Popular Article www.vigyanvarta.com Vol-1 Issue-5 Razzak et al. (2020)

Plant Edible : A Natural Way of Vaccination (Let the Food be the Medicine) Khandaker Sabit Bin Razzak1, Divya Jain2, Mohammad Nabil Hossain3 and Anika Bushra4

1Department of Public Health, American International University-Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh 2Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India 3College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Hubei, China 4Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Corresponding Author

Mohammad Nabil Hossain Email: [email protected] OPEN ACCESS

Keywords

Edible, Vaccines, , Immunization, Fruits, Transgenic

How to cite this article: Razzak, K. S. B., Jain, D., Hossain, M. N. and Bushra, A. 2020. edible vaccines: a natural way of vaccination. Vigyan Varta 1(5): 21-24.

ABSTRACT Immunizing human or animals with edible plants is an evolving tool that seems to grip countless potential. The selected of pathogens (HIV and tuberculosis, etc.) are inserted to the selected host plant by the transformation technique to form a transgenic plant. Edible vaccines grip countless promise as a profitable, easily managing, can be store easily, unlikely or unable to fail and socio cultural gladly sustainable, particularly for the poor emerging nations. It can take place of sore immunization methods. Compare to conventional , edible vaccine is an inexpensive, needle free, eradicates the requirement for preservation, harmless and may be stored nearby to place of usage.

INTRODUCTION Not only do vaccines brace us for potential diseases but still make us immune from them he biological products improve our for a long time. Until now, the production immunity are vaccines. Edward Jenner process has been the biggest drawback. first introduced the idea of vaccine for T Industrial processes generally produce vaccines smallpox in 1796. Vaccination is a mechanism that are costly and inaccessible in developing that made our body to meet new pathogens and countries. This process is known as to prevent them. In comparison to the "transformation" and the altered plants are conventional method of therapy, usually after called "transgenic plants". onset of a specific disease, this form of treatment is specifically used.

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Popular Article www.vigyanvarta.com Vol-1 Issue-5 Razzak et al. (2020)

Genetically modified (GM) plants are edible • Edible vaccines: The edible part of a plant vaccines which provide additional "immunity”. is genetically modified to express antigens, Edible vaccines are therefore known as suitable thus eliciting an immune response upon alternatives for conventional vaccines. In consumption. general, dietary vaccines are - Edible Plant Vaccines expressing plants, so specific farming and plant growing skills are required. In the late 1980s, plants began to attract interest as recombinant forms of expression. Plants The purification and downstream have a big advantage over mammalian manufacturing processes that make traditional expression system: since they are fueled by vaccines expensive are also eliminated in edible photosynthesis. They do not need any external vaccines. Currently edible vaccine developed carbon supply. The lack of contamination by for both human and animal disorders (masses, mammalian pathogens is another significant cholera, foot and mouth illness, and , benefit of a plant environment in a mammalian C, and E). They may also be used to prevent system. In fact, these advantages make it more exceptional diseases such as dengue, possible to produce antigens, vaccines and hookworm, rabies, etc. by conjugating other other eukaryotic proteins in plants. antigen delivery programs. What makes a candidate plant? Evolution of Edible Vaccines Candidate plants are those plants that are most • The evolution of vaccines has contributed appropriate for edible vaccine manufacture. A to the identification of safe and larger plant is made a good edible candidate for variations of new forms of vaccination. vaccine by a variety of features. • Live-attenuated vaccines: These are known as original and 1st vaccines. A • Must be long shelf life. The plant or the living infectious organism is used as a edible portion of the plant must be vaccine, as it is weakened. preserved without decay for a long time. • Inactivated vaccines: The debris of the • Must grow rapidly. Fruit or vegetables dead organism is used as a vaccine. which are normally made on trees are • Toxoid vaccines: As a vaccine, the regarded as bad candidates as they take a organism produced toxin is used. Rather long time to grow. than the infection itself, toxoid vaccines • Easy transformation. targets in preventing the ill effects from the infection. Plants commonly used as candidates • Biosynthetic vaccines: As the name Plants with the above-mentioned qualities are recommends, these vaccines are man- generally selected to be edible vaccines. Plants made and have very parallel shape and such as , tobacco, rice, and maize are properties to the infectious organism. widely used for this purpose. • DNA vaccines: Plasmid DNA with sequences encoding the antigen. This • Tobacco: Tobacco was a model plant that plasmid DNA is then introduced directly to was commonly used. It has many benefits, a specific muscle or tissue where it is such as quick growth, high seed numbers, expressed. and is perennial. Tobacco was commonly • Recombinant vaccines: Vaccines where a used as a candidate for edible vaccine. recombinant plasmid with the gene • : Potatoes are tubers widely used encoding the antigen is expressed in and very cheap worldwide. There is a vast bacteria. This protein is then purified and volume of data available on common used as vaccine. manipulation, which includes streamlined

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Popular Article www.vigyanvarta.com Vol-1 Issue-5 Razzak et al. (2020)

protocols. The biggest downside to using subsidiary components. In comparison to potatoes is that before consumption it standard vaccines, edible vaccines can provide needs cooking. The antigen may be immunity to mucosa. They are also cost denatured by cooking. efficient since cold chain storage is not • Rice/maize: In certain nations, rice and necessary such as conventional vaccines. maize are cereals that are staples. The Edible vaccines have improved storage options principal explanation that rice and maize as transgenic plant seeds can quickly be dried as candidate edible vaccines are so and have less moisture content. Furthermore, desirable is that they can be preserved for plants with oil or water extracts have more a very long time without cooling. opportunities for preservation. However, cereals take a fairly long time Sophisticated machinery and machines are not and need optimal conditions for their needed for edible vaccines since they can be formation, which is the downside. easily grown in wealthy soils, and the process • Tomato: Tomato is another widely used is economical as compared with cell cultures plant that is a common vaccine alternative. grown in the fermenters. This eliminates the It grows relatively well and tastes good need for qualified medical professionals and such that it has a broader range of decreases the risk of infection as they do not consumer’s needs. The greatest downside require sterilization of facilities and processing with tomatoes is that it spoils easily after areas. ripening.

Edible vaccines facilitate second-generation Advantages of Plant Edible Vaccines vaccine options by incorporating multiple To promote immune responses, edible antigens that concurrently target M-cells. vaccinations provide an important mode of Edible vaccines are healthy, since they do not action for vaccination as it does not require contain heat killed pathogens, so there is no risk

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for proteins to transformation into infectious CONLUSION organism. The method of producing edible In this area of technology, it is impossible to vaccines can be quickly improved by breeding. understand how easily new technologies Edible Vaccines Derived from Fruit become recognized by the consumer. It is now possible to transfer an organism's gene in theory The principal and important part of a flowering in any plant, expressing it on any seed, root, plant is fruit from particular floral tissues, tuber or leaf on any portion of the plant. Food mostly an ovary. The most suitable for edible is increasingly evaluated as a substance with fruit vaccinations is because they are not tested specific therapeutic properties not only as a by fruits. Heat denatures the protein in an edible simple nutrient source but also somewhat. vaccine during the cooking process. Often, papaya and banana are used in the manufacture Changes in the basic composition of the above of edible vaccines. Bananas were one of the type, also known as functional food, it can be first fruits for the transgenic plant programs. accompanied through drastic adjustments; Papaya is a wide-ranging sweet, sweet and effect of mankind in fruit and leaves has been exotic fruit. created and can easily decrease the amount of poisonous compounds, for example oxalate, a Papaya and bananas typically produce large compound that must be prevented by way of levels of vitamin A usually in developing those stricken by urolithiasis-the deposition of countries fast, cheaply, and the genes are non- kidney and bladder stones. The problem of transferable from one banana to another due to projection lies no longer more in the science their sterile conditions in the soil. The world as an alternative in predicting how good expression of external proteins (vaccine) was the companies will perform, as we move stated in a study. The promoter MaExp1 may be towards food with more specific health benefits an effective tool when the banana fruit is and the possibilities produced by such goods. ripened. There are some disadvantages to Edible vaccines extracted from plants could bananas that are quickly spoils after ripening lead to safer and more efficient immunization and which have a much lower quantity of in the future. In certain conditions, it is protein. economical and safe and a new path to oral The ideal edible vaccine should be affordable, immunization endogenous, humoral, non-pathogenic, and nontoxic long lasting, the risk of adverse effects REFERENCES will be very low, environmental exposure levels Gunasekaran, B. and Gothandam, K. M., 2020. will be high, humans would not have immune A review on edible vaccines and their problems. prospects. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 53(2), e8749 Benefits of Fruit Derived Edible Vaccine Khan, A., Khan, A., Khan, I., Shehzad, M. A., • The edible vaccines are cost-effective in Ali, W., Muhammad, A. and large scale production/transportation. Muhammad, A., 2019. A Review on • Eradicate requirements like cooking. Natural Way of Vaccination: Plant Derived Edible Vaccines. Journal of • Heat-stable, abolish the condition of Vaccines and Immunology, 5, pp:18-21. refrigeration. • Its improved compliance in children and reduced necessity of medical personnel and sterile injection settings. • Storage at use-site and Sophisticated administration.

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