Iguana Specialist Group Newsletter Volume 10 • Number 1 • Summer 2007

2006 ISG Annual Meeting

The Iguana Specialist Group ISG Meeting Minutes prioritizes and facilitates November 10-12, 2006 conservation, science, and Lajas, Puerto Rico awareness programs that help ensure the survival of wild Thanks to Miguel Garcia, Alberto Alvarez, Nestor Perez, and all the fabulous iguanas and their habitats. staff at the Departmento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales, the 2006 annual Iguana Specialist Group meeting was very productive and enjoyable. The meet- ing was held in Lajas on the southwestern coast. Field trips were scheduled to Caja de Muertos island and also Magueyes island, where the introduced Cuban IN THIS ISSUE iguana is abundant. This was the second time the Specialist Group has met on this island and enjoyed the warm and generous Puerto Rican hospitality! Taxon Updates...... 2

Grand Cayman...... 2 Dominican Republic ...... 4 Turks & Caicos...... 4 Jamaica...... 5 Anegada...... 8 Puerto Rico...... 10 Bahamas...... 12 Martinique...... 15 St Lucia...... 16 Fiji...... 17 Ctenosaura...... 18

Genetics...... 20 Left to Right. Standing: Hugh and Sandra Buckner, Ivan and Katarina Rehak, Tarren General Reports...... 23 Wagener, Samantha Addinall, Allison Alberts, Fred Burton, Lee Pagni, Rex McAliley, Karen Graham, Jan Ramer, Stephan Funk, John Kunna, Larry Buckley, Stesha Pasachnik, Recent Literature...... 28 Bill Modi, Rick Hudson, John Kinkaid, Victor Reynoso, Ernst Rupp. Sitting: Alberto Puente, Georgina Kenyon, John Bendon, Alberto Alvarez, Chuck Knapp, Candee Ellsworth, ISG contact information...... 28 Tandora Grant, Catherine Stephen, Byron Wilson, Joe Burgess, Miguel Garcia, Bonnie Raphael, Gustavo Olivieri, John Iverson, Kirsten Hines, and Glenn Gerber. Not pictured: Nestor Perez and Peter Tolson. ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 2 three of the 2004-release females nest and at least one least at and nest 2004-releasefemales the threeof ongoing population monitoring. In 2006,for wetechniques sampling observed to shift to need will we and the point where total population censuses are realistic, the presence of older individuals. We are moving past season. Also, the younger animals were more cryptic in field summer our of frame time the in all them catch and see to expect not should we large so now is tion popula the that rather group,but second the for rate survival lower of evidence as regarded be not should This release. 2005 the of 50% and release, 2004 the of 84% observed, least at Weor recaptured, growth. their assess to releaseespossible 2005 and 2004 the of The following May through July, we recaptured as many Botanic Park. QEII the to released were that more four with along 2005, December of end the by Reserve Salina the in free were iguanas 68 All readings. GPS multiple ing locations of all the the release map retreats accurately to by averag continued and release, the with assisted (WCS, Bronx). Jessica Hite (University of Tennessee) McKlave Kate and Calle Dr.Paul by screened health The 68 two-year-old iguanas designated for release system. weretrail existing the of extension required which locations, final their to retreats the distribute to team Craig Pelke (Milwaukee County Zoo) then joined the releasezones. NorthCentral the and in points central two into helicopter by airlifted them had then BIRP the volunteers, local by Bolstered Central. Cayman Grandof Club were which byRotary locally the built 2004. This involved manufacturing 68 release retreats, lina Reserve, adding to the 25 that were released in late geared up to release 68 two-year-old Blues into the Sa (BIRP) Program Recovery Iguana Blue the meeting, Releases Reserve Salina Cayman Islands). the Trustfor (National Burton Fred 2006. Nov to 2005 Nov Update: Program Recovery Iguana Blue GRAND CAYMAN -Burton Taxon ReportSession - Shortly after last year’sISG last after Shortly - - - - of the time high up in trees, and showed no interest no showed and trees, in up high time the of without using radio transmitters. They all spent most periods, long quite for hatchlings several monitor to Wemanaged signals. tag PIT hatchling any up pick 29 scanned Park.the in Overfollowing the weeks weand caught from uncorralled nests that were foundothers of running number arounda with along tagged bead and PIT were two hatchlings Those and November. early by September hatched in corralled were nests Seven left intheground tohatchnaturallythisyear. QEIIBP is present in the Salina Reserve now, eggs were release. Since enough genetic representation from the engine for headstarting large numbers of hatchlings for population restoration in the Salina, but it has been the tion in the QEIIBP is of a much smaller scale than the ParkBotanic QEII - Hatchlings releasedpopula The Iguanas, withareasonable degree ofconfidence. tify the carrying capacity of the Salina Reserve for Blue summer’s work, should be enough to allow us moreto quan one perhaps and This, data. tracking summer the of analysis and entry haven’tdata still completed We population. released the in represented well ers found different 20 least at have we sure making and lines genetic under-represented breeding to switch to like this number in coming years – the focus now needs Genetically speaking, we won’t want to release anything recapture orcensusdataover anumberofyears. byanalyzing rates survival comparing of aim the with plan to release some yearlings as well as two-year olds, to release 114 more Blues to the Salina. This time, we up gearing and arriving be will volunteers 2006 Blue Teammeeting, ISG 2006 the following Immediately expanding thearea available forfuture releases. Reserve, Salina the in zone soil southernmost the to Knapp and Jeff Lemm (San Diego Zoo) created a trail Chuck much. too improved not is access trail the as in the release zone, and it seems likely we won’t, as long feral cat was trapped. To date, we have never seen dogs fresh cat scat was found at one location and soon after a So far, we’ve seen little evidence of rats in the Salina, but a populationthere. breeding in the Salina Reserve since we began restoring has successfully emerged. This is the first documented lohs cantherigerus Alsophis nks bt didn’t but snakes, - - - 3 ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007

------Iguana iguana - - Finally, the BIRP, the National Trust Trust National the BIRP, the Finally, - on Grand Cayman Cayman, where it is becoming viewed as a pest. Thank continues to spread pest. as a an as invasive species viewed on Grand becoming is it where Cayman, gov Local yet. Isles Sister the reached not has it fully, because response, of kind any in paralyzed is ernment local legislation is out-of-date and fails to distinguish iguana species. Pending passage of a draft National are iguanas Blue and iguanas green Law, Conservation lumped in the same legal state. (Cay Isles nubila caymanensis the - Sister On Cyclura man Brac and Little Cayman), many years have now That studies. of year a did Gerber Glenn since passed work remains unpublished, and we are long overdue Dur assessment. status and population updated an for to Goetz Matt for funding considering is Wildlife rell survey in 2007 or 2008. the region we’re broken into we’re some big name publications: New Scientist, BBC Wildlife, and the BBC website. News story a air will Channel Travel the Day Christmas On tour. Safari Iguana on our Blue Bobble- merchandise. with us help to continues IRCF close very are we Also, item. hot year’s this were heads now to being able income, to little offer Blue a Iguana sponsorships generate to beginning are Tours online. confer FCCA The more. lot a make to potential with bid to opportunity an us gave Cayman Grand in ence for business with all the major cruise operators, and several from business good seasonally have already we hotels. Areas Protected De Islands Cayman the and Islands, Cayman the for key the on working still are Environment of partment currently are We land. protected more securing of issue investigating two parcels, which both include some areas of Crown land.schedule, to trying Pending are a we which key meetingministers, with government we may be launching a major local and international the next two years. funds over bid for land purchase Iguana iguana - - - - At the height of the nesting season, two two season, nesting the of height the At - - Financially, the BIRP operated on $137,000 $137,000 on operated BIRP the Financially, - Captive Captive Facility - Last year, Mike Fouraker and col Dog Predation Dog the entered hurricane?), the after (abandoned dogs wild known Iguanas Blue free-roaming adult killed and Park as “Slugger” and reminder “Sapphire”,harsh a is This and alsoBlue”. “Yellow maimedfemale nesting the the to led that problems the solved haven’t still we that in the first place. decline of this species at all in the hatchling retreats we so carefully prepared prepared carefully so we retreats hatchling the in all at for them! cap of stock the release, December’s this of result a As Resources Matching that, we have been making very heavy use of local and international volunteers. The local press is keeping IRCF has been giving us brilliant coverage, the news current on our web site, and internationally leagues from the Zoo Fort Worth built a storage and and wet extraordinarily battling shed, preparation food With deadline. improbable an meet to weather windy subdivided have we Foundation Dart the from funding the original large WWF pen into gaining three still new need pens. to We build more, four, effectively though, as our young potential founders mature and juvenile needing from switches emphasis the and grow secured We’ve pens. adult-sized space-hungry to cages and security, for both fence, a with facility captive the con starting also are We income. for tours control to at centre research and centre visitor a for plans ceptual the facility. not recruiting are and we considerably, will drop tives nearly as many hatchlings to the captive facility since we need to focus now on different genetic lines. We hope to on focus quality resources more of since care, the Program will not be quite so overwhelmed with quantity. the were channels donor major The year. the for USD (27%), Foundation Conservation Reptile International (24%), and local Trust ConservationWildlife Durrell the for Trust National The (18%). sponsors corporate parent organization) assisted Cayman Islands (BIRP’s with warden salaries for severala and months.budget, the of 12% comprised Sales donations general and Foundation Iguana International the from grant small contributed a further 6%. ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 4 been found and there may be a severe recruitment recruitment problem forthespeciesinthisarea. severe a be may there and found been have nests no season, nesting during search intensive due to charcoal production as well as hunting. Despite population is threatened by extreme habitat alteration It is the first report of the species in this country. The Haiti. Anse-a-Pitres, of town the near terrace marine of population small A to theanimalslivinginthesecreeks. threat real a represent may floods occurring naturally iguana can be found in creekdry beds. Rare events of Ricord’sof dens of concentrations High conditions. and reproduction does not seem topopulation beextant the limitedinto hatchlings by of groundrecruitment ongoing be to seems there problems these of spite In area. this in species the threatening are hunting and protection. Habitat alteration by charcoal production legal any have not does lake the shoreof southern the Park, National Enriquillo the within is Cabritos While Isla Enriquillo. Lago of shore southern the and Cabritos Isla of consists which range known torically In the Neyba Valley the species is still found in its his occupied by thespecies. habitat remnant the protect to created been has Area threeyears results.nesting for MunicipalA Protected last the over monitored been have fondos Four tion. reproduc for (“fondos”) soil with filled depressions on depends it where terraces marine surrounding the in survives It Pedernales. of town the around plains alluvial flat of consists which habitat natural historic hona Peninsula the species has been dislodged from its ranges within the southwest of this island. In the Bara Hispaniola. Its population is divided into two isolated ( iguana Ricord’s The Inchaustegui, and Yvonne Arias (Grupo Jaragua). the Problems Facing theSpecies. Ernst Rupp, Sixto Notes ontheDistribution ofCyclura ricordi and DOMINICAN REPUBLIC-Rupp has been spotted in a in spotted ricordibeen C. has ylr ricordi Cyclura ) is endemic to to endemic is ) - - - request. on available is IC’sassessment of copy electronic An much more expensive and is not currently anticipated. to commence in July 2007. Eradication of rats will be final $50,000 needed. Feral cat eradication is expected underway with the Water Cay developers to provide the ditional $50,000 for this project, and negotiations are ad an for Fund Conservation Caicos Turksthe and proposal for submission by the TCNT and DECR to which is estimated to cost $155,000. IC also wrote a has committed $50,000 toward the eradication of cats, HOA Cay Pine The meeting. annual their at HOA in April 2006 to make a presentation to the Pine Cay Cay development.second triptothe IC madea TCI Waterthe for representative a and (HOA), sociation As HomeOwners Cay Pine the Resources(DECR), (TCNT), the Department of Environment and Coastal TrustNational Caicos Turks the and including cays, these for stakeholders with held were meetings work, from these interconnected islands. In additionrats and to cats field eradicating of feasibility the investigate assessment of Little Water, Water, and Pine Cays, and mammal feral a conduct Islands(TCI)to Caicos and Turks the visited Species) Endangered for Research and Zoo’sDiego Conservation (San CRES and Conservation (IC) Island from team a 2006, March In San Diego). Pagni,LeeAllison andAlberts (Zoological Societyof Turks and Caicos Iguana, 2006 Update. Glenn Gerber, TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS - Gerber Culinary funin PuertoRico.PhotobyJohn Iverson. - - - 5 ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007

- - – A most exciting de - Having completed a major major a completed Having - JAMAICA - Wilson - JAMAICA Jamaican Iguana Recovery Project, 2006 of the Update.(University Veen Van Wilson and Rick Byron Indies). West was but project, the for year productive very a was 2006 our to challenges serious some presented that one also illegal cutters tree capacity and particular, resolve. In encroached into the “core” iguana area and brought forefront the to issues security and destruction habitat of our concerns. Field assistance was Stephanie and Brian Samson, Leon providedFleuchaus, Dawn by of and University Biltoft, Tom Rhonda Pike, Wicker, superlative our Gold, Mark students. Indies West the boatman and field companion, continued to provide safe and reliable transport, as well as help with land- provided was Funding effort. field the of aspects based Disney the International, Conservation from grants by Iguana International the Trust, Conservation Wildlife Foundation, the International Reptile Conservation Foundation, and by a New Initiative grant from the Mona. Indies, West of the University New Iguana Conservationist velopment for the project has been the addition of a talented and highly reliable field worker in the form of Leon Samson. With close ties to the Port Royal Marine Laboratory (the UWI Life Sciences facility that provides boat transport for the project), Leon joined the recovery effort in January of 2006. With funding from UWI New Initiative and Conservation International grants to Byron Wilson, Leon has efforts. our to contribution significant a making been of Leon Training to assume additional field duties is of level high his with together training, This on-going. enthusiasm, should translate into a long-term project field of reins the over take ultimately will who member Veen. Rick van from coordinator Renovations Camp South station, field our of reconstruction Ivan post-Hurricane further improvements to “South Camp” have been on-going. In 2006, the team constructed two large wooden platforms to serve as bases for tents, which increases the field worker capacity ofSouth Camp. four of acquisition the included improvements Other components, electrical additional batteries, deep-cycle and the subsequent establishment of a functioning ------in C. carinata A collaborative genetic study examining the subspecific subspecific the examining study genetic collaborative A status of the Booby Cay population of Several Several educational projects were completed in 2006, including the production of six traveling conserva Two used 190 horsepower diesel engines were pur Establishment of the non-profit CaribbeanWildlife awaiting is (CWF) TCI underway, in Foundation the completion of articles of incorporation and bylaws. This will be by transfer followed of for ownership the equipment, research associated and tender, its Cyclura, to the CWF from the Zoological Society of San Di the Bahamas was completed and submitted for pub lication. Five mtDNA haplotypes at the ND4 locus the and TCI the within populations for identified were Booby Cay population was found to be fixed for the find this on Based haplotypes. these of common most variation morphological significant of lack the and ing, propose we populations, TCI and Cay Booby between C. carinata bartschisinking the subspecies . tion awareness kits for TCI primary schools, and a set of three graphic panels for the new TCI National conser iguana the describe that Center Environmental vation and research program. In addition, we wrote our third popular article on iguana conservation and research for the popular in-flight magazine, Discover and Caicos. Turks and Cyclura, vessel, research TCI-based the for chased installation of these engines, as well as other needed 2007. early in completed be will repairs, and upgrades A research trip 2002/2003, is in planned for translocated March/April populations 2007 iguana to monitor and conduct surveys of iguana populations on Little and Pine Cays to Water, provide baseline data Water, prior to cat eradication. To safeguard the iguana existing populations and on Water, Pine Little Water, - repre ISG an process, eradication cat the during Cays sentative will be on site when the project commences help to and harmed being not are iguanas that verify to modify methods if needed. The CWF will ego. be run by a three-member board (initially) and its mission will be the preservation of in the wider Caribbean region. biodiversity Culinary fun in Puerto Rico. Photo by John Iverson. ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 6 of hatchedeggs. the remainder were enumerated based on the discovery while head-starting, for Zoo Hope the to taken were PIT-taggedwere 20 85 released, and hatchlings. 125 of production successful the documented we total, In tentially successfulnestsand23nestingattempts. hatch. Overall, there was a likely minimum of 21 po not did eggs these garden;vegetable camp the in eggs deposited 2001, from release head-start a “Stumpy”, Finally, hatchlings. produced it whether determine not accessible and therefore could not be examined to One other potential rock-hole nest was noted but was 2005. in been had it as rains, heavy by flooded was nest this but discovered, also was areas nesting main the of southwest nest rock-hole Another nests. hole” “rock-small two from emerged 5) + (1 hatchlings six of minimum a and LNS, the near nest secondary a fromemerged hatchlings 14 season. hatching the ing Several other successful nests were also discovered dur the collection and enumeration of over 100 hatchlings.in resulted and September in season hatching the to nesting areas were surrounded with metal flashing prior communal These areas. two these in nests deposited of June. In total, 13 females were confirmed as having newly constructed observation hides during from the month monitored were [LNS]) Site” Nesting “Lower and [UNS] Site” Nesting (“Upper Hellshire central Nesting2006 Season Plan (HEMP). Management Environmental UDC’sHellshire the of Officer whose work will focus on the implementation hired a new Environmentalist and new Environmental of vicinity the Bay.Coquar and Hillrun Significantly, has in UDC the Hellshire of periphery the along ingly, the first ever “no tree cutting” signs were posted Urban Development Corporation (UDC). Encourag has apparently delegated management authority to the National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA) reality. a The become finally may HillsHellshire the Support positive development is that management capacity for and Advocacy Protection Habitat also completed. was work cement additional and kitchen remodeled A camp. dramatically a for to obtained was stove gas two-burner power supplying for generator wind - areasin nesting main two The - One One - - - - patterns withintheHellshire Hills. and certainly represents the most useful gauge of biotic novel monitoring program for a Caribbean forest,dry an was ticipated, this long-term trapping exercise that represents a abundance reptile ground in increase the seen not have we Although year. tenth its into restrial herpetofauna of the Hellshire Hills, proceeded examining the impact of mongoose control on the ter TrappingExperimentPitfall of the iguanaarea. centralpart residing inthevery headstarting/augmentation to the remnant population were headstarters, further suggesting the importance of were headstarters. Hence, 62% of the trapped sample four were “new” wild subadults or young adults, and 21 Of those, nine were previously PIT-tagged wild adults, wereanimals subadult or adult 34 of total a captured. ping iguanas to obtain subjects for the telemetry study, Population Inferences - During the course of live-trap the Hellshire Hills. underscores the imperative of curtailing tree cutting in critical importance of these resources. This, of course, the to point and longer), (or decades for iguanas by used been have to appear pads efforts. These lemetry radiote during noted were trees fruiting particular from example, and to For (“pads”)leading trails iguana well-worn implications. conservation portant im have may that use habitat and behavior iguana of aspects interesting some revealed has study This of themwouldhave traveled considerabledistances. some areas), dirt (i.e., sites nesting suitable of paucity the given that expected We had areas. nesting the to close quite live apparently females surprisingly,these somewhat but males, than ranges home smaller have females expected, As animals. 20 for obtained were or became detached from the lizard. In all, reliable data immediately,almost failed transmitters the of Several radio-tagged. were males 11 and females 15 total, In gather to additional information on habitat use patterns. and ranges, home season non-nesting their map to areas, nesting communal known, two the access to were to determine the distances females were traveling subadult animals. The main objectives of the exercise or adult other and iguanas female post-partum to ters van Veen began attaching small (BP-2) radio transmit Radiotelemetry - Starting from the nesting season, Rick - This field experiment, field This ------7 ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 ------The UDC has has UDC The - emerged. Armed police escorts have been used in spe in used been have escorts police Armed emerged. workers iguana have to practical not is it but cases, cial accompanied by the police during everyAc activity. we are cordingly, now continuing activities as before, these Should unease. of sense heightened a with albeit the worsen, or unaddressed, remain problems security be certainly must effort recovery iguana the of viability viewed as tenuous. Development Tourism and Residential in expansion residential for plans original their revised in development large a for plans Old area. Hellshire the shelved; been apparently have area Hellshire central the at present, on-going and future adjacent development will peninsula, be the of portion eastern the to limited Hellshire the of vicinity the in development existing to Beach community. These new plans provide for the protection of in most of area the remaining Hellshire iguana forest, core the be to consider we what including com populated densely a However, Hellshire. central increase an with Hellshire, into deeper located munity dogs (especially incursions species other and human in and cats) is of concern. A more insidious threat is the potential for tourism interests to overwhelm conservation concerns and re Hellshire’s along hotels large of construction the in sult about mistake no Make beaches. sand white remaining turned have interests development foreign and local it, their eyes on every undeveloped ineptitude, beach remaining on government of combination The island. the personal greed, and the temptation of foreign invest ment has already proved disastrous in Jamaica. The general pattern is as follows: a foreign entity pledges environ country’s the overrides support,will political mental legislation, the project starts without a proper new of hundreds suddenly and broken is ground EIA, from away jobs taking Because employed. are workers desperately poor people is something that be “can’t done,” the project then attains ensure a to momentum imperative that is it is Therefore, halt. to impossible get off the ground. never that these projects - - - - As always, interest in a reha a in interest always, As - - In November 2005, we discovered discovered we 2005, November In - - continued We to operate and ex Predator Predator Control Restoration Islands Goat Crisis Cutting Tree Police operations also resulted in the confiscation of the along and Hillrun of vicinity the in both charcoal, coast. One arrest was apparently made at a charcoal burning site east of Manatee Bay; it is unclear what level of legal action was taken against coalalong the northern edge of burnersHellshire. Unfortunately, the public education program to be launched by the UDC lagged behind police activities, and rumours of coal burner anger directed at iguana researchers have pand pand upon our predator trapping program in 2006. 30 of addition the by enhanced was capacity Trapping obtained snares new 120 and traps mongoose/cat new by conducted being project pig the to grant a through Numbers team. iguana the and Robinson R. Professor similar were removed and caught predators invasive of dozen a half mongooses, 100 around years: previous to substantial were removed Also pigs. 30 over and cats, trapped were dogs No toads. cane and rats of numbers presence occasional an were they though 2006 during in the forest. high, been has Islands Goat the for program bilitation but awaits higher level management activity before it the UDC is (should present, At can become a reality. be) working necessary a on is the which development Trust of an Conservation MOU Wildlife with Durrel prerequisite for DWCT to embark on a fund raising campaign to fund the implemention the restoration effort. In addition to continuing interest from the Island IUCN-ISG Conservation and has the also IIF, eradications the in participating in interest an expressed Islands. species on the Goat of invasive con iguana “core” the within well trees vitae lignum cut until continued incursions Occasional zone. servation October 2006, during which lignum were cut within 150 metres of the Lower Nest Site. Ground - recon emanating were incursions the that revealed naissance from a trail ~100 meters west of our historical charcoal commercial Large place). old trail Dread’s the (at and area iguana the within noted also were operations a subsequent Jamaica Defense Forcer helicopter trip confirmed both the extent of charcoal operations in central Hellshire and their proximity to our research and conservation activities. ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 8 balanced between the two sites, as with earlier releases. Cay. Sex ratios and size ranges of released animals were Middle at 14 and BightWindlass atreleased were 15 similar to prior release groups. Of the feel 29 confidentiguanas these animalsreleased, will experience survival rates without radio-transmitters. Based on previous releasedwork, were animals year first we the was 2006 101. to bringing the total count for animals released since 2003 released,individuals)were (29 more or 450gweighed that facility headstart the in animals All place. took iguanasreleaseannualoffourth the October 2006, In associations between animalsize andsurvival. no and survival), 86% = mean (overall vival between years or study sites, one year after release sur in differences no observed have we types, habitat different very two in animals releasing and animals, sized animals, decreasing the minimum size of released sible. Despite each year releasing a range of differently pos whenever monitored, be to continued 2003 and and home range. In addition, iguanas released in 2004 behavior, use, habitat growth, survival, their monitor weeks, over a one-year period (October to October), to Iguanas released in 2005 were tracked for a total of 15 nuchal crest. the to attached transmitters external with fitted were iguanas 16 largest The transmitters. internal received animals released in 2005 (those between 450 and 600g) smallest eight the only transmitters, internal with ted Unlike previous releases, where all 24 animals were fit 2003. in 750g and 2004, in 600g to opposed as 450g, were 2005 in released iguanas smallest cats. The with survive can that iguana size minimum the determine to attempt an in before, year the than animals smaller slightly releasing of trend the continued we 2005, In habitat. scrub sandy with Bightand Windlass habitat, Middlesites: two of rockyeach with at Caywoodland released were ranges, size similar comprising females, October 2003 and 2004, 12 animals, six males and six were released in October 2005. As with previous releases in radiotransmitters with fitted iguanas Anegada Headstarted Iguana Releases of San Diego), andKelly Bradley (Dallas Zoo). Update. Research Glenn Gerber, and Lee Pagni (Zoological Conservation Society 2006 Iguana Anegada -Gerber ANEGADA ISLAND – Twenty-four headstarted - - - to 43thisyear. the number of hatchlings placed in the headstart facility one hatchling was captured in the Settlement, bringing were captured during the course of other fieldwork and from our four marked nests, an additional five hatchlings covering 37 of the 38 hatchlings known to have emerged re to addition In rate). hatch (100% eggshells empty 14 contained It located. be could nest Rock Cooper nest sites after emergence, only the egg chamber for the excavateall to attempts Despite WindlassBightnests. the for six and nine, nine, and nest, Rock Cooper the for 14 was nests individual from emerging hatchlings of number The July. in found nests four the of each In October, hatchlings emerged and were collected from emergence andexclude feralmammals. upon hatchlings the contain to site nest each around erected was flashing metal of fence a and nest, each in placed were data-loggers temperature past, years in As area. iguana core the in coast north-central the along Rock on the northeast shore, and three at Windlass Bight other fieldwork. Four nests were located: one at Cooper eled to Anegada to help with the annual nest search and Waters, Tina George Bouse, Burgess, and (Joe Todd volunteers five and of Kymteam Campbell)a trav2006, Hatchlings and Nests assessment forAnegadaisavailable onrequest. priority.a IslandConservation’sof copy electronic An currently not is and expensive more much be will rats to first eradicate feral cats and livestock. Eradication of Department. Island Conservation’s recommendation is Agriculture the and Department, Fisheries and vation from the BVI National Parks Trust (NPT), the Conser- representatives including stakeholders, local with held from the island. In addition to fieldwork, meetings were feasibility and cost of eradicating cats, livestock, and rats feral mammal assessment a of Anegadaconduct and to investigate(BVI) the Islands Virgin British the visited CRES and Wood)Bill and Keitt (Brad Conservation MammalsFeral tology profiles. hema and chemistry physical blood acceptable with condition good in be to found were release for slated animals the of facility.All headstart the at iguanas on and Kate McClave) performed prerelease health screens from the Wildlife Conservation Society (Robert Moore Health Screening – In October 2006, a veterinary team – In March 2006, a team from Island from team a 2006, March In – – During the first half of July of half first the During – - - - 9 ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 - - - - – Thanks in part to the IRCF, several educa several IRCF, the to part in Thanks – Holick, from Boston University of Medicine, are par are of Medicine, Boston from University Holick, this study. in ticipating Education the including 2006, in completed were projects tional and guides, headstart facility laminated of production 500 posters and 1000 promoting Anegada, brochures its native wildlife, and the iguana conservation and research program. In addition, together partners a at hands-on the Trust, BVI National Parks conjunc with in ourheld was public the for program educational October. in iguanas headstarted of release the with tion their and children school Anegada included Participants teachers, ecology students and instructors from Stout Community College on and Tortola, adult residents of Anegada. New Field Initiatives – In with July, the help of our volunteer field team,we began a new initiative to put permanent ID markers at all known retreat sites, and a using sites these for data ecological and spatial collect contin- was work This GPS. differential data-logging retreats 100 over have presently we and October in ued will mapped and marked in the We iguana core area. continue this work in 2007 and anticipate mapping at least another 50 retreats. and marking also beginning a to trapping capture, program are We as Anegada on iguanas wild many as mark and measure, size population estimate better to effort an in possible, and other demographic parameters. experienced We good success using live-traps to recaptureheadstarted releasediguanas during the past trapped a yearhandful of wild andadults in the also process. We now have 14 live-traps on Anegada and in 2007 will begin a concentrated trapping effort focused on the wild population, by systematically trapping animals retreats. associated with marked In May 2007, we plan to begin attaching two-year external radio-transmitters to adult male and female iguanas at our Windlass Bight and Middle Cay study patterns movement and range home determine to sites, of resident adults in these areas and for comparison to our radio-telemetry studies of released headstarted iguanas at females 1) these sites. track: to In radio-telemetry addition, use as to opportunities hope we arise, ter their to returning and sites nesting coastal leaving a Cay, Windberg dispersing from ritories; 2) juveniles - - – In an effort to fill gaps of our – The Anegada headstart facility, – In 2006, in addition to the routine collection collection routine the to addition in 2006, In – Headstart Facility Genetics Vitamin D Study maintained maintained and operated hatchlings by (41 the iguanas presently BVINPT, 66 with cages large 12 of consists and 25 older juveniles weighing collected in October, less than 450g) housed in groups of similarly greater weighing animals 29 addition, In individuals. sized above. described as October, in released were 450g than facility the at deaths documented four been have There in two the of past these However, year. were animals with extenuating conditions: one animal from 2005 spinal hatch deformities with and severe a 2006 the consider sustained that Settlement the from hatchling able injury to its tympanum including before being brought to facility, the in animals of Growth facility. the good generally was October, in released iguanas 29 the and showed considerable improvement in the last six facility by care improved to attributed is This months. Smith) Rondel and Young, Michael Varlack, (Alex staff and the addition of Samantha Addinall, with prior experience at the iguana facility on Grand Cayman, to oversee operations on Anegada for the BVINPT. In the coming year, the BVINPT hopes to improve the headstart facility by adding 56 a smaller constructing cages and (to individually) animals housing begin equipment preparation, food for facilities with building storage, and office space. (n Anegada on captures new all from samples blood of = 47), blood sampling materials and protocols were shared with researchers on Guana Island. As a result, Guana on population translocated the from samples 29 1984 between Anegada from adults eight by (founded and 1986), and five from offspring samples four by from(founded Necker the on population translocated in Guana added 1995), to were our sample collection for the species. initiated we values, physiological baseline of knowledge a new blood chemistry study this year. collected We blood samples to measure serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin hormone parathyroid and calcium, (25-OH-D3), D3 (PTH) concentrations in wild, released, and captive samples 20 collected We year. the throughout iguanas se taking By October. and July, May, for month each changes seasonal demonstrate to hope we samples, rial Gary and Gehrmann Bill time. over variables these in Michael and University, Christian Texas from Ferguson, 10 ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 available inearly2007. be should Copies publication. and layout for mitted originally drafted in 2004, has been finalized and sub- Plan, Recovery Species Anegada The – SRP Anegada tions. popula iguana Necker and Guana the from samples DNA of analysis the for CRES to pledged been have (TexasPerryTech University) Gad from $1,000 and $3,000 from Henry Jarecki (the owner of Guana Island)facility.addition, headstart In the at cages additional of construction the and needs, educational program, release and headstart the with associated fieldwork of continuation above, outlined initiatives field new the for used be will Funds project. Anegada the for tion grant of 70,000 Euros two-year from the a Nando received PerettiCRES Founda2006, - July In – Funding should contactGlenn Gerber. Anegada on fieldwork with assisting in interested one Any nests. from emergence following hatchlings of survival and movements the 3) and facility; headstart small islet in Red Pond that appears to serve as a natural horns andwhenviewedinprofile thehornssit higher up. observes thatmanyfemaleshave more elaborate orwelldevelopednose lives around thefacilitykitchenandweighsaboutninekilograms.John largest females(right)and#38(above)thelargest known male who Drawings byJohnBendon.Monaislandiguanas:#37one ofthe - - of Mona iguanas and to strategically plan conservation to investigate the factors determining the demography normally small” (Wiewandt & Garcia, 1999). In order led to the conclusion that the Mona population “is ab have traits two These population. breeding the into individuals indicating low levels of juvenile recruitmentlarge towards biased strongly pyramid age an by and sity compared to Garcia, & 1999). The Mona (Wiewandt iguana is characterized by low den Hispaniola or Rico Puerto evidence of a historic connection of Mona with either no is there and Rico Puerto and Hispaniola between (Puerto Rico). Mona is located in a deep-sea channel stejnegeri Dominican Republic), whereas the Mona iguana, and (Haiti Hispaniola throughout distributed widely iguana, rhinoceros The Environmental Resources). and Natural of Department Rico Puerto and Rico Puerto(University of McMillan Owen and Alvarez, Rosas,KeysaStephan Funk, MiguelGarcia, Alberto Conservation, and Blindness. Nestor Ecology, on Pérez-Buitrago, Reports Various Iguana, Island Mona PUERTOMONA ISLAND, RICO-Perez management, the Center of Applied Tropical Ecology study areas. Captured animals continue to indicate to continue animals Captured areas. study threethe in iguanas markedsured,235 and sampled, to high disturbance). To date, we have captured, mea and different levels of human disturbance (from none environments (vegetation structure and composition) Research focuses on three study sites representing three anintensive researchstarted program in2003. and the Natural Resources Department (DRNA- PR) Rico Puerto if University the at (CREST-CATEC) , is endemic to the remote island of Mona of island remote the to endemic is , C.c. cornuta ylr crua cornuta cornuta Cyclura and other Cyclura species, C.c. , is is , - - - ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 11 ) - - - - on Isla - Ma Cyclura nubila nubila was introduced in the mid-1960’s to Isla Magueyes (southwest of Puerto Rico), as part of a harbors ha) former (7.2 island The zoo 1978). (Rivero exhibition the facilities of the Department of Marine Sciences - University of Puerto Rico (DMS-UPR), Mayagüez campus. Anecdotal information suggests that the ment of Natural and Environmental Resources). and Environmental ment of Natural The exotic Cuban Iguana ( gueyes. Alberto Garcia-Bermúdez Álvarez, Miguel and Néstor Andrade-Núñez, Maria Pérez-Buitrago, Rico Depart Rico and Puerto of Puerto (University ISLA MAGUEYES, PUERTO RICO - Alvarez PUERTO ISLA MAGUEYES, Assessment Problem and Control of the Introduced Cuban Iguana (Cyclura nubila nubila) ing and extending these preliminary results by further by results preliminary these extending and ing genotyping. The Mona island population is ideal economic costs, to and reliability, precision assessof different the methodologies for the estimation of population size because iguanas have been easily observed during the intensive monitoring of the three study the areas over last years. Direct observations, mark-recapture, and radio-tracking suggest that all resident animals have been individually marked. Using information tained ob between 2003 and 2005 (mark-recapture and home-range sizes) as baseline data, and we resources) are and currently man-power, (time, costs comparing sampling, distance mark-recapture, of estimates density non-invasive genetic tagging using fecal samples. In addition, we monitor communal nesting during areas in October) in weeks three (only season hatch short the esti the allows method the whether investigate to order 680 counted we 2006 In trends. population of mation areas, nesting coastal the in holes emergence hatchling for available areas suitable the of ~74% comprise which 1995). (Haneke, Island iguana nesting on Mona ability ability of identity and high exclusion power even for highly is set marker the thus individuals, related highly suitable for studies of paternity, social organization, and relatedness. Initial parentage analyses for three nests of one female suggest both single and multiple paternity within clutches of different years, different site nest same the of sharing and years, between males by two or more females. we Currently, are confirm - - - - - failed failed C. nubila, C. “vision problems” in problems” “vision the population. Nine out of 28 animals captured in 1998-99 appeared to be blind, thus supporting earlier anecdotal reportscom personal Zoo, of Toledo Reichard, “vision (Tim problems” to produce interpretable results (An, et we al., developed2004), a microsatellite library for the iguana. Mona From 29 primer pairs for Mona iguana spe A total of 42 iguanas were marked with radio transmit radio with marked were iguanas 42 of total A In 2003 and 2004, we captured hatchlings either for release immediate and (N=163) PIT-tags with marking PIT- one only far, So program. headstarting the for or tagged hatchling was recaptured 1999 between in launched 2005 was program and headstaring The 2006. Mona on facilities captive DRNA-PR the employs and Island. Hatchlings collected in 1999 and 2000 were released in imple 2002 we and 2003, 2003. In Hatchlings release. collected in awaiting are 2004 and 2003 We are utilizing molecular genetic tools in order to quantify reproductive success of males and to assess multiple paternity. After testing iguanas, Cuban for 20 developed primers microsatellite munication). munication). the However, causes for the condition in remain unknown, particular whether it is based on condition and nutrition factors, environmental/climatic predisposition. of iguanas, or genetic ters and radio-trackedranges home duringoccupy theIguanas reproductive seasons. and non-reproductive sex, same the of animals among overlap little-to-no with mating the During territoriality. sex-specific indicating period, some females “visit” neighboring non-reproductive males the with during interact not do they which place a seek females period, nesting the During season. for nesting and either go directly to a specific nesting Females areas. nesting potential many visit or location in sites nesting for competition strong exhibit to appear other by use in already are that areas nesting communal by was observed distance travel maximum The females. a young female that visited many nesting areas before reaching the final spot after 12.8 km. Hatch success period. 55% to 89% during the study from varied order in program mark-recapture intensive an mented survival quantify to and density population estimate to rates of wild and headstarted iguanas. and growth cific microsatellite loci,we have optimized 19 primer loci exhibit Ten pairs in resulting scorable genotypes. three or more alleles (range 3 to 16, mean = 5.0) in a subset of 55 adults. The marker set has low prob 12 ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 1.5 yr period (ending in December 2007) to conduct to 2007) December in (ending period yr 1.5 a granted DMS and DNER between agreement An is uncertain. origin its since population, the of identity genetic the Finally,establish to researchis this of priority major a island. the on species the of demography and lation popu- the predatorsexoticon of effect the and events difficult to quantify, such as frequency of cannibalism though documented for al that, processes in research develop to opportunity unique a offers group this addition, In populations. how they have changed compared to “normal” and having is population introduced unplanned this that processes ecological/genetic ongoing the of view of point the from critical be would information This (IUCN-ISG). Group Specialist Iguana the by dorsed en initiative an decisions; management appropriate making to relevant population this of knowledge our expand to effort initial an as 2006 June in program Biology (Rio Piedras campus), started a mark-recapture sonnel, along with students from UPR Department of To address this issue, DNER’s Division of Wildlife per of nestareas afterovoposition. destruction the as such considered also were activities resource. last a as eradication and species, this entities), translocation to other known populations of extirpation (donations to zoos, NGOs, and/or private request: this since scrutiny under been have options Several population. this eradicate or manage/control to action DNER request to the DMS of administration motivated situation This Magueyes. for sentimental value and cultural a having as iguana this of for DMS. In contrast, other people view the presence implications legal potential posing and environment occasionally bitten by iguanas, creating an inadequate in Magueyes who claims to be frequently harassed and become a nuisance for part of the university community 422 individuals. This abnormal iguana at abundance has population the estimated report) internal DNER (López-Ortiz, November2005 in census recent most mid-1990’s (López-Ortiz, DNER internal report). since implemented The rats and cats of programa removal to attributed effect an iguanas/ha), 70 to (55 ties densi increasein noticeable showed has a population the then, Since iguanas/ha). (23.2 individuals 167 at population the estimated (1986) al. et Christian comm.). pers. Lewis, (A.R. pair founding one from comes Magueyes in population Iguana Cuban actual Cyclura iguanas, are relatively Cyclura In-situ - - - - the agreement establishedby theDNERandDMS. ponent of the stated goals, thus helping to accomplish funding are being considered to perform the field com population. Graduate biology students and sources of iguana density high a on cats of impact the quantify to design experimental an developWe to inclined are species and the levels of inbreeding in the population. the of identity genetic the establish to aimed research demography, nesting ecology, and diet; and 2) genetic includes which research, two ecological on 1) aspects: major focused is plan Our information. graphic demo- some collected plus individuals, 135 on data havegatheredsamples, tissue collected morphometric its management are executed. By November 2006 we research on the population before decisions concerning to perhaps1300today. world population has increased from about 150 in 1970total The populations. reproducing substantial, have least nine separate islands, although only four of these at nowon iguanas occur Cays Allen introducedcays. study of the nesting ecology of the iguanas on the two wellas additional 2007, as workfor planned is survey introductions.the of origin the Additionalof study a for islands all from animals from weredrawn samples Blood iguanas. the feed to allowed are people where beaches Cay U and Leaf the from iguanas aggressive We believe that tour boat operators may be relocating and subsequently translocated to those cays by humans. Cay,U or Leaf on marked originally were cays the of three least at on cay.individuals Somethe on nested had females eight least at that confirmed July,we In 1996, but now has a population of over 100 individuals. those islands. The latter cay had no iguanas present in ha); however, reproduction is occuring on only 14 one of to (0.25 them of six on iguanas found and cays, Cays (Exumas, Bahamas). We surveyed eight of these natural populations on Leaf Cay and U Cay in the Allen focussed on surveys of islands in the vicinity of the two week) July(one and week) (one March in Fieldwork nata. John Iverson (EarlhamCollege). 2006 Research Update forCyclura cychlura- inor ALLEN CAYS, BAHAMAS-Iverson - ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 13 . . ------Sur - ) ) - Some as- and Future I. delicatissima I. and and Cyclura cychlura figginsi cychlura Cyclura Cyclura cychlura Iguana iguana Iguana ceived ceived a $10,000 USFWS Wildlife Without Borders Andros for initiatives education conservation for grant iguana. the for awareness raising on focuses that Island The grant includes provisions for teacher workshops, mobile outreach education kits, and funding for Ri soccer club. Johnson’s cardo In June 2006, the terrestrial Nature and Conservancy marine the organized of a assessment ecological rapid ecosystems on the west side of Andros Island. This information part,fill in to conducted, was assessment spe endangered high-profile of distribution the on gaps Objec iguanas. and turtles, sea flamingos, as such cies locate 1) to: were assessment rapid iguana the for tives within survey 2) density; iguana high relatively of areas on boundary Park National Andros Central existing the North Andros; and 3) conduct general herpetofauna surveys to produce species distribution lists. In gen North of side west the inhabit iguanas any if few, eral, Park National existing the Additionally, Island. Andros the ensure to adequate not is Island Andros North on long-term survival Iguana. of the Andros ( Iguana Islands Exuma pects of the Conservation and Management Plan for the the for Plan Management and Conservation the of pects projects priority as identified were that iguana Andros 2005 have been in initiated November or completed. re and Zoo) Ballou, I Diego (San Deirdre Lee Pagni, veys in the Exuma Island chain were conducted in April 2006. Objectives for 2006 were to: 1) survey chain; Exuma south-central the in populations iguana 2) translocate iguanas from Leaf Cay [northeast Normans of Pond] to Pasture Cay in the Exuma Cays Land to and augment Sea the Park initial colony that was translocated in 2002; and 3) collect preliminary CYCHLURA and IGUANA - Knapp and IGUANA CYCHLURA Taxon Reports for Diego). of San Society Charles Knapp (Zoological Andros Iguana (Cyclura cychlura cychlura Research Plans for for Plans Research ing samples collected across the Exumas by John Iverson Iverson John by Exumas the across collected samples ing dietary a of impacts health the examining 1980’s, the in shift, and recording behavioral differences between with none. feeding and those with tourist areas - - - ) and ). In order to : Assessing Potential Potential Assessing : Cyclura cychlura inor- cychlura Cyclura fecal samples were col Cyclura cychlura inornata C.c. inornata Cyclura cychlura figginsi cychlura Cyclura C.c. figginsi fecal samples were collected from six and and Preliminary Diet Analyses for Analyses Diet Preliminary EXUMA ISLANDS,EXUMA - Hines BAHAMAS nata Tourism Tourism is a staple of the Bahamian related tourism in economyemployed is workforce the half and over industries. In an attempt to compete in this market, tour operators have turned to eco-tourism. Airline magazines now tantalize visitors with flashy ads that promise remote beaches in the Exumas and a chance (Allen Cay Leaf iguanas. and stingrays, sharks, feed to Cays), home to the largest population of endangered Allen Cays iguana ( Impacts of Tourist Feeding. Kirsten Hines Conservation). for Regional Institute (The lected from seven cays in the northern Exumas and 131 past the over Exumas central and southern the in cays na of consisted locations most at samples While year. dietary a indicate analyses preliminary vegetation, tive tourist the at primarily Cays), (Allen Cay Leaf on shift this from samples fecal of 30% About beach. feeding beach contained high concentrations of grapes and sand (compared to <10% for other areas on Leaf Cay only contained sample one and cays) other on 0% and with area only the also was beach This sand. and grapes cement-like a to dried that diarrhea of incidence high a tube instead of the natural cigar-style wrap of leaves. infrequent or minimal that suggest observations Initial but diet, iguana affect not may supplementation food prolonged periods of regular feeding appear to alter diet composition. This dietary shift may be limited to individuals that these frequent of feeding individuals beaches, more but globally, as expands eco-tourism species and others may be affected. maybe Prohibiting and the unrealistic seems industry this of expansion impacts its understand must we but unnecessary, even to minimize potential damage. Future research will focus on quantifying differences among scat samples; analyz by baseline expansion pre-tourist a establishing the most popular iguana feeding location, receives an 100 exceeding easily tourists, of number ever-growing visitors on an average The day. industry has been so southern the to spread has concept the that successful Exumas, affecting populations of endangered Exuma Island iguanas cychlura (Cyclura figginsi assess potential impacts of tourist grape offerings on iguana diet, 92 14 ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 conducted to test the locomotor effects of transmitter of effects locomotor the test to conducted be will study 2007 A - iguana) (Iguana GreenIguana to have nested. observed on the north beach and two iguanas appeared was activity dig exploratory Evidenceof observed. or captured either were island the on hatched were that (1.1) were observed but not captured. iguanas Twofounder Three subadults capture. last since mass body gained and Pasturehealthy appearedon turedall Cay recap iguanas founder (5.2) seven translocated The forrats. be surveyed to need still Cay Guana Adderly,Noddy,Northand Cays. Pasture and Guana, Bitter Bay,Gaulin, White from Leaf Cay. To date, rats have been confirmed from traps). We trapped six rats from White Bay and none 30 = (n Cays Leaf and traps) 28 = (n Bay White on far as 1998. On 10 April, we set Sherman live rat traps as to back wererecapturesdating 27 captures, Gaulin 51 the Cay.Of Gaulin Bitter from iguanas 51 and Guana, from iguana one Cay, Pasture from iguanas founder two additional an captured we surveys, June the fromfive cays. During iguanas May/ 123 of total During the April surveys, we captured and processed a visited between 26May and4June 2006. PastureBitterGaulin,Guana,and surveys, wereCays tourists versus un-visited cays. In addition to the April of iguana populations inhabiting Exuma cays visited by studies comparative for data condition body and diet Male Cyclurac.cychlura , Tiamo Resort, Andros. PhotobyJoeWasilewski. - history variation between disturbed and undisturbed and disturbed between variation history of study will be initiated to investigate coastal populations Lesser Antillean Iguana ( strategies forthespecies. management future guide to used be will work this from stemming data dispersal and survival therefore, range, its of parts in threatened becoming are tions popula iguana green addition, In studies. ecological quantitative guidelines and recommendations establish forto order futurein burdening transmitter of effects imperative that we have information pertaining to the genus the including taxa lizard multiple required to answer conservation-oriented questions on be will studies transmitter radio Because lizards. on burdening transmitter of any) (if effects the tifying Specific conservation goals for this study include quan between thethree different treatment groups. bean coast of Costa Rica to test for survival differences Carib the on Refuge Wildlife Gandoca-Manzanillo the in hatchlings 30-40 of subset a radiotracking and transmitters varying in the same ratios; and 3) releasing measuring jump speed of hatchlings affixed with radio 2) mass; body their of 7.5% and 5.0, 2.5, equal that iguana I. of speed sprint maximal measuring 1) include: will objectives Specific field. the in hatchlings of survival in the laboratory and then correlate performance with burdening on hatchling green iguanas ( I. delicatissima. Specifically, we will investigate life- hatchlings affixed with radio transmitters transmitters radio with affixed hatchlings between thetwosites. survival, and document significant predators hatchlings from nests to record dispersal and investigating life histories, we will radiotrack to addition In tourism. to due increasing is development coastal where islands other and Dominica, on populations of fate the predict to used be will sites disturbed and are similar, data from “control” undisturbed tures on many of the Lesser Antillean islands adult survival, and diet. Because coastal fea and juvenile rate, hatch selection, nest-site reproduction, to age size, clutch include will variables Study populations. iguana Iguana delicatissima Iguana iguana) , it is Cyclurait , ) - A 2007 - - - - ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 15 - - - - I. iguana to be , population has been grow been has population , I. iguana I. I. delicatissima was introduced on the islet in July ing area on top of the islet by removing rocks, which were results The construction. burrow impeding were immediate as many females came to the site and bur was observed.excavation row Other nest sites will be the end of the year. by improved permission with and Navy, French the of help the With Ramier (2 ha), a new of population Islet of the owner of PIT-tagged were Chancel Islet from adults Nine 2006. months, four After transmitters. radio with affixed and the iguanas appear to have established normal home patterns. ranges and movement iguana, green The objective the and Martinique on rate alarming an at ing of the Ministry of Ecology in Martinique is to reduce and eliminate this species to avoid contact between the two species of iguanas. Negative effects of these contacts have been well documented in Guadeloupe. A new law on Martinique now allows killed by Agency the of and French Wildlife Hunting police. This project in Martinique could be used as a conser vation template for Indies islands. other West French promote help to entity important an is IUCN-ISG The this project, as from we the commitment principle the investigators reaffirm of this constantly must project, the French authorities of the Ministry of Ecology in and Guadeloupe. Martinique On Chancel, the physical parameter limiting the growth growth the limiting parameter physical the Chancel, On nest for conditions poor be to appears population the of burrow excavation. This limiting abiotic condition for Agency French the by 1994 in recognized first was the Forests (ONF). In 2006, we improved the nest ------in . The French French The . I. delicatissima I. Iguana delicatissima on Islet Chancel, to augment augment to Chancel, Islet on , which were released from a zoo zoo a from released were which , I. iguana I. I. delicatissima I. The Conservation of MARTINIQUE - Knapp (for Maillard) Knapp - MARTINIQUE Iguana Iguana delicatissima has been protected in the French West Indian islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe Sus and Ecology of Ministry French The 1989. since In Martinique, the populations of north iguanas are scarce. the inhabit to known are populations two least At portion of the island, but there is a paucity of demo Martinique and a Future Action Plan for the French French the for Plan Action Future a and Martinique West Indies. Breuil Michel Jean-Francoisand Martinique) MaillardWildlife, and (AgencyHunting of Paris). History Museum, (Natural Biodiver for Strategy the with Development, tainable and fauna endemic the preserving for responsible is sity, on 2006 early Since areas. tropical French the of flora and conserve to initiated was project new a Martinique, of populations the enhance la de National (Office Wildlife and Hunting of Agency collabora in ONCFS) Sauvage, Faune la de et Chasse Michel from Breuil Natural tion the with French Dr. d’Histoire National (Musée of Paris History Museum two-year this of facilitators the are MNHN) Naturelle, project. This scientific andFrench technical projectthe has the Union, European the from support financial and the ONCFS. Ministry of Ecology, graphic information available because the mountain- ous areas are difficult to access. A second population inhabits Islet Chancel, a 70 ONCFS ha the island of objectives in The the coast). bay (Atlantic of Robert pa dynamic and demographic the assess to are project of rameters the iguana population iguanas introducing by to Islet Ramier in the bay of Fort de France, and to remove of individuals tured, measured, PIT-tagged, and released on assess we methods, Isletcapture/recapture Using Chancel. of ratio sex a with individuals 600 be to population the we because results our publish to waiting are We 1:1.3. compare to want we and database our complete to need breed the between sexes two the of distribution spatial Breuil M. Additionally, season. non-breeding and ing and 1993 since iguanas adult marked and captured has rates. will be analyzing individual growth we From April to July, 168 adult iguanas April to have From been July, cap and are experiencing rapid population growth. and are 16 ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 night during turtle nesting)wouldalsobeneeded. night duringturtle agement of additional areas (such as the open beach at corridors onto migration and away from the nesting area. Man as iguanas by used be can hopefully and species of interest such as the white-breasted thrasher), other (and iguanas of densities higher have to appear and ‘ravine’ areas (buffers around stream nest, courses)to patches sandy which use iguanas which amongst in areas are primarily littoral vegetation behind the beach,These account. into sensitivities wildlife take to site new owners with preliminary suggestions for zoning the course, golf and condominiums. We hotel, were able present the a include to projected development, for with the new owners, they made clear their intentions meetings initial AtProperties. FM to sold was Estate TourismPressureIncreasing were reopened. nests when missing were 15% unhatched and remains) (skeletal but fertile 7% egg), in remains skeletal (no infertile seemed 15% hatched. confirmed were eggs of 63% of average an and post-hatching opened re were 2006 in opened nests eight All 2004. from clutches five additional and including 14), = n 4.4, ± SD (14-28, eggs/female 23 was size clutch Average suggests nosignificanttrend, atleast yet. regression linear but 2005), in as Modelling Linear Generalized (using analysed be to yet has data This decline. a of suggestion the is there however years, of index, as planned, will have to measured over a number This data. of years three just from trends population Itany infer 2005. to or possible 2004 not either is in than 2006 in lower was beaches both for count drag activity at Louvet than at Grand Anse. The mean tail- morenesting therewas 2005, and 2004 in As April). days at Grand Anse (34 days between 1 February - 30 Louvet (36 days between 1 February - 30 April) and 38 Iguana Nesting with assistancefrom volunteer overseas biologists. Agriculture’sof Department, Forestry Ministry Lucia Durrelltween WildlifeConservation TrustStthe and As in previous years, this work was a collaboration be ton (DurrellTrust). Wildlife Conservation St Lucia Iguana 2006 Project Update. Matthew Mor ST LUCIA -Graham (forMorton) - Nests were monitored for 44 days at - In early 2006, Louvet 2006, early In - - - - - an ongoing effect (reduction in mongoose activity) even has culling low-level relatively that appears It 0.8/ha. of grid culling the on density mongoose of estimate 2005 the with compared 0.5/ha, or CL) 95% (19-34, mongooses 21 was estimate the only traps culling the For hectare. per mongooses 0.6 roughly of density a capturesprogramin or implemented MARK), model, 124 mongooses, 95% confidence limits; Huggins closed captures estimated the population at 69 mongooses (54- density estimate. A preliminary estimate of pre-culling population robust a have will we that believe we but The large data set from this work has yet to be analysed use the2006datatotesthypothesisasplanned. had anticipated, but it does mean it will be difficult to goose culling has an even longer-lasting effect than we mon that suggests it as insofar positive is This area). trapping bigger slightly a over latter the albeit 2005, in >80 with compared individuals (10 predicted than mised by captures in the culling grid being much lower response to an area cleared of mongooses was compro extended period. Unfortunately, this test of mongoose an for mongooses of population reduced a at area an esis that a small effort in mongoose control could keep live traps at Louvet. We attempted to test the hypoth 90 of grid trapping hectare 72 a using 2006, in work Mongoose control research comprised the bulk of field duced smallIndian mongoose. intro the targeted year this control predator invasive on effort main Our euthanized. and beach the from kilometer a about caught was one year,although this sites nesting the near or at found was cats of evidence No days. three to two of period overa all not if most year, with six nesting females (that killed, we know of) this Louvet at dogs by iguanas adult of kills (known) Predators Non-native review theEIAwithotherreferral agencies. development, Bay Praslin the with as hopefully, and these Termsto contribute Referenceto of able be will for any Environmental Impact Assessment and Durrell ment is expected to be consulted on Terms of Reference know of has been submitted yet. The Forestry Depart ture reserve). However, no planning application that we through the littoral vegetation belt maintained as a na the hotel behind the beach, with footpaths for tourists relocating (including zones sensitive the in velopment de avoided which plan conceptual a us showed and FM properties seemed positive about these suggestions - There was an increase in in increase an was There ------ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 17

- - have been identified, mak identified, been have R. rattus R. ing this the first crested iguana population known to . co-exist with R. rattus FIJI ISLANDS - Hudson (for Harlow) ISLANDSFIJI - Hudson Fijian Crested Iguana Update. Peter Harlow (Taronga Zoo). (Taronga Sanc Iguana Crested Fijian the on continues Research tuary Island where Taba. Suzie of Morrison Yadua has Taba just Yadua on research year’s first her completed she captured and PIT tagged 270 resident iguanas in a quarter hectare term dry long her forest for quadrat basis the containing be will 591 site forest This trees. rates, growth on data collect to project mark-recapture social and diet, survivorship, reproduction, movement, the This recorded firstyear Suzie structure. ever data Several field. the in species this of habits nesting the on other projects are running including simultaneously, species tree food important of phenology the on work and ant’ and the effect ‘crazy of exotic the introduced hatch- and nest iguana on (Rattusexulans) rats Pacific ling survivorship. Clare Morrison of (University the South and Pacific) her team of post-graduate biology students four of last and the completed Fiji recently staff Trust National field trips to investigate seasonal changes from data tree-use Iguana in crested Taba. Yadua on diet iguana as analyses transects, as well six permanent 250 metre of fecal material have given a good indication of diet. sightings iguana 1425 on collected were data Tree-use 233 of scats the in identified were species plant 26 and iguanas. The invasive plant and the weed by out carried management be to continues Taba Yadua for plan Iguana Sanctuary ranger Pita Biciloa Trust (National for Fiji Islands) and men from the nearby village on Island. Yadua iguanas crested where Macuata of island ha 40 the On (University Morley Craig 2004, in re-discovered were assistance, local with students, and Pacific) South the of Over survey. iguana rapid last the completed recently 40 crested iguanas have been PIT tagged and both and exulans Rattus ------Community and one-to-one meet one-to-one and Community - – To maximize the chances of Capacity suc To Building – Trapping data Trapping also provides an indication of average inter-trap movement distances and mongoose some habitat data preferences on (e.g. higher captures closer to rivers). This will be analysed in more detail using radiotracking data. Preliminary compositional significant indicate ranges home and fixes using analysis non-random habitat use by mongooses with habitats forest > riverine as: preferred least to most from ranked, > scrub > grazed > sand. These findings will help to years. placement in future guide optimal trap over a year later (i.e. from 2005 to 2006), which bodes which 2006), to 2005 from (i.e. later year a over protection. iguana nest for well Raising Awareness cessfully detecting population trends in the St Lucia iguana, the Forestry Department needs to be able to monitor both Anse Grand and Louvet beaches for 30 days moni each (10:00 two – of 16:00) between 1st minimum February and a be to needs There April. 30th We period. this during week per beach per days toring people two to (equivalent people-days 120 designated assess to monitoring iguana for days) 30 over beach per capacity to conduct such the a Department’s Forestry suc of measures three used We program. monitoring cess in achieving this objective: 1) attendance showed a marked compared improvement with attendance in 2005, although Lou it the still at fell short particularly of successful, our less objective; was 2) time-keeping compromise will it as addressed be to needs and site vet success; program’s monitoring the of chances future the and 3) count performance was to a high, consistent standard. This capacity now clearly exists within the recommendations of number A Department. Forestry impending that remembered be should It made. were moni require may above) (see Louvet at development toring protocols to be re-assessed. Durrell has devel oped a proposal to pilot an alternative baseline (using this. in 2007 to address occupancy probability) slots, ad in “jingles” including broadcasts television ings, Agri of Ministry the by produced documentary a and culture on wildlife conservation Miss which was the presented in contestants by Anse Grand and Louvet from Earth beauty pagent, were all used to raise awareness of iguana conservation issues, in particular the threat dogs at nesting sites. uncontrolled from 18 ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 it is imperative that immediate evaluation of this clade Guatemala.species Duecurrentthese the of to status melanosterna cally endangered species of criti five the of Four protection. of means sufficient lacks and extinction, with threatened is diverse, is it that in 2000, Myersin by al. forth et brought soning, rea hotspots the exemplifies hotspot, Mesoamerican genus The tion. Stesha Pasachnik (UniversityTennessee). of sights into Phylogeography, Speciation, and Conserva Molecular Analysis of the genus Ctenosaura. the of studies systematic in characters morphological several instancesofconvergence incommonlyused to point and interpretations morphological current with significantly contrast results These region. the in evolution their of topology branching the establish genetic loci (one mtDNA and two nucDNA) in order of a study using morphological characters and multiple focus the been have clades these among relationships is common among species from divergent clades. The groups)are characterized by allopatry, sympatry while geographic areas. Closely related species (within species component and are associated with well-established bio- groups). Clade distributions show a strong geographic within one of seven stronglyclades (species supported coasts of Mexico and Central America. All species fall both on forests arid and dry tropical m) (<1200 land species. Members ofthegenusinhabitprimarilylow unrecognized two least at and recognized currently the spiny-tailed iguanas, genus genus iguanas, spiny-tailed the The most diverse group of iguanas (15/37 species) are Biología, UNAM,México). Technology)of and Oscar Flores Villela (Instituto de Larry Buckley and Katelyn Pagel (Rochester Institute tionships canHelpPriorities. withConservation How Identification of Species Groups and their Rela Evolution of Spiny-tailed Iguanas (Genus , overlapping in range with the with range in overlapping Ctenosaura, Ctenosaura Session clade, occurring within Honduras and and Honduras within occurring clade, C. melanosterna Clade: In- Ctenosaura make up the Ctenosaura Ctenosaura , with 15 15 with , C. ): - - - - - black iguana, each clade is subject to differenthuman to subject is clade each iguana, black different human cultures along the distribution of the of existence the of Because clades. ferentiatedgenetic suggested that the species is divided in several well-dif- however, have distribution, findings broad our a with now, Until Ctenosaura pectinata strategies. conservation country-wide promote to variation genetic and structure, history, limits, species the understand to aims also He DNA. the geographic history using mitochondrial and nuclear among populations of This project intends to evaluate genetic differentiation Emerson. Dr.Brent with UK, Anglia, East of versity Uni the at Conservation and Ecology,Evolution, of Centre the within Ecology Molecular of Laboratory the in project Zarza-Franco’sPh.D. Eugenia of part is iguana black the of phylogeography and Genetics digestion efficiency. and growth on sex and temperature, food, of effect the 3) and demography, 2) genetics, population and black iguana have been researched: 1) phylogeography During the last yearsfew three different aspects of the coordinated by Dr. Víctor Hugo Reynoso since 1998. been has México, UNAM, Biología, de Instituto the eerh n lc iuns ( iguanas black on Research Zozayal (Instituto deBiología, UNAM,México) Franco, Wendoli Medina Mantecón, and Pilar Rueda raphy, and Feeding. Victor Reynoso, Eugenia Zarza- Black Iguana Project 2006 Update: Genetics, Demog bakeri andC.similisonUtila. direction of introgression that is occurring between and degree the define and species, these with sociated as events colonization the date species, each of status the evaluate to order in needed is analysis Additional marker. nuclear single a using documented been has endemic, island the between hybridization of Evidence habitats. nental conti and insular both in occur that endemics range gone through rapid speciation resulting in four has narrow-clade this that suggest markers nuclear three and markers mitochondrial two from results The similis. congener,ranging wide the and clade melanosterna molecular analysis nary has been on performed the Prelimi research. future direct and making decision be performed in order to facilitate critical management has been considered a single species , and bakeri, C. Ctenosaura pectinata tnsua pectinata) Ctenosaura on Utila on similis C. to establish at at C. C. C. - - - - - ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 19 - - - - Helo will be be will has been has C. palearis Heloderma Heloderma clade with a dis a with clade C. palearis C. in Guatemala. C. palearis C. . palearis. Ctenosaura beginning in May Ctenosaura Ctenosaura similis, the , designed to preserve palearis

C. palearis ). Specifically, Specifically, ). Palearis in order to develop and Heloderma , variously known as the Guatemalan Guatemalan the as known variously , Ctenosaura melanosterna Ctenosaura Ctenosaura the growth and digestion efficiency of the black iguana, iguana, black the of efficiency digestion and growth the by evaluating chicken and rabbit pellets as a low-cost digestion and consumption Food option. food captive matter dry digestible intake, matter dry as such variables neutral digestible intake, fiber detergent neutral intake, neutral digestibility, dry matter intake, fiber detergent - conver food gain, weight digestibility, fiber detergent sion, and food intake as a percentage of animal mass pellet that suggested has research This estimated. were successfully in iguana farms. food can be used commercial commercial food, incubation temperature, and sex in Report on John Binns (IRCF). Binns John palearis Ctenosaura only the is iguana, Spiny-tailed Paleate or iguana black the of member the sympatric Guatemalan Beaded Lizard ( charlesbogerti horridum for program educational Zootropic’s in included derma, and will be able to utilize the facility proposed . H.h. charlesbogerti for breeding The has IRCF provided a vehicle and seed money for research investigating the distribution, ecology, and conservation status of 2007. Daniel Zootropic’s Ariano, and University of be will Coti, Paola student, undergraduate Guatemala Five located. animals all re-releasing and bead-tagging at observation under already are females two and males of the Guatemala. research site in Valley the Motagua Zootropic, of efforts the to Thanks granted protection under Guatemalan law and speci mens may no longer be exported the country. from was intensively hunted as a protein source in the past in preference to the sympatric in some areas. rare extremely species is now The International Atlanta, Reptile Zoo and Conservation Foundation Zootropic with partnership in (IRCF), has initiated Project execute a recovery action plan for com the of many leverage to able be will project This tribution area outside of Honduras. Found exclusively exclusively Found Honduras. of outside area tribution in the semi-arid Motagua Valley of Guatemala, IUCN the on the Endangered Critically as listed is species Red List based on the limited size of its home range. Recent investigations reveal that, whereas ponents of Project

- - - - : Effect Effect : hemilo- C. macrolopha and Ctenosaura pectinata Ctenosaura C. pectinata of Food, Temperature, and Sex” is being developed by by developed being is Sex” and Temperature, Food, of Hugo Víctor of direction the under Rueda-Zozaya Pilar Reynoso in association with Germán of Mendoza the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco, México, This study intends to estimate the effect of Simultaneously, Eugenia Zarza-Franco is analyzing the the analyzing is Zarza-Franco Eugenia Simultaneously, genetic structure of impacts impacts and needs a specific conservation effort.For example, northern clades are less threatened than the southern clades, since black iguanas are not eaten in the north as they are in the south. compared But hatchlings of conditions survial better have clades southern to the more sampling extreme detailed very conditions a involves in study The which live. northern clades of several individual black iguanas distributed among more than 50 sites in its distribution range. ND4, Cyt-B, Alpha enolase, and OD DNA sequences will morphology. as external as well be compared, As an alternative pro to farm intensive hunting, promoting is the SEMARNAT, Mexican agency wildlife ducted in the Instituto de Biología, UNAM, as a Bach a as UNAM, Biología, de Instituto the in ducted Medina-Mantecón Wendoli by thesis Master’s and elor with associated and Reynoso Víctor of direction under Ernesto of Vega the Instituto Nalcional de Ecología, México. This SEMARNAT, project intends to solve a as iguana black the of problem over-exploitation the programs management local establish and source food Sensibility as such models demographic new on based Red Mexican the in listed is It analyses. Elasticity and List NOM-059-2001 as Threatened and if that suggest results our currentlyHowever, illegal. is hunting certain with carefully exploited are populations iguana be can populations rules,natural established very well New size. population their decreasing without hunted precise models testing several management strategies being are developed, and work will future model pos to strategy hunting best the promote to scenarios sible iguana sustainability. achieve as iguanas black maintain to strategy best the as duction “Growth entitled project The supply. food traditional a of Efficiency Digestion Plus The project “Demography of the Black Iguana” is con is Iguana” Black the of “Demography project The in the contact zone where hybrids have been found. still Projects in progess by our laboratory concern the phylogeography and identity of clades in the pha-macrolopha complex and the phylogeography of and C. oaxacana. C. acanthura 20 ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 I. iguana Iguana College). State Valley (Utah Stephen Catherine phy and logenetics. phylogeography Iguaninae on Update of resolution. Preliminary analysis strongly supports supports strongly analysis Preliminary resolution. of sets result in congruent data phylogenies with varying separate levels of analysis likelihood maximum from generated Phylogenies species. Iguaninae the of 28 and two mitochondrial) for all eight genera, including collected DNA sequence data at four loci (two nuclear have we phylogeny robust a generate to order In els. allowing empirical evaluation of molecular clock mod as well as fragments, relictual or refugia past of rences test biogeographic hypotheses, such as suggested occur its age and distribution, the group is uniquely suited to of Because endemism. island and regional of degree multiple geographical boundaries, and exhibits a high across miles of thousands spans collectively subfamily plete sample sets that yield conflicting topologies. The studies of Iguaninae relationships have molecular relied and on incommorphological Previous archipelago. throughout the Western Hemisphere and in the Fijian distributed genera modern eight with group ancient an is Iguaninae - Phylogenetics Subfamily Iguaninae arose ontheSouth Americancontinent. topology of the phylogeny indicates that green of iguana. populations Antilles Lesser plus The Central American populations and the South American show a congruent, deep lineage divergence between the from 17 different countries. Results from both data sets included in the preliminary analysis have been Samples collected species. this of history phylogeographic the clear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data to explore flow.gene to barriers and distances nu using are We interbreeding population, given the enormous physical seems highly unlikely that It 1982). Rand & (Burghart Antilles. Lesser the and Antilles, torically has a very limited range restricted to the Lesser Phylogeography and I. iguana is found throughout the Neotropics I. delicatissima Genetics Session - Iguana I. iguana . While consists of two species, constitutes a single I. delicatissima Iguana iguana his ------

50 islands,andwillbegenotyped inthenearfuture. each for analyzed. Additionally, 600 DNA samples being are availablecurrently are loci) 23 individuals, (133 pinguis for data Microsatellite years). (50 animals tic domes- and society modern Europeansyears), of (500 arrival years), (4,000 humans first ago), years (15,000 maximum glacial last populations: potentially iguana influenced have events Four effects. paleoclimatic earlier from apart teased be can it enough, significant If the influence of recent anthropogenic events has been stationary distribution of a specific demographic model. can calculate the likelihood of observed data under the population histories. Specifically, coalescent simulations methods allow for sophisticated statistical modeling of However, the development of Bayesian computational activity. mediated human recent, more of effects the obscure to tends this and changes, climatic historical by population contraction and/or expansion following molded been has species most of architecture The genetic species. endangered of survival long-term and fitness future the predicting for important is diversity genetic Assessing obvious. less is diversity genetic on impact concomitant the determine, to easy relatively is populations insular of sizes census the on anthropogenic activity recent of significance the Although Catherine Stephen (Utah Valley State College). Peter Andolfatto (Univ. of California, San Diego), and OliverRydernick, (ZoologicalSanSocieyDiego), of Chem Leona Reinbold, Maggie Lau, Jennie Knapp, Rock Iguanas. William Modi, Glenn Gerber, Charles Caribbean of Species Three of Histories Population Multilocus of Recent and Past the Estimate to Data Microsatellite Analyses Coalescent-Based Using clade inthethree datasetsinwhichitisincluded. ingly, ( and this clade is sister group to the rest of the subfamily and lus Cyclura Fijian Archipelago and a subsequent divergence of the of dispersal early an by followed subfamily the in lineage basal most the as Dipsosaurus Ctenosaur, Amblyrhynchus, falls outside of the of outside falls defensor Ctenosaur lineage. A sister relationship between Cyclura cychlura is supported by the combined analysis combined the by supported is Iguana and and Cyclura carinata Conolophus ). Interest to the to Brachylophus , from over Ctenosaur Sauroma Cyclura - - - ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 21

- - [Stephan [Stephan within the within [Catherine to assess levels levels assess to [Oliver Ryder, Ryder, [Oliver [Larry Buckley, Buckley, [Larry [Catherine Stephen, Stephen, [Catherine C. cornuta C. ) was completed Spring Spring completed was ) Cyclura Cyclura lewisi [Stephan C. pinguis. In the - sum C. pinguis C. Ctenosaura Cyclura cornuta stejnegeri Cyclura pinguis Cyclura C.c. . stejnegeri She is collecting C.c. bartschi C.c. Cyclura cornuta Cyclura Cyclura carinata bartschi and to examine their current distributions in in distributions current their examine to and of 2006 and is currently in press at the journal Copeia. Copeia. journal the at press in currently is and 2006 of support not do analysis sequence mtDNA of results The the subspecies designation. CTENOSAURA of History Phylogeographic sequence mtDNA and DNA Nuclear - Reynoso] Victor data are currently being collected in order to establish the phylogenetic relationships between the species of Ctenosaura to the geographic historyrelation of Central America. Stephen, Stephen, Glenn Gerber] - A systematic study of the ( iguana Cay Booby of diversity in the wild population compared to cohorts to compared population wild the in diversity of of headstarted individuals. Captive Breeding Genetics of to collected be will data Genetic - Burton] Fred Funk, quantify variation in the captive and wild population. breeding captive guide to used be will information This and headstarting efforts. Systematics of Population Genetics of [Keysas [Keysas Rosas, Stephan Funk] - Rosas is completing her graduate work on data microsatellite issues on the subspecies. Particular that will be addressed in this study include: multiple success, reproductive and organization social paternity, geographic structure of relatedness, and estimates of and historic demography. recent of Phylogeography Stephan Funk, Jan Ramer] - This study will use mi crosatellite and DNA sequence data to assess the con of populations between nectivity Glenn Gerber, Bill Modi] - A large microsatellite loci microsatellite large A - Modi] Bill Gerber, Glenn panel has been developed for mer of 2007 a new student will begin work at CRES of genetics population the on Dominican Republic and attempt to identify the source source the identify to attempt and Republic Dominican we Additionally, Island. Mona on those for population the to mainland the on variation of levels compare will island population. Iguanas Magueyes the of Genetics Population Funk] is - conducting Funk] microsatellite analysis Funk to (using origin population identify and relatedness analyze etc). ASD and multidimensional scaling, of Genetics Conservation

- - - - - Cyclura Cyclura pinguis C. and 250 of [Catherine Stephen, Stephen, [Catherine Cyclura Cyclura , cychlura Cyclura carinata Cyclura Cyclura , pinguis . The extent to which these these which to extent The cornuta. Cyclura Cyclura . cychlura Cyclura Chuck Knapp and John to develop a Cyclura standardized panel of markers tions for which 20 or more individuals are available for available are individuals more or 20 which for tions any given island. Data will be used to examine levels of each species island variation of within and between induced human and historical of effects the assess and bottlenecks on populations. ; Chuck Knapp has collected 135 DNA 135 collected has Knapp Chuck pinguis; Cyclura samples of Iverson are active in the field and plan to collect 300 more samples from this species. are We on schedule to submit an NSF proposal this July to try to obtain funding to assess variation at 25 microsatellite loci on a subset of these samples. will We focus on popula fected by Natural and Human Induced Bottlenecks Distribution of Variation Within Three Species Af Larry Buckley] - DNA sequence data from multiple nuclear (NT3, C-mos, Rhod) and mtDNA (12/16s rRNA, Cyt-B, ND4) loci are being used to assess the genera. Iguaninae all between relationships level family in Fieldwork complete. 75% is collection data Genetic May 2007 should complete sample collection and re [Stephan Funk, Bill Modi] - Nearly 75 primer pairs have been developed independently by several labo and nubila, amplify and identify polymorphism in heterologous genomic will receive Funk Stephan species is unclear. from primers and species several from DNAs from CRES and test all 75 primer pairs on all species of to the public. that will be available Charles Iver Knapp, [Bill John Glenn Modi, Gerber, Broader Iguaninae Phylogenetics Iguaninae Broader Below is a summary of ongoing genetic projects of those those of projects genetic ongoing of summary a is Below ISG members that attended the 2006 ISG meeting in Puerto Rico, including Catherine Stephen, Larry Buckley, Stephan Funk, there Rex Although McAlilely, Reynoso. Victor Bill and Modi,Pasachnik, Stesha indicate brackets in names collaborators, additional are for a particularthe main contacts project. Genetics Working Group Overview Group Working Genetics CYCLURA Development of Standardized Microsatellite Primers maining genetic data will be collected in June 2007. in June maining genetic data will be collected ratories for collected has Gerber Glenn - Stephen] Catherine son, 800 blood samples of 22 ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 including a series of new recentlyincluding aseriesofnew foundlocalities. to genetic variation within Alpha enolase and OD, will evaluate the Cyt-B, distributionND4, of using Zarza and Reynoso - Reynoso] Phylogeography of of Phylogeography is beingevaluated. areas. The validity of suggested species and subspecies sampling across its distribution range including insular (ND4, Cyt-B, Alpha enolase, OD genes) and exhaustive the of species different the between relationships genetic the inferring are Zarza and Reynoso - Reynoso] tor Systematics of B, Rhod,12s/16s,Bfib. identify those requiring specific recognition using Cyt- and clade the within groups monophyletic recovered among relationships the examine to loci other using ND4, Cyt-B, Alpha enolase and OD. Buckley will be The mitochondrial and nuclear markers to be used are separated. closely localities from specimens several of C. pectinata and of range the throughout variation morphological genetic and the of distribution the at detail in look will Zarza and Reynoso species. full as recognition rant within groups monophyletic of limits geographic the establish to continuing is molecular work and morphological Comparative this clade. within species additional of recognition the in Systematics and phylogeography work will likely result Phylogeography of the the datacollectionandanalysis. Reynoso, Buckley, and Pasachnik will all collaborate in collecting samples from Mexico. For laboratory work, lect DNA samples from Guatemala and Reynoso will be Pasachnik is in the process of obtaining permits to col as continuing to sample from other parts of the range. already been obtained in Panama and Honduras as well range. This will consist of sequencing samples thatwithin variation have the at look Victor Reynoso, Larry Buckley] - This is an in-depth CtenosauraPhylogeography[Steshasimilis Pasachnik, acanthura both of populations of surveys Phylogeographic - Buckley] Larry Reynoso, [Victor C. quinquecarinata C. hemilopha confirms that that confirms Ctenosaura hemilopha/macrolopha complex based on genetic information C. acanthura, with detailed collection , through out its distribution range tnsua oaxacana Ctenosaura C. pectinata/acanthura C. oaxacana C. pectinata C. throughout its throughout similis C. that war that pectinata C. . pectinata C. and its relationship is paraphyletic. paraphyletic. is [Victor [Victor Complex and and - [Vic C. C. - -

species of of species the of status the determine to working be will tified) uniden yet (as others with collaboration in McAliley BroaderSystematicsof SAUROMALUS this project by includingherdatafrom themainland. Cochinos using microsatellites. Pasachnik will extend in comparing populations of Chad Montgomery who has recently become interested to given be will attention Special project. this for work field the three months collecting samples which should complete tions in Honduras. This summer Pasachnik will spend collec with continue will and Guatemala in palearis from DNA collect to obtained been have Permits techniques. molecular other using and data sequence learis/oedirhina/bakeri of the entire [Stesha Complex Pasachnik] Phylogenetic - analysis of Analysis Phylogenetic continue toexaminethispossibility. to used be may analysis and/or techniques, markers, Additional PACs. and LDHA, Cyt-B, ND4, using hybridization for evidence of amount large a seeing similis on the island of Utila. At this point we are not the possible of hybridization between of study a is This - Pasachnik][Stesha bakeri saura Between Hybridization and C.similis. study the dynamics between Romerowill and Zarza Reynoso,well, As hemilopha. of zone contact the of dynamics genetic the evaluate will microsatellites, and enolase Alpha ND4, using Reynoso, and Zarza - Reynoso] Between Zones Contact is inthebegininningstages. carinata through out its distribution range. This work OD in OD and enolase, Alpha Cyt-B, ND4, genes the of bution - Reynoso, Zarza, and Quijada will evaluate the distri Phylogeography of McAliley is currently working to obtain permits to to permits obtain to working currently is McAliley populations and verification of this status is a priority. many for status species of recognition in troublesome , and its relationship to relationship its and clarkii, C. Sauromalus in collaboration with Dr.with collaboration in melanosterna C. C. melanosterna Ctenosaura clarkii ) is being undertaken using DNA . This group continues to be be to continues group This . Sauromalus and similis Ctenosaura [Victor [Victor Species Ctenosaura complex ( tnsua melanosterna Ctenosaura C. pectinata C. melanosterna and pectinata C. [Rex McAliley] - McAliley][Rex [Victor Reynoso] melanosterna/pa C. bakeri and , C. acanthura C. quinque- C. on Cayos Cteno- C. C. C. - - - - ,

ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 23

- - - range Cyclura General Reports General iguanas are especially susceptible to susceptible especially are iguanas Cyclura A Model for Protecting Island Ecosystems Conservation Programs. Regional Integrated Using Conservation). (Island Keitt Brad Introduced mammals are one of the greatest threats eco island most because is This ecosystems. island to systems historically lacked mammalian predators and fauna and flora islands’ many therefore and herbivores lack defenses necessary to compete against these inva sions. Removing introduced mammals from islands can protect island ecosystems, and we believe this can be done effectively by regional island organizations conservationthat integrate: 1) applied research and priority setting; 2) public education and policy work; 3) capacity building; 4) conservation action; and 5) monitoring and evaluation. such an organiza- developed we Mexico Northwest In islands These islands. 230+ region’s the protect to tion spe 210 over and seabirds breeding of species 26 have Non-native vertebrates. endemic of subspecies and cies mammals have been introduced to at least 44 islands and are responsible for the probable extinction of 21 endemic vertebrate species and subspecies.Conservation, the Island Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste, and the Mexican National Protected Areas NGO’s and people local with collaborated Department one mammals or introduced 25 from more to remove of conservation the for model integrated This islands. world. the of parts other to exportable is species island that Given introduced mammals, the development of a program to remove introduced mammals from islands in the Caribbean is an important part of their conservation. - - - - [Stephan [Catherine iguana Iguana are being col- being are iguana Iguana [Rex McAliley] - Following listing listing Following - McAliley] [Rex as an Endangered species, a captive breed captive a species, Endangered an as varius S. collect specimens of this genus from throughout their their throughout from genus this of specimens collect range with collections to begin summer 2007. Col- America North of southwest the in working laborators proj research and collections on collaborate to willing IGUANA of History Phylogeographic Population Genetics of St. Lucia Iguana ects are being sought. being ects are varius Sauromalus of ing program was initiated in an effort to remediate the decline of this species. McAliley will to monitor continue the genetic diversity of individuals in this continued the for data provide to effort an in program successful management for this colony. He is working to also obtain permits to continue work on this species on Isla San Esteban to determine population structure, breeding structure, and population status in the wild. Collecting of samples continues to be a problem and anyone working in this area would be to collaborate. welcome Stephen] - Nuclear and mitochondrial haplotypes of range entire the across manuscript related A iguana. green of populations les of 2007. should be submitted in the summer Funk] - Pending the development of microsatellite primers, we will investigate the connectivity between the main distribution areas of iguanas in St. Lucia. Additionally, the data will be used to investigate re structure. productive lected to examine the phylogeographic history of this congruent, a show sets data both from Results species. American Central the between divergence lineage deep Antil Lesser plus American South the and populations 24 ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 to help improve materials such as such materials improve help to evaluations formative and grams, in changes knowledge and attitude from pro measure to testing cluded needs assessments, in pre/post have tools evaluation Other messages usingwhichmedia. which with reaching are we ences simple matrix, a allows us tool, to see which One audi programs. these of effectiveness the measure have been used to help design and tools evaluation of types Several tional signstobepostedonoffshore islands. posters regarding the project, and producing informa of series a creating colleagues, international and local workshopsfor TCIpresentationsgiving colleagues, to building capacity holding websites, other and ZSSD cal 5-8 grade students, posting project information on lo for kits education developing magazines, in-flight and local for articles writing included have activities colleagues and ZSSD members and visitors. Outreach and otheradultschildren, includingconservation children); visitors to the Turks and Caicos Islandspriority, (TCI); these audience categories are: locals (adults and Inorder descending of categories. severalaudience of taken many forms in order to reach numerous members Caicos iguana (Cyclura carinata ). These activities have the conservation and research project on to the Turks related Diego activities and outreach San supported of has (ZSSD) Society Zoological the 2000, Since to improve theireffectiveness. through evaluation of education programs can we hope only fact, In unwarranted. is programs of evaluation ing, and filled with uncertainties. This is not to say that result in conservation action is difficult, time-consum directly programs education that evidence obtaining because fortunate is This activities. conservation of component key a is education con that feel general, servationists In rhetorical. seems conservation in role a play should education whether of question The Lee Pagni (Zoological SocietyofSan Diego). Twofrom Cyclura Programs. Conservation DoesLessons EducationReally Help Conservation? - - - Medium Audience EDUCATION Local Adults Local Children Visitors Other Children Other Adults Scientists MESSAGE Fig. 1:Outreach activitiesmatrixforTurks andCaicosrock iguana. - - - - S etg°Euainkt ° ISG meetng ° Education kits ° Education kits ° Local workshops ° Signage ° Websites ° ISG meetng ° Magazine articles protect the iguanas." "We are working to Turks and Caicos Islands. Instead, activities have fo have activities Instead, TurksIslands. Caicos and the in those than Anegada in intense less been have activities outreach people), 100-200 between timated (es- population local the of size small the of Because local community. the among support and awareness increase help can activities conservation around events public creating public event, the interest in participation indicates that a holding for opportunity obvious an are releases the Although individuals. 40 over to grew number this 2006, In releases. the in involvedwereBVI the from people four approximately 2003, In iguanas. started is the local involvement in the annual release of head program outreach the of example successful highly A year.each increased has program the in interested are Since then, the number of people who know about and concurrent with the first releases of headstarted iguanas.2003, in began program restoration (Cyclurapinguis) Significant outreach programs for the Anegada iguana most people. the reach to media various across message consistent more reach helps media of variety a Utilizing does however confirm of the promoting importance a audience members. This is not a unique finding. This ef become to time take programs Education to three years. two after efforts outreach and research, conservation, fective. We began to notice a greater awareness of our a couple important points. a coupleimportant program evaluation, anecdotal evidence has elucidated the education kits. Although there has been no overall ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 2. 1. the cays"(i.e.howtohelp). "Do not bring your cats to aaieatce °Websites ° Magazine articles ✓ ✓ ° Education materials ° Local workshops ° Magazine articles "The results of our research show…" ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ - - - ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 25 - - - - ) in late August August late in ) Cyclura collei Cyclura Jan Ramer Jan ably well-distributed. females Four are to be released which will add a new founder to the Park. Females night, at retreats cozy in placed winter, the in released have a higher likelihood of contributing to the gene site fidelity. pool because of increased released been have animals 205 winters, three last the In to the Salina Reserve, one of which is known to have died. Most of these releasees were headstarted from (only pedigrees known 50% have and nests Park QEII from ranges population new This certain). is dam the one to four years Dr. in by age analysis has genetic representation recent from that ten hoped is It founders. improve will Rico, Puerto of University Funk, Stephan our knowledge of sire contribution in the QEII Park, loca both for strategies release future in aid will which Overview above). Group Working tions (see Genetics East East End well outside and of two the have Park, been returned to the captive facility. If the remaining 55 animals were all alive and well, the population would consist of animals aged three to eleven (not including diversity genetic a comprising success) recruitment rare were that animals 28 the only Considering 91.3%. of reason still is representation founder 2005/06, in seen (Indianapolis Zoological Society) Zoological (Indianapolis Indianapolis Zoo Reports First States. Jamaican in the United Breeding Iguana and Reams Richard of hatching the report to please is Zoo Indianapolis The ( iguanas Jamaican several and early September of 2006. separate Two females produced 35 eggs, of which 22 hatched. The hatched eggs after approximately 80 days and were incu bated at 86 – 88 degrees Fahrenheit. The 22 neonates 22 The Fahrenheit. degrees 88 – 86 at bated Starting fast. growing are and great doing currently are 200 grams. over weigh at just 22 grams, many now Prior to this successful reproduction, there were only breeding This zoos. American North in specimens 18 at population American North the doubles than more animals valuable genetically these of Most iguanas. 40 near the in zoos American North other to sent be will breed captive first the represents breeding This future. iguanas outside of Jamaica. ing of Jamaican - - - - - In the US, a total of 30 animals representing 12 found 12 representing animals 30 of total a US, the In A total of 62 animals, 11 representing founders, have Park Botanic QEII semi-protected the to released been verifiably been have three then, Since late-90s. the since killed by dogs, one was stolen, one is residing in the A preliminary genetic and demographic analysis of cap of analysis demographic and genetic preliminary A tive and free-ranging populations of Grand Cayman was presented. Iguanas Blue ers are housed in breeding situations at 12 zoological has founders represented of number The institutions. increased from eight since 2002. In Grand Cayman, 136 are animals there in popula the breeding captive QEII from headstarted being 61 additional an with tion with GC in founders 15 have We nests. Park Botanic five potential founders. The breeding success of this diversity genetic increased significantly has population 88% up to 94.4% since 2002. from Tandora Grant (San Diego Zoo, CRES) Diego Zoo, (San Grant Tandora cused cused on collaborating with local partners at the BVI of generation next the involve to Trust Parks National mem- community keeping and (students) Anegadians bers informed of research activities and attempt conservation will activities outreach of stage next The goals. conser iguanas’ the to awareness country-wide raise to I would like to thank all my collaborators at the follow the at collaborators my all thank to like would I Studbook Cyclura As with the TCI project, there has been no over-arching over-arching no been has there project, TCI the with As evidence. education our of outcomes the of evaluation Anecdotal evidence suggests that there is awareness of a the intricacies greaterof the restoration project and support activities. for conservation and research vation status and situation. vation our improve to continue efforts whose institutions ing National BVI iguana: Anegada the for activities outreach International Zoo, Worth Fort Zoo, Dallas Trust, Parks Iguana International Foundation, Conservation Reptile Environmental of Network Island Virgin Foundation, (VINE),Educators and of the Society San Zoological Diego’s Conservation and Research for Endangered Department. Education and (CRES) Species 26 ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 of thismemo. archive. You’llour to end the at info contact my find inquiry official an submit they that insist but choose, you if ignorance Plead uses. additional for due fees limit their use of your photo in writing, and negotiate fee, usage fair a determine to able you’llbe ask, never to questions knowwhat you unless and use, intended the hook. Photo buyers seldom offer details about their off you takes way this it doing that is news good The ourISGarchive.person(s) running the to back directly photos your about inquiries refer consistently to agreesONLY everyone AND IF IF us for work will It business. time-tested complex, what some a is This use. project-specific one-time, their for rights license we fee, a for photographs; sell not We use. their do for credited properly be and images those of ownership copyright retain always will you Wildscreen’sor Archive ISG our to supplied ARKive, photographs of creator the are you if that aware Be to makethiswork well forall. EVERYONE’S cooperation and a consensus on policy now.addressedWe be need must that Andros in ing meet November2005 our since surfacing been have Issues rules. ground without and infancy its in still As ISG members know, we have a photographic archive, Thomas Wiewandt (Wild Horizons) of thisspeciesoutsideJamaica.PhotobyRichard Reams. Indianapolis Zoo,celebratingthefirstsuccessfulbreeding Jamaican iguanas(Cycluracollei ISG Photo Archive – Request for a Policy Consensus. ) hatchatthe - - photos tothem. a position that’s rarely justified; and I regularly license poverty, plead usually non-profits Large $150/use. is minimum absolute our and buyer, the of limitations perceivedbudget within work to try always I fee. the required; the more prominent and extensive, the higher Feesrights of extent and arekind the on based always setting and negotiating fair fees for photo rightsto devoted been havelicenses. books Entire manager. archive our contact doubt, in When basis. case-by-case a on many to cover in this memo. Each must be evaluated too areas, gray many are there work, conservation In us tocontributepictures gratis. it’sand photographs, without expect to wrong simply relevance or impact no have would work the Often well. as for paid be should photographs services, their designers helping to create the work are being paid for fee. In a practical sense, if staff members, writers, and licensing a pay should result,they end the produce to budget a has clearly that organization or institution an of behalf on this doing is project other or exhibit, publication, a in use to photos for asking person the Uses for which a Licensing Fee Should be Charged change. because they are difficult to get, and this is unlikely to value their hold to continued have (!), yours as such accordingly. But keep in mind that specialized images, diminishing been has value perceived their and tially of number the photographs “out age, there” seems digital to be the growing exponen of advent the With - If - ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 27 - - pro bakeri Ctenosaura , Ctenosaurs the ISG will conduct [email protected] . This workshop could workshop This melanosterna. C. or after the ISG meeting. [email protected] [email protected] Joint ISG and IIF Meeting 2008 ISG and IIF Meeting Joint will charter a local airline to Utila. July 15th if you are planning to attend. are 15th if you July Thanks and hope to see you in Honduras, 2008!! in Honduras, Thanks and hope to see you This workshop will provide several opportunities lo opportunities several provide will workshop This Research Iguana the visit will We iguanas. see to cally the of home Utila, on Station Stesha Pasachnik is handling local arrangements and arrangements local handling is Pasachnik Stesha has made reservations at the Coral View on Utila. beds 35 includes that rooms 18 of total a have They (some rooms are singles and some doubles). They are getting bunkbeds that will add 21 beds but this for equipment the all have They place. in yet not is presentations and have given us a price of meals $48 three US includes which day per person per dollars days). three for breaks (coffee breaks coffee two and Getting there may be a little we and Sula pricey; Pedro international San to arranged be to need flights gram, and take a day trip by boat to the Cayos Co- see to chinos including a be our most logistically challenging yet, need for translation service for much of the dialog. headcount preliminary a get to need we point this At of attendees to predict lodging and charter needs. Please email Rick by and Hudson Pasachnik Stesha To To highlight the critical needs of the group of Mexican threatened their annual meeting on Utila Island, in the early half of January 2008. The goal of the workshop is develop to try to holders stake local together bring to a management plan and to seek solutions to curb further declines. regret We that we have to depart from our normal November meeting schedule but conditions weather in this during area that time are will this that realize We misearble. and wet geneally be an in inconvenience to meet some but will the IIF ISG Steering The dates. shift to agreed Committee before Honduras) for stopover common (a Houston - - Thomas Wiewandt Thomas [email protected] - The ISG Archive was created to benefit to benefit was created The ISG Archive - So please support YOUR archive. Without your unilateral support, I’m wasting precious time and hard-earned expertise needed to manage this image library. Please discuss these concerns at the 2006 ISG conference and call for a vote among members with disagrees who anyone that ask also I attending. at known feelings your make proposed, as policy our assume I’ll you, from hear don’t we If conference. the that you have agreed to refer all outside requests for be will attending not Members office. this to photos contacted via listserve after the conference. Publishers and others in the business world are experts experts are world business the in others and Publishers at sniffing-out a freelunch, and photographers who easy an are works industry the how about little know target. Every time you give someone probably free will use others and to fast; a spread will word photo, the down uses free more for images your appropriate road, perhaps unknown to discovered. you. already have Once you of started, some it’s as stop, to tough “rejects” even or similars, duplicates, give you if Also, lose will we that good are chances buyers, potential to understand contractual a provide invoices Our sale. a Uses Free our members, directly through access to archived images and from indirectly license fees from buyers. our of use free to entitled be should you example, For in conserva to be published destined photos group’s official in use for gratis provided be also should Photos internal publicatons of the ISG, the IUCN, the IIF, or an affiliated not-for-profit organization the IRCF that is sustained non-paid by members. beware But of organizations claiming an affiliation with these groups. Take, for example, the all- an AZE, the of member a Allianceis IIF The Extinction. of Zero volunteer group, so donating photos for use in the would it BUT acceptable. be would newsletter AZE not be appropriate to donate photos for use by the which of most organizations, member AZE 51 other in doubt, write or call me. institutions. If are ing of rights granted for each use of your photos and photos your of use each for granted rights of ing use. on future establish limitations sold) (if which from profits the booklets, or posters scientific tion your support to help to you to back come will ISG. the by endorsed projects educational or 28 ISG Newsletter 10(1) • Summer 2007 magazine April:54-61. Hudson,R. 2007. Big lizards, big problems. Reptiles Herpetological Review 37(4):402-403. tion:providing critical supportendangered to iguanas. Hudson,2006.R. TheInternational Iguana Founda of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 36: 712-715. placement in Anegada iguanas ( technique for permanent intracoelomic radiotransmitter Bradley,Hurlbut,S. N.P.and (2006).SurgicalLung. Ferrell,S.T., A.B. Marlar, A.C. Alberts, L.A. Young,K. Biology 12:64-77. in the iguanid genus evolutionarilyconservationThree for significant units Burns,E.L.,B.H. Costello, andB.A.Houlden. 2006. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102:380-391. Issue: Animal Behaviour, Conservation, and beanrock Enrichment.iguanas. starting as a conservation strategy for endangered Carib Alberts, A.C. 2007. Behavioral considerations of head Email: [email protected] National TrustfortheCaymanIslands Fredric Burton,DeputyChair Email: [email protected] Zoological SocietyofSanDiego Allison Alberts,Co-Chair Recent Literature In: Brachylophus R.R. Swaisgood (editor) Special Cyclura pinguis . Pacific Conservation 15600 SanPasqualValleyRoad,

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- - - lands been exaggerated? Biological Invasions 8:863-891. 2006. Have the harmful effects of introduced Daugherty. rats on is C.H. and Atkinson, I.A.E. D.R., Towns, nata over time in the endangered iguana Smith, G.R. and J.B. Iverson. 2006. Changes in sex ratio and patterns. Applied Herpetology 3: 237-256. phibiansandreptiles theinBritish Virgin Islands: status Perry,G.P.andG. Gerber.Conservation 2006. am of Reptiles (811):1-14. delicatissima Pasachnik, S.A., M. Breuil, and R. Powell. 2006. Conservation 132:300-310. Biological effects. density-dependent and disturbance lenCays rock iguana ( Al the demographyof the Long-term intrends 2006. Iverson, J.B., S.J. Converse, G.R. Smith, and J.M Valiulis. Journal of Zoology 84:1566-1575. biology of an insular iguana ( reproductiveand behavior nesting in variationgraphic Knapp, C.R., J.B. Iverson, and A.K. Owens. 2006. Geo Amphibians and Reptiles (810):1-8. Buckner. S.D. and 2006. Knapp, C.R. Pasachnik, S.A. J.B., Iverson, Email: [email protected] Resources, PuertoRico Department ofNaturalandEnvironmental Miguel Garcia,DeputyChair Email: [email protected] Fort WorthZoo Richard Hudson,Co-Chair . Canadian Journal of Zoology 84:1522-1527. Allison Alberts Tandora Grant Editors: . Catalogue of American Amphibians and Amphibians American of Catalogue . Cyclura cychlura Cycluracychlura inornata Applied Animal Cyclura cychlura Ecology . Catalogue of American Cyclura cychlura inor ). Canadian ):human Iguana - - - - -