were established to determine the mangium) in the National Capital Region Seffects of various site factors on the (NCR). growth and yield of aure (Acacia The average annual stump diameter, A. mangium and A. auriculiformis, diameter at breast height, merchantable respectively. height and total height growth for aure are 3.07 cm, 2.28 cm, 1.36 m and 2.15 m, Uriarte, Monina T. 1993 Growth respectively. For mangium, these are 3.36 Performance of Acia mangium and A. cm, 2.24 cm, 0.79 m and 2.00 m, auriculiformis in the National Capital respectively. Region. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J.4(2):45-48. At site index=20 m and age =10 years, the total height are 24.25 m and __ m for
Drought Resistance of Yemane (Gmelina arborea) and Kaatoan Bangkal (Anthocephalus chinensis)
ne-month old yemane and 3-month Glori, Antonio V., dela Cruz, Reynaldo E. old Kaatoan bangkal seedlings were and Domingo, Ireneo L. 1978. O subjected to 4 months of varying Drought Resistance of Yemane soil-moisture levels: 70%, 55%, 40% and (Gmelina arborea) and Kaatoan 25%. The tests showed that yemane is Bangkal (Anthocephalus chinensis). more resistant to drought than bangkal. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. This suggests yemane as a better 3(4):211-239. reforestation crop than bangkal especially for dry areas of the country.
Adaptability of Six Tree Species to Cogonal Areas: Additional Information on and Possible Role of Phenols and Sugars
leaching experiment was conducted sand and air temperature, light intensity, to investigate the production by phenols and sugars were also determined. A cogon of compounds which may be harmful to plant growth. Performance of Agoho (Casuarina equisetifolia Dehnh.) seedlings were evaluated by growth in seedlings exhibited the fastest height height and diameter, survival, and dry - growth in the presence of cogon. matter production. Parameters such as Leachate analysis showed that sugar was
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
higher in pots with cogon. Phenolic Mendoza, V.B. 1978. Adaptability of Six compounds in leachates coming from pots Tree Species to Cogonal Areas: with cogon were detected. Amino acids Additional Information on and Possible and coumarins were not detected. Role of Phenols and Sugars. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 3(1):1-7.
Slow-Release Tablet Fertilizer Effects on the Growth and Survival of Outplanted Narra Seedlings
ffect of Agriform (18-8-6), a slow- growth rate on the 2nd and 3rd year after release tablet fertilizer, on growth planting, the increament was insignificant. E and survival of outplanted narra seedlings at Jalaur Reforestation Project, Briones, Jose P. 1978. Slow-Release Calinog, Iloilo, were evaluated for 3 yr. Tablet Fertilizer Effects on the Growth Agriform did not appreciably improve and Survival of Outplanted Narra survival. Fertilized and control treatments Seedlings. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. gave a relatively high survival rate. J. 3(1):51-54. Although fertilization increased height
Adaptability of Six Tree Species to Cogonal Areas. III. Field Experiment and Additional Information
field experiment was conducted to Dehnh.). Benguet Pine (Pinus kesiya Royle determine the adaptive capacity of 6 ex Gordon), Binayoyo (Antidesma A tree species to grassland conditions. Frutescents Jack), and Alibanggang Seedling height and diameter growths (Piliostigma malabaricum Roxb. Benth) in were not significantly different. However, that order. significant differences in survival among the 6 species were evident with Ipil-ipil Mendoza, V.B. and R.E. De La Cruz. 1978. [Leucaena leucocephala (L.) Merrill] Adaptability of Six Tree Species to having the highest survival rate followed Cogonal Areas. III. Field Experiment by Agoho (Casuarina equisetifolia Forst.) and Additional Information. Sylvatrop River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Philipp. For. Res. J. 3(2):95-106.
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Influence of Site Preparation and Maintenance on the Survival and Early Growth of Molave (Vitex parviflora Juss.) Seedlings Planted in Grasslands
he performance of molave (Vitex seedlings in Block 1 at the upper portion parviflora Juss.) seedlings planted in of the study area which were significantly T a grassland area treated with smaller. different site preparation techniques was evaluated in Baluno, Zamboanga City. Site Dichoso, Maximo O. 1993. Influence of preparation treatments applied were: Site Preparation and Maintenance on scalping, cultivation, ring brushing and the Survival and Early Growth of control. Molave (Vitex parviflora Juss.) Seedlings Planted in Grasslands. Results of the study showed that seedling Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 3(2):57- survival and height growth were not 65. affected the treatments except for Reproductive Shortfall of Six Mangrove Species at Various Phenological Stages.
he shortfall of development at from flower (anthesis) to fruiting various phonological stages of six development. Conversely, the shortfall T selected mangrove species was between bud to flower formation showed investigated for 11 months in the Pagbilao that A. floridum has the highest budfall Mangrove Forest. The study revealed that followed by R. mucronata with 47.05% the highest shortfall, from bud to fruit and 40.7% respectively, and the least is L. development, is that of Rhizophora littorea with only 2.78%. mucronata followed by Ceriops decandra, Lumnitzera littorea, Aegiceras Palis, Honorato G. 1993. Reproductive corniculatum, A. floridum and R. apiculata Shortfall of Six Mangrove Species at with 93.84%, 83.06%, 77.96%, 76.54%, Various Phenological Stages. Sylvatrop 63.76% and 38.76%, respectively. The Philipp. For. Res. J. 4(1):81-87. same pattern, however, was observed
Effect of Tending Operation on the Survival and Growth of Acacia (Samanea saman)
trip -brushing and ring-brushing Maun, Marcelino M. 1978. Effect of significantly increased survival and Tending Operation on the Survival and Ssignificantly improved the total Gro wth of Acacia (Samanea saman). height growth of acacia. The control and Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. cultivated did not differ significantly in 3(4):249-250. terms of survival.
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Survival and Early Growth Response of Kaatoan Bangkal (Anthocephalus chinensis) Following the Application of Four-Levels of Commercial Fertilizer Applied at Two Selected Methods at Time of Planting
he highest percentage of survival, lowest was the control in both pit and 85 percent, was obtained in the pit dibbled methods, 4.4 meters. T method with 300 grams, followed by 150 grams with 79 percent; the lowest Maun, A. 1976. Survival and Early Growth was the dibbled method with 600 grams, Response of Kaatoan Bangkal 51 percent. Height growth was also (Anthocephalus chinensis ) Following significantly affected. The highest average the Application of Four-Levels of height growth was obtained in the pit Commercial Fertilizer Applied at Two method with 600 grams, 4.8 meters; the Selected Methods at Time of Planting. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 1:100.
Study on the Survival and Growth of Wild Yakal (Shorea sp.) and Guijo (Shorea sp.) Seedlings Transplanted in Brushland Forest
he Yakal seedlings 20 cm and below Maun, A. 1976. Study on the Survival and had the highest survival percentage, Growth of Wild Yakal (Shorea sp.) and T 40 percent. Those 81 to 100 cm tall Guijo (Shorea sp.) Seedlings had the lowest survival, 5 percent. For Transplanted in Brushland Forest. Guijo seedlings, 20 cm and below also had Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 1:100. the highest percentage of survival, 52 percent; the lowest 81 to 100 cm, 31 Location: CFNR Library, UPLB, College, percent. Laguna.
Effects of Mulching and Fertilization on Yemane (Gmelina arborea) Seedlings Outplanted in Denuded Grassland
ulching and fertilization may not mulches had adverse effects on survival promote survival and growth of and growth. With the grass mulch, M yemane seedlings outplanted in seedling performance did not differ denuded grassland. significantly, up to 9 months after planting with that of control seedlings. Mulches of cut grass, ricehull, sawdust, clear plastic and black plastic were used Principe, E.B. 1976. Effects of Mulching with 14-14-14 fertilizer. Except grass, the and Fertilization on Yemane (Gmelina
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
arborea) Seedlings Outplanted in Denuded Grassland. Sylvatrop Philipp. Location: CFNR Library, UPLB, College, For. Res. J. 1:101. Laguna.
Effects of Stump-Planting and Fertilization on Growth and Survival of Narra (Pterocarpus vidalianus Rolfe)
urvival percentage was highly and the fertilized with 2.9 meters, which significantly affected. Stump-planted was the lowest. SNarra obtain ed the highest percentage of survival with 77 percent. Maun, M. 1980. Effects of Stump-Planting Control had 72 percent, the lowest being and Fertilization on Growth and the fertilized, 47 percent. Height growth Survival of Narra (Pterocarpus was similarly affected. Stump-planted vidalianus Rolfe). Sylvatrop Philipp. Narra had the highest height growth with For. Res. J. 5(1):67-72. 3.8 meters, the control with 3.4 meters,
Effect of Agriform Slow-Release Tablet Fertilizer on the Growth and Survival of Outplanted Narra Seedlings
nitial finding is that there is no marked Tandug, E. and J. Briones. 1976. Effect of difference in the growth of fertilized Agriform Slow-Release Tablet Fertilizer Iand unfertilized seedlings under field on the Growth and Survival of conditions. Outplanted Narra Seedlings. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 1:101.
Protection of Forestry Transplants During Transport and Storage Using Mobilcer-C Solution
reliminary data indicated generally and height growth of E. camaldulensis did lower survival for outplanted Pinus not differ significantly with control. Pkesiya seedlings with an average of 53.5 percent compared to Eucalyptus Boado, L. 1976. Protectio n of Forestry camaldulensis with 81 percent. Control Transplants During Transport and was found to be superior to any of the Storage Using Mobilcer-C Solution. Mobilcer-C treatments in both survival and Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 1:102. height for P. kesiya seedlings. Survival
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Agriform Slow-Release Tablet Fertilizer Effects on the Growth and Survival of Benguet Pine (Pinus kesiya), Yemane ( Gmelina arborea), and Kalantas (Toona calantas) Seedlings
griform slow-release tablet fertilizer Agpaoa, Alfredo C. and Rogelio A. Zamora. significantly increased the survival 1976. Agriform Slow-Release Tablet A percentage as well as height and Fertilizer Effects on the Growth and diameter increment of Yemane seedlings. Survival of Benguet Pine (Pinus However, the fertilizer did not have much kesiya), Yemane (Gmelina arborea), effect on benguet Pine and Kalantas and Kalantas (Toona calantas) seedlings. Seedlings. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 1:135-137.
Fertilization of Yemane (Gmelina arborea) in Carranglan, Nueva Ecija
ifty kg per hectare of commercial 14- 100 kg per ha. Slight increase by 3 to 4 14-14 fertilizer applied one month percent in survival was observed among Fafter planting, and another 50 kg a the fertilized seedlings, whose survival year after, did not improve the diameter was 99 to 100 percent as compared to 96 and height growths of the seedlings. At percent of the unfertilized ones. 100 kg per ha, significant improvements in diameter, height growth, and survival Mendoza, Valerio B. and Antonio V. Glori. were obtained. Seedling diameter 1976. Fertilization of Yemane increased by 109 percent and height, 80 (Gmelina arborea ) in Carranglan, percent. Increasing the rate to 150 kg per Nueva Ecija. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. ha did not produce significant beneficial Res. J. 1:138-7-141. effects compared with the application of
Mulching and Fertilization of Outplanted Yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) Seedlings
ulches of cut grass, rice hull, Except grass, the mulches had adverse sawdust, clear plastic and black effects on survival and growth. With the M plastic were used with 14-14-14 grass mulch, seedling performance did not fertilizer. Results showed that height differ significantly with that of the control growth of outplanted seedlings was not seedlings up to 9 months after planting. enhanced by the mulch treatments. Better field survival was attributed to the
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
grass mulch owing to the very high soil significantly affect field survival and moisture for the first 6 months after growth of mulched seedlings. outplanting and better soil aeration, although reduction in field survival for all Principe, Eduardo B. 1976. Mulching and treatments occurred during the first Fertilization of Outplanted Yemane month after outplanting. Similarly, 14-14- (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) Seedlings. 14 fertilizer application by broadcast Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. method at 20 grams per plant did not 1(3):223-236.
Survival and growth of Acacia mangium Willd. and Acacia auriculiformis A. cunn. ex. benth. in water-logged site
he survival and growth performance digging and planting significantly of Acacia mangium and Acacia increased the diameter growth attained by T auriculiformis planted in water- both species. logged site was assessed after three and a half years from establishment period. Vertudes, Juan P. and Dr. Antonio C. Results showed that Acacia auriculiformis Manila. 1993. Survival and growth of attained significantly higher survival Acacia mangium Willd. and Acacia percentage, total height and diameter auriculiformis A. cunn. ex. benth. in responses than Acacia manguim. The water-logged site. The Philippine preparation of manuals prior to hole Lumberman January, pp. 8-12.
Effects of Stump-Planting and Fertilization on Growth and Survival of Narra (Pterocarpus vidalianus Rolfe)
ertilization did not improve the Maun, Marcelino M. 1980. Effects of survival and diameter height growths Stump-Planting and Fertilization on Fof narra seedlings. Stump-planting Growth and Survival of Narra significantly increased its diameter and (Pterocarpus vidalianus Rolfe). height growths. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 5(1):67- 72 .
Soil-Tissue Analysis and Growth of Benguet Pine (Pinus insularis Endl.)
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
he interrelationships between NPK in observed. At 15 cm soil depth, no tissues, soil chemical properties, and correlation was observed. T the growth of Benguet pine trees in a stand were studied. Statistical analysis Marquez, Alicia C. 1980. Soil-Tissue showed a significant correlation between Analysis and Growth of Benguet Pine age, diameter, and height of trees. At 38 (Pinus insularis Endl.). Sylvatrop cm soil depth, significant coreelations Philipp. For. Res. J. 5(3):181-191. between P and pH and OM were also
Survival and Growth of Kaatoan Bangkal [Anthocephalus chinensis (Roxb.) Miq.] At Different Spacings
aatoan bangkal trees were planted on application of different spacing 1.0 x 1.0 m, 1.5 x 1.5m, 2.0 x 2.0 m, procedures are discussed. K2.5 x 2.5 m, 3.0 x 3.0 m, 3.5 x 3.5 m, 4.0 x 4.0 m and 4.5 x 4.5 m at the Maun, Marcelino. 1980. M. Survival and Magat Experimental Forest Lot B, Diadi, Growth of Kaatoan Bangkal Nueva Viscaya. Spacing did not [Anthocephalus chinensis (Roxb.) Miq. significantly affect the total height and At Different Spacings. Sylvatrop survival of kaatoan bangkal. Suggestions Philipp. For. Res. J. 5(3):213-220.
Performance of Tanguile [Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr.] Seedlings in Varying Pot Sizes
ANGUILE [ Shorea polysperma The performance of tanguile seedlings ( Blanco) Merr.] is one of the most when grown in different pot sizes has not T important dipterocarp forest species been studied. Kaatoan bangkal seedlings in the Philippines. It prefers ridges in the grown in 15 cm x 23 cm plastic bags, had lower and upper hill dipterocarp forest the highest survival and fastest height ascending high into the montane growth followed by seedlings grown in 10 dipterocarp forest at 1,500 m asl or higher, cm x 15 cm plastic bags and 7 cm where it is the only dipterocarp at that (diameter) x 8 cm (height) milk cans 10 elevation (Seeber et al. 1978). Because it weeks after potting (Zabala et al. 1971). can thrive in different habitats, it is a Bruzon, Jeremias B. and Constante B. promising reforestation species. Serna. 1980. Performance of Tanguile [Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr.] In large-scale seedling production, pot Seedlings in Varying Pot Sizes. size is of great importance. Nursery men Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. and planters prefer the pot size that is not 5(2):151-156. costly, light to transport and easy to handle in potting and field planting. Location: CFNR Library, UPLB
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Effects of Mobilcer C Anti-transpirant on Yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) Seedlings
ffects of mobilcer C on transpiration, anti-transpirant in reducing water loss. internal water balance, leaf color Toxicity symptoms include the shedding of E changes and chlorophyll content of leaves, presence of brown spots and 3-month old yemane (Gmelina arborea chlorosis. Roxb.) seedlings were investigated. Transpiration of treated seedlings was Lauricio, Feurdeliz M., and Yolanda D. relatively lower than those untreated. Benitez. 1980. Effects of Mobilcer C Internal water balance of mobilcer C- Anti-transpirant on Yemane (Gmelina treated seedlings growing in both stressed arborea Roxb.) Seedlings. Sylvatrop and unstressed conditions was inproved. Philipp. For. Res. J. 5(4):233-242. Treated seedlings had higher relative water content emphasizing efficiency of Location: Location: CFNR Library, UPLB
Notes on the Diseases of Forest Trees in the Philippines
he diseases of forest trees and other deglupta Merr. From Papua New Guinea plants in the Philippine forests have and the Albizia canker (Corticium T not been given extensive studies salmonicolor Berk. & Br.) of Mollucan sau, unlike agricultural crops. This was so, (Albizia falcataria Back.) are good since in the past years, very few foresters examples. The 2 fast -growing forest tree were trained on this discipline. Extraction species were planted at the Paper was then the main activity of the foresters. Industries Corporation of the Philippines However, when the forest resources were (PICOP) concession areas at Bislig, becoming scarce, some big timber Surigao del Sur. Since then, an integrated concessioners started establishing research program on pests and diseases plantations supposedly to support their of forest trees started. factories. They imported exotic forest species and planted them in monoculture Quiniones, Sebastian S. 1980. Notes on plantations. Unfortunately, these forest the Diseases of Forest Trees in the plantations became infested with pests Philippines. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. and diseases. The varicose borer (Agrilus J. 5(4):263-271. sp.) that has infested the Eucalyptus
Giant Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala): Cultural Practices and Growth Rates in some Mindanao Plantations
he Leucaena plantations of visited .Montemayor prefers direct- Montemayor and Mabuhay vinyl seeding, MVC outplanting. Growth rates T corporation (MVC) were were from 57 meters 3 per ha per year for
Plantation
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
14-month old stems and up to 123 meters3 for 18-month old stems at the Mendoza, Valerio B. 1977. Giant Ipil-ipil Montemayor plantations. The stems at (Leucaena leucocephala): Cultural MVC were too small to permit growth rate Practices and Growth Rates in some determinations. Nevertheless, the growth Mindanao Plantations. Sylvatrop data obtained provide adequate proof that Philipp. For. Res. J. 2(1):39-44. Giant Ipil-ipil is indeed fast-growing. The plantations produce seeds, banana props, Location: CFNR Library, UPLB and charcoal for the manufacture of calcium carbide.
Infiltration Studies on Giant Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala ) Plantation Sites at the Buhisan Watershed
elative rates of water entry into the both sides with respect to time follows a soil under two giant ipil-ipil linear pattern. R plantation sites at the Buhisan Watershed, Cebu City were studied. Baconguis, Santiago R. and Cesar S. Results show significant differences Rondilla. 1979. Infiltration Studies on between the two areas at P.05 level. The Giant Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) mean infiltration rate for the plantation Plantation Sites at the Buhisan without interplanting of agricultural crops Watershed. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. is 4.25 liters/min and 1.98 liters/min with J. 4(1):23-29. interplanting. Cumulative infiltration for Location: CFNR Library, UPLB
Weed-Seed Flora in Nursery Potting Soils
eed seed contributio n of an minimize the occurrence of weed species ordinary top soil and a partially with potted tree seedlings are given. W decomposed livestock excreta which are commonly used in potting in the Peñafiel, Samuel R. 1979. Weed-Seed nurseries at Baguio City were determined. Flora in Nursery Potting Soils. Among the weed species identified, Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 4(1):39- Eleusine indica and Cyperus rotundus 44. were found to be the most dominant. There was an average of about 3 weed Location: CFNR Library, UPLB species growing per potted tree seedling. Suggested measures to prevent or
Screening Herbicidal Preparations and Mixtures for Clearing Reforestation Areas
Plantation
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
he effectivity of Gramoxone, W.B. Reforestation seedlings such as Narra Dalapon and Velpar K3 applied (Pterocarpus indicus), gmelina (Gmelina T singly or in combination in aborea), ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala), controlling cogon (Imperata cylindrical), Benguet pine (Pinus insularis) and acacia hagonoy (Chromoleana odorata) and (Samanea saman) planted 10 days after Themeda trianda for forest plantation was spraying remained unaffected. In this assessed and evaluated. Dalapon + particular study, cost analysis indicate that Gramoxone (kg/ha 1-21 kg/ha) and the use of herbicide is cheaper than Gramoxone + Velpar K3 (3 liters/ha + 1- manual clearing. 21 kg/ha) were found effective in killing the above mentioned species except Tumaliuan, Benjamine T. and Saturnina C. hagonoy. Gramoxone (20% Paraquat) Halos. 1979. Screening Herbicidal singly applied was observed to be more Preparations and Mixtures for Clearing efficient than in combination with Dalapon Reforestation Areas. Sylvatrop Philipp. and Velpar K3. For. Res. J. 4(3):151-159.
Location: CFNR Library, UPLB
Quantifying site Quality in Forest Plantations
here is a current trend among many were gathered from the Gmelina arborea foresters concerned with site reforestation project at Diadi, Nueva T relationships to seek a more precise Viscaya. method for evaluating growth potential. Since opportunities for the conventional Correlation analysis of individual soil site index approach and even by direct variables with site index and tree growth method cannot be used at all cases, show that percent clay taken at 12” depth evaluation of site productivity and quality (PC12) indicate the highest significant by another method has to be resorted to relationship. Other variables that showed in order to find an alternative strategy. significant findings include: percent clay at 6” depth; litter depth; pH level, percent In this study, an attempt was made to use sand and percent silt all taken at 12” soil factors as an approach to evaluate depth level. The three least sig nificant site quality. Soil variables were identified variables include: bulk density and and selected on the basis of their percent sand both taken at 12” depth and immediate effect on nutrient availability bulk density at 6” depth. Furthermore, and growth of the trees in the area. contribution of all these soil factors were quantified and indicated in the study. Such variables include: depth of AO and A1 soil horizon; litter depth (LD); soil In addition, assessment of the effects of moisture at 1” depth level (PSM); bulk these variables on the yield of the density (BD), soil pH and soil texture plantation were intensively analyzed in taken 1”, 6” and 12” soil depth. The data groups and ungrouped. Analysis disclosed
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
that the grouped variables significantly remaining be a reliable measure of site affected the growth of the trees. quality. Lastly, a test of reliability was made comparing the yielding equation Lapitan, Renato Lontoc. 1984. Quantifying generated using the regular site index Site Quality in Forest Plantations. based on the height-age relationships and University of the Philippines at Los that derived from soil properties. The Baños, MS Thesis, March 1984. result showed that growth values generated using the former yield equation Location: FRM Reading Room, CFNR, approximated those of the actual values UPLB of tree growth in the area, thereby
A Management Game Model for Contract Reforestation in the Philippines
n interactive management game It also provides for the monitoring of the model was developed for simulating financial condition of the project as well as A contract reforestation in the the periodic evaluation of performance or Philippines. The model operates within a prescribed activities based on a given cost theoretical framework which takes into and production standard. consideration the interactions between The model has the capability to capture management decisions/strategies and the uncertainties of managing relevant bio -physical factors/variables and reforestation project by simulating the events. occurrence of adverse random bio- physical events like typhoon, drought, fire The model integrates the science, art, and disease. business and uncertainties of managing contract reforestation project. It has the The model was validated using sensitivity capability to simulate the implementation analysis and simulation of a hypothetical of the various reforestation development contract reforestation project. Sensitivity activit ies by taking into consideration the analyses were done on selected flow of management events that include components such as the activity plantation establishment, maintenance, simulators, random event generators, and protection and infrastructure development. monitoring and evaluating system to determine their behaviour and interpret It allows experimentation on various their effects/impacts on the overall management decision variables that performance of the system. characterize the options available to individual project managers like site A hypothetical project was used to selections, choice and combination of demonstrate the validity and applicability species, area allocation, labor allocation of the model in simulating the contract and scheduling of activities and reforestation system. The data used was contingency measures. based on the actual data gathered and analyzed from a completed contract
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
reforestation project as well as on the DENR production and cost standards.
Results show that the 200-hectare project could be managed at 88% survival with the total expenses amounting to P 3,333,864 as compared to 85.5% survival under actual condition and expenses of P 4,044,418. The model also generated several destructive events that were
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
observe in actual condition. They include Racelis, Diomedes A. 1992. A drought, fire, and disease. A tropical Management Game Model for Contract storm was also stimulated in the actual Reforestation in the Philippines. project report. University of the Philippines at Los Baños, MS Thesis, March 1992.
Location: FRM Reading Room, CFNR, UPLB Production of “Instant Trees” I. Narra
ig branch cuttings of Narra the most roots. Shoot development and (Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Forma growth, however, were not significantly B indicus) about 10 cm in diameter enhanced by the treatments. and 2 m long were treated with 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm each of napthalene acetic Dalmacio, M.V., E.N. Crizaldo and Z.N. acid (NAA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) Genil. 1978. Production of “Instant for 24 hr. Root formation was significantly Trees” I. Narra. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. affected by hormone treatments. A Res. J. 3(1):55-62. concentration of 1000 ppm IAA produced
Vegetative Propagation by Cuttings of Yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.)
ndoleacetic acid (IAA), Naphthalene Higher concentration of the hormones acetic acid (NAA) and Indolebutyric enhanced root initiation and development. Iacid (IBA) in four levels: 0 ppm, 250 ppm, 500 ppm, and 750 ppm were tested Florido, Levi V. 1978. Vegetative on yemane cuttings. NAA induced more Propagation by Cuttings of Yemane formation of roots than IAA and IBA. (Gmelina arborea Roxb.). Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 3(2):115-122.
Eucalyptus Species Trials
he early performance of were found among provenances within provenances from the Northern species. Eucalyptus camaldulensis from T Territories, Italy, Australia, the Northern Territories and E. saligna Philippines, New South Wales, and Brazil, from Brazil gave superior survival is presented. The mean height and percentages. survival percentages between species were found not to differ; however, significant differences in percent survival
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Maun, Marcelino M. 1978. Eucalyptus Res. J. 3(3):197-200. Species Trials. Sylvatrop Philipp. For.
White Lauan (Shorea contorta) in the Open and Under Second-Growth Forest Canopy
urvival was significantly higher under Tomboc, Carlos C. and Romeo M. Basada. forest canopy but height growth and 1978. White Lauan (Shorea contorta) Sleaf development of white lauan in the Open and Under Second- were substantially greater on the open. Growth Forest Canopy. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 3(4):205-210.
Growth Performance of Acia mangium and A. auriculiformis in the National Capital Region
ixty-one temporary sample plots cm, 2.24 cm, 0.79 m and 2.00 m, were established to determine the respectively. Seffects of various site factors on the growth and yield of aure (Acacia At site index=20 m and age =10 years, auriculiformis ) and mangium (A. the total height are 24.25 m and __ m for mangium) in the National Capital Region A. mangium and A. auriculiformis, (NCR). respectively.
The average annual stump diameter, Uriarte, Monina T. 1993 Growth diameter at breast height, merchantable Performance of Acia mangium and A. height and total height growth for aure auriculiformis in the National Capital are 3.07 cm, 2.28 cm, 1.36 m and 2.15 m, Region. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. respectively. For mangium, these are 3.36 J.4(2):45-48.
Drought Resistance of Yemane (Gmelina arborea) and Kaatoan Bangkal (Anthocephalus chinensis)
ne-month old yemane and 3-month reforestation crop than bangkal especially old Kaatoan bangkal seedlings were for dry areas of the country. O subjected to 4 months of varying Glori, Antonio V., dela Cruz, Reynaldo E. soil-moisture levels: 70%, 55%, 40% and and Domingo, Ireneo L. 1978. 25%. The tests showed that yemane is Drought Resistance of Yemane more resistant to drought than bangkal. (Gmelina arborea) and Kaatoan This suggests yemane as a better Bangkal (Anthocephalus chinensis).
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 3(4):211-239.
Adaptability of Six Tree Species to Cogonal Areas: Additional Information on and Possible Role of Phenols and Sugars
leaching experiment was conducted growth in the presence of cogon. to investigate the production by Leachate analysis showed that sugar was A cogon of compounds which may be higher in pots with cogon. Phenolic harmful to plant growth. Performance of compounds in leachates coming from pots seedlings were evaluated by growth in with cogon were detected. Amino acids height and diameter, survival, and dry - and coumarins were not detected. matter production. Parameters such as sand and air temperature, light intensity, Mendoza, V.B. 1978. Adaptability of Six phenols and sugars were also determined. Tree Species to Cogonal Areas: Additional Information on and Possible Agoho (Casuarina equisetifolia Dehnh.) Role of Phenols and Sugars. Sylvatrop seedlings exhibited the fastest height Philipp. For. Res. J. 3(1):1-7.
Slow-Release Tablet Fertilizer Effects on the Growth and Survival of Outplanted Narra Seedlings
ffect of Agriform (18-8-6), a slow- growth rate on the 2nd and 3rd year after release tablet fertilizer, on growth planting, the increament was insignificant. E and survival of outplanted narra seedlings at Jalaur Reforestation Project, Briones, Jose P. 1978. Slow-Release Calinog, Iloilo, were evaluated for 3 yr. Tablet Fertilizer Effects on the Growth Agriform did not appreciably improve and Survival of Outplanted Narra survival. Fertilized and control treatments Seedlings. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. gave a relativ ely high survival rate. J. 3(1):51-54. Although fertilization increased height
Adaptability of Six Tree Species to Cogonal Areas. III. Field Experiment and Additional Information
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
field experiment was conducted to Dehnh.). Benguet Pine (Pinus kesiya Royle determine the adaptive capacity of 6 ex Gordon), Binayoyo (Antidesma A tree species to grassland conditions. Frutescents Jack), and Alibanggang Seedling height and diameter growths (Piliostigma malabaricum Roxb. Benth) in were not significantly different. However, that order. significant differences in survival among the 6 species were evident with Ipil-ipil Mendoza, V.B. and R.E. De La Cruz. 1978. [Leucaena leucocephala (L.) Merrill] Adaptability of Six Tree Species to having the highest survival rate followed Cogonal Areas. III. Field Experiment by Agoho (Casuarina equisetifolia Forst.) and Additional Information. Sylvatrop River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Philipp. For. Res. J. 3(2):95-106. Influence of Site Preparation and Maintenance on the Survival and Early Growth of Molave (Vitex parviflora Juss.) Seedlings Planted in Grasslands
he performance of molave (Vitex seedlings in Block 1 at the upper portion parviflora Juss.) seedlings planted in of the study area which were significantly T a grassland area treated with smaller. different site preparation techniques was evaluated in Baluno, Zamboanga City. Site Dichoso, Maximo O. 1993. Influence of preparation treatments applied were: Site Preparation and Maintenance on scalping, cultivation, ring brushing and the Survival and Early Growth of control. Molave (Vitex parviflora Juss.) Seedlings Planted in Grasslands. Results of the study showed that seedling Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 3(2):57- survival and height growth were not 65. affected the treatments except for
Reproductive Shortfall of Six Mangrove Species at Various Phenological Stages.
he shortfall of development at from flower (anthesis) to fruiting various phonological stages of six development. Conversely, the shortfall T selected mangrove species was between bud to flower formation showed investigated for 11 months in the Pagbilao that A. floridum has the highest budfall Mangrove Forest. The study revealed that followed by R. mucronata with 47.05% the highest shortfall, from bud to fruit and 40.7% respectively, and the least is L. development, is that of Rhizophora littorea with only 2.78%. mucronata followed by Ceriops decandra, Lumnitzera littorea, Aegiceras Palis, Honorato G. 1993. Reproductive corniculatum, A. floridum and R. apiculata Shortfall of Six Mangrove Species at with 93.84%, 83.06%, 77.96%, 76.54%, Various Phenological Stages. Sylvatrop 63.76% and 38.76%, respectively. The Philipp. For. Res. J. 4(1):81-87. same pattern, however, was observed
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Effect of Tending Operation on the Survival and Growth of Acacia (Samanea saman)
trip-brushing and ring-brushing Maun, Marcelino M. 1978. Effect of significantly increased survival and Tending Operation on the Survival and Ssignificantly improved the total Growth of Acacia (Samanea saman). height growth of acacia. The control and Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. cultivated did not differ significantly in 3(4):249-250. terms of survival.
Survival and Early Growth Response of Kaatoan Bangkal (Anthocephalus chinensis) Following the Application of Four-Levels of Commercial Fertilizer Applied at Two Selected Methods at Time of Planting
he highest percentage of survival, lowest was the control in both pit and 85 percent, was obtained in the pit dibbled methods, 4.4 meters. T method with 300 grams, followed by 150 grams with 79 percent; the lowest Maun, A. 1976. Survival and Early Growth was the dibbled method with 600 grams, Response of Kaatoan Bangkal 51 percent. Height growth was also (Anthocephalus chinensis ) Following significantly affected. The highest average the Application of Four-Levels of height growth was obtained in the pit Commercial Fertilizer Applied at Two method with 600 grams, 4.8 meters; the Selected Methods at Time of Planting. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 1:100.
Study on the Survival and Growth of Wild Yakal (Shorea sp.) and Guijo (Shorea sp.) Seedlings Transplanted in Brushland Forest
he Yakal seedlings 20 cm and below Maun, A. 1976. Study on the Survival and had the highest survival percentage, Growth of Wild Yakal (Shorea sp.) and T 40 percent. Those 81 to 100 cm tall Guijo (Shorea sp.) Seedlings had the lowest survival, 5 percent. For Transplanted in Brushland Forest. Guijo seedlings, 20 cm and below also had Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 1:100. the highest percentage of survival, 52 percent; the lowest 81 to 100 cm, 31 Location: CFNR Library, UPLB, College, percent. Laguna.
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Effects of Mulching and Fertilization on Yemane (Gmelina arborea) Seedlings Outplanted in Denuded Grassland
ulching and fertilization may not significantly, up t o 9 months after planting promote survival and growth of with that of control seedlings. M yemane seedlings outplanted in denuded grassland. Principe, E.B. 1976. Effects of Mulching and Fertilization on Yemane (Gmelina Mulches of cut grass, ricehull, sawdust, arborea) Seedlings Outplanted in clear plastic and black plastic were used Denuded Grassland. Sylvatrop Philipp. with 14-14-14 fertilizer. Except grass, the For. Res. J. 1:101. mulches had adverse effects on survival and growth. With the grass mulch, Location: CFNR Library, UPLB, College, seedling performance did not differ Laguna.
Effects of Stump-Planting and Fertilization on Growth and Survival of Narra (Pterocarpus vidalianus Rolfe)
urvival percentage was highly and the fertilized with 2.9 meters, which significantly affected. Stump-planted was the lowest. SNarra obtained the highest percentage of survival with 77 percent. Maun, M. 1980. Effects of Stump-Planting Control had 72 percent, the lowest being and Fertilization on Growth and the fertilized, 47 percent. Height growth Survival of Narra (Pterocarpus was similarly affected. Stump-planted vidalianus Rolfe). Sylvatrop Philipp. Narra had the highest height growth with For. Res. J. 5(1):67-72. 3.8 meters, the control with 3.4 meters,
Effect of Agriform Slow-Re lease Tablet Fertilizer on the Growth and Survival of Outplanted Narra Seedlings
nitial finding is that there is no marked Tandug, E. and J. Briones. 1976. Effect of difference in the growth of fertilized Agriform Slow-Release Tablet Fertilizer Iand unfertilized seedlings under field on the Growth and Survival of conditions. Outplanted Narra Seedlings. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 1:101.
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Protection of Forestry Transplants During Transport and Storage Using Mobilcer-C Solution
reliminary data indicated generally and height growth of E. camaldulensis did lower survival for outplanted Pinus not differ significantly with control. Pkesiya seedlings with an average of 53.5 percent compared to Eucalyptus Boado, L. 1976. Protection of Forestry camaldulensis with 81 percent. Control Transplants During Transport and was found to be superior to any of the Storage Usin g Mobilcer-C Solution. Mobilcer-C treatments in both survival and Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 1:102. height for P. kesiya seedlings. Survival
Agriform Slow-Release Tablet Fertilizer Effects on the Growth and Survival of Benguet Pine (Pinus kesiya), Yemane (Gmelina arborea), and Kalantas (Toona calantas) Seedlings
griform slow-release tablet fertilizer Agpaoa, Alfredo C. and Rogelio A. Zamora. significantly increased the survival 1976. Agriform Slow-Release Tablet A percentage as well as height and Fertilizer Effects on the Growth and diameter increment of Yemane seedlings. Survival of Benguet Pine (Pinus However, the fertilizer did not have much kesiya), Yemane (Gmelina arborea), effect on benguet Pine and Kalantas and Kalantas (Toona calantas) seedlings. Seedlings. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 1:135-137.
Fertilization of Yemane (Gmelina arborea) in Carranglan, Nueva Ecija
ifty kg per hectare of commercial 14- were obtained. Seedling diameter 14-14 fertilizer applied one month increased by 109 percent and height, 80 Fafter planting, and another 50 kg a percent. Increasing the rate to 150 kg per year after, did not improve the diameter ha did not produce significant beneficial and height growths of the seedlings. At effects compared with the application of 100 kg per ha, significant improvements 100 kg per ha. Slight increase by 3 to 4 in diameter, height growth, and survival percent in survival was observed among
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
the fertilized seedlings, whose survival Mendoza, Valerio B. and Antonio V. Glori. was 99 to 100 percent as compared to 96 1976. Fertilization of Yemane percent of the unfertilized ones. (Gmelina arborea ) in Carranglan, Nueva Ecija. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 1:138-7-141.
Mulching and Fertilization of Outplanted Yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) Seedlings
ulches of cut grass, rice hull, outplanting and better soil aeration, sawdust, clear plastic and black although reduction in field survival for all M plastic were used with 14-14-14 treatments occurred during the first fertilizer. Results showed that height month after outplanting. Similarly, 14-14- growth of outplanted seedlings was not 14 fertilizer application by broadcast enhanced by the mulch treatments. method at 20 grams per plant did not Except grass, the mulches had adverse significantly affect field survival and effects on survival and growth. With the growth of mulched seedlings. grass mulch, seedling performance did not differ significantly with that of the control Principe, Eduardo B. 1976. Mulching and seedlings up to 9 months after planting. Fertilization of Outplanted Yemane Better field survival was attributed to the (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) Seedlings. grass mulch owing to the very high soil Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. moisture for the first 6 months after 1(3):223-236. Survival and growth of Acacia mangium Willd. and Acacia auriculiformis A. cunn. ex. benth. in water-logged site
he survival and growth performance digging and planting significantly of Acacia mangium and Acacia increased the diameter growth attained by T auriculiformis planted in water- both species. logged site was assessed after three and a half years from establishment period. Vertudes, Juan P. and Dr. Antonio C. Results showed that Acacia auriculiformis Manila. 1993. Survival and growth of attained significantly higher survival Acacia mangium Willd. and Acacia percentage, total height and diameter auriculiformis A. cunn. ex. benth. in responses than Acacia manguim. The water-logged site. The Philippine preparation of manuals prior to hole Lumberman January, pp. 8-12.
Root Production of Rauwolfia serpentina Using Different Soil Media
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
he study was conducted at Los medium yielded the lowest (3.10 grams). Banos from October 1972 to June Roots in all treatments had diameters T 1976. Field survival of plants in all ranging from 1.2 to 3.7 cm and lengths treatments was about 95 percent. Highest raging from 23 to 42 cm. In terms of survival (100 percent) was obtaind with green , air -dry and oven dry weight of the humus medium. The sawdust, humus roots in all treatments was 59.90 grams. plus sawdust (1:1) , sawdust plust sand Analysis of variance for the green, air-dry (1:1), and humus plussawdust plus sand and oven-dry weights showed no (1:1:1) media gave 95 percent survival. significant differences among treatment Sandy soil gave the lowest (87 percent). means. No significant differences among treatment means were noted. Generalao, Maximino L. 1977. Root Production of Rauwolfia serpentina Humus gave the highest root yield ( an Using Different Soil Media. Sylvatrop average of 4.30 grams) while the sand Philipp. For. Res. J. 2(1):45-48.
Hastening the Germination of Lumbang [Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.] Seeds
re-sowing treatments using sulfuric, hydrochloric and nitric acids did not Eakle, T.W. and A.S. Garcia. 1977. Phasten germination of lumbang Hastening the Germination of seeds. Neither did the methods of Lumbang [Aleurites moluccana (L.) cracking or hot water soaking. Willd.] Seeds. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 2(4):291-295. The use of chemicals may be impractical because they are expensive, require careful handling and technical skill.
Adaptability of Six Tree Species to Cogonal Areas. I. Box Experiment
nvestigations into the adaptability of seedlings of ipil-ipil [Leucaena This paper reports about the box Ileucocephala (L.) Merrill], Agoho experiment which dealt with the growth (Casuarina equisetifolia Forst). River and development of 6 tree species in the red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis presence or absence of cogon. Dhenh.), Benguet Pine (Pinus kesiya Royle Ex. Gordon), Binayoyo Performance of the seedlings in all (Antidesma frutescens Jack.), and experiments was evaluated by growth in Alibangbang [Piliostigma malabaricum height, diameter, dry matter production (Roxb.) Benth] to a grassland and survival. Parameters such as microbial ecosystem were conducted. Three populations, soil and air temperature, light experiments were set-up: a box intensity, pH and tissue analysis were experiment, a leaching experiment, and a determined. field experiment.
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Height and diameter growth of seedlings grown in boxes, in the absence of cogon, Mendoza, V.B. 1977. Adaptability of Six were generally greater than the height Tree Species to Cogonal Areas. I. Box and diameter growth of seedlings grown Experiment. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. in the presence of cogon. There were no Res. J. 2(4):225-234. significant differences in survival among the seedlings raised.
Survival and Growth of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) Seedlings Under Fertilized Grassland Condition
urvival and growth responses of 1-yr attained by the seedlings in the control. old mahogany seedlings outplanted Rates of N greater than 1.8 g/tree in Sunder grassland condition (in Puting combination with K only had a depressing Lupa, Calamba, Laguna) to 3 levels of N effect on growth and nutrient uptake. (1.8g, 3.6g, and 5.4g). 2 levels of P (0 and 2.4 g), and a fixed level of K (3.6g) Regression analysis showed a quadratic were analyzed 6 mo after fertilizer response of height, diameter, and dry application. The possible effects of some weight, with increasing levels of N when soil properties and climatic factors on combined with P and K. growth were assessed. Best height and diameter growth and Survival and nutrient concentration were nutrient uptake were attained with N2PK not significantly affected by fertilizer fertilizer treatment. treatments. The application on N2 PK (3.6 - 2.4-3.6g N-P2O5-K2O/tree) significantly Yao, Calixto E. 1981. Survival and Growth increased height, diameter, dry weight of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla and nutrient uptake by 196, 211, 258, and King) Seedlings Under Fertilized 192%, respectively. Treatment N1K Grassland Condition. Sylvatrop Philipp. increased growth but not to a point which For. Res. J. 6(4):203-217. was significantly higher than the growth
Fertilization of Pinus caribaea, P. elliottii, and P. oocarpa Nursery Seedlings
mong the tested inorganic fertilizers, desirable for transplanting. Survival was phosphorus at two times application not significantly affected by fertilization. A (0.5 gm/seedling) to Pinus caribaea seedlings and one time to Pinus elliottii Cadiz, Rafael T. and Remilio C. Atabay. and P. oocarpa, produced significant and 1979. Fertilization of Pinus caribaea, P. superior responses in great terms of elliottii, and P. oocarpa Nursery height growth increment. It produced Seedlings. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. vigorous planting stock that is most J. 4(2):81-85.
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Height Growth and Survival of Benguet Pine (Pinus insularis Endl.) Grown in Variuos Potting Media
eedlings grown in sphagnum moss topsoil-sawdust-moss combination. were taller and more vigorous (18 Significant differences in growth were Scm tall and 89% survival) than those observed. Rates of survival in all the grown in the other media. The 1:1 topsoil- media tested were very satisfactory but moss mixture and ordinary topsoil no significant differences among the produced a fairly tall and vigorous treatments were noted. seedlings, followed by intermediate growth from the 1:1 topsoil-sawdust and Orallo, Cesar A. 1979. Height Growth and the mixture of 1:1 topsoil-sawdust, Survival of Benguet Pine (Pinus decomposed sawdust and the mixture of insularis Endl.) Grown in Variuos 1:1 sawdust and moss potting media. The Potting Media. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. poorest seedling growth was in the Res. J. 4(2):93-96.
Survival and Growth of Akle [Albizzia acle (Blanco) Kosterm] and Supa (Sindora supa Merr.) in Various Potting Media
kle and supa seedlings were potted OGS and its mixture with sand (2:1) was in 17.78 cm x 20.32 cm found to be the most suitable medium. A polyethylene bags of 10 different soil media. Seven months after potting, Lasmarias, Victoria T. 1979. Survival and ordinary garden soil (OGS) and sand Growth of Akle [Albizzia acle (Blanco) humus mixture (1:1) appeared to be the Kosterm] and Supa (Sindora supa most satisfactory potting media for supa Merr.) in Various Potting Media. seedlings. On the other hand, for akle, Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 4(3):161-166.
Growth and Survival of Malayakal and Guijo Wildlings Transplanted in Brushland Forest
alayakal [Shorea seminis (de Vr.) v. cm and 81-100 cm were planted bare root Sloot] and guijo [Shorea guiso under brushland forest in Magat M (Blco.) Blume] wildlings with Experimental Forest Lot B in Diadi, Nueva height classes 0-20 cm, 21-40 cm, 61-80 Viscaya. Height class of planting materials
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
suitable for malayakal was 0-20 cm and Maun, Marcelino M. 1979. Growth and 41-60 cm for guijo. The period of wilting Survival of Malayakal and Guijo and the average number of days of Wildlings Transplanted in Brushland recovery of the transplants increased Forest. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. directly with the height class. 4(3):179-182.
Juvenile Growth Response of Benguet Pine (Pinus kesiya, Royle ex Gordon) Seedlings of Various Provenances.
our most vigorous seedlings in each provenance. Likewis e, significant five (5) plus trees per collection differences were noted on families within Fzones were selected for outplanting. provenance. The statistical differences At the time of planting, all seedlings were noted in each parameters were described as being sturdy, stocky with interpreted as an expression of genetic well developed stem and root systems. variation variability since environmental The seedlings were obtained from a effect or pressure as well as the altitude collection of five trees in 13 provenances of seed source indicated non-correlation distributed throughout its natural range in with the parameters studied. Luzon. The outplanting consisted of a randomized complete block design, with Provenances from the Central Cordillera, each family having an individual four- Baguio and Kayapa, including that of seedling linear plot. Carranglan and Malibcong provenances, were found to be superior in terms of Data were taken on diameter, height and height growth over the rest of the environmental parameters. Results were provenances. In terms of diameter growth analyzed using analysis of variance. In the however, no significant differences were analysis, sources of variations were sub- observed among provenances although divided according to random effects the extreme or outlier provenances from observed owing to provenance, the Zambales, Piddig and Carranglan factors of interaction between provenance outperformed the other provenances from and replications and families with Central Cordillera. provenance. Computations were also made on the correlation coefficient for Orallo, Cesar A. 1980. Juvenile Growth measured traits. Response of Benguet Pine (Pinus kesiya, Royle ex Gordon) Seedlings of Most of the quantitative characters Various Provenances. University of the studied, except for diameter showed Philippines at Los Baños, MS Thesis, significant differences associated with 1980.
The Effects of Some Transpiration-Reducing Compounds on the Water Relations, Growth and Survival of Kaatoan Bangkal (Anthocephalus chinensis. Lank. Rich. Ex. Walp) and Yemane (Gmelina arborea, Roxb.) Seedlings
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
he water relation responses of photosynthesis, harmfully affecting the Kaatoan bangkal and Yemane plant’s water balance. Both species seedlings over a period of 72 hours experienced leaf abscission, its occurrence T nd were studied under two varying conditions noted in –2 bars at 72 hour, -4 bars at effecting plant stress, first is normal 24th hour and –6 bars at the 4th hour. atmospheric stress and second, the combined effects of atmospheric and root Antitranspirant applications to water stress. The possibility of alleviating plant stressed kaatoan bangkal rendered short- water stress under these conditions was term improvements in leaf water content further explored by observing the water by delaying leaf abscission. Among the relations, growth and survival of kaatoan antitranspirants, PMA 10-4 M was highest bangkal and yemane under 3 types of in effecting transpiration reductions in antitranspirants: abscisic acid, kaatoan bangkal. phenylmercuric acetate and silicone under 10-4 M, 10-5 M and 10-6 M concentrations. The addition of ABA leaf sprays caused disruptions in endogenous levels of plant Under conditions of unlimited water hormone within the plants, PMA directly supply but high atmospheric stress, inhibited photosynthesis through CO2 Kaatoan bangkal and yemane initially uptake disruption while silicone coating transpired at their evapotransition reduced CO2 permeability to the stomata. potential rate. Transpiration rate eventually declined significantly through Water relations of yemane are time as a result of the decrease in insignificantly affected by water stress stomatal aperture and the physical effects applied and time. At this point, the use of on evaporation by the constant irradiance ABA, PMA and silicone antitranspirants to applied. A correspondingly low internal yemane and kaatoan bangkal is not diffusion resistance prevented leaf advisable due to their detrimental effects temperature increase. Prolonged on photosynthesis, leaf temperature and atmospheric stress caused stomatal plant water balance. aperture and transpiration reductions which resulted to wilting of leaves by the Castillo, Evangeline Tamolang. 1981. The 72nd hour. Water balance was however Effects of Some Transpiration- maintained. Reducing Compounds on the Water Relations, Growth and Survival of Water stress increased leaf water deficits Kaatoan Bangkal (Anthocephalus in the order of-2,-4,-6 bars respectively. chinensis. Lank. Rich. Ex. Walp) and Stomatal aperture and transpiration Yemane (Gm elina arborea, Roxb.) reduction may have increased the plant’s Seedlings. University of the Philippines abscisic acid levels reducing significantly at Los Baños, MS Thesis, April 1981.
Plantation
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Effects of Mulching and Fertilization on Yemane Seedlings Outplanted in a Denuded Grassland
ive mulch materials with and without a low pH, high silica content, and low fertilizer were tested and evaluated degree of aeration which probably Fto determine their effects on the inhibited microbiological activities that survival and growth of outplanted yemane otherwise would detoxify or degrade (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) seedlings. The allelophatic chemicals from cogon roots in effects on soil temperature and moisture, the soil. on growth of competing weeds and the relation of these factors to the growth of Fertilization did not affect growth and yemane seedlings were also studied. The survival of mulched yemane seedlings. study was conducted as a split -plot This may be partly due to its shoot growth experiment in a randomized complete dormancy during the study and the block design with fertilizer treatments in amount of fertilizer may not have been the subplots. The site was part of enough. abandoned kaingins predominantly covered with cogon grass, situated at the The seedling survival of yemane due to Batangas side of the Makiling Forest. mulching with grass was apparently more than enough to compensate for the The height growth of outplanted yemane additional cost of mulching. Fertilization in seedlings was not affected by the mulch the amount used in this study was found treatments. as an additional cost due to insignificant effect on both growth and survival of The survival of outplanted yemane yemane seedlings. It was thought, seedlings under grass mulch was better however, that a response could have been than all other mulch materials. This was obtained if the amount of fertilizer applied attributed to a very high soil moisture was at a higher rate. under the grass mulch during the first six weeks after planting and relatively Evaluation of mulching with fertilization favorable aeration over the soil surface. and site preparation treatments in the other field condition is recommended. Clear plastic, black plastic, rice hull, and Economic acceptance was suggested as sawdust mulches adversely affected an additional criterion for these cultural survival of the plastic mulches, low techniques. survival may be attributed to the very high midday soil temperature underneath Principe, Eduardo Balot. 1970. Effects of which probably inhibited root growth and Mulching and Fertilization on Yemane caused respiration to exceed the plant’s Seedlings Outplanted in a Denuded photosynthetic rates. For rice hull and Grassland. University of the Philippines sawdust, low survival may be attributed to at Los Baños, MS Thesis, March 1970.
Plantation
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Germination of Benguet Pine Seeds Gathered from Different Crown Exposure
enguet Pine (Pinus kesiya Royle ex percentage. Exposure apparently has a Gordon) cones were collected from significant effect on the germinative B the north, south, east, and west capacity and germination value of exposures on the upper crown. Seeds Benguet Pine seeds. extracted from these cones were sown in seedboxes to determine differences in Peñafiel, S.R. and B.F. Noble. 1978. germination values and total germination Germination of Benguet Oine Seeds percentage. Seedlots gathered from the Gathered from Different Crown north exposure had the highest Exposure. . Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. germination value and total germination J. 3(1):37-40.
Direct Seeding of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale Linnaeus)
epth of sowing affected The interaction between depth of sowing germination of directly seeded and site preparation significantly affected D cashew in the cogonal areas of height growth of seedlings. One- Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija, Central Luzon. centimeter depth of sowing (control) Seeds sown at 1-cm depth had the effected the highrest height growth rate. highest germination rate, fallowed by Seed spots from which grasses were cut those at 5-cm, and 10-cm depths. These almost level to the ground 2 days before effects were evident 6 mo after sowing. seeding was next, and followed by the Seedlings sprouting from 5-cm depth had seed spots from which grasses were cut the highest survival, followed by those and 1-inch thick surface soil was scraped. from 1-cm and 10-cm depths. Cadiz, Rafael T and Marcelino V. Dalmacio. Site preparation, however, did not affect 1978. Direct Seeding of Cashew germination and survival rates. Failure of (Anacardium occidentale Linnaeus). some seeds to germinate and of some Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 3(1):41- seedlings to survive was mainly due to 45. rodent attack and drought.
Seed Treatments of Pinus kesiya for germination
one of the treatments (soaking in In fact, soaking the seeds in acid for 15 to sulfuric acid, in cold and hot water) 20 min showed adverse effects. N improved germination performance. Agpaoa, Alfredo and Erlinda Pulmano. 1978. Seed Treatments of Pinus
Plantation
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
kesiya for germination. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 3(4):241-242.
Germination of Benguet Pine Seeds at Various Intervals of Watering
ost satisfactory germination values Costales, Adelaida B. and V.P. Veracion. were attained with everyday 1978. Germination of Benguet Pine M watering of Benguet pine (Pinus Seeds at Various Intervals of kesiya). However, the 2-day watering Watering. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. interval is preferred because germination J. 3(4):243-245. time is much shorter.
The Modern Seed-Fertilizer Technology Adoption of Labor- Saving Technologies: The Philippine Case
hile intervillage differences in MV however, is found to be associated with adoption are explained mainly by MV adoption. W environmental variables, rather than by socioeconomic factors, relative David, Cristina C. and Otsuka Keijiro. 1990. factor prices are the most important The Modern Seed -Fertilizer determinants of adoption of labor-saving Technology Adopt ion of Labor-Saving technologies. There is no indication that Technologies: The Philippine Case. MVs directly induced adoption of tractors IRRI Social Science Division Papers No. and threshers as well as cropping 89-15, August, 23 pages. intensities. Adoption of direct seeding,
Effect of Frequency and Length Exposure to Room Condition on the Germinative Capacity of Cold -Stored Bagras (Eucalyptus deglupta Blume) Seeds
old -stored bagras seeds were the seed handling practices in PICOP subjected to three exposure caused the sig nificant loss in the viability C frequencies (1x2/days; 1x/day; and of cold -stored bagras seeds. Measures to 2x/day) at four exposure times (2, 4, 6, minimize viability loss are recommended. and 8 minutes) under room condition for one month. Ramilo, Virgilio C. 1992. Effect of Frequency and Length Exposure to Regardless of frequency, exposure of Room Condition on the Germinative cold-stored bagras seeds to room Capacity of Cold -Stored Bagras condition significantly reduced germinative (Eucalyptus deglupta Blume) Seeds. capacity. Significant reduction occurred Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 2(1):73- when the seeds were exposed twice a day 80. for over two minutes. Results indicate that
Plantation
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Seed Identification of Major Weeds in Plantations of Fast-Growing Tree Species in Mt. Makiling, Luzon, Philippines
he morphological characters of the recognition. A seed key for species seeds of 35 taxa (33 species and identification is presented. Seed T two varieties) under 34 genera and descriptions are likewise provided. 16 families of the major weeds in plantations of fast-growing tree species in Escobin, Ramiro P. and Justo P. Rojo. Mt. Makiling, Luzon, Philippines were 1993. Seed Identification of Major studied. The results of the observations Weeds in Plantations of Fast-Growing on the external characters of the weeds of Tree Species in Mt. Makiling, Luzon, taxa were used to describe morphological Philippines. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. features found useful for species J. 3(1):21-40.
Seed Dessication and Storage Studies of Some Dipterocarp Tree Species in the Philippines
ffect of drying, storage and fungicide at 26ºC from 75.48 to 63.03% after four application on moisture content MC days of drying. The critical MC for the E and viability of five dipterocarp species falls at 44%. species: Parashorea malaanonan, Hopea foxworthyii, Anisoptera aurea, Shorea H. foxworthyii seeds dried faster at 29ºC squamata and Dipterocarpus grandiflorus, than at 26ºC. Drying the seeds at 26ºC were studied. for seven days still produced 87% germination. The critical MC falls at 38%. Immature and mature seedlots of P. malaanonan dried faster at 29ºC and Dayan, Maria P. and Rosalinda S. Reaviles. 15ºC that at 26ºC. Germinationo of 1993. Seed Dessication and Storage matured seedlot was reduced significantly Studies of Some Dipterocarp Tree at 29ºC from 75.48 to 57.69%, and 75.48 Species in the Philippines.Sylvatrop to 39.86% at 15ºC. Insignificant change Philipp. For. Res. J. 4(1):51-63. in germination percentage was observed
Pre-Germination Treatment of Seeds of Four Pioneer Tree Species
Plantation
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
he effect of pre-germination is, tibig and anabiong, without pre- treatment on seeds of four pioneer germination treatment had better T tree species was investigated. The germination than when treated. Soaking species were: (1) tibig (Ficus nota haulii seeds in tap water overnight Blanco); (2) is-is (Ficus ulmifolia Lam.); improved its germination whilr tibig seeds (3) haulii (Ficus haulii); and (4) anabiong immersed in diluted sulfuric acid (1% of (Trema orientalis Linn. Blume). Haulii 36 N) for one minute accelerated its seeds soaked in tap water overnight had germination. the highest germination percentage, germination energy and germination value. Lucero, Gabriel V. 1993. Pre-Germination Immersing the seeds of all the above tree Treatment of Seeds of Four Pioneer species in boiling water for one minute Tree Species. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. gave the poorest results. The seeds of is- Res. J. 4(1):89-98.
Germination Test Standards for Acacia mangium
tandardization of germination test Untreated seeds had 5.3-28% germination. procedures for Acacia mangium was Seeds exposed to light (16 hours Sconducted using seven seedlots of photoperiod) and total darkness had no the species namely: four from the Asean - significant effect on germination Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre, two percentage of all seedlots tested. from Indonesia, and one from the Concentrated sulfuric acid broke seedcoat Philippines. dormancy but cause abnormality to some seedlings. The age of the seedlots and Four pretreatment methods and two light temperature conditions where the seeds conditions were tested. Soaking seeds in were stored also affected the viability of boiling water until the water turns cold for the seedlots. 24 hours increased seed germination percentage from 54 to 87% compared to Dayan, Maria P. and Rosalinda S. Reaviles. 43-76% germination of seeds placed in 1993. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. boiling water for only 3-4 minutes and 4(2):1-6. soaking in tap water for 24 hours.
Pre-germination Treatments of Bagalunga Seeds (Melia dubia Cav.)
he appropriate pregermination extraction of seeds or complete removal treatments to hasten or improve the of endocarp. T germination performance of bagalunga (Melia dubia Cav.) seeds were Soaking fruits at varying length of time, determined. The treatments were ovendry ing at different time intervals and ovendrying at 50ºC at varying time hot water treatment did not give high interval, hot water treatment, soaking in seed germination compared to the control. tap water, cracking of fruits and/or
Plantation
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Extracted seeds gave the highest percent germination which is comparable to that Nasayao, Edilberto E., Loida Z. Nasayao cracked fruits. Both treatments showed and Edilberto V. Ulep. 1993. Pre- significantly shorter days from sowing of germination Treatments of Bagalunga shoot emergence. Sowing the whole fruits Seeds (Melia dubia Cav.). Sylvatrop gave very low percent germination and Philipp. For. Res. J. 4(2):29-39 very much delayed shoot emergence.
Germination of Bagras (Eucalyptus deglupta) Using Different Soil Media
hite sand gave the highest loam garden soil, kimpack paper, fresh germination percentage, sawdust and white sand . Capillary W although this was not watering is the principle involved in significantly different from the other Copenhagen tanks. treatments. These results suggest that any of the media tested may be used to De Leon-Boado, Eufresina. 1976. germinate Bagras without affecting Germination of Bagras (Eucalyptus germination, provided that capillary deglupta) Using Different Soil Media. watering is resorted to. The maedia used Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 1:34-37. were: chopped sphagnum moss, sandy
Preliminary Results of Germination of Mindoro Pine (Pinus merkusii Jungh and de Vriese) Seeds extracted from Green-Brown Cones Collected at Different Times
ne collection in May and another in Boado, E.L. 1976. Preliminary Results of June gave significantly higher Germination of Mindoro Pine (Pinus O germination percentages than the merkusii Jungh and de Vriese) Seeds other collections. extracted from Green -Brown Cones Collected at Different Times. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 1:102.
Direct-Seeding of Pinus kesiya (Royle ex. Gordon) as Affected by Time of Seeding, Site Preparation and Seed Coating
enguet Pine seeds were sown on unprepared, cleared of vegetation by June 27, July 27 and August 27 on scalping, or cultivated. B seedpots that were either
Plantation
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Germination was very poor, averaging Survival of seedlings was 37 percent while only 4.2 percent. Sowing on June 27 and the mean height of the more vigorous August 27 was superior to July 27 sowing seedlings was 18.5 cm. Mortality was while significantly more DDT coated seeds mainly caused by cutting (most likely by germinated than control. Seeds losses due insects), drought, and later, competition. to rodent activity could easily account for 90 percent. No significant effect of Dalmacio, Marcelino V. and Florendo seedspot preparation on germination was Barangan. 1976. Direct-Seeding of observed. This may be because seeds Pinus kesiya (Royle ex. Gordon) as were put in contact with soil regardless of Affected by Time of Seeding, Site site preparation. Preparation and Seed Coating. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 1(3):215-222.
Germination of White Lauan (Shorea contorta Vidal) Seeds Collected at Different Times During Seedfall
hite lauan seeds were collected the seedfall. The GC, however, was not during the first, second and thir d affected by the treatments. W week of the seedfall period. These seeds were sown in a germination Basada, Romeo M. and Divina Gracia I. bed to assess germinative capacity (GC) Peregrino. 1980. Germination of White and germination value (GV). The GV Lauan (Shorea contorta Vidal) Seeds during the first week was significantly Collected at Different Times During greater than the second and third week of Seedfall. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 5(1):55-60.
Effect of Pericarp Removal on the Germination of Molave (Vitex parviflora Juss.) Seeds.
emoval of the pericarp of molave and practical way to germinate molave drupes prior to sowing could hasten seeds; they ensure seedling uniformity. R and improve their germination. The germination of intact green ones and the Garcia, Mercedes U. 1980. Effect of fruits devoid of pericarp could further be Pericarp Removal on the Germination enhanced by keeping them sealed in a of Molave (Vitex parviflora Juss.) polyethylene bag for 12 hr. The above Seeds. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. treatments point to a useful, economical 5(1):61-66).
Germination Study of Selected Mangrove Species
Plantation
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
he germin ation of 9 selected energy period (GEP) of each species were mangrove tree species was studied determined. The mangrove species T in the Mangrove Research Center differed in their germination period. Experimental Nursery of the Forest Research Institute (FORI-MRC) at Melana, Dioscoro M., Emma E. Melana, Nahalinan, Palsabangon, Pagbilao, Quezon and Cesar A. Arroyo. 1980. for 6 months. The percent germinative Germination Study of Selected energy period (%GE), percent germinative Mangrove Species. Sylvatrop Philipp. capacity (%GC) and the germinative For. Res. J. 5(3):207-211.
Survival of Seeds and Cuttings of Yemane (Gmelina arborea) Under Different Slope Exposures
here was no significant difference in seeds started germinating 15 days after the rate of survival of cuttings sowing. T planted and seeds directly sown under 4 slope exposures. The average Florido, L.V. and M.P. Lim Suan. 1977. rate of survival was 20.8 percent for Survival of Seeds and Cuttings of cuttings and 18.2 percent for seeds. Yemane (Gmelina arborea) Under Cuttings rooted 2 or 3 days after planting; Different Slope Exposures. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 2(1):55-58.
Germination of Leucaena leucocephala Seeds Under Varying Temperatures and Length of Soaking in Water
eeds soaked in water with an initial Racelis, Eloida A. and Angel P. Bagaloyos. temperature of 80 C for 1 min 1977. Germination of Leucaena Sshowed a significantly high leucocephala Seeds Under Varying germination of 90.33 percent. The rest of Temperatures and Length of Soaking the treatments resulted in very low in Water. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. germination. A day after sowing, some 2(1):65-66. seeds were attacked by fungi of the genera Fusarium and Aspergillus.
Plantation
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Depth and Position of Sowing Large-Leaf Mahogany Seeds
he 3-cm depth and downward downward position. Statistical tests, position gave the earliest time of however, showed no significant T germination. However, the shortest differences among treatment means. germination period was found at this depth but in upward posit ion, while the Mondala, Conceptcion A. 1977. Depth and highest percentage germination was Position of Sowing Large-Leaf found in the 3-cm depth and flat position. Mahogany Seeds. Sylvatrop Philipp. Peak germinative energy and growth rate For. Res. J. 2(2):131-137. were observed in the 6-cm depth and
Effects of Pre-Treatment Media on the Germination of Palasan (Calamus maximus) and Limuran (C. ornatus Blanco) Seeds at Pagbilao, Quezon
his study was the first attempt to Stratification of sawdust for 12 days as determine what germination seed pre-treatment gave the highest T medium with a corresponding pre- germination (27.48%). Six other pre- treatment method may enhance the treatment methods were deletrious and optimum germination percentage of rattan gave germination percentage significantly seeds. lower than the control.
There was a significant difference among Generalao, Maximino L. 1977. Effects of methods of seed pre-treatment but none Pre-Treatment Media on the among germination media. There was no Germination of Palasan (Calamus interaction between pre-treatment and maximus) and Limuran (C. ornatus germination media. Blanco) Seeds at Pagbilao, Quezon. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 2(3):215-218.
A Quick, Simple Method of Improving the Germination of Stored Akleng-Parang [Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.] Seeds
SIMPLE, QUICK and reliable water overnight increased the germination method of treating stored akleng- of seeds two -fold compared to those with A parang [Albizia procera (Roxb.) no pre-germination treatment or with Benth] seeds before sowing to improve sulfuric -acid treatment. Air-dried akleng- their germination was studied. Soaking parang seeds, sealed in plastic bags and the seeds for 5 sec in boiling water stored in the refrig erator from 4 to 5 mo, (100°C), immediately removing them from did not substantially lose their viability. direct heat, and then soaking them in tap
Plantation
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Halos, Saturnina C. and Virgilio I. Fabian, Akleng-Parang [Albizia procera (Roxb.) Jr. 1981. A Quick, Simple Method of Benth.] Seeds. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Improving the Germination of Stored Res. J. 6(2):85-90.
Seed Viability and Seedling-Height Growth as Affected by Tapping Benguet Pine (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon) Trees
he germinative capacities of seeds, tapped on not more than 2 faces and the and growth performances of their tapping duration is not more than 3-yr. T seedlings, obtain ed from 1-yr and 4 - mo old, 1-face tapped trees, 2-yr and 10- Noble, Bartolome F. 1981. Seed Viability mo old, 2-face tapped trees, and and Seedling-Height Growth as untapped trees did not significantly differ Affected by Tapping Benguet Pine from one another. Viable seeds could (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon) Trees. therefore be collected from tapped Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. superior seed trees provided each is 6(4):219-223.
Effect of Seed Size on germination, Seedling Survival and Height Growth of White Lauan (Shorea contorta Vidal)
mall seeds had the highest mean seedlings and seedling height growth 60 germination value (84.50) but not days after sowing. Ssignificantly different as compared with medium and big seeds. Total Basada, Romeo M. 1979. Effect of Seed germination rate was highest in big seeds Size on germination, Seedling Survival (87.3) and is significantly different from and Height Growth of White Lauan medium and small seeds. Seed size has (Shorea contorta Vidal). Sylvatrop also a significant effect on the survival of Philipp. For. Res. J. 4(2):77-80.
Germination, Survival and Growth of Limuran (Calamus ornatus Becc.)
rovenance did not significantly affect germinated the earliest (68.20 days), had the germination, seedling survival the highest rate of germination (37.63%), Pand height growth of limuran. Seeds and the seedlings gave the highest from any of the provenancrs used can survival rate (98.48%) and the height adapt to Pagb ilao. Quezon conditions. growth (42.28 cm). Seeds collected from However, seeds from Infanta, Quezon Daet, Camarines Norte germinated the
Plantation
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
latest (85.14 days), had the lowest Mendoza, Marietta P. and Maximino L. germination rate (29.38%) and the Generalao. 1979. Germination, seedlings gave a survival rate of 97.99% Survival and Growth of Limuran and height growth of 33.82 cm. (Calamus ornatus Becc.). Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. 4(2):87-91.
Peak Cone Ripening and Seed Production of Mindoro Pine (Pinus merkusii Jung & de Vr.)
ollection months and maturity have higher rates of germination than those no significant effect on the number collected in April and July. Generally, as C of collected cones and on the storage period was prolonged, rate of number of extracted seeds. After oven germination declined. drying, collection months showed highly significant differences in the number of Rimando, Elpidio F. 1979. Peak Cone cones under three classifications (opened, Ripening and Seed Production of partly opened and closed cones). Opened Mindoro Pine (Pinus merkusii Jung & cones were most abundant during May. de Vr.). Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. Seeds extracted from brown cones 4(2):97-101. exhibited higher germination than those extracted from green brown cones. Seeds Location: CFNR Library, UPLB collected during May and June gave
Influence of Storage Condition on Longevity of Tanguile [Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merrill] Seeds
our conditions and three durations storage duration did not significantly were tested in the storage of affect the stored tanguile seeds. Ftanguile seeds. Storage conditions did not significantly Peregrino, Divinagracia I. 1979. Influence affect the germination, survival rates and of Storage Condition on Longevity of height growth of tanguile seeds. Durations Tanguile [Shorea polysperma (Blanco) significantly affected the germination, Merrill] Seeds. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. survival rates, and height growth of Res. J. 4(3):147-150. tanguile seeds. Sowing of seeds 1 to 10 days after collection showed no promise. Location: CFNR Library, UPLB Interaction between storage condition and
Seed-Borne Organisms in Some Forest Tree Seeds in the Philippines:
Plantation
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
A Preliminary Survey
eeds of the 16 forest tree species Botryodiplodia theobromae on large-leaf were tested for seed health using the mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) seeds Sblotter method. The seed-borne were remarkably high. Their occurrence in organisms recorded in the seed samples seeds is influenced by the seed source. constituted the first list of seed-borne organisms on forest tree seed in the Agmata, Antonia L. 1979. Seed-Borne Philippines. Organisms in Some Forest Tree Seeds in the Philippines: A Preliminary Infection of Cephalosporium sp. on Survey. Sylvatrop Philipp. For. Res. J. Mindoro pine (Pinus merkusil), Fusarium 4(4):215-222. solani on the malapapaya (Polyscias nodosa), Phomopsis sp. on Narra Location: CFNR Library, UPLB (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) and
Treatments to Hasten Germination of Teak Seeds
study on hastening teak (Tectona water, 100°C continuous temperature for grandis, Linn.) seed germination 30, 60 and 120 seconds also gave the A employing hot water at boiling same effect. temperature and diluted 2.5 percent sulfuric acid was made in the greenhouse Soaking the seeds in 2.5 percent sulfuric of the Central Forest Experiment Station, acid solution neither increased U.P. College of Forestry, from May 28, germination percentage nor decreased 1973 to July 29,1973. The germination number of days required to start percentage, number of days to start germination and germination period. germination and germination period were Rathnarathorn, Panus. 1973. Treatments determined. to Hasten Germination of Teak Seeds. University of the Philippines at Los The results showed that soaking the seeds Baños, MS Thesis, July 1973. in hot water, 100°C initial temperature at any duration from 1 to 10 hours, did not Location: FRM Reading Room, CFNR, hasten seed germination; instead it killed UPLB the teak seeds. Soaking the seeds in hot
Plantation
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Integration of Corn/Upland Rice with Leucaena as Erosion Control and Green Manure Crop
lanting of crops between double With this planting scheme, a compromise is hedgerows of leucaena spaced 3.0 m thus reached by being able to plant food Papart is the better farming scheme crops in the hillside farms while still than the single hedgerows spaced 1.5 m minimizing erosion to some degree if not apart. Under this scheme crops can totally preventing it. produce fairly good yields without too much shading by the leucaena stand. The LAWAS, N. R. and B. M. CALUB. leucaena hedgerows serve as sources of Integration of corn/upland rice with green manure providing organic fertilizer to Leucaena as erosion control and green the crops planted in between. Furthermore, manure crop. Terminal Report the leucaena hedgerows serve as physical UPLB-FSSRI. 1986. (Conclusion) barriers to retard run-off water and enhance infiltration of surface water that Location: FSSRI Reading Room, , College, would otherwise flow as runoff. Laguna.
Management of Agroforestry Systems: Examples from Asia and the South Pacific
xpanding populations and shrinking land among the annual crops in contour resources have led to extensive hedgerow fashion for slope Ecultivation of fragile uplands for stability, erosion control and nutrient subsistence. However, rapid site deterioration conservation. Former single-use tree and loss of productivity often negate the plantations are now being converted to incremental yields from newly opened uplands. annual/ perennial or even perennial/ Agroforestry seems able to achieve perennial agroforestry combinations to sustainability, as shown by examples of increase aggregate yields while taking indigenous and “modern” systems managed in advantage of the soil conservation and the Asia -Pacific context. nutrient cycling roles of the perennial components. Livestock is being Swiddens that have lost their sustainability due gradually integrated with plantations to population-induced short fallows have not only to reduce costs of weeding and regained it through innovative use of maintenance but also to produce nitrogen-fixing and coppice-bearing Leucaena needed protein while producing wood, as fallow; and by use of slashed but unburned fiber, fruits or latex. Leucaena biomass as mulch, green manure and erosion barriers. Steep slopes that could not be Asia-Pacific farmers seem able to cropped in the past without costly terracing are practice sustainable agroforestry on now sustainably cultivated by planting trees fragile upland sites provided supporting policies related to security of tenure
Protection
Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
and distribution of benefits are firmly in place U.S.A.: Institute of Tropical and economic incentives sufficiently attractive. Forestry, Southern Forest Experiment Station, U. S. D. A. VERGARA, N. T. Management of agroforestry Forest Service, 1987. systems: Examples from Asia and the 403-414 pp. South Pacific. Location: Watershed Abstracts, Proceedings of the Conference on Volume 2, US-ASEAN Watershed Management of the Forests of Tropical Project, College of Forestry, College, America: Prospects and Technologies. Laguna.
Experiences on Erosion Control Measures in Northern Part of the Philippines (Case Study of Upper Agno River Basin Multiple-Use District, Pacdal, Baguio City, Philippines)
his paper focuses on various Bolo, Bokod; Mt. Palansa, Kabayan; and watershed rehabilitation efforts and Bangao, Bokod, all in Benguet Province T techniques which have been taken up and are within the Ambuklao-Binga Forest in the different project sites within the Reservation. The aforesaid projects all Upper Agno River Basin thru selected drain to the Ambuklao-Binga Reservoir and structural and biological measures, namely: supply water to 108 irrigation canals check dams (gabion, loose rock, log rubble), providing irrigation for 1,281 ha of rip -raps, diversion walls, and stone cultivated lands in the municipalities of terraces; wattling, brush covers, bench Itogon, Bokod and Kabayan and other brush layers, fascine reinforced with water users. Environmental impact to the Pennisetum clandestinum (“Kikuyu grass”), communities through balanced ecosystem Pennisetum purpureum (“Napier grass”), cannot be ignored. Finally, the projects Lantana camara (“Lantana”), Tithonia help prolong the life span of the Ambuklao diversifolia (“Sunflower”) cuttings and and Binga Hydro-Electric plants, one of the saturation planting of Alnus spp. seedlings country’s multi-million peso infrastructure (A. japonica and to a lesser extent of A. projects. nepalensis); etc. BAI, M. C. Experiences on erosion control Three years after the implementation of the measures in northern part of the projects, sediment and bedload yields were Philippines. (Case study of Upper Agno signif icantly lessened. These evaluations River Basin Multiple-Use District, Pacdal, were based on the ocular observations Baguio City, Philippines). Paper along the streambeds that there are no presented at the ASEAN-US Watershed signs of new deposition of debris and Project-Sponsored Training Course on improved water quality. Soil Erosion/Sedimentation Control and Monitoring, Los Baños, Laguna, The project sites are located at Km. 24, Philippines, 16-27 June 1988. 13 pp. Atok; Nalseb, Tublay; Camisong, Itogon;
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Location: Watershed Abstracts, Volume 2, of Forestry, College, Laguna. US-ASEAN Watershed Project, College
An Overview of the Farming Systems in the Highland Agricultural Regions in the Northern Philippines
his paper intends to present merely BALAOING, J. G. MINAMI, N. and the existing farming systems in FUJIWARA, T. An overview of the T Cordillera, Northern Luzon, farming systems in the highland Philippines. The assessment was based agricultural regions in the Northern from scanty published works that deal Philippines. Paper presented at the 5th mainly on upland farming systems and on International Soil Conservation the author’s personal ocular surveys and Conference, Bangkok, Thailand. 18-29 personal communication with farmers in January 1988. the region. It is hoped that the information will provide an insight and stimulate Location: Watershed Abstracts, Volume 2, scientists for the search of upland-based US-ASEAN Watershed Project, College of farming systems, not only a Forestry, College, Laguna. production-oriented but also a conservation-oriented one.
Controlling Soil Erosion and Sustaining Productivity in Rice-Based Shifting Cultivation System in Mt. Makiling, Philippines
ccelerated soil erosion and non-use maintaining soil fertility of upland kaingin of fertilizers by upland farmers are area and minimizing soil loss. A A two of the most important causes of cost-effective soil erosion monitoring declining soil fertility in upland areas. The system has been installed providing decline in soil fertility leads to decreasing for crop productivity through time cultivation statistically reliable data acquisition for resulting to cultivation-fallow cycle. With comparing effects of various treatments. population stress, the cultivation phase has been lengthened and the fallow period LANSIGAN, F. P. and CUEVAS, V. C. shortened. A study was conducted to Controlling soil erosion and sustaining determine the effect of using compost productivity in rice-based shifting materials and wooden terraces in cultivation system in Mt. Makiling,
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Philippines. Paper Presented at the 5th International Soil Conservation Location: Watershed Abstracts, Volume 2, Conference on Land Conservation for US-ASEAN Watershed Project, College Future Generations, Bangkok, Thailand. of Forestry, College, Laguna. 18-29 January 1988.
The Impact of an Agroforestry Project on Upland Farming in San Francisco, Cebu, Philippines
his paper is based on the author’s experience of farmers with agricultural master’s thesis. The first section technologies, particularly the planting of T gives a detailed description of the Leucaena leucocephala (as part of a farming systems and the environment in reforestation effort) and various fruit tree which these systems developed in the hills species in combination with food crops, and of San Francisco, Cebu, Philippines. First, a the use of an improved maize variety and description of the municipality of San fertilizer that were introduced by the Francisco is given that includes information project staff. on its water resources, soils, weather and ecology. Next, the traditional farming LEONES, J. P. The impact of an systems in the hills of San Francisco are agroforestry project on upland farming described in terms of land and soil in San Francisco, Cebu, Philippines. management, cropping systems, livestock Agroforestry Abstracts. Edited by systems and decision making and labor Haynes, R. E. H. Wallingford, Oxon, allocation. The second section contains an United Kingdom: CAB International, evaluation of the Awihaw Watershed June 1988. vol. 1(1): 37-38 pp. Project’s approach to promoting soil and water conservation and increased food Location: Watershed Abstracts, Volume 2, production. Included within this evaluation US-ASEAN Watershed Project, College is a summary of the of Forestry, College, Laguna.
Protection, Conservation and Rehabilitation of Philippine Mangrove Areas
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
hese areas presently amounting to major problem in rehabilitation areas. about 146,000 ha are being rapidly T cleared for fishpond development ZAMORA, P. M. Protection, conservation and many other land uses. Some 734,000 and rehabilitation of Philippine people are employed in mangrove-related mangrove areas. Agroforestry fisheries. Two major conservation Abstracts, Edited by Haynes, R.E.H. strategies are discussed: reservation of Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom: mangrove areas, including 4,326 ha of CAB International June 1988. v. 1(1): wilderness areas in 52 small islands; and 15 pp. rehabilitation of degraded or denudedmangrove areas, of which 1,140 Location: Watershed Abstracts, Volume 1, ha have been afforested at a cost of US-ASEAN Watershed Project, College $40-$125 per ha. Infestation of seedlings of Forestry, College, Laguna. by barnacles, oysters and other pests is a
Watershed Protection and Environmental/Land Use Planning Study
Present Situation mountain landscape, and consequently are relat ively fertile. Soil depth is a urora Integrated Area Development problem on some of the steep Project (AIADP) is in the north mountain slopes. Soils in the lowlands A eastern corner of Region IV. Its are mainly fertile Entisols and boundaries coincide with those of the Inceptisols, in the upland watersheds Provincial Government of Aurora. The Inceptisols, Alfisols and Ultisols are southern boundary has not been dominant. satisfactorily defined since the split away from Quezon Province in 1979. ii. The province is fortunate to have excellent supplies of groundwater, and i. Aurora Province is characterized by a boreholes and artesian tube-wells have hilly and mountainous landscape, with been extensively used in the populated two main alluvial plains around alluvial plains. Only Dingalan appears Casiguran in the north and around to have a potential problem with Baler in the central parts of the groundwater. The incidence of province. Altitude ranges from sea water-borne diseases is relatively low. level to 1900 m. The province has wet months throughout the year, and is iii. Aurora Province is one of the most subjected to intense typhoons and densely forested provinces in the tropical storms from May to December. Philippines. Despite this fact, the The soils in the province are relatively amount of primary ‘Old Growth’ forest young, being formed in an uplifting
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is dwindling and remains mainly in basic production system rather than northern Aurora; mossy or cloud forest annual cropping systems. is found on most mountain tops; mangrove forest is very scarce, the last viii. Protection of watersheds is minimal at remaining areas being along parts of the present time. This is despite the the northern coastline and estuaries. fact that many watersheds provide the The majority of the forest is secondary water needed in the lowlands for ‘residual’ forest and this varies irrigation and domestic water supplies. markedly in quality. The incidence of landsliding and soil erosion (sheet, rill and gully types) is iv. Minor forest resources, such as rattan mostly related to man’s activities, and and bamboo, are rapidly being environmental degradation is depleted and are in short supply. There increasing due to deforestation for is major programme for replenishment logging and farming purposes, and of these resources. road construction. v. Rice farming in the lowlands is the Watershed management proposals major food crop grown, and also is an important cash crop. The potential for ix. The strategy proposed in the plans of increasing the crop production by action in this report are concerned with increasing crop yields and the number the ways and means of improving of crops per year is tremendous. watershed management in Aurora province, and in particular watershed vi. Coconuts and coffee are cash crops protection, land use planning and commonly grown in the lowlands. environmental management. This Management of cropping patterns would be achieved by: based on coconut and coffee is, unlike for rice, very poor. Marketing or price a) improving watershed protection levels for these and other potential facilities within the province by cash crops appears to be a reason for supporting the DENR and local lack of development of dryland, communities in their efforts to perennial crops. improve water supplies in the watershed; vii. Despite the fact that availability of land b) improving the management of in the lowlands is limited, hill farming is forest resources in the province, restricted, except in a few watersheds, through supporting the DENR and due to the relatively low population the local communities in their pressure for land, the current land abilities to achieve sustainable use tenure situation in the forest land and of resources; the peace and order situation. The c) improving the capability of the potential for extensification of hill DENR and DA to establish farming is significant, provided that the appropriate farming systems in the farming system to be adopted is one low hills of Aurora Province, such based on land capability assessments, syst ems would improve production sound farm planning and agroforestry levels and be environmentally safe. as the This would be achieved through sound agroforestry and soil
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conservation, based on land i) establishment of a Special Fund for capability assessments and Sustaining Resources and the land use Environment in Baler.
planning in all watersheds xii Details of these proposed components considered suitable for agroforestry are described in Part C of this report. development; d) improving the national and xiii It is proposed that this plan of action be provincial government’s capabilities implemented in three Phases. The to manage rural environments short-term Phase includes the period through environmental information, up until 1993 and the expected end of monitoring, evaluation and management systems. AIADP Phase 1. The medium term e) improve the province’s capability to Phase extends from 1993-1997, and carry out community development the long-term Phase is from with communities involved in the 1998-2007. use of upland resources, such as forest, water and land. xiv It is expected that this report will form the basis of a project document to be xi The main component of the watershed drawn up by an EEC Appraisal Mission management project would include: in 1991/1992. The report can also form guidelines for action to be taken in the a) watershed protection and short-term by the AIADP. rehabilitation; b) agroforestry and hill farm xv Provisional cost estimates for most stabilization; project components are shown in c) forest resource management pilot Tables 21.1 to 21.19. Technical projects for community logging and rattan development; assistance requirements are shown in d) environmental management units Appendix F. in Baler and Manila; e) hydro -meteorological monitoring AURORA INTEGRATED AREA unit in Baler; DEVELOPMENT PROJECT. Watershed f) upland community development; protection and environmental/land use g) preparation of a Master Plan for planning study. Overall Main and Final Integrated Social Forestry; Report. h) preparation of an environmental COWICONSULT–DARUDEC–TCGI/Com impact assessment and mission of the European Communities. environmental management plan 1990. (Executive Summary). for one timber license agreement area; Location: ESSC Library Manila Observatory, Ateneo de Manila, Quezon City.
Performance of Lesser-Known Species on Grassland to Rehabilitate Watershed Areas
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
n this study, four lesser-known species On seedling height, Anabiong dominated were outplanted in grassland to assess with a mean of 59.30 cm followed by Alim Itheir performance to rehabilitate with 53.15 cm and Binunga and Anilau with watershed areas. 47.84 cm and 45.54 cm, respectively.
Results showed significant differences in ALLADO, O. S. Performance of percentage survival of the 4 species with lesser-known species on grassland to Alim having the highest survival rate of rehabilitate watershed areas. 90% which is significantly higher than the DENR-ERDS Region 2. 1991. other three species. Location: ERDB Planning Division, Los Baños, Laguna.
An Analysis of Selected Government Reforestation Projects in Iloilo
study was conducted in three Primary and secondary data were used in government reforestation projects in the study. Data collection methods A the province of Iloilo to determine included survey, direct observation and the effectiveness and efficiency of the secondary data gathering. Descriptive projects. Specifically, the study evaluated statistical tools such as frequency, the following: 1) the overall operations and percentage and mean were used in the management of the three reforestation analysis. The project was the unit of projects in Iloilo; 2) the analysis used. Three project managers annual average rate and cost of served as respondents of the study. reforestation projects for a five-year period from 1985 to 1989; 3) the reforestation Project effectiveness was measured based projects’ efficiency using the on the output of the project compared to cost-effectiveness approach; 4) the extent set goals. Project efficiency was measured of differences in project effectiveness using the cost -effectiveness approach between projects in terms of production expressed in area planted with acceptable and distribution of planting stock, area survival rate and cost per seedling. planted wit h acceptable survival rate and Based on the findings, all projects followed equitable distribution of employment to the traditional practices in plantation community; and 5) the operational and establishment and development. management problems which beset the Management of the projects was done by projects within the specified period and the project managers, however, the goals their effects on the performance of the and financial allotment were set by the reforestation work. regional office. The projects lack technical personnel to supervise the activities.
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The project managers encountered several problems in the management of the project and these problems appeared to influence The projects were effective in seedling the performance of the projects, namely production where they surpassed their the biophysical problems such as drought, goals but ineffective in the utilization of adverse site condition and pest and seedlings. diseases, while management problems included delay in the release of funds and The real value of reforestation cost based lack of equipment. This study can provide on 1985 prices showed that the Jalaur some insights and information on the Reforestation Project had P12,303/hectare management of the reforestat ion projects. while Southern Iloilo and Jalaur used P13,310/hectare and P12,423.40/hectare, ALLI, R. A. An analysis of selected respectively. government reforestation projects in Iloilo. Master of Science in Forestry The projects provided employment to the (FRM), UPLB-CF College, Laguna. 1991. community on a rotational basis annually 110 pp. by hiring laborers. Location: UPLB-CFNR Library, College, Laguna.
Assessing Soil Erosion Control Measures as Component of Watershed Rehabilitation in Region 10
his paper presents the results of a watersheds in Bukidnon. Andanan has survey of the various soil erosion constructed one 50 cubic meter gabion T control measures used in watershed type of silt detention dam while Muleta and rehabilitation in Region 10. It also presents Manupali have 22 concrete and 14 log-pole an 18-month data on sheet erosion of check dams. The concrete silt detention various cropping and land and log pole check dams were filled-up with management measures in Muleta and silt and other debris long time ago and Manupali Watersheds in Bukidnon. The were now overgrown with weeds and results were expected to serve as the basis grasses rendering them difficult to locate. in formulating watershed management and Apart, most log-pole check dams were landuse policy options in the rehabilitation already rotten. Desilting the silt detention of our watersheds dams was not attempted neither follow-up constructions were made on the lower especially in this part of the country. reaches of the streams and gullies to fully Seventeen watershed s were surveyed in all stabilize and reduce their slopes. Out of seven (7) provinces of Region 10. Three (3) major watersheds were seen to employ 36 watersheds with a total area of 411 structural measures in their rehabilitation thousand ha only 22,000 ha were efforts - the Andanan watershed, Agusan reforested from 1989 to 1991 representing del Sur; and Muleta and Manupali 5.3 percent of the total watershed area in
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the region. Most of the reforestation GADRINAO, A. B. Assessing soil erosion efforts in the watersheds were funded control measures as component of under the regular reforestation fund which watershed rehabilitation in Region 10. is very limited. Observation sites were ERDB-Coastal, College, Laguna. established in Muleta and Manupali Terminal Report. 1993. Watersheds to monitor sheet erosion in contoured hill-farms and agroforest farms Location: ERDB Planning Division, Los and plantations. Baños, Laguna.
A Forest Farming Concept to Restore the Ormoc Watershed
n November 5, 1991, high rainfall - optimally at least 100 different fruit trees triggered a flashflood that took the and timber species - are combined in such a O lives of approximately 8,000 way that shade providing, shade loving and inhabitants of Ormoc, Leyte, Philippines. canopy emerging species are grouped The reason was the degradation of the together. In addition, spaces in between watershed area, which aggravated the are used to grow a variety of forest garden impact of flash flooding in the area. crops especially during the initial stages of Approximately 80% of the slopes of the implementation. The scheme is meant to watershed area had been logged and restore ecosystem functions and converted to sugarcane. The rest is used simultaneously provide tenure and income for cattle raising, coconut farming, and on stability to farmers. the steepest slopes for vegetable and flower raising, as well as slash-and-burn MILAN, P. P. and J. MARGAF. A forest (kaingin ) land use. Hence, the original farming concept to restore the Ormoc forest cover has lost its important ecosystem functions, among which the balancing of the water regime and Watershed. 4th Annual Common prevention of erosion could no longer be Property Conference on: Common fulfilled during the high rainfall. Property in Ecosystems Under Stress, June 16-19, 1993, Manila. Principles of renaturalization, following the “closed canopy and high diversity forest Location: SESAM Library, UPLB, College, farming system” are to be applied. Within Laguna. such scheme, a high number of tree species
Watershed Restoration and Protection in the Bais Bay Basin, Philippines
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his study provides a critical WALTERS, B. B., A.M. CADELINA, A. examination of the Watershed CAR DAÑO and E. VISITACION. T Protection and Biodiversity Watershed restoration and protection Restoration Component of the Environment in the Bais Bay Basin, Philippines. and Resource Management Project (ERMP) Environment and Resource Bais Bay Basin Development Action Management Project (ERMP), Program. It evaluates the planning and Philippines ERMP Reports, 12. 1994. implementation strategies that were employed, and attempts to identify the key Location: IRRI Library, Los Baños, Laguna. local conditions or factors that influenced the success of the Program.
Bioecological, Social and Economic Assessment of Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR) as an Approach to Forest Cover Restoration
ive Assisted Natural Regeneration (1) social relevance; 2) cultural (ANR) sites in three regions of the consistency; (3) absorptive capacity; and Fcountry were analyzed on the (4) social impact. Another approach was vegetative cover, social and economic conceptualized such that presumed dimensions relative to the application of acceptance or rejection of ANR was this reforestation strategy for forest cover dependent on congruency or disparity with restoration. Based on the results, policy respect to forestry practices, community’s recommendations were arrived at. perception, attitude, expectations and participation. ANR showed positive results in promoting plant diversity in the areas studied. The various appropriate indicators showed Dominant species in other Community that ANR was rated “high” in social Forestry Project (CFP) pump-priming relevance, cultural consistency and positive activities (e.g. Timber Stand Improvement social impact. These were some and Agroforestry) were also noted. influencing and affecting factors, however, which limited the absorptive capacity of the The computed Benefit -Cost Ratios and Net clientele. Present Values were all more than one which implies profitability for the sites. It can be concluded that acceptability or However, caution must be observed in success of ANR was not significantly related making generalizations since the estimates to the similarity or disparity between were based on projections and no traditional and ANR forestry practices. considerations for risks had been made. Community’s expectation was congruent The study also looked at the social with that of the project personnel’s. dimension of ANR. Social acceptability of Acceptability was related to congruency ANR was assessed using the sociological and disparity in expectation between the framework based on the following criteria: community and project staff. There was Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
high level of expectation and congruency and a closer look at the implementing existed. This implies that the project may guidelines on ANR must be done focusing achieve success. on funds allocation. A more in -depth researc h should be conducted beginning The attitudes of community and project with the initial stage of the plant staff were congruent and this will pave the communities before and after treatments way toward acceptance of success of ANR. are applied. An observation period of at least five years is suggested. There was a thin gap between participation and non-participation among community Also, monitoring and evaluation should be people. Hence, adequacy of participation strengthened and continued even beyond cannot be ascertained which will cause the three-year contract period. success or acceptance of the ABARQUEZ, A. H., M. U. SY, N. M. project. PAMPOLINA, M. N. RIVERA and C. G. ABRENILLA. Bioecological, social and The study ended in citation of theoretical economic assessment of assisted implications and relations to policy and natural regeneration (ANR) as an practice in the adoption of ANR approach to approach to forest cover restoration. forest cover restoration. ERDB-DENR College, Laguna. 1996.
Recommendations included the conduct of Location: ERDB Planning Division, a resource inventory of the proposed ANR College, Laguna. sites before mobilization funds are released
The Philippines Strategy for Improved Watershed Resources Management
A. Strategy's Philosophy (for multiple purposes) of their local watershed resources. The aim of both is he underlying philosophy of the to provide the optimum social, cultural, strategy for improved watershed economic and T resource management is that: environmental benefits to the greatest There should be a demand driven, number of people, particularly those community based, approach to living in, adjacent to, or downstream of, watershed management involving two individual watershed areas, while parallel components. Firstly, one where maintaining the biological and cultural the demand is determined by national heritage of the Philippines. priorities and concerns. Secondly one in which the direct stakeholders can A. Goals of the Strategy articulate their needs and actively participate in the conservation, planning, The twin goals of the strategy are: management and sustainable utilisation
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· the sustainable multiple use of the E. The Causes of Watershed Degradation natural resources within all watershed areas of the Philippines in a manner The key causes within individual watershed that is environmentally sound, areas are: economically viable and socially acceptable; and · pursuit of unsuitable forms of land use and inappropriate land · the prevention of further watershed management practices; degradation and the restoration of a · increasing population through productive and protective function to natural population growth and currently degraded watershed areas. inward migration; · poverty and economic disadvantage B. Guiding Principles arising from limited alternative livelihood opportunities; The strategy for improved watershed · inadequate institutional support resource management is based on the services to upland farming/forest guiding principles of: dwelling communities; · protection policies and legislative · Ecological Sustainability issuances that unnecessarily restrict · Social and Cultural Sustainability land use options; · Economic Sustainability · insecure land user rights for de facto · Institutional Sustainability users of Forest Lands.
C. The Problem of Watershed Degradation F. What Should be Done to Arrest Watershed Degradation Watershed degradation is taking place, to a greater or lesser extent, in all regions and The key prerequisites for tackling the provinces of the Philippines. Although causes are: quantitative estimates differ, the weight of evidence is clear that watershed · changes in the present policy degradation is widespread, and has environment to allow for multiple use reached a severe degree in many areas. management of watershed areas; · resolution of the present impasse D. The Consequence of Poor Watershed over defining the permanent forest Resource Management line so as to determine the specific limits for Forestlands and National The consequences of past, and present, Parks; mismanagement of the watershed · increased field level acknowledge, and adoption, of suitable forms of resources of the Philippines are a land use and the appropriate land significant reduction in the economic, social management practices; and environmental benefits to society, at the local, provincial and national levels, that would have otherwise been realised · greater community and LGU level from better management of these participation in the identification, resources. formulation, implementation,
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monitoring and evaluation of watershed management plans; · Rapid delineation of the permanent · broadening and strengthening of the forest line - so as to resolve the institutional support services for present uncertainties, and conflicting improved watershed management at claims, over the legal land both the national and local levels; classification within the uplands. and · Define the safe limits for agriculture - · the generation of funds for on the basis of a comprehensive land watershed management activities suitability and soil erosion risk from non donor sources. assessment and not the present arbitrary 18% slope limit. G. The Key Elements of the Strategy · Restrict the issuance of future watershed proclamations - to those The key elements of the strategy for areas where restrictions on use are improved watershed resource socially acceptable and protection management are: cannot be achieved by other means. · Do not withdraw the entire Policy and Legislation watershed from economic utilisation -if all that needs to be preserved for · Watersheds to be managed on a biodiversity and water source sustainable development and protection, is a portion of the multiple use basis - as it is technically watershed. possible for multiple-use watershed · Devolve shared responsibility to the management to combine water yield LGUs - and other private/public and biodiversity protection with bodies for the management of compatible economic land use specific watersheds, or portions of activities. watersheds, within their area of · Promote improved watershed jurisdiction. resource management in all · Continue and expand the granting of watershed areas of the Philippines - legal land user rights and not just those defined by PD 705 as responsibilities over specific upland 'critical' or those that have been areas - so that de facto open access proclaimed. resources become either the · Integrate watershed management common property of a recognised planning concepts and principles - user group or are reserved for the into provincial and municipal level exclusive use of an individual entity. comprehensive land use planning · Undertake improved watershed procedures. resource management in a socially · Regulate land use within watershed equitable, culturally sensitive and areas - by means of local by -laws gender aware manner - to ensure (formulated, agreed on and policed that specific plans do not increase by the affected communities) and social inequalities or conflict with through the consistent and cultural norms. transparent application of national · Price raw water and other watershed forestry laws. resources according to their true economic value - considering the full cost of protecting and harnessing
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individual resources (especially sustaining an effective country wide water) for programme. · Establish a national level watershed public consumption. Set aside a resource management institution – percentage of all fees, levies and with an interagency mandate to taxes raised from such resources for financing watershed management promote, co-ordinate, assist and activities. oversee the implementation, · Only use direct incentives (cash monitoring and evaluation of local payments, food for work, free inputs) initiatives under the auspices of the where there is no alternative - and demand driven national they can be sustained from non programmme. donor sources. Utilise indirect · Establish multi-sectoral Watershed incentives (e.g., Land use rights, Resource Management pricing policies) to change the Committees/Councils - at the external policy environment. municipal, provincial, regional and Identify field level interventions that national levels to foster public, and offer the practitioners tangible private, sector, partnerships in private incentives (financial and improved watershed resource social/cultural benefits) to improve management activities. their present management practices. · Establish a national watershed information system - to carry out the Institutional systematic collection, review and dissemination of information for · Broaden the institutional base - for improved watershed resource improved watershed resource management. management planning by adopting a · Develop sustainable mechanisms for multi-sectoral and inter-agency generating the funds required - for partnership approach to watershed improv ed watershed resource management and encouraging direct management by setting up a national community participation. watershed management fund. · The formulation and operation of a · Develop an integrated upland demand driven national watershed agriculture/forestry extension management programme - support service - capable of comprising two parallel components: developing and delivering a) where the demand is determined community based integrated by national priorities and concerns; programmes and extension and b) where the primary initiative messages for improved agriculture for the planning and implementation and forestry by upland communities. of individual watershed management · Develop and implement a plans comes from the local comprehensive training programme - community and the LGU in response for improving the watershed to a locally perceived need (demand) resource management skills and to tackle the problem. capabilities of both the resource · Build on local demand to achieve the users and the extension and research 'critical mass' - for extending and support staff employed by the LGUs, line agencies, and NGOs.
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
· Adopt people centered learning forest management technologies - processes - for inter - and intra-peer that have been used successfully (in group ('farmer-to-farmer') training the Philippines or eslewhere) for and dissemination of information on improved watershed resource upland farming and forestry management. practices. · Manage the demand for water from downstream users - through the adoption of water conservation · Develop effective multi-sectoral and practices. inter-disciplinary research consortia - with the resources and skills to undertake basic and applied watershed management research. · Prepare new, and update old, · Promote participatory technology technical guidelines - for improved development - by giving extension watershed resources management. and research workers the skills and · Develop and utilise simple, primarily resources to work with upland qualitative, bio-physical indicators - farmers/forest managers in the rather than rigid national standards, development of locally appropriate for monitoring the environmental conservation farming and impact of watershed management sustainable forest management interventions and detecting trends in practices. the degradation status of watershed · Develop and conduct a national areas. information, education and · Develop and utilise simple communication (IEC) programme - monitoring tools - for capturing the for improved watershed resource socio-economic benefits of improved management that will enhance watershed resource management environmental awareness amongst and detecting trends in poverty all Filipinos. alleviation amongst the effected communities. Technology · Promote participatory watershed resource monitoring and · Land suitability assessment - to serve evaluation-so as to stimulate critical as the basis for improved multiple self-awareness as to the impact, at use watershed resource the community and watershed level, management planning. of current land use practices, thereby · Watershed resource management providing the motivation to make technologies for resource poor improvements. upland households - should be · Devote resources to market based simple, low cost, productive, mechanisms - for stimulating private maintainable, low risk, flexible and investment in productive and conservatiion effective and conform sustainable use of watershed to the economic, social and cultural resources. In particular by norms of those expected to adopt improving market access for upland them. communities. · Systematically document upland · Undertake both basic and applied conservation farming/sustainable research - into the agricultural and
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
agro -forestry problems facing upland addition within individual watersheds a communities and to determine the number of other agencies, notably NIA, impact of different forms of land use PNOC, NPC and DAR, are currently and in on the water, soil and forest the future could be expected to play a key resources of individual watersheds. role in the planning, implementation, · Focus on the plot, micro- or small monitoring and evaluation of improved watershed level - for field level technical interventions, while watershed resource management planning at the large watershed and activities. river basin level should focus on broad sector development and land ABARQUEZ, A. H., M. U. SY, N. M. use zoning. PAMPOLINA, M. N. RIVERA and C. G. ABRENILLA. The Philippines Strategy for Improved Watershed Resources Management. Forest Management H. The Key Actors Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources. 1998. 101 pp. The key actors for the implementation of + appendices (Executive Summary). the strategy are the individual resource users/direct stakeholders, DENR (as the Location: Dr. Rex Victor O. Cruz (personal apex institution), the LGUs (in partnership copy), Forestry Development Center, with the PENRO/CENROs) and the CFNR, College, Laguna. concerned bureaus of the Department of Agriculture (BSWM, ATI and BAR). In
Analysis of the Willingness to Pay for Protecting Lake Danao National Park in Ormoc, Leyte, Philippines
he study was conducted to estimate attributes of LDNP considered in deriving the willingness to pay (WTP) for total WTP are forest quality, T preservation benefits of protecting wilderness/biodiversity, and lake quality. the environmental attributes of Lake Danao National Park (LDNP) in Ormoc, Leyte, Results showed that all respondents were Philippines. This was implemented using aware about LDNP as a recreation site in the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) Ormoc City. Forest quality was most with three willingness to pay question preferred among urban respondents, formats: open-ended, payment card, and whereas lake quality was considered more iterative bidding. A total of 210 important to rural respondents. Urban and respondents were interviewed from urban rural respondents attached equal and rural categories. Factors affecting WTP importance to biodievrsit y as an bid for protecting LDNP were identified and environmental attribute. There were 91% analyzed using the Tobit (censored of the respondents who expressed WTP for regression) model. The environmental a protection program to preserve the
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
environmental attributes of LDNP. The location. The factors that significantly mean annual total WTP for LDNP's affected preservation demand are age, environmental attributes protection was education, household annual income, sex, estimated to be P 121.70 for urban forest visitation rate, willingness to pay for respondents and P 93.09 for rural an entrance fee, and the concern of the respondents, or P 108.45 for the total respondents towards environmental respondents. For all the households in protection. Ormoc, the total social WTP was estimated to be P 2.62 million annually. This value ABARQUEZ, A. H., M. U. SY, N. M. reflects maximum amount that Ormoc PAMPOLINA, M. N. RIVERA and C. G. residents are willing to invest to preserve ABRENILLA. Analysis of the Willingness LDNP. to Pay for Protecting Lake Danao National Park in Ormoc, Leyte, Willingness to pay for various motives of Philippines In Research Abstracts and protection (recreation use, option, Key Policy Questions. Methodology existence, and bequest) was derived in the Workshop. Environmental Services study. Of these various motives, the last and Land Use Change. Bridging the three (collectively termed as preservation gap between policy and research in value) received the highest allocation (77% Southeast Asia. 31 May - 2 June 1999 to 91%) of total WTP. Recreation demand Chiang Mai, Thailand. Thomas P. was significantly influenced by years of Thomich, David E. Thomas, and Meine education, household size, household van Noordwijk (eds.) ASB Indonesia annual income, Report Number 10. International Centre for Research in Agroforestry. 50 number of visits per year to LDNP, number pp. of days spent on places other than forest, willingness to pay for an entrance fee, Location: Dr. Rex Victor O. Cruz (personal environmental attributes preferred, copy), Forestry Development Center, organization membership, and household CFNR, College, Laguna.
The Conditions of Biodiversity Maintenance in Asia: Philippine Studies
he study, instead of dwelling on the Discussion starts with a brief description of conditions that bring about the loss of aims and a description of the study sites in T biodiversity, focuses on the Mount Makiling in Laguna province: (1) conditions associated with successful mossy forest; (2) dipterocarp mid -montane biodiversity maintenance. It proposes to forest; (3) grasslands; and (4) develop and apply a comparative, agroecosystem. The multiple methods interdisciplinary, and policy-oriented used to analyze floral, and a lesser extent approach to identifying the bio-social faunal diversity on the mountain are also circumstance responsible for biodiversity discussed. Floral species diversity in each maintenance in Southeast Asia. of the aforementioned four zones on Mt. Makiling are presented followed by a
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
comparative analysis of floral diversity "indicator" species, and seven different levels, looking first at differences among indicator of species used by the local the four zones, then differences by study community are presented. sites, then by ecosystems, and then by landscapes. The functional roles of flora Finally, synthesis and analysis of the overall and the utility of indicator species were also pattern of biodiversity on Mt. Makiling in discussed. relation to one particularly important determinant: namely, fragmentation of the The analysis then shift to the fauna of Mt. landscape, specifically fragmentation or Makiling beginning with the detailed patchiness of forested landscapes is accounting of the rigorous field presented. The results generally indicate methodology used to trap, net, and survey that biodiversity initially in creases as Mt. Makiling's fauna and then the fragmentation discussion of the (1) field data on the diversity of the amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals; (2) the impact on this increases, only to later decrease as dievrsity of habitat disturbance; (3) the fragmentation exceeds some fixed limit. implications of site-specificity for diversity; The results supports this study's (4) the implications of community structure hypothesized curvilinear (inverted for diversity; (5) the status of threatened U-shaped) biodiversity function along the species on Mt. Makiling; and (6) the nature-culture continuum. socio-cultural importance of fauna. SAJISE, P. E., M. V.TICSAY-RUSCOE, W. Succeeding analysis combines the results SM. GRUEZO, J. C. T. GONZALES, A. T. of the floral and faunal studies to examine L. DANS, H. A. FRANCISCO, C. TORRES their functional relationships, in particular and D. K. VERGARA. The Conditions of between floral and faunal "indicator" Biodiversity Maintenance in Asia: species involving (1) seed dispersal; (2) Philippine Studies. The conditions of pollination; (3) herbivory; (4) other sorts biodiversity maintenance in Asia: Philippine studies. In Research of interactions; and (5) flora-fauna Abstracts and Key Policy Questions. relations in agricultural systems. Methodology Workshop. Environmental Services and Land Use Further analysis of biodiversity on Mt. Change. Bridging the Gap between Makiling is extended into the agricultural Policy and Research in Southeast Asia. zone on part of its lower slopes. 31 May - 2 June 1999 Chiang Mai, Background information on the community, Thailand. Thomas P. Thomich, David E. their farming system, and their attitudes Thomas, and Meine van Noordwijk towards biological diversity is presented. (eds.) ASB Indonesia Report Number Agricultural biodiversity is then correlated 10. International Centre for Research with a number of socio -economic variables in Agroforestry. 61 pp. including household income, farm size, age of farm, and age and education of Location: Dr. Rex Victor O. Cruz (personal household lead. Finally a comparison of copy), Forestry Development Center, scientific versus "folk" conceptions of CFNR, College, Laguna.
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Can Agricultural Intensification Stop Deforestation? Irrigation, Employment, and Room for Cautious Optimism in Southern Palawan, The Philippines
ata from the Philippines are used to forests and forest resources. Implications investigate whether technical for input pricing D progress in lowland agriculture reduces pressure on upland forests. The policies and likely trends in use of labor impacts of lowland irrigation development saving methods that could undermine on labor demand and employment are these beneficial impacts are discussed. measured. Total annual labor use is found to increase by 27 per cent following SHIVELY G. and E. MARTINEZ. Can irrigation. Approximately half of this agricultural intensification stop increase in labor use is accounted for by deforestation? Irrigation, employment, employment of upland households living and room for cautious optimism in along the forest margin. Time allocation southern Palawan, The Philippines. data from upland farm households show Purdue University, USA. that increases in employment among households living along the forest margin Forthcoming in A. An geles and D. were accompanied by reductions in forest Kaimowitz (eds.) Technical Change in clearing, reductions in charcoal production, Agriculture and Deforestation, CAB and reductions in time spent collecting fuel International (2000). 23 pp. wood. Findings suggest that to the extent off-farm work replaces forest-degrading Location: Dr. Rex Victor O. Cruz (personal activities, irrigation-induced increases in copy), Forestry Development Center, employment may reduce pressure on CFNR, College, Laguna.
Evaluation of Plant Species for Streambank Stabilization in the Bicol River Basin
he study evaluated the performance Legazpi City: DENR. (undated). of fast growing species endemic to T Bicol province in minimizing soil Location: In PCARRD "State of the art and categories. Parameters considered were abstract bibliography: Soil and water growth, height, diameter increment, soil conservation in the Philippine upland loss and changes in botanical composition. watersheds". Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD, 1991. 160 pp. SEARCA GARCIA, P. and H. G. PALIS. Evaluation of Library, UPLB College, Laguna. plant species for streambank stabilization in the Bicol river basin.
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
Conservation Farming Systems for the Sloping Lands: Research and Development Imperatives
he sloping uplands under the most extensive of ecosystems in Southeast A model of the evolutionary development of T Asia (60-90 percent of the nations’ the small-scale upland farm that follows a area) and the most threatened. The rapid trajectory of diversification is discussed. increase in small-scale farms with insecure More predictive models will be needed to land tenure, whose primary imperative is better guide research. The experience of the production of family food supply, has the past 15 years with alley cropping and resulted in cereal- based farming system on contour hedgerows indicates that there is a acid infertile soils in the uplands that are wide range of choice in hedgerow highly unsustainable. The process is enterprises that are effective in soil associated with massive deforestation and conservation, including trees, grasses and land degradation. Soil losses greatly perennials. The appropriate choice for a exceed those of other areas of the world. given farm depends on soil and This paper discusses the critical agricultural environmental conditions, farm size, labor sustainability issues, the technologies availability, markets and farmer objectives. being evolved to meet those needs, and the Potential hedgerow-crop competition is a unique ways in which research must be constraint on acid soils. The use of natural organized in order to address the problems vegetative filter strips is an alternative comprehensively. approach that fallow vegetation is the relevant issue. Leguminous cover crops Sustainable food crop systems on slopes are candidates for managed fallows, but require: 1) Simple, effective soil erosion practical management systems control on open fields, through vegetative incorporating them require more barriers and residue management; 2) agronomic refinement. Mineral nutrient importation to balance crop nutrient off take, and stimulate Garrity, Dennis P. 1992. Conservation greater biological N fixation; and 3) Farming Systems for the Sloping Lands: Enterprise diversification toward mixed Research and Development farming systems that include ruminant Imperatives. Background paper for the animals and perennials. The number of ‘National Symposium of Conservation protective land use options as one Farming, Soil Research and proceeds from the Equatorial region Development Center, Quezon City, northward. Philippines, July 18, 1992.
Rehabilitation of a Denuded Watershed Through the Introduction of Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium Jacq.)
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Abstract of Researches on Forest Restoration in the Philippines
he survey (Phase I) revealed that regeneration technique and length of kakawate is found in most latitudes in the cutting exposed (downslope planting x T Philippines from 6° to 19° north and at 30.48 cm), combination of spacing and altitudinal range of from sea level to 900 m in length of cutting exposed (3.75 sq. m x the four climatic types (Corona’s Climate 15.24 cm), and the combination of classification) in the Philippines. Kakawate regeneration technique, spacing and grows in most adverse sites. It is a length of cutting exposed (upslope drought-resistant species which sheds off its planting x 3.75 sq. m x 15.24 cm), leaves during dry season (November to April). significantly affected the survival rate Before the onset of the rainy season, its leaves of cuttings at 1% level. and shoots are again re-established. It is rarely grazed on by either domesticated or wild Garrity, Dennis P. 1992. Conservation animals. Farming Systems for the Sloping Lands: Research and Development The Phase II study revealed that length of Imperatives Sylvatrop Philipp. For. cutting exposed (30.48 cm), combination of Res. J. 4(2):49-67.
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Forest Restoration Programs in the Philippines
Towards a Successful National Reforestation Program.Towards a Successful National Reforestation Program Forestry Development Center
Biodiversity Conservation Through Participatory Community Development: the NRMP -CFP Experience Peñafiel, Samuel R.
Reflections on Gender Issues in an Integrated Social Forestry Project Borlagdan, Salve B., Isabel M. Carrillo, Edna M. Alegado, and Joselito F. Alcaria
Forest Farms: Meeting National Timber Needs Through Community-Based Forestry Rice, Delbert
The Community Forestry Program Initial Experiences in Field Implementation Dolom, Buenaventura
Community Forestry and Decentralization Policies: Reflections on Experiences from the Philippines Sabban, Maria Victoria M.
Community Forestry in the Philippines: Trends, Issues and Challenges Pulhin, Juan M.
Toward a Common Understanding of Social Forestry: Perspective from DENR DENR
Social Forestry in the Philippines Payuan, Edwin V.
The Upland Stabilization Program (USP): Palawan’s Model for Upland Development Ferriol, Godofredo F.
Perception and Participation of Local Communities and Support Organizations in the Community Forestry Program NRMP-DENR, USAID and WINROCK
Community Forestry in the Philippines: Approaches and Emerging Lessons for Sustainable Forest Management Pulhin, Juan M. Elements of Support in Community-Based Forest Management Strategies: Contract NGOs in the Philippines Donoghue, Ellen M.
Issues Pertaining to the Guideline on Community-Based Forest Management Program (CBFMP) DAO 29 series of 1996 (CBFMP) DAO 29 series of 1996 Upland NGO Assistance Committee
National Forestation Program Philippine Forest Restoration Research
PLANTATION
Growth Yield and Economic Rotation of Bagras (Encalyptus deglupta) Pulptimber in the PICOP Plantations (Mindanao). Part 3: Economic Rotation Tomboc, Carlos C.
Spacing of Benguet Pine (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon) in Laparan, Malaybalay, Bukidnon Barangan, F.
Fertilization of Potted Mayapis (Shorea palosapis ) Seedlings in Surigao del Sur Bruzon, Jeremias B.
Reproductive Potential of Major Weeds in Plantations of Fast-Growing Tree Species in Mt. Makiling, Luzon, Philippines Escobin, Ramiro P. and Justo P. Rojo
Biomass and Net Production of Man-Made Forests in the Philippines Teruhiko Kawahara, Yoichi Kanazawa & ShoubuSakurai
Ages of Benguet Pine Seedlings and Season of Planting Zamora, R.A. and A.C. Agpaoa
Months for Planting Gmelina arborea Stumps of Different Ages Zamora, R.A. and A.C. Agpaoa
Transpiration Rates of Selected Reforestation Species Eugenio, Nympha R. and Eufracio F. Regasa
Status Report on the Review and Reevaluation of Catanduanes Reforestation Project Bicol University and Bicol University Development Foundation, Inc.
Status Report on the Review and Reevaluation of Balatan Reforestation Project Bicol University and Bicol University Development Foundation, Inc.
Status Report on the Review and Reevaluation of Western Albay Reforestation Project Bicol University and Bicol University Development Foundation, Inc.
Status Report on the Review and Reevaluation of Matang-Tubig Reforestation Project Bicol Univ ersity and Bicol University Development Foundation, Inc. Status Report on the Review and Reevaluation of Pili Reforestation Project Bicol University and Bicol University Development Foundation, Inc.
Status Report on the Review and Reevaluation of Eastern Masbate Reforestation Project Bicol University and Bicol University Development Foundation, Inc.
Status Report on the Review and Reevaluation of Mt Cadig Reforestation Project Bicol University and Bicol University Development Foundation, Inc.
Status Report on the Review and Reevaluation of Bicol National Park Reforestation Project Bicol University and Bicol University Development Foundation, Inc.
Status Report on the Review and Reevaluation of Mt Isarog National Park Reforestation Project Bicol University and Bicol University Development Foundation, Inc.
Review and Reevaluation of the Department of Environment andNatural Resources Reforestat ion Projects Central Luzon State University-Evaluation Team
The Role of Savanna Tree Species in PlantSuccession and Reforestation Tupas, Gloria L.
Growth Rhythm of Some Reforestation Species. Marquez. A.
ALGAL Bloom: Its Cause and Impact to Mangrove Plantation and Potential Utilization in Siargao Island, Surigao del Norte Baconguis, Santiago R. and Ma. Lourdes Q. Moreno
Reforestation in the Pine Region Through Benguet Pine Germinant Planting Peñafiel, Samuel
Growth and Survival of Gmelina arborea in Magat Reforestation Project as Affected by Different Planting Spacing Methods Maun, M.
Underplanting of White Lauan (Pentacme contorta) in Benguet Pine and Mahagony Plantations Serna, C.B. and B.A. Apura
Depth of Planting Mulberry (Morus alba Linn.) Cuttings Peñafiel, Samuel R.
Production of “Instant Trees” I. Narra Dalmacio, M.V., E.N. Crizaldo and Z.N. Genil
Vegetative Propagation by Cuttings of Yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) Florido, Levi V.
Eucalyptus Species Trials Maun, Marcelino M.
White Lauan (Shorea contorta) in the Open and Under Second-Growth Forest Canopy Tomboc, Carlos C. and Romeo M. Basada
Growth Performance of Acia mangium and A. auriculiformis in the National Capital Region Uriarte, Monina T.
Drought Resistance of Yemane (Gmelina arborea) and Kaatoan Bangkal (Anthocephalus chinensis ) Glori, Antonio V., dela Cruz, Reynaldo E. and Domingo, Ireneo L.
Adaptability of Six Tree Species to Cogonal Areas: Additional Information on and Possible Role of Phenols and Sugars Mendoza, V.B.
Slow-Release Tablet Fertilizer Effects on the Growth and Survival of Outplanted Narra Seedlings Briones, Jose P.
Adaptability of Six Tree Species to Cogonal Areas. III. Field Experiment and Additional Information Mendoza, V.B. and R.E. De La Cruz
Influence of Site Preparation and Maintenance on the Survival and Early Growth of Molave (Vitex parviflora Juss.) Seedlings Planted in Grasslands Dichoso, Maximo O.
Reproductive Shortfall of Six Mangrove Species at Various Phenological Stages Palis, Honorato G.
Effect of Tending Operation on the Survival and Growth of Acacia (Samanea saman ) Maun, Marcelino M.
Survival and Early Growth Response of Kaatoan Bangkal (Anthocephalus chinensis) Following the Application of Four-Levels of Commercial Fertilizer Applied at Two Selected Methods at Time of Planting Maun, A.
Study on the Survival and Growth of Wild Yakal (Shorea sp.) and Guijo (Shorea sp.) Seedlings Transplanted in Brushland Forest. Maun, A.
Effects of Mulching and Fertilization on Yemane (Gmelina arborea) Seedlings Outplanted in Denuded Grassland Principe, E.B.
Effects of Stump-Planting and Fertilization on Growth and Survival of Narra (Pterocarpus vidalianus Rolfe) Maun, M.
Effect of Agriform Slow-Release Tablet Fertilizer on the Growth and Survival of Outplanted Narra Seedlings Tandug, E. and J. Briones
Protection of Forestry Transplants During Transport and Storage Using Mobilcer-C Solution Boado, L.
Agriform Slow-Release Tablet Fertilizer Effects on the Growth and Survival of Benguet Pine (Pinus kesiya), Yemane (Gmelina arborea), and Kalantas (Toona calantas) Seedlings Agpaoa, Alfredo C. and Rogelio A. Zamora
Fertilization of Yemane (Gmelina arborea) in Carranglan, Nueva Ecija Mendoza, Valerio B. and Antonio V. Glori
Mulching and Fertilization of Outplanted Yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) Seedlings Principe, Eduardo B.
Survival and growth of Acacia mangium Willd. and Acacia auriculiformis A. cunn. ex. benth. in water-logged site Vertudes, Juan P. and Dr. Antonio C. Manila
Effects of Stump-Planting and Fertilization on Growth and Survival of Narra (Pterocarpus vidalianus Rolfe). Maun, Marcelino M.
Soil-Tissue Analysis and Growth of Benguet Pine (Pinus insularis Endl.) Marquez, Alicia C.
Survival and Growth of Kaatoan Bangkal [Anthocephalus chinensis (Roxb.) Miq. At Different Spacings Maun, Marcelino
Performance of Tanguile [Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr.] Seedlings in Varying Pot Sizes Bruzon, Jeremias B. and Constante B. Serna
Effects of Mobilcer C Anti-transpirant on Yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) Seedlings Lauricio, Feurdeliz M., and Yolanda D. Benitez
Notes on the Diseases of Forest Trees in the Philippines Quiniones, Sebastian S.
Giant Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala): Cultural Practices and Growth Rates in some Mindanao Plantations Mendoza, Valerio B.
Infiltration Studies on Giant Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala ) Plantation Sites at the Buhisan Watershed Baconguis, Santiago R. and Cesar S. Rondilla
Weed -Seed Flora in Nursery Potting Soils Peñafiel, Samuel R.
Screening Herbicidal Preparations and Mixtures for Clearing Reforestation Areas Tumaliuan, Benjamine T. and Saturnina C. Halos
Quantifying Site Quality in Forest Plantations Lapitan, Renato Lontoc
A Management Game Model for Contract Reforestation in the Philippines Racelis, Diomedes A.
Production of “Instant Trees” I. Narra. Sylvatrop Dalmacio, M.V., E.N. Crizaldo and Z.N. Genil
Vegetative Propagation by Cuttings of Yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) Florido, Levi V. 1978.
Eucalyptus Species Trials. Maun, Marcelino M.
White Lauan (Shorea contorta) in the Open and Under Second-Growth Forest Canopy Tomboc, Carlos C. and Romeo M. Basada
Growth Performance of Acia mangium and A. auriculiformis in the National Capital Region Uriarte, Monina T.
Drought Resistance of Yemane (Gmelina arborea) and Kaatoan Bangkal (Anthocephalus chinensis ) Glori, Antonio V., dela Cruz, Reynaldo E. an d Domingo, Ireneo L.
Adaptability of Six Tree Species to Cogonal Areas: Additional Information on and Possible Role of Phenols and Sugars Mendoza, V.B.
Slow-Release Tablet Fertilizer Effects on the Growth and Survival of Outplanted Narra Seedlings Briones, Jose P.
Adaptability of Six Tree Species to Cogonal Areas. III. Field Experiment and Additional Information Mendoza, V.B. and R.E. De La Cruz
Influence of Site Preparation and Maintenance on the Survival and Early Growth of Molave (Vitex parviflora Juss.) Seedlings Planted in Grasslands Dichoso, Maximo O.
Reproductive Shortfall of Six Mangrove Species at Various Phenological Stages Palis, Honorato G.
Effect of Tending Operation on the Survival and Growth of Acacia (Samanea saman ) Maun, Marcelino M.
Survival and Early Growth Response of Kaatoan Bangkal (Anthocephalus chinensis) Following the Application of Four-Levels of Commercial Fertilizer Applied at Two Selected Methods at Time of Planting Maun, A.
Study on the Survival and Growth of Wild Yakal (Shorea sp.) and Guijo (Shorea sp.) Seedlings Transplanted in Brushland Forest Maun, A.
Effects of Mulching and Fertilization on Yemane (Gmelina arborea) Seedlings Outplanted in Denuded Grassland Principe, E.B.
Effects of Stump-Planting and Fertilization on Growth and Survival of Narra (Pterocarpus vidalianus Rolfe) Maun, M.
Effect of Agriform Slow-Release Tablet Fertilizer on the Growth and Survival of Outplanted Narra Seedlings Tandug, E. and J. Briones
Protection of Forestry Transplants During Transport and Storage Using Mobilcer-C Solution Boado, L.
Agriform Slow-Release Tablet Fertilizer Effects on the Growth and Survival of Benguet Pine (Pinus kesiya), Yemane (Gmelina arborea), and Kalantas (Toona calantas) Seedlings Agpaoa, Alfredo C. and Rogelio A. Zamora
Fertilization of Yemane (Gmelina arborea) in Carranglan, Nueva Ecija Mendoza, Valerio B. and Antonio V. Glori
Mulching and Fertilization of Outplanted Yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) Seedlings Principe, Eduardo B.
Survival and growth of Acacia mangium Willd. and Acacia auriculiformis A. cunn. ex. benth. in water-logged site Vertudes, Juan P. and Dr. Antonio C. Manila
Root Production of Rauwolfia serpentina Using Different Soil Media Generalao, Maximino L.
Hastening the Germination of Lumbang [Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.] Seeds Eakle, T.W. and A.S. Garcia
Adaptability of Six Tree Species to Cogonal Areas. I. Box Experiment Mendoza, V.B.
Survival and Growth of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) Seedlings Under Fertilized Grassland Condition Yao, Calixto E.
Fertilization of Pinus caribaea, P. elliottii, and P. oocarpa Nursery Seedlings Cadiz, Rafael T. and Remilio C. Atabay
Height Growth and Survival of Benguet Pine (Pinus insularis Endl.) Grown in Variuos Potting Media Orallo, Cesar A.
Survival and Growth of Akle [Albizzia acle (Blanco) Kosterm] and Supa (Sindora supa Merr.) in Various Potting Media Lasmarias, Victoria T.
Growth and Survival of Malayakal and Guijo Wildlings Transplanted in Brushland Forest Maun, Marcelino M.
Juvenile Growth Response of Benguet Pine (Pinus kesiya, Royle ex Gordon) Seedlings of Various Provenances Orallo, Cesar A.
The Effects of Some Transpiration-Reducing Compounds on the Water Relations, Growth and Survival of Kaatoan Bangkal (Anthocephalus chinensis. Lank. Rich. Ex. Walp) and Yemane (Gmelina arborea , Roxb.) Seedlings Castillo, Evangeline Tamolang
Effects of Mulching and Fertilization on Yemane Seedlings Outplanted in a Denuded Grassland Principe, Eduardo Balot
Germination of Benguet Oine Seeds Gathered from Different Crown Exposure Peñafiel, S.R. and B.F. Noble
Direct Seeding of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale Linnaeus) Cadiz, Rafael T and Marcelino V. Dalmacio
Seed Treatments of Pinus kesiya for germination Agpaoa, Alfredo and Erlinda Pulmano
Germination of Benguet Pine Seeds at Various Intervals of Watering Costales, Adelaida B. and V.P. Veracion
The Modern Seed-Fertilizer Technology Adoption of Labor-Saving Technologies: The Philippine Case David, Cristina C. and Otsuka Keijiro
Effect of Frequency and Length Exposure to Room Condition on the Germinative Capacity of Cold-Stored Bagras (Eucalyptus deglupta Blume) Seeds Ramilo, Virgilio C.
Seed Identification of Major Weeds in Plantations of Fast-Growing Tree Species in Mt. Makiling, Luzon Escobin, Ramiro P. and Justo P. Rojo.
Seed Dessication and Storage Studies of Some Dipterocarp Tree Species in the Philippines Dayan, Maria P. and Rosalinda S. Reaviles
Pre-Germination Treatment of Seeds of Four Pioneer Tree Species. Lucero, Gabriel V.
Germination Test Standards for Acacia mangium Dayan, Maria P. and Rosalinda S. Reaviles
Pre-germination Treatments of Bagalunga Seeds (Melia dubia Cav.) Nasayao, Edilberto E., Loida Z. Nasayao and Edilberto V. Ulep
Germination of Bagras (Eucalyptus deglupta) Using Different Soil Media De Leon-Boado, Eufresina
Preliminary Results of Germination of Mindoro Pine (Pinus merkusii Jungh and de Vriese) Seeds extracted from Green-Brown Cones Collected at Different Times Boado, E.L.
Direct-Seeding of Pinus kesiya (Royle ex. Gordon) as Affected by Time of Seeding, Site Preparation and Seed Coating Dalmacio, Marcelino V. and Florendo Barangan
Germination of White Lauan (Shorea contorta Vidal) Seeds Collected at Different Times During Seedfall During Seedfall Basada, Romeo M. and Divina Gracia I. Peregrino.
Effect of Pericarp Removal on the Germination of Molave (Vitex parviflora Juss.) Seeds Garcia, Mercedes U.
Germination Study of Selected Mangrove Species Melana, Dioscoro M., Emma E. Melana, and Cesar A. Arroyo
Survival of Seeds and Cuttings of Yemane (Gmelina arborea) Under Different Slope Exposures Florido, L.V. and M.P. Lim Suan
Germination of Leucaena leucocephala Seeds Under Varying Temperatures and Length of Soaking in Water Racelis, Eloida A. and Angel P. Bagaloyos
Depth and Position of Sowing Large-Leaf Mahogany Seeds Mondala, Conceptcion A.
Effects of Pre-Treatment Media on the Germination of Palasan (Calamus maximus) and Limuran (C. ornatus Blanco) Seeds at Pagbilao, Quezon Generalao, Maximino L.
A Quick, Simple Method of Improving the Germination of Stored Akleng-Parang [Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.] Seeds Halos, Saturnina C. and Virgilio I. Fabian, Jr.
Seed Viability and Seedling-Height Growth as Affected by Tapping Benguet Pine (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon) Trees Noble, Bartolome F.
Effect of Seed Size on germination, Seedling Survival and Height Growth of White Lauan (Shorea contorta Vidal) Basada, Romeo M.
Germination, Survival and Growth of Limuran (Calamus ornatus Becc.) Mendoza, Marietta P. and Maximino L. Generalao
Peak Cone Ripening and Seed Production of Mindoro Pine (Pinus merkusii Jung & de Vr.) Rimando, Elpidio F.
Influence of Storage Condition on Longevity of Tanguile [Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merrill] Seeds Peregrino, Divinagracia I.
Seed-Borne Organisms in Some Forest Tree Seeds in the Philippines: A Preliminary Survey Agmata, Antonia L.
Treatments to Hasten Germination of Teak Seeds Rathnarathorn, Panus
AGROFORESTRY
Use of Multipurpose Tree Species (MPTS) in Agroforestry Farms in Mt. Makiling, Laguna, Philippines Dizon, Josefina T. and Fe K. Mallion
Agroforestry as an Approach to Rural Community Development Lantican, Domingo M.
Soil Conservation Practices in the Hilly Agricultural Lands of the Philippines Lantican, Domingo M.
Factors Influencing the Adoption of AF Systems in an ISFP in Dumarao, Capiz Virtudazo, Adelfo Z
Agroforestry Adoption Patterns in Oriental Mindoro Rebugio, Lucrecio L. and Prakash Sayami
Perceptions, Attitude, and behavior of CARP-ISF Farmer-Beneficiaries and their Influence on Agroforestry Technology Adoption in Eastern Visayas Nasayao, Edilberto E. and Marulen A. Zara
Analysis of Perc eptions, Attitude, and Expectations of CARP-ISF Farmers in Abra Toward Agroforestry and its Management Allan, Frolaine M.
Developments in Agroforestry Research. Farmers’ Participatory Process on Soil and Water Conservation and Agroforestry in Bukidnon Uplands Pava, Herminio M.
Farmers’ Participatory Process on Soil and Water Conservation and Agroforestry in Bukidnon Uplands Pava, Herminio M.
A Method for Farmer-Participatory Research and Technology Transfer: Upland Soil Conservation in the Philippines Fujisaka, Sam Slopeland Technology for Agroforestry Resources to Improve the Income Level of Upland Farmers Pava, Herminio M., Jose B. Arances, Josefino Magallanes, Isabelo O. Mugot, Jesus Manubag and Isales Sealza
Agroforestry through Community Participation: Selected Issues in Project Implementation Salazar, Robert C.
Stabilizing Upland Agroecosystems to Protect National Park Buffer Zones Cairns, Malcolms
Buffer Zone Management and Agroforestry: The Ifugao Experience Serrano, Rogelio
Productivity and Sustainability of a Compost Fertilized Kaingin Farm with Wood Dams as Erosion Control Cuevas, Virginia C. and Fernando C. Diez
Alley Cropping systems in the Philippines Lasco, R. D., M. Okazaki and R. P. Furoc
MPTS Field Adoption Assessment at Magallones, Cabagan, Isabela Philippines Pasicolan, Paulo N.
Height Growth and Herbage Production of Seven MPTS Used as Hedgerows in an Alley Cropping System: An On-Farm Experiment Lasco, Rodel D. and Elpidio C. Malinao
Impact of Agroforestry and Gully Stabilization on the Water Budget of a Secondary Dipterocarp Forest Watershed, Norzagaray, Bulacan Baconguis, Santiago R.
Effect of Tending Operation on the Survival and Growth of Acacia (Samanea saman ) Maun, Marcelino M
Silvicultural Alternatives for Sustainable Management of Dipterocarp Residual Forests in the Philippines Virtucio, Felizardo D.
Effects of Cropping History on Soil Erodibility of Kaingin Farms in My Makiling, Laguna, Philippines Ganapin, Delfin Jr.
Surface Soil Loss of Sloping Land Planted to Corn (Zea mays L.) and Beans (Vigna sesquipedallis) Rebolledo, Glenn G. and Tabuno, Jocelyn M.
Soil Loss from Selected Slopes Planted to Upland Rice Tolentino, Gilbert M. and Domingo, Teresita
A Comparative Economic Study of Traditional Kaingin, Modified Cropping Patterns and Tree Farming in Mt Makiling Corpuz, Eumelia
The Relationship of Firewood Extraction to Farming System: The Case of Some Upland Farmers in Eastern Cabagan, Isabela Acay, Florence T.
The Himaya Bukidnon: Musuan Experience Pava, Herminio M.; Arances, Jose B.; Manubag, Jesus M.; Mugot, Isabelo O.; Sealza, Isaias and Magallanes, Josefino
Socio-Cultural and Economic Correlates of Farming Systems at Bagong Silang Los Baños Avila, Teodora N
Survival Strategies of Upland Farmers to Environmental Conditions in Solong, San Miguel, Catanduanes Isorena, Salvador V.
Determinants of Soil Conservation Measure Adoption Among the Upland Farmers of Selected Integrated Social Forestry Projects in Regions VII and VIII. Dolom, Buenaventura
Communal Tree Farming: A Socio -Economic Analysis of Selected Upland Communities Espiritu, Nena O.
The Adoption of Agroforestry Technology: The Case of the Hillyland Households Castillo, Elvira R.
Environmental and Socio-Economic Impact Analysis of an Indigenous and an Introduced Agroforestry System in Luzon Serrano, Rogelio C.
The Effects of Continuous Crop Cover via Multiple Cropping on Soil Erosion in Hilly Areas Banlawe, Nilo V.
Effects of Corn (Zea Mays L.) and Legume (Vigna radiata L.) Wilczek, Arachis hypogaea (L.) Intercrops on Crops Productivity and Soil Erosion in Hillyland Berganio, Milagros L.
Ecological Analysis of the Cropping Patterns and Farm Practices of Migrant Farmers in the National Botanic Garden, Real, Quezon Ilao, Suan Sandra
Economics of Crop Farming Systems in the Upland of Lumintao and Caguray Watersheds in Occidental Mindoro, Philippines Rebugio, Artemio
A Diagnostic Study of the Problem Complex in Shifting Cultivation Systems of Upland Farmers in Basey, Samar Pielago, Gines D.; Distrajo, Renato P.; Gayon, Lina P. and Apura, Deonaldo, G.
Upland Conservation Strategies in Selected Areas of the Philippines Department of Social Forestry
Upland Rice Cultivation Using Leguminous Tree Hedgerows on Strongly Acid Soils Basri, Iswandi; Mercado, Agustin, Jr.; and Garrity, Dennis
Erosion Control by Sondeo Approach to Rapid Rural Reconnaissance: Locating and Assisting Farmers Whose Top Soil is Eroding in Region X, Philippines Madigan, Francis, C. SJ
Evaluation of Two Soil Conservation Measures in an Upland Cropping Systems Ramirez, Domingo
Participatory Research in Upland Farming Systems Development in San Isidro, Leyte: Some Preliminary Results in Barangay San Miguel Ponce, Eliseo R. and Nasayao, Edilberto
Blueprints and Realities: The Experience of Upland Development Projects Aguilar, Filomeno, Jr
MSAC’s Agro-Forestry Project Dimas, Benjamin D.
Agroforestry and Albizzia Falcataria in PICOP Domingo, Ireneo L.
Agroforestry Systems in the Philippine Uplands and the Model Principle Lasco, Rodel D.
Managing Agroforestry Systems as Renewable Resources Malayang, Ben S. III
Agroforestry Programs/Activities of the Bureau of Forest Development Payuan, Edwin V.
Agroforestry as a Social Forestry Production System Ramirez, Domingo M.
Agroforestry in Upland Ecosystems Raros, Romeo S.
Agro-Forestation Program Sicad, Ramon Noriel B. and Padsing, Marcos L.
Agroforestry Tree Farming in Eastern Mindanao, Philippines: A PICOP Experience Tagudar, Eulogio T.
Appropriate Technology and Research Area for Hillyland Development Saplaco, Severo R.
Corn Intercrop with Ipil-ipil Followed by Upland Crops for the Development of Marginal and Hilly Areas Caspillo, E.L.; Margarejo, J.; and Funa, A.
Some Integrated Upland Farming Approaches Duhaylungsod, N.C.
Multiple Cropping Systems for the Upland Hilly Areas: The SALT-1 and SALT-3 Experiences Laquihon, Warlito A.
The Development and Diffusion of an Upland Farming System: The SALT (Sloping Agricultural Land Technology) Experience Laquihon, Warlito A.
Simple Agro-Livestock Technology (SALT-2): A Dairy Goat-Based Agroforestry in Sloping Lands Pagbilao, Merlie V.; Watson, Harold R,; and Laquihon, Warlito A.
Evaluation of Erosion Control Techniques for the Upland Agroecosystems Cuevas, Virginia C.
The Establishment and Performance of Tree Legume Hedgerows in Farmers’ Fields in a Sloping Acid Upland Environment Mercado, S.R. Jr.; Tumacas, A.M.; and Garrity, D.P.
Tenure, Technology, and Productivity of Agroforestry Schemes Capistrano, A. D. and S. Fujisaka
The Effect Of Corn/Ipil-Ipil Cropping System On Productivity And Stability Of Upland Agro-Ecosystems Pacardo, E. P. and Montecillo, L. A.
Hillyland Farming In Candis Valley: (Bacungan, Puerto Princesa, Palawan) A Rapid Rural Appraisal Report Hillyland-Based Farming Systems Team
A Comparative Study of Two Agroforestry Systems in Pangkalinawan, Jala-Jala, Rizal Lasco, R. D
Productivity And Protectiveness Of Different Density Combinations Of Kakawate [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud] And Corn [Zea mays L.] In An Alley Cropping Scheme Under Two Slope Gradients Lapitan, L. C. Jr.
Analysis Of Selected Agroforestry Practices In Region II MENDEZ, J. S.
Evaluation Of Agroforestry Schemes In Albay GARCIA, P. R. and M.G. DIONGLAY
Factors Affecting The Adoption Of Agroforestry Systems In An Integrated Social Forestry Projects In Dumarao, Capiz VIRTUDAZO, A. Z.
Environmental Management Of The Hilly-Land Farming System ALCANTARA, A. J.
Agroecosystem Analysis Of Makiling Forest Reserve, Philippines CRUZ, R. V. O., H. A. FRANCISCO and C. S. TORRES
Productivity Of Hilly-Land Farming Systems LAWAS, N. R. and B. M. CALUB
The State Of Philippine Uplands Research: Profile And Annotated Bibliography LIBRERO, A. D. and Z. C. LAMAYRA
An Evaluation Of An Upland Development Project In Passi, Iloilo, Philippines OLIVA, A. T.
Soil Conservation For Hilly-Land Farming Systems PANINGBATAN, E. P., D. T. GUINTO and R. A. COMIA
Land Evaluation For Agroforestry In The Philippines EVANGELISTA, P. P.
Evaluation Of Hillylands For Appropriate Conservation-Oriented Farming Systems LIMBAGA, C. M.
Upland Philippine Communities: Guardians Of The Final Forest Frontiers WALPOLE, P., G. BRAGANZA, J. B. ONG, G.J. TENGCO, and E. WIJANCO (Team Coordinator). POFFENBERGER, M. AND B. MCGEAN (eds.)
Agroecosystem Analysis of Ikloy River Watershed in Indang, Cavite SEDIGO, N. A.
Technology in Transition: Lesson From Lantapan Elazegui, Dulce D.
Profitability And Sustainability Of Agricultural Production Systems In The Lantapan Subwatershed Rola, Agnes C.
Natural Resource Management On A Watershed Scale: What Can Agroforestry Contribute? GARRITY, D. P. and F. AGUS
Upper Manupali Watershed Biodiversity Research Conservation Program Dagondon, G., V. Amoroso, B. Tabaranza and V. Saway
Farming Systems Interactions In The Landscape/Lifescape Of The Manupali Watershed In Lantapan, Bukidnon, Philippines Josue, A. R., V. T. Villancio, N. R. Franje, C. C. Tautho, H. M. Pava, R. B. Cagmat, L. L. Josue, R. B. Paguntalan, S. M. Medina, C. M. Medina, R. P. Escobin Jr., C. De Leon, L. C. Lubos, L. M. Llego, and F. B. Warquez
The Establishment And Performance Of Tree Legume Hedgerows In Farmers’ Fields In A Sloping Acid Upland Environment MERCADO, A. R., JR., A. M. TUMACAS AND D. P. GARRITY
Non-Timber Forest Products In Manupali Watersheds, Bukidnon, Philippines Palis, H. G.
Appropriate Research for Hilly Lands TENGCO, P. L.
Enhancing Viable Interactions Of Community-Based Organizations In Farming Systems Development Villancio, Virgilio T.
How Will Medium Term Agricultural Sustainability In The Philippine Highlands Be Affected By Induced Reductions In Commodity Prices For Annual Crops, By Adoption Of Technologies That Reduce Erosion, And By Combinations Of The Two? MIDMORE, D. J., D. D. POUDEL AND T. M. NISSEN
Grassland Regeneration Strategy for Small Upland Farmers Sajise, Percy E.
Initial Growth, Biomass Accumulation, Nutrient Content and Litterfall of Four Agroforestry Hedgerow Tree Species Kaliman Windrati
A Brief History of the Process of Tree Domestication, Paper presented during the workshop 'Critical Issues in the Process Domesticating Indigenous Tree Species for the Improved Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines’ Koffa, Samuel N.
SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION
Soil and Water Conservation Strategies in Hilly Lands Concepcion, Roger N.
Analysis of the On-site Cost of Soil Erosion Lasmarias, Noela C.
The Environmental Effects of Soil Erosion Economic Valuation Issues for Philippine Uplands. Cruz, Wilfrido D.
Some properties of the forested soils of Mt. Makiling and its vegetations KHAN, M.
Effects of gross type and soil compaction in the Upper Talavera River Basin SIMS, B. D.
Litter weight and soil compaction under stands of Anthocephalus chinensis, Swietenia macrophylla and mixed dipterocarps. Pterocarpus MANUBAG, J. M.
Hydrogen ion and physical properties of forest soils in Quezon and Camarines Norte GUIMAYEN, G. A.
A comparison of water redistribution in an upland Tropofluent and a lowland Tropaquent KLODPENG, T. A.
Comparison of soil properties of logged -over Benguet pine (Pinus insularis Endl) and Mindoro pine (Pinus mercusii Jungh and Vr.) forests SAMBAJON, D. M.
Some physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of the soils in the Pantabangan and Canili-Diayo Watersheds SABIO, E. A. JR.
Soils of the Bicol River Basin. Master of Science in Soil Science BARILE, C. L.
Soil compaction in a thinned natural Benguet pine (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon) stand FLORIDO, L. V. and S. R. SAPLACO
Save our soils: Case study of two municipalities in Batangas, Philippines. Proceedings of the Seminar on the Researches for Productive and Protective Watershed Resources in the ASEAN Region LIBRERO, A. R.; MAGLINAO, A.
Soil and water conservation and productivity in a system of intensive agro-forestry NGUYEN, H. H.
Soil and water conservation studies SAPLACO, S. R.
Soil fertility management in acid upland environments GARROTE, B. P., A. MERCADO, JR. and D. P. GARRITY
Soil fertility and conservation as affected by cropping systems MONSALUD, F. C., T. T. TONGACAN and N. R. LAWAS
Basic Soil Properties ALCANTARA, A. J.
Soil nutrient dynamics and its effects on the productivity of a compost - fertilized shifting cultivation farming system with wood dams constructed as erosion control measures CUEVAS, V. C. and DIEZ, F. C.
Evaluation of soil and water conservation structures and agroforestry cropping schemes in Region VIII DAÑO, A. M. and F. SIAPNO
Evaluation of two soil conservation measures in an upland cropping system RAMIREZ, D. M.
Effects of prescribed-burning on site quality TOMANENG, A. A.
Effects of burning and mowing on floristic composition and physico-chemical properties of Annam soils UMALI, C. J., J. M. BATALON and J. C. LERIO
Soil conservation in the Philippines EUSEBIO, M. A., N. H. HOANH and E. EUSEBIO
Soil conservation for hilly -land farming systems. Productivity Enhancement in Rainfed Areas PANINGBATAN, E. P., D. T. GUINTO and R. A. COMIA
State of the art and abstract bibliography: Soil and wat er conservation in the Philippine upland watersheds" PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Soil fertility and productivity aspects of alley cropping schemes using leguminous trees as hedgerows and corn (Zea mays L.) as an alley crop SORIANO, H. JR., M.
Evaluation of different soil and water conservation structures VERACION, V., E.S. NASAYAO and U. B. DOYDORA
Soil moisture distribution, erosion and nitrogen availability in some alley cropping systems UMALI, C. G.
Biomass production and some soil properties under a Leucaena leucocephala fallow system in Cebu, Philippines KUNG U, J. B.
Soil and water conservation strategies for sustainable upland farming In the Philippines Part II BACONGUIS, S. R. and L. C. RANES
Terrace formation effects on some soil properties in an alley cropping system DELA CRUZ, A. E.
Litterfall and soil nutrient dynamics in three coffee-based agroforestry cropping systems LAPITAN, L. JR. C.
Sustainable soil management practices applied to multiple-cropping based as applied to coffee LIWAG, J. M. P. N.
Soil-water and soil physical properties under contour hedgerow systems on sloping oxisols AGUS, F., D. K. CASSEL and D. P. GARRITY
Long term effect of alley cropping system on soil productivity and soil quality: Evaluation of its sustainability on soil resource RACHMAN, L. M.
Soil compaction and litter production in pie reforestation stands in the Binga watersheds COSTALES, E. F. JR.
Characteristics and genesis of volcanic ash soil in the Philippines: IV. Accumulation and properties of organic matter. Progress report No. 4 HIROO, O. O., BRIONES, A. A., DAQUIADO, N .P.
Characteristics of annam soil series in the Pantabangan and Sta. Fe Watersheds MONTECILLO, L.
Soil hydrologic characteristics as affected by different agro -forestry crops in Buhisan Watershed PALAYPAYON, W.R. and H. G. PALIS
Hydrogen Ion and Physical Properties of Forest Soils in Quezon and Camarines Norte Guiyamen, G.A.
Study of Some Soil Characteristics of the TCA-NEA-Dendro-Thermal Plantation Project Fernandez, Ma. Lina J. and Lacayanga, Glorina A.
Survey on Nutrient Status of Upland Soils in the Municipality of Matalam, North Cotabato Galuno, Elena S.
Soil fertility status and physical properties of two reforestation areas of the Bicol River Basin BACONGUIS S. R., JR. D. P. ABRIGO, and W. C. MOSQUEDA
Soil Fertility Status and Physical Properties of 2 Reforestation Areas of the Bicol River Basin Baconguis, Santiago R., Dante P. Abrigo, and Wilfredo C. Mosqueda
Effects of Different Vegetative Covers on Soil Erosion Rates on Streambanks in Benguet Orallo, Cesar A. and Anthony Victor B. Lopez
Early Growth and Development of White Lauan (Shorea contorta Vidal) Under Different Soil Covers Maun, Marcelino M.
Infiltration Rates of Soils as Influenced by Some Land-Use Types in the Benguet Pine Watershed Costales, Egidio F.
Some Erosion Parameters in a Grassland Cover at Selected Slope Degrees and Lengths Salvador, Luzon T.
Comparative Study of Infiltration Rates on Different Land Uses and Soil Conditions Joshi, Surya P.
PROTECTION
Integration of corn/upland rice with Leucaena as erosion control and green manure crop LAWAS, N. R. and B. M. CALUB
Management of agroforestry systems VERGARA, N. T.
Experiences on erosion control measures in northern part of the Philippines. (Case study of Upper Agno River Basin Multip le-Use District, Pacdal, Baguio City, Philippines) BAI, M. C.
An overview of the farming systems in the highland agricultural regions in the Northern Philippines BALAOING, J. G. MINAMI, N. and FUJIWARA, T.
Controlling soil erosion and sustain ing productivity in rice-based shifting cultivation system in Mt. Makiling, Philippines LANSIGAN, F. P. and CUEVAS, V. C.
The impact of an agroforestry project on upland farming in San Francisco, Cebu, Philippines LEONES, J. P.
Protection, conservation and rehabilitation of Philippine mangrove areas ZAMORA, P. M.
Watershed protection and environmental/land use planning study AURORA INTEGRATED AREA DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
Performance of lesser-known species on grassland to rehabilitate watershed areas ALLADO, O. S.
An analysis of selected government reforestation projects in Iloilo ALLI, R. A.
Assessing soil erosion control measures as component of watershed r ehabilitation in Region 10 GADRINAO, A. B.
A forest farming concept to restore the Ormoc Watershed MILAN, P. P. and J. MARGAF.
Watershed restoration and protection in the Bais Bay Basin, Philippines WALTERS, B. B., A.M. CADELINA, A. CARDAÑO and E. VISITACION
Bioecological, social and economic assessment of assisted natural regeneration (ANR) as an approach to forest cover restoration ABARQUEZ, A. H., M. U. SY, N. M. PAMPOLINA, M. N. RIVERA and C. G. ABRENILLA
The Philippines Strategy for Improved Watershed Resources Management ABARQUEZ, A. H., M. U. SY, N. M. PAMPOLINA, M. N. RIVERA and C. G. ABRENILLA
Analysis of the Willingness to Pay for Protecting Lake Danao National Park in Ormoc, Leyte, Philippines ABARQUEZ, A. H., M. U. SY, N. M. PAMPOLINA, M. N. RIVERA and C. G. ABRENILLA
The Conditions of Biodiversity Maintenance in Asia: Philippine Studies SAJISE, P. E., M. V.TICSAY-RUSCOE, W. SM. GRUEZO, J. C. T. GONZALES, A. T. L. DANS, H. A. FRANCISCO, C. TORRES and D. K. VERGARA
Can agricultural intensification stop deforestation? Irrigation, employment, and room for cautious optimism in southern Palawan, The Philippines SHIVELY G. and E. MARTINEZ
Evaluation of plant species for streambank stabilization in the Bicol river basin GARCIA, P. and H. G. PALIS
Conservation Farming Systems for the Sloping Lands: Research and Development Imperatives Garrity, Dennis P.
WATERSHED
Rainfall-Suspended Sediment Relationship of Annually Burned Grassland Watershed Baconguis, Santiago R.
Hydro -Meteorology of a Benguet Pine Watershed Veracion, Vicente P.
Physical resources survey, problem analysis and watershed development plan for the Naga-Calabanga IDA IV-A FORI RESEARCH TEAM AND BRBDP STUDY TEAM COUNTERPART
Watershed management research project for Naga-Calabanga IDA VI- A PERINO, J.M.; S. R. BACONGUIS JR.; E. CASTILLO; M. LIM SUAN and M. LLEMIT Terrain quantification and cluster analysis in watershed characterization VILLANUEVA, T. R.
Morphological characteristics of upper Agno river basin RONQUILLO, S. P. R.
Some geomorphological characteristics and infiltration capacities of the different land uses at the Buhisan Watershed BACONGUIS JR., S. R. and A. M. DAÑO.
Watershed characterization: modelling and other computer-oriented approaches CRUZ, R. V. O.
Environmental effects of watershed modifications DAVID, W. P.
Towards a more comprehensive characterization of our watersheds VELASCO, A.
Hydro logic, physical and socio-economic characterization of the Hijo-Manat Watershed CASTILLO, R., M. P. LIM SUAN, S. R. BACONGUIS JR., M. B. LLEMIT, C. UMALI, A. EXCONDE, R. V. NAVAR RO and P. C. ATEGA
Environmental Assessment of the watershed resources of Marikina watershed reservation WATERSHED AND RANGE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH DIVISION
A pilot study on the application of multi-level remote sensing to forest resources mapping in the Philippines UMALI, R.M. and ARGETE, E. C.
Watershed management: Impacts on the Tumauini irrigation system, Tumauini, Isabela ROMERO, M. R.
Research and development strategies and approaches to critical watershed management FORONDA, S. U. and R.C. SERRANO
Case Study: Dupinga watershed, Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija. Ateneo Environmental WIJANGCO, E.
The importance of watershed management to the coastal environment BACONGUIS, S. R. and L. I. CAÑETE RANES
Formulation of a watershed management strategy and investment programme Wat er Resources Development Project. Watershed Management Improvement Component Phases I and II. COWI
Formulation of a watershed management strategy and investment programme. Guidelines for Watershed Management and Development in the Philippines COWI
Guidelines criteria for the prioritisation of watersheds for improved management COWI
Formulation of a watershed management strategy and investment programme. National Watershed Management Programme COWI
Formulation of a watershed management strategy and investment programme. Task 4 Review of Watershed Management Programme and Projects Reviewed COWI.
Formulation of a watershed management strategy and investment programme. Task 4 Review of Watershed Management Programme and Projects COWI
Participatory approaches to catchment management: Some experiences to build upon GARRITY, DENNIS P.
State of art and status of upland watershed management in the Philippines. The Status of Watershed Management in Asia LIM SUAN, M. P. and E. A. ROSARIO
NATURAL
Dipterocarps and Other Trees in the Research Forest of the Dipterocarp Forest Research Center Tomboc, Carlos C., Noel S. Gianan, Jeremias B. Bruzon, and Romeo M. Basada
Timber Stand Improvement of Binuang (Octomeles sumatrana) in Natural Stands Faustino, Dominador M. Jr. and Emmanuel M. Bascug
Properties of Some Philippine Dipterocarp Under Two Forest Types Sambahon, Danilo Badrina
Bioecological, social and economic assessment of assisted natural regeneration (ANR) as an approach to forest cover restoration ABARQUEZ, A. H., M. U. SY, N. M. PAMPOLINA, M. N. RIVERA and C. G. ABRENILLA.
APPENDIX A.
FOREST RESTORATION PROGRAMS AND RESEARCHES IN THE PHILIPPINES