3D Analyses, 46 Abulia, 124 ACC See Anterior Cingulated Cortex

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-14229-8 - The Brain and Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioral Neuroanatomy: Third Edition David L. Clark, Nash N. Boutros and Mario F. Mendez Index More information

Index

3D analyses, 46 bipolar disorder/depression, 205–6 auditory areas, 62 abulia, 124 obsessive compulsive disorder, 206 a u t i s m , 7 A C C see anterior cingulated cortex posttraumatic stress disorder, 207 autism spectrum disorder (ASD) , 107 acetylcholine (ACh), 19 schizophrenia, 205 autoreceptors, 17 addictive behavior, see alcoholism ; social interactions, 201–3 autoscopic phenomena, 71–72 cocaine Tourette’s syndrome, 208 axons, 14 , 15–16 adenosine, 24–25 anterior cingulate gyrus, 85 , 197 adhesion molecules, 17 anterior commissure, 229 Balint syndrome, 50 adrenergic receptors, 22 anterior insular cortex, 68–69 basal ganglia, 7 , 8 , 122–39 aging, 10–11 anterior intraparietal area, 46 basal nucleus, 129–30 acetylcholine, 19 anterior midbody, 227 basilar artery, 8 neurogenesis, 184 anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC), basolateral nuclei, 179–82 occipital lobes, 39–40 199 B D N F see brain-derived neurotropic akinetic mutism, 207–8 anterior parietal lobe, 40 , see also factor alcoholism, 102 parietal lobes B P D see borderline personality alien hand sign, 229 anterior temporal lobe, see temporal disorder alvear pathways, 177 lobes bipolar disorder, 105 Alzheimer’ disease anterior thalamic nuclei, 156 , 203 cingulate cortex, 201–05 amygdala, 184 anterograde amnesia, 178 frontal lobes, 186 cingulate cortex, 200 anterograde axon transport, 15 blindness, see prosopagnosia frontal lobes, 107 antipsychotics, 23–24 blindsight, 38–39 locus ceruleus, 172–73 a n t i s a c c a d e s , 9 0 blood-brain barrier, 9 a M C C see anterior midcingulate antisocial personality disorder, 48 body movements, 44 cortex anxiety, 39 borderline personality disorder (BPD), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- anterior insular cortex, 68 50 isoxazole proprionate (AMPA), cingulate cortex, 206 bottom-up processes, 41 20 , 21 frontal lobes, 96 brain-derived neurotropic factor amnesia , 178 locus ceruleus, 172 (BDNF), 21 AMPA see α-amino-3-hydroxy-5- nucleus accumbens, 221 brainstem, 4 , 167–75 methyl-4-isoxazole proprionate a p a t h y , 9 7 Broca’s area, 90–91 amygdala, 182–84 aphasia, 71 anxiety, 68 , 96 apraxia, 49 cadherins, 27 autism, 188 aprosodia, 50 capsulotomy, 204 bipolar disorder, 105 A R A S see ascending reticular activating cardiac control cortex, 68 depression, 186 system caudal raphe nuclei, 169 limbic system, 179 , 216 , 221–22 archicortical limbic system divisions, caudate nucleus, 123 , 134 , panic disorder, 188 219 see also neostriatum posttraumatic stress disorder, arcuate nucleus, 145–46 cavum septum pellucidum, 186–87 arousal , 97 , 129 , 131 217 , 220 temporal lobes, 65 ascending reticular activating system C C A S see cerebellar cognitive aff ective amygdaloid nuclear complex, 218–19 (ARAS), 167–68 syndrome amyloid hypothesis, 26 A S D see autism spectrum disorder central nucleus, 181 angular gyrus, 47 association circuits, 127–28 centromedian nucleus, 161 , 162 anterior body, 227 association fi bers, 41 cerebellar cognitive aff ective syndrome a n t e r i o r c e r e b r a l a r t e r y , 9 astrocytes, 26 (CCAS), 7 anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), attention-defi cit hyperactivity disorder, cerebellum, 4–6 237 197–98 , 204 173 cerebral blood fl ow, 41

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-14229-8 - The Brain and Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioral Neuroanatomy: Third Edition David L. Clark, Nash N. Boutros and Mario F. Mendez Index More information

Index

cerebral cortex, 9 dopamine (DA), 22–24 , 134 , face recognition , 231 , cerebrum, 7–8 see also cocaine; substantia nigra see also p r o s o p a g n o s i a Charles Bonnet syndrome, 39 habenula, 151 fasciculus telencephalicus medialis chemical synapses, 16 , 17–18 nucleus accumbens, 220–21 see medial forebrain bundle chronic pain, 197–201 schizophrenia, 103–4 feeling-of-a-presence, 72 cingulate cortex, 162 , 197–214 ventral tegmental area, 130 FEF see frontal eye fi eld cingulotomy, 204 dorsal attention networks, 48 F F A see fusiform face area cingulum, 201 dorsal longitudinal fasciculus, 147 fl occulonodular lobe, 4–5 cocaine dorsal pallidum, 125 fornix, 216 , 219–20 amygdala, 184 dorsal striatopallidum, 123–28 frontal eye fi eld (FEF), 89–91 dopamine, 23 dorsal striatum, 123–25 frontal lobes, 7 , 84–104 excitotoxicity, 25 dorsal supraoptic decussation, 230 frontotemporal dementia (FTD), 107 glutamate, 20–21 dorsal temporal pole, 66 fusiform face area (FFA), 64–65 cognitive functions, 5–6 dorsal visual stream, 35 , 36 , 45 fusiform gyrus, 64–65 complex hallucinations, 37–38 dorsolateral prefrontal cortex complex partial seizure status, 71 (DLPFC), 94–95 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), conductance regions, 15 dorsomedial nucleus, 146 17 , see also skeletomotor circuits consciousness, 43–44 dorsomedial prefrontal cortex Gastaut-Geschwind syndrome, 222 contralateral neglect, 231 (MdPFC), 98–100 G-coupled metabotropic receptors, 25 corpus callosum, 226–29 dual-hemisphere interaction tasks, 227 GCS see glycine cleavage system cortical routes, 182 d y s l e x i a , 7 3 geniculate bodies, 161 corticosteroids, 187 genu, 227 corticotropin-releasing hormone EDS see environmental dependency globus pallidus, 125 , (CRH), 145 syndrome see also paleostriatum cortisol, 181 EEG see electroencephalogram G L U see glutamate CRH see corticotropin-releasing electrical synapses, 16 glucose metabolism, 92 hormone electroencephalogram (EEG), 9–10 glutamate (GLU), 22 cytokines, 27 electrostatic charge, 15 glutamatergic hypothesis, 185 electrotonic coupling, 16 glycine (GLY), 21–22 D A see dopamine elementary hallucinations, 37 , 38 glycine cleavage system (GCS), 21–22 D B S see deep brain stimulation emotion processing goal-directed behaviors, 95 d e a f n e s s , 6 0 amygdala, 182–83 , 221–22 Golgi apparatus, 14 decision making, 101 cingulate cortex, 198–99 G-proteins, 18 declarative memory, 177–78 hyppocampus, 145 gray matter, 10–11 , 85 deep brain stimulation (DBS), 132 interhemispheric connections, 231 G T S see Tourette’s syndrome default brain networks, 97–98 emotional bias, 39 g y r i , 7 , 8 d e l u s i o n s see hallucinations emotional brain see limbic system dementia see frontotemporal empathy, 101 habenula (HB), 150–51 dementia entorhinal cortex, 177 habenular commissure, 230 dendrites, 14 , 15 environmental dependency syndrome hallucinations, 37–38 depression (EDS), 93 handedness, 229 , 230 basal ganglia, 134 epilepsy, 222 H B see habenula cingulate cortex, 205–1 epileptogenic foci, 232 h e a u t o s c o p y , 7 2 frontal lobes, 91 , 92 , 104–5 , 186 epiphysis, 149–50 hemiakinesia, 233 locus ceruleus, 172–73 episodic memory, 104 hemispheric specialization, 230 neurogenesis, 185 epithalamus, 7 , 140 , 149–51 Heschl’s gyrus, 61 suprachiasmatic nucleus, 144–45 error detection, 198 hippocampus temporal lobes, 70–71 E T D see eye tracking dysfunction autism, 188 diencephalon, 7 , 140–55 , 156–66 excitatory projection neurons, 21 bipolar disorder/depression, 186 diff usion, 15 excitotoxicity, 25 interhemispheric connections, direct access tasks, 227 executive function defi cits, 95 229–30 disconnection syndromes see split- executive processing, 94 limbic system, 176–79 , 216 , 219–20 , brain syndromes external medullary lamina, 161 221–22 distortions, 37 , 38 e x t r a s t r i a t e b o d y , 3 5 schizophrenia, 185–86 D L P F C see dorsolateral prefrontal extrastriate visual cortex, 34 histamine, 24–25 cortex eye movements see frontal eye fi eld 5-HT see serotonin 238 dominant superior parietal lobule, 42 eye tracking dysfunction (ETD), 89 Huntington’ disease, 19 , 25 , 134

Index

5-hydroxytryptamine see serotonin leukotomy, 204 migraine visual aura, 38 hyperexplexia, 22 L H b see lateral habenular nucleus mirror neurons, 87 hyperkinetic movement disorders, ligand-gated ionotropic receptor, 25 monosynaptic hypothalamic 133 limbic striatum, 129 pathways, 141 hypokinetic movement disorders, limbic system, 8 , 176–96 , 197–214 , motor cortex, 84–91 133–34 215–25 m o t o r n e g l e c t , 8 9 hypothalamus, 7 , 140–49 limbic thalamus, 162 motor plans, 40–41 lobular specializations, 231–33 MPFC see medial prefrontal cortex ictal fear, 183 local circuit interneurons, 21 M S T see superior temporal lobe ideational apraxia, 49 locus ceruleus (LC), 169–70 , 171–73 MT areas, 35 , 36 , 38–39 illusions, 37 , 38 luteinizing hormone, 143 muscarinic receptors, 19 inferior olivary complex, 173 M v P F C see ventromedial prefrontal inferior parietal lobe (IPL), 47 magnocellular pathway, 35 cortex insular cortex, 68–69 , 73–74 mammillary bodies, 146 myelin , 25–26 , see also external intention evaluations, 99 mania, 105 , see also panic medullary lamina interhemispheric connections , mapping processes, 40 226–33 M C C see midcingulate cortex navigation in space, 46 intermittent explosive disorders, M d P F C see dorsomedial prefrontal N E see norepinephrine 149 cortex neocortical structures, 59–83 i n t e r n a l c a p s u l e , 8 mediadorsal nucleus, 158–59 neostriatum, 8 , 123–25 internal carotid system, 8–9 medial forebrain bundle, 146–47 neurexins, 17 internal medullary lamina, 156 medial geniculate bodies, 161 neuroactive peptide internodes, 26 medial habenular nucleus (MHb), 151 neurotransmitters, 25 intralaminar nuclei, 161–62 medial hypothalamic zones, 143 neurofi laments, 15 intralaminar thalamic nucleus, medial intraparietal area, 45–46 neurogenesis, 184–85 203–4 medial nuclei, 156–59 , 181 neuroglia, 25–26 intraparietal sulcus (IPS), 44–45 medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), neuroleptics, 162 introspection, 98–99 97–98 neuroligins, 17 introversion, 92 medulla, 4 neurons, 14–15 inversion illusion, 72 medullary raphe nuclei, 169 neuropeptides, 19 ion pump, 15 m e l a t o n i n see pineal gland neurosurgery, 204 ionotropic receptors, 17–18 , memory neurotransmitters , 18–25 , see also adenosine ; gamma- amygdala, 181 see also dopamine aminobutyric acid, N-methyl-D- cingulate cortex, 198 , 200 nicotinic receptors, 19 aspartate hippocampus, 177–78 , 179 , 219 N i s s l s u b s t a n c e , 1 4 I P L see inferior parietal lobe interhemispheric connections, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), IPS see intraparietal sulcus 233 19–20 , 21 isthmus, 227 neurogenesis, 185 nociception, 201 thalamus, 162 , see also Alzheimer’ non-dominant superior parietal Kluver-Bucy syndrome, 183 , 222 disease; episodic memory; lobule, 42 k o n i o c e l l u l a r l a y e r , 3 5 working memory norepinephrine (NE), 22 , meninges, 10 see also locus ceruleus language, 230 mentalizing, 98 noxious stimuli, 201 lateral cerebellar lobes, 6 metabotropic receptors, nucleus accumbens, 129 , 217–16 , lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus, 203 18 , see also adenosine; 220–21 lateral geniculate bodies, 161 norepinephrine nucleus paragigantocellularis, 171 lateral habenular nucleus (LHb), M H b see medial habenular nucleus nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, 171 150–51 microglia, 26–27 lateral hypothalamic zones, 146–47 microtubules, 15 obesity , 134 lateral intraparietal area, 45 midbrain, 4 obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) lateral nuclei, 179–82 midbrain raphe nuclei, 169 basal ganglia, 132–33 lateral tegmental nucleus, 171–73 midcingulate cortex (MCC), 199–200 , cingulate cortex, 206 lateral thalamic nuclei, 160 205–6 frontal lobes, 105–6 laterality, 226–33 middle cerebral artery, 9 pulvinar, 160 L C see locus ceruleus midline nuclei, 156–59 thalamus, 159 left hemisphere, 230 midline thalamic nucleus, 203–4 occipital lobes, 7–8 , 33–40 lentiform nucleus, 125 midsagittal area, 227 occipitoparietal lobes, 231–32 239

Index

O C D see obsessive-compulsive pineal gland, 149–50 pyramidal cells , 23 , 104 , 177 disorder pituitary gland, 141 , 145 pyramidal neurons, 23 oculomotor circuits, 127–28 planum temporale (PT), 62–64 O F C see orbitofrontal cortex pleasure, 147 raphe nuclei, 169–70 olfactory cues, 215–16 p M C C see posterior midcingulate receptive aphasia, 71 olfactory structures, 216 cortex receptive aprosodia, 67 oligodendroglial cells, 26 polysynaptic hypothalamic pathways, receptive regions, 15 opiates, 172 141–42 receptor mechanisms, 17 µ-opoid system, 221 pons, 4 reduplicative paramnesia, 71 optic ataxia, 49 postcentral gyrus, 41 relay tasks, 227 orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), 93 , 96–97 postcentral sulcus, 41 reticular formation, 167–68 bipolar disorder, 105 posterior cerebral artery, 9 reticular nucleus, 161 networks, 101–2 posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), r e t i n a , see also eye movements; visual obsessive-compulsive disorder, 198–200 , 201 , 204 processing 105–6 posterior cingulate gyrus, 197 retrograde axon transport, 15–16 out-of-body experiences, 72 posterior commissure, 230 retrosplenial cingulate cortex, 197 output regions, 15 posterior insular cortex, 69 retrosplenial cortex (RSC), 201 oxytocin, 144 posterior intraparietal area, 46 right hemisphere, 231 posterior midbody, 227 room-tilt illusion, 72 p A C C see pregenual anterior cingulate posterior midcingulate cortex (pMCC), rostral pontine raphe nuclei, 169 cortex 199 rostrum, 227 P A G see periaqueductal gray posterior parietal lobe, 40 rough endoplasmic reticulum, 14 pain postsynaptic elements, 16 RSC see retrosplenial cortex anterior insular cortex, 68–69 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) cingulate cortex, 200 , 201 cingulate cortex, 207 s A C C see subgenual anterior cingulate nucleus accumbens, 221 frontal lobes, 106 cortex pulvinar, 161 temporal lobes, 186–87 saccade eye movements, 89–90 thalamus, 159–60 , 162–63 PPTg see pedunculopontine tegmental s c h i z o p h r e n i a , 7 paleocortical limbic system divisions, nucleus acetylcholine, 19 219 precuneus, 42–45 basal ganglia, 134 paleostriatum, 125 prefrontal cortex (PFC), 85 , 91–102 cingulate cortex, 205 p a n i c , 7 3 pregenual anterior cingulate cortex dopamine, 23–24 parabrachial nucleus, 168–69 (pACC), 198–99 frontal lobes, 90 , 102–4 parafascicular nuclei, 161 , 162 pregenual anterior cingulate g l u t a m a t e , 2 0 parahippocampal gyrus, 216 gyrus, 197 hypothalamus, 145 parallel circuits, 127–28 premotor cortex, 86–87 interhemispheric connections, parallel visual pathways, 35–37 preoptic hypothalamic areas, 140–41 , 228 , 232 paramnesia, 71 142–43 neurogenesis, 185 parietal lobes, 7–8 , 33 , 40–50 , pre-SMA see supplementary nucleus accumbens, 129 see also occipitoparietal lobes motor area occipital lobes, 37 parietal operculum, 41 prestriate cortex, 34 parietal lobes, 47–48 parietal reach and grasp region, 46 presynaptic elements, 16 pulvinar, 161 parietal reach region, 45–46 primary auditory area, 61 temporal lobes, 69–70 , 185–86 parietal saccade region, 45 primary motor cortex, 85–87 thalamus, 159 , 162 Parkinson disease, 23 , 125 primary somatosensory cortex (SI), 41 ventral tegmental area, 130 pars compacta, 125 , 126 primary visual cortex, 34–33 second messenger systems, 18 pars reticulata, 125 , 126 procaine, 223 secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), parvocellular pathway, 35 p r o s o c c a d e s , 9 0 41 P C C see posterior cingulate cortex prosopagnosia, 73 , 231 secondary visual cortex, 34–35 pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus P T see planum temporale seizures (PPTg), 168 P T S D see posttraumatic stress cingulate cortex, 208 perforant pathways, 177 disorder frontal lobes, 107 periaqueductal gray (PAG), 170–71 pulvinar, 160–61 t e m p o r a l l o b e s , 7 1 , see also epilepsy periventricular hypothalamic zones, p u r s u i t , 8 9 selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 143 pusher syndrome, 160 24 P F C see prefrontal cortex putamen. 123 , see also lentiform self-awareness, 44 240 phasic modes, 172 nucleus, neostriatum mentalizing, 98

Index

temporal lobes, 67 substantia nigra, 130 tranquilizing organs see pineal gland sensory overload, 162 subthalamic nucleus, 8 trichotillomania, 134 septal nuclei, 216–17 , 220–21 subthalamus, 125 trigger regions, 15 septum pellucidum, 217 s u l c i , 7 tuberal regions, 145–46 serine hydroxymethyltransferase superior parietal lobule (SPL), 42 (SHMT), 21 superior temporal gyrus (STG), uncontrolled crying, 170 serotonin, 24 , 106–7 , 149 63–64 uncus, 181–83 habenula, 151 superior temporal lobe (MST), limbic circuits, 131–32 36–37 vagus nerve stimulation, 70 raphe nuclei, 169–70 superior temporal regions , 69 vasculature, 8–10 sexual behavior, 143 , 146 superior temporal sulcus (STS), vasopressin, 144 , 149 sexual dimorphism, 10–11 63–64 ventral lateral nucleus, 159 SHMT see serine supplementary motor area (SMA), ventral amygdalofugal pathway, hydroxymethyltransferase 87–91 180–81 short-term working memory, 94 supplementary motor complex (SMC), ventral anterior nucleus, 159 S I see primary somatosensory cortex 87–91 ventral anterior thalamic nucleus, 203 S I I see secondary somatosensory suprachiasmatic nucleus, 144–45 ventral attention networks, 48 cortex supramarginal gyrus, 46–47 ventral intermediate nucleus, 160 skeletomotor circuits, 127–28 supraoptic commissure, 230 ventral intraparietal area, 46 sleep, 178 supraoptic regions, 143–45 ventral pallidum, 129 S M A see supplementary motor area s y m p a t h e t i c a r o u s a l , 6 9 ventral posterior nucleus, 159 small-molecule neurotransmitters, sympathy, 187 ventral striatopallidal system, 19–16 synapses, 14 , 16–18 131–32 S M C see supplementary motor synaptic pruning, 103 ventral striatopallidum, 129–31 complex ventral striatum, 129 social brain, 66–67 temporal association areas, 64 ventral supraoptic decussation, 230 anterior insular cortex, 70 temporal lobes, 7–8 , 59–83 , 176–96 ventral tegmental area, 130 cingulate cortex, 201–4 epilepsy, 222 ventral temporal pole, 66 prefrontal cortex, 97–98 interhemispheric connections, ventral thalamic nuclei, 159–60 solitary nucleus, 181 232 ventral visual streams, 45 s o m a , 1 4 limbic system, 222 ventrolateral prefrontal cortex Somatic Marker Hypothesis, 101 temporal pole, 66 (VLPFC), 95–96 s o u n d see also auditory processing temporoparietal junction (TPJ), ventromedial nucleus, 146 s p e e c h see also auditory processing; 66–67 ventromedial prefrontal cortex language tertiary visual cortex, 34–35 (MvPFC), 100–1 S P L see superior parietal lobule thalamus, 7 , 156–66 ventromedial thalamic nucleus, 203 splenium, 227 cingulate cortex connections, vermis, 4–6 split-brain syndromes, 227–28 203–4 vertebral arteries, 8 startle disease, 22 dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, vesicles, 17 S T G see superior temporal gyrus 99–100 vestibular sensations, 72 s t r e s s see also posttraumatic stress locus ceruleus, 171 visual agnosia, 38 disorder theory-of-mind (ToM), 66 visual processing, 64 stria terminalis, 180–81 theta rhythm, 220 VLPFC see ventrolateral prefrontal striate body, 35–36 thinking brain see neocortex cortex striate visual cortex, 33–34 third person-view sympathising, 99 VN areas, 34–35 , 36 , 38–39 S T S see superior temporal sulcus To M see theory-of-mind subcaudate tractotomy, 204 tonic modes, 172 Wernicke’s area, 90 subcortical extrastriate pathway, 182 top-down processing, 41 white matter, 10–11 , 85 subcortical regions, 233 Tourette’s syndrome, 133 Williams syndrome, 50 subgenual anterior cingulate cortex cingulate cortex, 208 Wilson disease, 134 (sACC), 198–99 interhemispheric connections, 229 Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, 95 substance P, 145–46 TPJ see tempoparietal junction working memory, 23 , 103–4

241