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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19270-5 - Combat and Morale in the North African Campaign: The Eighth Army and the Path to El Alamein Jonathan Fennell Index More information

Index

Adam, General Sir Ronald death penalty, 34–5, 38–41, 45, 69, 207, assessing morale, 3 229, 266, 282 broadcasting, 156–7 firepower, 81–2 education, 175–6, 178, 186, 286 flies, 144 importance of morale, 12–14, 39–40 impact on morale, 18, 64, 70, 79, 191–6, Morale Committee, 3, 8, 12–13, 21, 26 200–2, 203–5, 207, 212–14, 231, personnel selection and testing, 95, 96, 287, 288 97–100, 109–10, 113–14, 120, 123, organisation, 216, 284 261, 285–6 quality of officers, 111, 196–200 welfare, 151, 171–2, 286–7 reinforcements, 74 Adjutant-General. See Adam, General Sir reputation, 4–5, 15, 188–9, 218 Ronald summer battles, 21–2, 24–5, 67, 76, Afrika Korps. See German military 79–80, 262, 284 formations training, 225, 228–30, 288 air power, 55, 60–3, 66, 76–8. See also Audoin-Rouzeau, Stephane, 272 Desert Air Force; Luftwaffe Australian Imperial Force (AIF). See also Alam Halfa, 6, 14, 25, 46, 82–4, 188, 206, Australian military formations; 230–1, 280, 284, 288 newspapers/newsletters Alexander, Field Marshal Sir Harold, 14, air power and morale, 62 25, 48, 234 and BBC broadcasts, 155–6 Alexandria, 24, 25, 133, 143, 174, 179, 203, and firepower, 87 221, 229, 259 and leadership, 190 American Army, 26, 100, 244 and women troubles, 169, 170 American troops, 5, 165, 172, 241, 242, quality of manpower, 103–4 258–9, 270 quality of officers, 112–13 Anglo–Egyptian Union, 179 Australian military formations anti-aircraft guns, 56, 58, 63, 73 battalions anxiety neurosis. See battle exhaustion 2/13 Battalion, 87, 190 Army Broadcasting Committee, 156 2/23 Battalion, 153, 157 Army Bureau of Current Affairs (ABCA), brigades 176–82, 186, 271, 287 20th Brigade, 254 Army Council, 12, 39, 41, 100, 106, 114, 24th Brigade, 254 117, 162, 176, 192, 207 26th Brigade, 235 Army Education Corps (AEC). See divisions education 6th Division, 103, 112, 224 artillery. See British military formations; 9th Division, 26, 43, 158, weapons 163, 205, 208, 209, 211, 233, Attlee, Clement, 74, 249 239, 255 Auchinleck, Field Marshal Sir Claude Awdry, Lieutenant-Colonel R. J., 132 air power, 63 AWOL (absence without leave), 34–8, 99, Crusader, 18, 57–60 108, 257, 260

333

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334 Index

Bardia, 45 44th Division, 228 Barnett, Corelli, 6, 15, 17, 125, 188–9, 205, 50th Division, 119, 144–5, 211 218 51st Highland, 122, 125, 132, 136, Barr, Niall, 4, 15, 46, 57, 74, 77, 86, 92, 223, 153, 211, 217, 228, 238, 252–5, 229, 251 271–3 Bartov, Omar, 245, 270 brigades Bastico, General Ettore, 60 2nd Armoured, 190 battle drill, 233, 234–7, 288 9th Armoured, 88 battle exhaustion, 9, 31, 197 22nd Armoured, 171 and air power, 62 1st Army Tank, 172 and food and tea, 135 Guards, 29, 35–7 and primary group, 257–9, 288 152nd Infantry, 254 as indicator of morale, 9, 10, 15, 28–34, 154th Infantry, 253 46–8, 49, 102, 282–3 other units lectures to officers, 117 7th Black Watch, 221, 253–4 See also misfits 1st Buffs, 170 battle inoculation, 62, 118, 233, 234–8, 259 2nd Camerons, 251 battle schools, 30, 62, 117–19, 122, 234, 3rd Coldstream Guards, 35–7, 49, 138, 259, 274 215–16, 251 Battleaxe, Operation, 18, 57, 71, 224–5 9th Durham Light Infantry, 78, BBC, 153–8, 165, 169, 287 221, 251 Beda Fomm, 256 4th East Yorks, 251 Beech, Private C. G., 221 2/5 Essex, 251 Beevor, Antony, 264 4th Green Howards, 251 Benghazi cooker, 136 7th Green Howards, 251 Benghazi Handicap, 21. See also retreats 11th Hussars, 145 Bidwell, Shelford, 65 9th King’s Royal Rifle Corps, 251 Bion, Major W. R., 100 160th Light AA Battery, 17 Blamey, General Sir Thomas, 218 Queen’s Own Cameron Borthwick, Alastair, 132 Highlanders, 221 Bowden, K. J., 111 50 Recce Motor Battalion, 251 Bracken, Brendan, 168 1st Rifle Brigade, 171 Brevity, Operation, 17, 57, 224, 225 2nd Rifle Brigade, 20, 59, 133 brigade groups, 65, 79, 237, 284 9th Rifle Brigade, 251 Brimble, L. J. F. See Hawkins, Major T. H. 31/58 Field Battery Royal Artillery, 201 and Brimble, L. J. F. 32nd Field Regiment Royal Brink, Major-General George, 182 Artillery, 132 British Council, 179, 183 7th Medium Regiment Royal British Expeditionary Force (BEF), 12, 98 Artillery, 215 British military formations 64th Medium Regiment Royal armies Artillery, 147 Eighth Army, passim 7th Field Squadron Royal Fourteenth Army, 279 Engineers, 64 corps 2nd Royal Horse Artillery, 209 X Corps, 90–1, 201, 232 104th Royal Horse Artillery, 17, XIII Corps, 69, 171, 191, 203, 207, 57, 128 215, 216, 234 Royal Sussex, 89 XXX Corps, 23, 68, 86, 203, 215, 228, 4th Royal Tank Regiment, 251 232–3, 234 5th Royal Tank Regiment, 59 divisions 7th Royal Tank Regiment, 251 1st Armoured, 21, 74, 119, 227 2nd Scots Guards, 35–7, 49, 199, 2nd Armoured, 119, 224 215–16, 251 7th Armoured, 16, 59, 171, 197, 224 5th Seaforths, 9–10, 132 8th Armoured, 228, 232 1st Sherwood Foresters, 251 10th Armoured, 232 Tower Hamlets, 111

Index 335

1st Worcesters, 251 Copp, Terry, 31, 245, 258–9 2nd York and Lancasters, 159 Corbett, Lieutenant-General Tom, 203 Brooke, Field Marshal Sir Alan, 79, 193, Corum, James S, 54 203, 230 Craigie, Major H. B., 28–9, 101–2, 109, 285 Brooks, J. E., 147 Crang, Jeremy, 115 Brown, Lieutenant-General John, 151–2 Crete, 32, 61, 62–3, 224–5, 249 Buchanan-Smith, Brigadier-General Crimp, Private R. L, 20, 59, 133, 140–1 Alick, 100 Cripps, Sir Stafford, 105 Bungay, Stephen, 252 Crusader, Operation, 18–21, 35, 41–5, Burma, 12, 22, 124, 221, 279 57–61, 62–4, 65, 71, 74, 75, 86, 131, 140, 147, 149–50, 154, 157, 193, Cairo, 35, 114, 148, 154, 174, 179, 184, 197, 200, 209, 215, 216, 217, 225, 203, 229 228, 246–50, 253, 255, 286 Campbell, Major-General ‘Jock’, 59, 197–9 Cunningham, Lieutenant-General Sir Alan, Carver, Field Marshal Michael, 27 18, 59–60, 193 Canadian troops, 165–7, 245, 258 Cypriot troops, 5, 101 casualties, 25, 27–49, 51–3, 59, 64, 69–70, Cyrenaica, 17–20, 26, 39, 56, 146, 175, 80–1, 83, 85, 89–92, 97, 102–6, 119, 186, 233 145, 158, 207–9, 215, 229, 231–2, Czech troops, 168 235, 238, 258–9, 277, 282–3 primary group, 244–57, 270, 288 de Guingand, Major-General Cavallero, General Ugo, 21, 60 Sir Francis 14, 207 Challoner, Len, 209 death penalty, 34–46, 48, 69, 92, 118, Charlton, Warwick, 160 192–3, 196, 229, 263–6, 282 Chief of the Imperial General Staff, 48, 53, Derna, 185 79, 96 Desert Air Force, 24, 62–4, 67, 76–8, 79, Chuikov, General Vasily, 264 82–4, 97, 111, 167, 177, 182. See also Churchill, Sir Winston, 5, 25, 45, 58, 62–3, air power 64, 70, 140–1, 161, 172–3, 189, 212, Desert Victory, 5 225, 230, 281 desertion cigarettes. See rations and discipline/coercion, 263–6 citizen army, 12–14, 17, 96, 116, 123, 151, and selection procedures, 120, 285 175, 220, 230, 289 and training, 229 Clausewitz, Carl von, 2, 52, 124, 281 as indicator of morale, 9–10, 15, climate, 124, 125, 275 34–8, 282 temperatures, 125, 129–31, 148–50 incidence Eighth Army, 35, 37–8, 48, weather, 125, 145, 147, 148–50, 174, 196, 282 277. See also sand. Panzerarmee, 92 Clothier, Sergeant Len, 87, 190 Deverell, Field Marshal Sir Cyril, 96 coercion, 193, 263–6, 274, 280, 288. See also Dimbleby, Richard, 155, 157 death penalty Directorate of Education, 176 command. See also leadership Directorate of Selection of Personnel, deﬁnition of, 189 100–1, 106, 285 Commander-in-Chief Middle Eastern Directorate of Welfare, 116, 152, 156, 170–1 Forces, 8, 18, 22, 25, 34, 48, 60, 162, discipline, 4, 9, 30, 48, 49, 54–5, 99, 171, 188, 191, 193–4, 196, 201, 203, 110–11, 112, 117–18, 175, 177, 230, 234 191–3, 204, 219, 229–30, 234, Commando Supremo. See Cavallero, 246, 260, 263, 265–6, 267, 271, General Ugo 276, 280 Compass, Operation, 16, 32, 56–7, 125, doctrine. See also Field Service Regulations 175, 209, 220, 239–40, 256, 271, British copy German, 72 278, 281, 286 British reﬁnement during the North Connell, John, 15, 196, 216 African campaign, 92–4 conscripts, 16–17, 96, 99, 178, 257, 272 command and control, 278 Cooper, Lieutenant-Colonel E. L., 29, 62 German, 53–6

336 Index

doctrine (cont.) food. See rations Montgomery’s doctrine of command, Fouad I University, 179 81, 87 Fraser, David, 272 of the offensive, 52, 56 Fraser, Peter, 63 S. L. A. Marshall, 274 Free French troops, 5, 168, 182, 215 technological determinism, 50–3, 57, 60 French Army, 54–5, 57, 67 Dorman-Smith, Major-General Eric, 203 French, David, 13, 41–3, 53, 110, 134, Douglas, Keith, 124 220, 245 Dower, John, 270 Freyberg, Lieutenant-General Bernard du Picq, Colonel Ardant, 2 conﬁdence in armoured units, 88 Duce. See Mussolini, Benito criticisms of command, 191 Dunn, Sir Robin, 69, 190 desertion as indicator of morale, 37 handling of formations, 217 eastern front, 3, 70, 244, 245, 246, 264, 270 issue of retreat to the Delta, 203, 205 education quality of personnel, 104–5 and current affairs. See Army Bureau of training, 225, 238 Current Affairs worries about home situation, 163, 172 and man-management, 115, 122, 279 Fuller, Major-General J. F. C., 257 and morale, 152, 186–7, 271, 280, 287, 288 Garrett, Private W. R., 89 Army Education Corps, 176–82, Gazala, 14, 19, 21–3, 26–7, 35, 41–5, 185–6, 287 67–73, 76–7, 81, 86, 108, 148, Australian scheme, 183–4 215–16, 228, 250–2, 256, 282 development in army, 152, 176 General Staff, 53 German Army First World War, 54 Committee on Weapons and in the desert, 174–5, 178–87 Equipment, 72 New Zealand scheme, 184 German military formations South African scheme, 182–3 armies Egypt, 6, 15–16, 17, 18, 23–4, 25, 60, 88, Deutsch-Italienische Panzerarmee, 1, 26 104, 139, 155, 181, 185, 193, 196, Panzerarmee Afrika, 21–2, 24, 65–8, 69, 205, 207, 221, 229 75, 76–7, 79, 82–4, 85, 90–4, 108, El Agheila, 17, 26, 57 150, 222, 262, 284 El Alamein, battle of, 1–2, 5–7, 14, 15, 25–6, Panzergruppe Afrika, 19, 20, 45, 60, 45, 46–9, 84–94, 97, 108, 119, 63–4, 150, 227 120–1, 122–3, 143, 161, 173–4, Sixth Army, 264 180–1, 185, 187, 188, 204–9, corps 211–12, 217, 220, 231–40, 252–6, Afrika Korps, 17, 24, 50, 56, 57, 76, 79, 259, 261–2, 267, 271, 274, 275, 91–2, 94, 160–1, 233 278–9, 281–9 divisions Ellis, John, 50, 54–5, 134, 137, 241, 270 19th Flak, 83 Erickson, John, 264 5th Light, 17, 57 Erskine, Lieutenant-General Sir George, 90th Light, 76, 79 196–7, 201 15th Panzer, 17, 87, 92 Executive Committee of the Army Council GHQ Middle East, 169, 184, 203, 247 (ECAC), 12, 100 Tank Directorate, 75, 250 Gott, Lieutenant-General William, 69, 191, Falls, Cyril, 70 198, 203, 216, 229 Ferguson, Niall, 245 Graziani, Marshal Rodolfo, 15 Field Service Regulations, 29, 110, 192, Greece, 17, 22, 57, 62–3, 224–5, 249 207, 278 Greek soldiers, 5 First World War, 2–3, 53–4, 81, 95, 96, 101, Grigg, Sir P. J., 39, 46, 106, 113, 175, 192, 193 109, 118, 134, 152, 153, 234, 245, 257, 264, 265, 271–2, 278, 286 Haining Committee, 152, 176 ﬂies, 125, 128, 141–6, 150, 275, 286 Haining, Lieutenant-General Robert, 152 Foch, Ferdinand, 2 Harding, Major-General Tom, 228

Index 337

Hargreaves, Lieutenant-Colonel G. R., 98 Kippenberger, Brigadier Howard, 206 Harrison Place, Timothy, 220 Kitchen, Martin, 4, 15, 27, 189 Harrison, Mark, 92 Kitchener, Lord, 5 Hauser, William L., 219 Knightsbridge, 35, 128 Hawkins, Major T. H. and L. J. F. Brimble, Kriebel, Rainer, 56, 57, 64 181, 185 Hawley, Alan, 277 leadership. See also man-management; Helmer, John, 262 selection Hindenburg, Field Marshal Paul von, 54 Afrika Korps, 94 Hitler, Adolf, 17, 50, 53, 85, 96, 278 and primary group, 243, 245 Hofmeyr, Jan, 182 and quality of ofﬁcers, 109–113 Holmes, Richard, 135 historiography, 4, 26 home, links with. See also welfare impact on morale, 10, 188–218, 230, and ideology, 269, 273 277–279, 280, 287–288 and morale, 10, 153, 169, 170, 173, 186, leave, 10, 147–8, 162, 170, 183, 185. See also 187, 273, 286, 287 rest Horrocks, Lieutenant-General Sir Brian, Leese, General Sir Oliver, 218 14, 207 Lendon, J. E., 270 Howard, Michael, 52 Libya, 105, 139, 149, 169, 185, 190, 212, 214, 224 ideology. See also education; home links Liddell Hart, Sir Basil, 2, 53 with; welfare Lightfoot, Operation, 86, 236 impact on morale, 4, 266–73, 288 Linderman, Gerald F., 270 Indian military formations Ludendorff, General Erich, 54, 265 divisions Luftwaffe, 55, 62, 63, 76–8, 245 4th Division, 209, 215 Inglis, Brigadier L. M., 79–80, 88, 191, Maadi, 184 197, 203 Machiavelli, Niccolo`,2 Italian military formations Mackay, Ian, 134 armies MacKenzie, S. P., 185 10th Army, 15–16 mail. See welfare corps Main, Lieutenant-Colonel A. K., 157 XX Corps, 76 Main, Major T. F., 30 XXI Corps, 77 Mainwaring, Hugh, 203, 205, 214 divisions Malherbe, Lieutenant-Colonel E.G, Littorio Division, 91 154, 183 Trieste Division, 91 man-management, 113, 115–23, 187, 275–7, 285–6 James, Brigadier G. W. B., 28–33, 35, 101, Marshall, S. L. A., 1, 51, 94, 151, 188, 102, 106, 109, 259, 285 241–4, 258, 261, 263, 266–7, 273–5, Janowitz, Morris. See Shils, Edward A. and 277, 279–80 Janowitz, Morris Martel, General Sir Giffard LeQuesne, 19 Jock columns, 65, 79, 237, 284 McPherson, Brigadier A. B., 49, 265 Johnston, Mark, 270 Mena, 203 Johnston, Mark and Stanley, Peter, 4, 7, 15, Mersa Matruh, 22, 191, 201 76, 78 Messervy, Major-General Sir Frank, 74 July battles, 24–5, 27–8, 31–3, 38–9, 41–4, Middle East Command, 7–8, 34, 63, 46–7, 75, 76–81, 82, 86, 88, 90, 92, 71, 223 108, 112, 133, 138, 139, 141, 143, military police, 35 144, 149, 154, 157, 167–8, 170, 190, Milne, General George, 53 191–2, 198, 200, 203–4, 217, 229, misﬁts 230, 232, 252, 282–3, 285, 287 and manpower allocation, 31, 105, 119, 285 Keegan, John, 50, 242 and primary group, 99, 260–1, 275, 288 Kerans, Private E., 78, 221–2 impact on morale, 99, 260–1, 275, 288

338 Index

missing. See surrender New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF), Moltke, Field Marshal Helmut von, 52 104, 105, 162, 184. See also New Montgomery, Field Marshal Sir Bernard Zealand military formations Alam Halfa, 25, 82–4, 238, 284 New Zealand military formations communication with troops, 211–12 battalions impact on morale, 211–12 20th Battalion, 248 education and morale, 185 24th Battalion, 248 El Alamein, 25–6, 85–7, 89–91, 284 26th Battalion, 248 firepower and morale, 83 28th (Maori) Battalion, 32, 47, 49 ideology, 271 brigades image among troops, 211–12 4th Brigade, 88 impact on morale, 25–6, 46, 83–4, 92–4, 5th Brigade, 206 202, 218, 234, 235–8, 239–40, 274, divisions 278, 279–80, 287 2nd Division, 18–20, 29, 31–2, 37, 47, ‘no retreat’ order, 205–7 80, 88, 104, 164, 191, 197, 203, 205, impact on morale, 206–7 215, 225, 232, 238, 249, 259, 283 ‘no surrender’ order, 207–9 other units impact on morale, 208–9 1st Field Censorship Section, 8 on ideology, 271 2nd Field Censorship Section, 8 on leadership and command, 200 newspapers/newsletters on links with home, 153 AIF News, 159 on man management, 122–3 Crusader, 138, 140–1, 185, 214 on morale, 1, 6, 9, 48, 81, 86–7, Egyptian Mail, 168 122–3, 202 Eighth Army News, 159 on quality of manpower, 95 Illustrated London News, 70 organisation, 216–17, 284 MEF Weekly Military Newsletter, 212 primary group and morale, 246, 254, 262 New York Times, 161 quality of manpower, 108 NZEF Times, 159, 163, 184, 213 reputation, 4–6, 14–15, 81, 188–9, 199, Parade, 156, 172 204, 218, 230, 289 Picture Post, 115 training, 230–40, 288 The Springbok, 172 as rehearsal for El Alamein, 238, 278 World Press Review, 160–1 battle drill and inoculation, 234–8 Nichols, Major-General J. S., 231 physical fitness, 234 Normandy, 13, 245 welfare and morale, 173 Norrie, Lieutenant-General C. W. M., 228 Moorehead, Alan, 5, 24 Northern Command, 98, 175 morale, passim Northwest Europe, 13 assessment of, 3, 7–8, 9–10, 14–15, Nuffield, Lord, 174 27, 282 NYD(N). See battle exhaustion definition of, 3, 8–9, 266–7 Morale Committee. See Adam, General Sir O’Connor, Lieutenant-General Sir Richard, Ronald; War Office 16–17, 209, 223, 239, 256, 278 Moran, Lord. See Wilson, Sir Charles Officer Corps Training Unit (OCTU), Morrison, Lieutenant G. F., 143, 221 113–15, 117–19, 121–2 Morshead, Lieutenant-General Sir Leslie, 25, 208, 218 Palestine, 16 motor battalions, 68, 126, 248, 251 Paulus, Field Marshal Friedrich von, 264 Mussolini, Benito, 15, 19, 96 pay, 160, 162, 172–3, 266 mutiny, 3, 262 Penton, Lieutenant-Colonel J. C., 34 Myers, Charles, 101 Philips, K. L., 129 Pienaar, Major-General D. H., 38, 199–200 Napoleon, 2, 10 Pioneer Corps, 98, 108, 109 Navarini, Lieutenant-General Enea, 77 Pitt, Barrie, 126 Neillands, Robin, 64 Playfair, I. S. O., 246 New Officer Selection Units (NOSU), 114 Polish troops, 168, 215

Index 339

POW. See surrender reputation, 4, 197, 278 primary group, 4, 9, 34, 92, 99, 118, summer battles, 22, 24, 39, 74, 133, 241–62, 269–70, 273–5, 279, 280, 193–4, 207 282, 285, 288 technological determinacy, 50 propaganda, 158, 160–1, 172, 178, 211–13, Royal Air Force (RAF). See Desert Air 235. See also rumours Force psychiatrists, 9, 27–31, 97–103, 108–9, Royal Armoured Corps (RAC), 64, 72, 98, 114–15, 117, 157, 162, 237, 257–9 100, 106–7, 214, 237, 251. See also psychologists, 9, 62, 100–1, 285 British military formations; Puttick, Major-General Sir Edward, weapons 104, 163 Royal Army Pay Corps, 109 Royal Engineers, 131. See also British rations, 159, 161, 277 military formations cigarettes and tobacco, 30, 140–1, 172–3 rumours, 157–9, 184, 209–11. See also food, 134–40, 286 propaganda tea, 132, 134–5, 140, 141–2 Ryneveld, Sir Pierre van, 182 water, 131–3 Red Army, 26, 100, 112, 264 Sajer, Guy, 278 Rees, Brigadier John, 97, 103, 108, 114, 119 Salmond, J. B., 238 Regular Army, 16–17, 57, 96, 109–10, 111, sand, 36, 125–6, 129–33, 136, 145, 148–50, 220, 224, 257, 272 221, 275, 286 Reichswehr, 54 sandstorms, 129–31, 133, 148 reinforcements, 18, 19, 47, 64, 74, 86, 104, Scrivenor, Major W. Stan, 155–6 109, 112, 118–19, 228, 230, 231, selection, 95–9, 109–10, 285–6 235, 237, 254–6 and battle exhaustion, 31 replacements, 97, 108, 112, 119, 221, 224, and primary group, 260–1, 275, 278 234, 244, 252, 267, 276 German Army, 265 rest, 29, 35–7, 74, 146–9 officers, 113–15, 119–23, 187 and flies, 143 other ranks, 99–109 and the 2nd New Zealand Division, 232 Sheffield, Gary, 46, 192 armoured units, 128 Shils, Edward A. and Janowitz, Morris, 243, camps, 185 245, 257, 260, 265, 269, 271, 272, Italian Army, 64 277, 278, 279 See also battle exhaustion; leave Sicily, 31, 187, 287 retreats sickness. See also battle exhaustion Axis, 21, 26, 64, 273, 279 and quality of manpower, 102 British as indicator of morale, 9, 10, 15, 27–8, 48, January/February 1942, 64, 67, 74, 49, 282–3 132, 226–8 desert sores, 145, 174 March/April 1941, 17, 74 diarrhoea, 144–5 to the El Alamein line, 22–4, 35, 133, dysentery, 144–6 189, 193, 196, 209 general hospitals, 144 Ritchie, Lieutenant-General Sir Neil, 18, German, 92 69, 179, 191, 193, 196, 200–1, 216 Sidi Barrani, 131–2, 256 Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin Sidi Rezegh, 59 Alam Halfa, 82–3 Simpson, Major-General F. E. W., 202 counteroffensive, January 1942, 22–4, 226 Sinclair, Captain A. J. M., 29, 62 Crusader, 19, 226–8 Singapore, 12, 22, 39, 70, 197 death penalty, 92 Slim, Field Marshal Sir William, 188, 279 El Agheila, 17 Smith, General Sir Rupert, 2, 281 El Alamein, 64, 88–9, 207, 217, 288 Smith, Penn, 154 firepower, 55–6, 60, 73, 77 Smuts, Field Marshal Jan, 112, 182 impact on morale, 6, 22, 36, 64, 143, Soldiers’, Sailors’, and Airmen’s Families 189, 195, 198, 200–1, 202, 212–14, Association (SSAFA), 162, 217–18 170–2, 287

340 Index

South African Army. See Union Defence Mark III, 65, 66, 72, 75 Force Mark IV, 65, 66, 72 South African military formations tea. See rations brigades Tedder, Air Marshal Sir Arthur, 63 1st Brigade, 215 Territorial Army, 96, 109, 132, 134 divisions tobacco. See rations 1st Division, 29, 32–3, 38, 48, 112, 148, Tobruk, 12, 14, 18, 26, 29, 33, 35–6, 39, 158, 183, 215, 225, 229, 235, 254, 259 44–5, 62, 70–1, 73, 77, 81, 88, 108, 2nd Division, 33, 183, 229, 251 128, 132, 134, 137, 138, 141, 143, Southern Command, 107 148, 155, 201–2, 213, 215–16, 218, Sparrow, Lieutenant-Colonel J. H. A., 8–9, 228–9, 250–1, 282 111, 121, 256, 285–6 Torch, Operation, 26 Stalin, Joseph, 264 Tower, Lieutenant-Colonel P. T., 201–2 Stalingrad, 26, 264, 267 training. See also selection; education; Stanley, Peter. See Johnston, Mark and man-management; battle schools; Stanley, Peter battle drill; battle inoculation Stevens, Brigadier William, 105 28th New Zealand (Maori) Battalion, 48 Stouffer, Samuel A., 84–6, 87–8, 261, 263, 2nd New Zealand Division, 31 267–9, 273, 276, 278, 280 7th Armoured Division, 16 Strachan, Hew, 51, 123, 151, 219–20, 263, and leadership, 196 266, 273–4 and post-war skills, 97 Stuka, 61–3, 66–7, 74. See also air power and RAF, 167 Stumme, General Georg, 1 battle inoculation, 62 success in battle, 25, 193, 279–80, 288 citizen army, 17 surrender German, 17, 54, 277 as indicator of morale, 9–10, 12, impact on morale, 4, 10, 219–40, 273–4, 27, 282 280, 288, 289 attitude towards Afrika Korps, 160, 271 memoranda and pamphlets, 55–6, 90, coercion, 264 158, 174, 204, 209, 245, 271 combat without break, 148 Montgomery, 95 connection between home and front, Tripoli, 186 170, 273 Tripolitania, 19, 186 death penalty, 45–6, 196 Tunisia, 26, 73, 108, 139, 186 firepower, 69–70 Tutt, L. E., 17, 57, 128, 130, 142 incidence Eighth army, 38–45, 48, 282–3 Italian troops, 56–7 Union Defence Force (UDF). See also South Montgomery on, 86, 92, 207–9 African military formations and Panzerarmee, 26, 45, 92 Pienaar, Brigadier-General D. H. primary group, 262, 288 and desertion, 37 quality of officers, 118 leadership, 190 Singapore, 22 quality of officers, 112 tensions Eighth Army, 81, 88 University of New Zealand, 184 Tobruk, 22 training, 229 Vice Chief of the Imperial General Staff, 152 Swaab, Jack, 136 Victoria Cross, 59, 197 Vietnam, 51, 262 tanks. See also weapons volunteers, 16–17, 96, 257 British Crusader, 58, 85, 88 war correspondents. See Moorehead, Alan; Grant, 67–8, 84–6, 87–8, 206 Wilmot, Chester Matilda (‘I’ tank), 56, 58, 60, 224 War Office, 114–15 Sherman, 84–6, 87–8 and discipline, 265–6 Stuart, 58, 59, 67 and education, 175, 178, 184, German 187, 271 Mark II, 58 and exhaustion centres, 259

Index 341

and German morale tactics, 55 impact on morale, 9–10, 41, 50–75, 118, and manpower quality, 96–100, 105, 195–6, 219, 225, 228, 234, 237–8, 261, 285 242, 267, 274–5, 282, 283–5, and officer quality, 109–22, 187, 196 288–9 and the Press, 192 welfare. See also Directorate of Welfare; and and training, 220–1 Willans, Major-General H. and weapons supply, 63 and morale, 10, 110, 117, 151–2, 161, and welfare, 151–3, 170–2, 178, 187, 173, 187, 273, 275–7, 280 273, 286 front line comforts assessing morale, 8, 9, 10, 49 entertainment, 173–4 Auchinleck and death penalty, 35, 38, parcels, 173 40, 282 links with home, 116, 157, 187, 273, Morale Committee, 3, 12–13 275. See also Soldiers’, Sailors’, and War Office Selection Boards (WOSBs), 289 Airmen’s Association; pay war without hate, 271 fidelity of loved ones, 165–72 Wardrop, Sergeant Jake, 59, 190 mail, 162–5 water. See rations media, 153–7. See also BBC Watson, Alexander, 3, 264 reading material, 158–63 Wavell, Field Marshal Lord Archibald, 5, role of education in, See education 57, 110–11, 131, 151–2, 153–7, role of officers, 110–11, 115, 116–21, 122 158–65, 224, 239, 256 welfare officers, 151–3, 172 weapons Western Desert Force (WDF), 16, 56–7, British 125, 136, 140, 175, 209, 220, 223–4, Bren gun, 224 257, 281, 286 37 mm, 58, 67 Willans, Major-General H., 115–18, 152, 75 mm, 67, 84 156–7, 161–2, 175–8, 187, 286–7 mortars, 58, 76, 83, 224, 232 Williams, W. E., 178 two pounder, 58, 59, 64–5, 68, 79, 85 Wilmot, Chester, 5, 70, 73, 230 six pounder, 67–8, 79, 85, 206, 228 Wilson, Sir Charles, 258 twenty-five pounder, 65–6, 79, 87 Wimberley, Major-General Douglas, 119, German 211, 217, 238 47 mm, 75, 250, 252 Witte, J. H., 17 50 mm, 58, 65, 75, 90, 252 75 mm, 58, 65 Xenophon, 2, 281 88 mm, 61, 72–3, 74–5, 84, 250, 252 mortars, 76, 208 Ypres, 190, 245