WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES Khadekar et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences SJIF Impact Factor 7.632 Volume 10, Issue 3, 1814-1842 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357

“REVIEW ON DIFFERENT NATURALLYGROWING ”

Dnyaneshwar Ambadas Khadekar1*, V. G. Rokade2 and L. D. Hingane3

1At. Post. Hasnabad Tq. BHokardan Dist. Jalna. 2M. Pharm Aditya Pharmacy Collage, Beed. 3Ph.D Scholar Aditya Pharmacy Collage Beed.

Article Received on 1. ABSTRACT 13 Jan. 2021, The grass family is one of the largest families in angiosperms and has Revised on 03 Feb. 2021, Accepted on 23 Feb. 2021 evolved a characteristic inflorescence morphology, with complex

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/DAS7F branches and specialized spikelets. The origin and development of the highly divergent inflorescence architecture in grasses have recently

*Corresponding Author received much attention. Increasing evidence has revealed that Dnyaneshwar Ambadas numerous factors, such as transcription factors and hormones, Khadekar play key roles in determining reproductive meristem fate and At. Post. Hasnabad Tq. inflorescence patterning in grasses. Moreover, some molecular BHokardan Dist. Jalna. switches that have been implicated in specifying inflorescence shapes

contribute significantly to grain yields in cereals. Here, we review key genetic and molecular

switches recently identified from two model grass species, rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea

mays), that regulate inflorescence morphology specification, including meristem identity, meristem size and maintenance, initiation and outgrowth of axillary meristems, and

organogenesis. Furthermore, we summarize emerging networks of genes and pathways in

grass inflorescence morphogenesis and emphasize their evolutionary divergence in

comparison with the model eudicot Arabidopsis thaliana. We also discuss the agricultural application of genes controlling grass inflorescence development.

2. INTRODUCTION Grass is the common word that generally describes monocotyledonous green plants. Grass is the world's most ubiquitous plant, an incredible survivor and is virtually indestructible. The family Poaceae (or Gramineae) are the "true grasses" and include most plants grown as grains, for pasture, and for lawns (turf). They include some more specialized crops such as lemongrass, as well as many ornamental plants. They also include plants often recognized to

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be grasses, such as bamboos, maize or some species of weeds called crab grass. The term came about in the early 15th century, from the Old English græs, derived from the same root as "grow". Numbering approximately 10,000 to 11,000 species belonging to about 700 genera for the world (Watson & Dallwitz, 1992; Clayton & Renvoize, 1989) species, the grasses form the climax vegetation in great areas of low rainfall throughout the world. The main reason for their survival is that they are highly proliferating in strategy. Their shape and structure require very little space and if trampled upon generally regain their upright position. They even continue growing after being heavily grazed on by animals.

Plants having grass-like structures have existed for millions of years and had been providing fodder for cretaceous dinosaurs, whose fossilized dung contains phytoliths of a variety of grasses that include the ancestors of rice and bamboo. Grasses have adapted to conditions in lush rain forests, dry deserts, and cold mountain steppes, and are now the most widespread plant type. They find the multiple uses in many aspects of human life. Several species are cultivated for their food value. These are the cereals like the rice, wheat and maize and millets like the jowar, bajra and ragi. Another important grass is the sugarcane, which is an important source of sugar and jaggery. The bamboo grass, with its woody stem, is ideal as building material and in making paper. Lemon grass is used to make perfumed soaps and to flavor curries. Other grasses are used for making thatches for huts. Most grasses are annual or perennial herbs with fibrous roots and, often, rhizomes. The stems are always noded and are typically hollow and swollen at the nodes, although many genera have solid stems. The leaves have two parts: a sheath surrounding the stem (called the culm in grasses); and a blade, usually flat and linear. (Bracts and perianth modified in to glume, lemma, palea and lodicules). They do not have petals to attract insects, nor do they have nectar or scent, as they are wind-pollinated. The anthers hang on long stalks outside the flower and release pollen grains. These are carried by the wind to the feathery stigma of anotherflower. The inflorescence is subdivided into spikelets each containing one or more tiny florets. (In other flowering plants the inflorescences are clusters of separate flowers, never spikelets.) The dry seedlike fruit is called a caryopsis, or grain. Although they are mostly used as fodder and forage, many of them have a significant medicinal properties and find the mention in ancient Indian medicine literature. Some of the prominent medicinal grasses are discussed below.

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3. Lavender This article is about the plant. For the colour see Lavender (color). Lavender is a type of plant found on almost all continents. It has a purplish colour. It has a colour named after it, called lavendar. Its Latin and scientific name is Lavandula.

Lavender flowers Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Divisio n Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida Order Lamiales Family Lamiaceae Genus Lavandula L.

Contents 1. Use in gardens 2. Use in food 3. Medicine 4. Other uses

Use in gardens Lavenders are very popular among gardeners. Sometimes their petals are dried and sealed in pouches for good scent, and sometimes put inside clothes to prevent moths, who can damage the clothes.

Use in food Lavenders are also used in cake decorating, because the flowers can become candied. Sometimes they are used in flavoring baked goods and chocolate desserts, and sometimes www.wjpps.com │ Vol 10, Issue 3, 2021. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ 1816

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they use it to make a very delicious "lavender sugar". Lavender flowers are also used to make tea. The French make lavender syrup, which is used to make lavender scones and lavender marshmallows.

Medicine Lavenders are sometimes put in medicine, too, and sometimes to prevent infection - such as lavender oil, that was used in World War 1 to disinfect walls and floors of the hospital. As the folk wisdom says, lavender oil is also helpful to headaches when rubbed on your temple, and lavender tea helps you relax before bed time. Lavender is also very helpful when applied to insect bites.

Other uses Sometimes, dried petals of lavender are used to throw confetti at a wedding. It is also used for lavender theme wedding decoration where the flowers are put in the vases and kept on the venue table.

4. (Genus Datura), also called thorn apple, genus of about nine species of poisonous flowering plants in the nightshade family ().

Several Datura species are collected for use as drugs, and others are cultivated for their showy flowers. Many are considered weeds in warm parts of the world and commonly grow along roadsides and other disturbed habitats. Datura species are often confused with members of the related genus Brugmansia, which features a number of ornamental trees and shrubs known as angel’s trumpets.

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Datura species are herbaceous sprawling annuals or short-lived perennials, characterized by large trumpet-shaped flowers. The fragrant flowers can be white, yellow, pink, or purple and produce a spiny capsule fruit with numerous seeds. The leaves are simple and alternately arranged, with lobed, wavy, or entire margins. The plants contain potent alkaloids, including atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine, and can be fatal if ingested.

A number of species, especially jimsonweed, or thorn apple (D. stramonium), toloache (D. innoxia), and sacred datura (D. wrightii), have long been used by various peoples, including Mexican Indians, in their religious ceremonies.

Bolster your immunity with our wide-range of ayurvedic formulations! What is datura? Datura is a bushy, erect annual herb that usually grows to a height of 2-5 ft. The plant has a foul stench and is widely found growing naturally in clayey-loamy soils found in fallow fields, croplands, old feedlots, waste areas, nearby construction sites, deserted vacant places, and even in waste areas. The plant has purplish-green hollow stems and smooth erect oval- shaped leaves that are arranged alternately on it. Flowers have a pleasant smell and are found in 3 distinct colours which are yellow, red, violet or greenish-white in colour. They are usually large and are bisexual and hypogynous. Fruits have a bitter acid-like taste and are knobby, ovate and are coffered with short spikes. The seeds are enclosed within the fruits and are spiny, whereas roots are brown, cylindrical and branched.

It is normally found in the tropical parts of India and the temperate regions of the Himalayas and is also found growing wildly in fertile calcareous soils of North America, Mexico, North

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Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, and Bangladesh.

Common names of datura Depending upon the part of the world the plant is found, local names of Datura include Jamestown weed, Purple thorn-apple, Hell’s bell, Devil’s snare, Stinkweed, Jimsonweed, Mad apple, Moonflower, Stink wort, False castor-oil, Devil’s-apple, Stramonium jimsonweed, Devil’s trumpet, Devil’s cucumber, Prickly burr, and Devil’s weed.

In the Indian subcontinent, it is chiefly known as Dhuttura Kanaka or Kanakahvya in Sanskrit, Sada Dhatura in Hindi, Ummetta in Telugu, Ummattangani in Tamil and Dhattura in Bengali.

Types of datura The datura plant is itself a genus comprising 14-15 different species of plants all belonging to the Solanaceae family. These species include:  Datura metal  Datura stramonium  Datura Alba  Datura fastuosa  Datura candida (Pers) Saff  Datura ferox L  Datura leichhardtii Benth  Datura reburra Barclay Datura innoxia Mill  Datura inoxia Mill  Datura kymatocarpa Barclay  Datura ceratocaula Ortega  Datura discolor Bernh  Datura dolichocarpa (Lagerh) Saff  Datura wrightii Regel

Among these, the most common species of the Datura that are extensively used in medications are: Datura metal (Purple datura) This species of Datura is extensively used in ayurvedic and religious purposes and is widely used for the treatment of asthma, cough and cold and painful conditions.

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Datura stramonium (Black datura) Being a source of a hypnotic drug known as stramonium, this species of Datura portrays potent hypnotic and sedative effects

Ayurvedic indications of datura The holistic science of Ayurveda classifies this herb in “Upavisha Varga” which is a secondary toxic plant. Upavisha Varga usually means a category of plants of poisonous or toxic origin.

Ayurveda vouches that in small doses these plants under the Upavisha category are effective and have medicinal uses but can be lethal if not purified through the Sodhana process or taken in excess.

This powerful herb is broadly mentioned in ancient ayurvedic scriptures of Charaka Samhita and Raj Nighantu for treating various problems including Deepana (enhances stomach fire), Pachana (helps in digestion), Kustha (treats skin disorders), Rochana (stimulates appetite), Amahara (treats indigestion), and Vamana (prevents nausea and vomiting), Rasayani (rejuvenates the whole body), Dahahara (relieves burning sensation), Mehahara (treats diabetic symptoms), Hridaya (treats heart problems), Kaphahara (prevents cough and cold), Varnya (improves complexion), and Svasahara (treats respiratory ailments).

Pharmacological constituents of datura Imbibed with powerful hallucinogenic and deliriant properties, Datura has a mother lode of antioxidants, flavonoids, alkaloids, organic compounds, and minerals. The bioactive components in Datura include Daturine, Daturadiol, Hyoscine, Atropine, Noratropine, Fastudine, Allantoin, Hypocyamine, Norhyosciamine, Tropane, Meteolodine, Scopolamine, Mucilage, Albumen, Vitamin C, Niacin, and Malic Acids.

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Parts of datura used in medicinal formulations Datura plant as a whole has several characteristic properties including anti-spasmodic, analgesic, sleep-inducing, expectorant, sedative, hypnotic, intoxicant, uterine stimulant and bronchodilator properties.

Owing to its several therapeutic properties, the entire plant, be it the fresh or dry leaves, seeds, roots, or fruits, Datura has carved its way in many traditional and alternative medications.

Datura seeds when used in raw form are extremely dangerous and poisonous, hence before using them in any formulation, the seeds require a series of sodhana or purification process, to detoxify the harmful effects, so as to reduce the toxicity levels in the human body and to promote the therapeutic value of the part.

Health benefits of datura Improves respiratory health Famed as a traditional remedy for all sorts of respiratory troubles, Datura is truly effective as an alternative treatment for asthmatic conditions. Having powerful anti-inflammatory, expectorant, and anti-spasmodic properties, the entire plant hold high significance in treating all sorts of respiratory troubles including the common cold, flu, whooping cough, asthma, bronchitis, etc. Being a natural expectorant, it helps in getting rid of the mucous deposits within the chest and nasal cavities and thus helps in breathing. On proper dosage, this herb strengthens the lung muscles and improves its functioning. Also Read: 5 Home Remedies To Soothe Sore Throat And Cough.

Aids in cardiac functioning Datura has been found to have a positive effect on the heart. Being a natural antioxidant and a cardio-protective herb, it plays a pivotal role in treating a host of heart ailments. It relaxes the cardiac system, by calming the mind, which is extremely beneficial for patients suffering from arrhythmias and palpitations. It is also useful in strengthening the heart muscles, lowering cholesterol levels in the blood and preventing lipid build-up, which in turn reduces the risk of atherosclerosis, heart blocks, heart attacks, blood clots, etc. also read: top 10 superfoods for a healthy heart

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Relaxes the mind Datura is famed for its effects on the human mind. The presence of adaptogenic, hypnotic, and sedative properties not only improves the mood but also relieves stress. It holds high significance in normalising the Vata and Pitta Doshas in the body which in turn keeps the stress hormone, i.e. serotonin hormone level under control. This helps to reduce various symptoms of anxiety which include uneasiness, restlessness, cold hands, and feet, etc. By relaxing the mind, it is also extremely crucial in remedying different types of psychotic problems like depression, dementia, etc.

Enhances Fertility and Childbirth Datura offers a one-shot traditional remedy for boosting libido and improving fertility in both men and women. It showcases strong aphrodisiac properties that not only helps in reducing mental stress and anxiety but also stimulates the reproductive hormones for increasing libido. It plays a key role in increasing virility and stamina in men. Consuming purified datura seeds by seeping them in milk has been known to increase blood circulation in the genitals which thereby improves the production of male hormones like testosterone and luteinizing hormone, thus improving the motility and quality of sperms in male.

In the case of females, it not only improves fertility by balancing the production of progesterone but also effectively reduces pain and calms the body by relaxing the uterine muscles after a painful delivery.

Bolsters Immune System The abundance of antioxidants and ascorbic acid present in Datura makes it one of the well- known folk remedies for improving the immune system, fighting microbes and shielding the

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body against various infections. Datura also portrays the presence of strong anti-viral, anti- bacterial, and antifungal properties, which not only helps in removing bacteria or germs from the body but also facilitates healing wounds. It effectively stimulates the production of white blood cells and helps in neutralizing the free oxygen radicals throughout the body. The biochemical constituents also help in reducing general debility, weakness, and fatigue and improve the vitality of the body. Also Read: Top 8 Ayurvedic Formulations That Can Bolster Your Immunity

Promotes digestion Datura showcases strong digestive and carminative properties which offer an effective remedy for all sorts of digestive anomalies. Thanks to its anti-flatulent property, it helps in reducing the formation of gas in the alimentary canal, thereby treating flatulence, gassy gut, bloating, constipation, abdominal distension, and abdominal cramps. It also helps in reducing the production of high levels of acid in the stomach and maintains proper digestion, assimilation, and absorption of nutrients. Also Read: 5 Herbs For A Healthy Digestive System

Remedies insomnia By reducing the levels of cortisol, which is a stress hormone, Datura holds high significance in attenuating stress. Thanks to the sedative effects of Datura, it is widely used for improving the quality, and duration of sleep. Datura can effectively provide a restful, undisturbed sleep for people suffering from insomnia or other sleep disorders by soothing the nerves, managing the proper release of hormones and reducing pain and inflammation. Also Read: Types of Insomnia: Here’s What You Should Do To Sleep

Reduces Pain and Inflammation Thanks to the presence of strong pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory effects, Datura is extensively used to provide relief in case of painful conditions like arthritis, muscle spasms, etc. The pain due to Rheumatoid arthritis, also known as Amavata which generally occurs due to accumulation of toxins in the joints and vitiation of Vata Doshas, can be alleviated on using formulations containing Datura.

Prepare a juice of Datura, Castor and Calotropis leaves and apply it on the inflamed and swollen joints due to rheumatoid arthritis to get relief.

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Treats fever Imbued with potent anti-parasitic and temperature reducing effects, the fruit of Datura is used effectively in treating different types of fever. Traditionally, been used against the malaria parasite, the purified fruit reduces the body temperature and inhibits the growth of the malarial parasite right at the ring stage and hence prevents aggravation of the infection within the body. Apart from malaria, Datura is also effective against fever due to common cold, flu or influenza.

Augments Skin and Hair Health Loaded with vitamin C and antioxidants, Datura is used for treating oxidative free radical damage due to the sun rays, and hence treats the various signs of aging like wrinkles, fine line, spots, dark circles, etc. It is also highly effective in reducing acne, pimples and hence bequeaths a smooth and glowing skin.

Apart from improving skin quality, Datura also plays a pivotal role in promoting hair growth. It holds high significance in promoting blood circulation in the scalp and hair follicles, which in turn enriches the roots by bringing in more nutrients through the blood supply and help in the growth of new hair. Ayurveda strongly suggests that a salve made from datura juice when applied onto the scalp regularly not only cures male pattern baldness but also prevents premature greying, sudden hair fall and different types of scalp infections.

Datura dosage The exact therapeutic dosage of Datura may vary from person to person depending upon the age, body strength, effects on appetite, severity, and condition of the patient. It is strictly advised to consult an ayurvedic doctor or practitioner as he or she would evaluate the patient’s indications and prescribe an effective dose for a specific period.

Risk factors of datura Datura is considered to be extremely lethal and poisonous for people having the following conditions:  Increased heartbeat  Glaucoma  Patients having pacemaker  Elevated intraocular pressure  Pregnant women and lactating mothers

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Datura side effects Being a toxic plant, it is strongly advocated to use or consume any part of the plant only after proper diagnosis and consultation with the doctor. Specifically, datura leaves and seeds contain a high concentration of poisonous alkaloids like Daturine and albumen in addition to mucilage and ash. These alkaloids contain about 25% potassium nitrate. If the plant parts are consumed raw without purification, it can be extremely lethal towards health.

An overdosage or use of impurified Datura can lead to the following health conditions:  Hallucination and intoxication  Fever  Vertigo  Restlessness  Dry mouth  Heart palpitation  Muscle stiffness  Urticaria  Allergic reactions  Increased heart rate  Increase in Intraocular pressure

In certain chronic cases, it can be extremely lethal and can ultimately cause unconsciousness, coma and even death.

4. Lantana camara Lantana camara commonly known as common lantana is a species of within the verbena family (Verbenaceae). The plant is native to the Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean (i.e. the Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and Puerto Rico) and tropical South America (i.e. Venezuela and Colombia). Other common names of L. camara include big sage, Lantana verbena, arch man, common lantana, curse of India, kamara lantana, lantana, large- leaf lantana, largeleaf lantana, pink flowered lantana, pink-flowered lantana, prickly lantana, red flowered lantana, red flowered sage, red sage, red-flowered lantana, red- flowered sage, shrub verbena, tick berry, white sage, wild sage and yellow sage.

Genus name comes from the Latin name for Viburnum transferred to this genus. Specific epithet is a South American vernacular name for a species of Lantana. It is often cultivated

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indoors, or in a conservatory, but can also thrive in a garden with sufficient shelter. L. camara will often out-compete other more desirable species, leading to a reduction in biodiversity. It can also cause problems if it invades agricultural areas as a result of its toxicity to livestock, as well as its ability to form dense thickets which, if left unchecked, can greatly reduce the productivity of farmland.

Plant description

Name: Lantana Scientific Lantana camara Name: Origin Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and tropical South America Colors Green turning bluish-black color and have an almost metallic sheen Shapes Round, fleshy, 2 seeded drupe, approximately 5 millimeters in diameter Taste Sweet and tart, like a cross between black currants and cherries Alleviate Skin Disorders, Good for bones and joints, Astringent herbs, Treat cough, Alleviate Pain, Prevent free radicals, Improve Digestive System Health, Address Respiratory Issues, Stomach medicine, Increase appetite, Remove toxins from the body, Treat toothache, Overcome vaginal discharge problems, Repel Insects

Common lantana is a low, invasive, small, erect or sub-scandent, vigorous perennial shrub that normally grows around 6-15 ft. (1.8-4.6 m) tall. The plant Is found growing in cultivated land, fence lines, pastures, rangelands, valleys, mountain slopes, coastal areas, wastelands, rain forest edges, beach fronts, roadsides, railways and areas recovering from fire or logging, grasslands, secondary forest, waterways, fence-lines, disturbed sites, closed forests, forest margins, plantation crops, pastures and park lands. The plant grows best in moist, well- drained soil, that’s slightly acidic, but they can survive in drier conditions.

Drainage is important as they don’t live as long with wet roots. The plant has very strong root system with a main taproot and a mat of many shallow side roots.

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The young stems are usually green and square in cross-section (i.e. quadrangular). They are rough to the touch, often armed with short backwards-curved (i.e. recurved) prickles, and can sometimes be slightly hairy (i.e. puberulent). As they mature the stems become rounded and turn grey or brown in color (growing up to 15 cm thick).

Leaves The simple leaves are oppositely arranged along the stems and borne on stalks (i.e. petioles) 5-20 mm long. They have toothed (i.e. crenated or serrated) margins and a somewhat wrinkled (i.e. rugose) appearance. The leaf blades (2-13 cm long and 1.5-7 cm wide) are mostly egg-shaped in outline (i.e. ovate) with pointed tips (i.e. acuminate apices). The texture of the leaves is usually quite rough (i.e. scabrous), however the undersides are usually softly hairy (i.e. pubescent).

Flower Small tubular shapes flowers are borne in dense clusters (2-4 cm across), with each cluster containing about 20-40 flowers. These flower clusters are borne on stalks (i.e. peduncles) 2- 10 cm long that originate in the leaf forks (i.e. axils). Individual flowers are tubular about 9- 14 mm long and 4-10 mm across and may be a great variety of colors (i.e. white, cream, yellow, orange, red, pink or multi-colored depending on location in inflorescences, age, and maturity). They consist of four (rarely five) petals that are fused for most of their length into a tube (i.e. corolla tube) and split into small lobes at their tips. Flowering occurs throughout most of the year, but is most apparent during the spring and summer months. After pollination occur the color of the flowers changes (typically from yellow to orangish, pinkish, or reddish); this is supposed to be a signal to pollinators that the pre-change color contains a reward as well as being sexually viable, thus increasing pollination efficiency.

Fruit Fruit of L. camara is a round, fleshy, berry-like 2 seeded drupe approximately 5 millimeters in diameter, roughly the size of a peppercorn. These berries are green when young turning to bluish-black color and have an almost metallic sheen. Green unripe fruits are inedible to humans and animals alike. Because of dense patches of hard spikes on their rind, ingestion of them can result in serious damage to the digestive tract. Both vegetative (asexual) and seed reproduction occur. Up to 12,000 fruits can be produced by each plant which is then eaten by birds and other animals which can spread the seeds over large distances, facilitating the spread of L. camara. Each fruit contains a single hard and stony seed (2-4 mm long) at its www.wjpps.com │ Vol 10, Issue 3, 2021. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ 1827

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center. These seeds are light brown in color and egg-shaped (i.e. ovoid).

General characteristics of lantana camara Characteristics Description Native Tropical region in Central and South America Synonym Camara vulgaris, Lantana scabrida Distribution Naturalized in countries/islands between 350 N and 350. S latitudes Conservation Status Alien Plant Category Annuals and biennials, ground covers, perennials, shrubs Plant Characteristics Poisonous Foliage Characteristics Fragrant, evergreen, poisonous Foliage Color Dark green Flower Characteristics Long lasting, showy, unusual Flower Color Pink, yellow, orange Tolerances Drought, heat and humidity, pollution, slope, wind Propagation Methods From herbaceous stem cuttings

Common lantana varieties Lantanas are available in a rainbow of colors, and more are being introduced all the time. Varieties may grow low to the ground as a plant or get a little taller like a shrub. Some of the common shades are red, white, blue, yellow, orange, and even blue, but many plants feature blooms that change hue as the season progresses. Let’s take a look at some of the most popular varieties and their characteristics:

1. Lantana camara

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Also known as Spanish Flag, this is the most widely available varieties of lantana, and there are many cultivars within this species such as Dallas Red and Irene. In fact, when a lantana plant is label simply as “Common Lantana,” it’s extremely likely it’s a camara cultivar.

2. Lantana montevidensis

This variety often is referred to as trailing lantana or shrub verbena. It comes in many different colors and can bloom year-round in tropical climates. It’s often used ornamentally in flower gardens.

3. Lantana depressa Uses of lantana camara Parts used Uses Plant Act as hedge plant, provide perch sites and cover Flower Nectar source for butterflies and moths Bark Astringent and used as a lotion in cutiginous eruptions, leprous ulcers Stalks Raw material for paper pulp which is used for wrapping, writing and printing paper Making baskets and temporary shelters Used as Biofuel Leaves Boiled and applied for swellings and pain in the body Alkaloidal fractions lower blood pressure, accelerate deep respiration and stimulate intestinal movements Plant Extracts Drought-tolerant plant so good candidates for xeriscaping Used in folk medicine for the treatment of cancers, chicken pox, measles, asthma, ulcers, swellings, eczema, tumors, high blood pressure,

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bilious fevers, catarrhal infections, tetanus, rheumatism and malaria

Lantana Image Gallery

Health benefits of common lantana Despite its popular nickname, the Lantana Camara herb is not related to the Sage plant family. The somewhat hairy shrub (Lantana) produces a spicy, pungent odor when bruised. Not only functions as an ornamental plant but the health benefits of Lantana Camara affect body health as follows

1. Alleviate multiple skin disorders The potent herb can be topically applied to ease various common skin disorders, particularly measles, chicken pox, scabies and skin fungus. There are scientific findings that indicate that Lantana Camara can be used to heal wounds due to its fast-acting antiseptic and antimicrobial properties.

2. Good for bones and joints Maybe you are one who has bone health or joint disease. Be happy because you can treat it naturally with this plant. Take the leaves from the Lantana Camara plant and puree it. After that apply on the bones or joints that hurt. Diseases that can be cured include low back pain, rheumatism, and muscle aches.

3. Astringent herbs Being a potent antiseptic, the natural herbal remedy can then be used to clean and disinfect minor wounds. This alone plays a main role towards healing. According to a recent scientific study, Lantana Camara can increase the rate of wound (wounds sustained from burns) contraction by almost 90%.

4. Treating cough Cough is a disease that often occurs. Many ways you can do to cure cough in herbal. One way is by gargling Lantana Camara water.

5. Alleviating pain Lantana Camara can be used to alleviate various types of pain. Natural herbal remedy is so effective in alleviating pain that it was traditionally used to treat snakebites when directly applied on the affected area. This herb can also be topically applied to soothe insect stings www.wjpps.com │ Vol 10, Issue 3, 2021. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ 1830

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and bites. Clinical scientific studies also indicate that L. Camara can be used to alleviate headaches, joint pain, toothache and any other type of pain.

6. Prevent free radicals Free radicals are very harmful to the body. Therefore, protecting yourself from free radicals is very important. One of them is with this Lantana Camara plant. Because this herbal plant contains antioxidants. Besides, the Lantana Camara is also carcinogenic.

7. Improving digestive system health The powerful natural herbal remedy can also be taken to improve overall digestive system health. L. Camara consists of powerful antimicrobial compounds that can be used to get rid of any harmful bacteria that can be found in the stomach. Apart from that, this amazing natural herbal remedy can also be used to ease multiple stomach disorders including bloating, indigestion, stomachache, diarrhea, and ulcers just to name a few.

Multiple animal laboratory studies prove that the herb can be used to reduce ulcer development. It is, however, important to note that these tests have only been carried out on rat specimens. Hence; further research is essential to demonstrate this property in humans.

8. Addressing respiratory issues Lantana Camara herb can be used to ease numerous common respiratory issues. Tea made from the leaves of the potent herbal remedy provides an almost instant relief from coughs, colds, and flu. Taking a decoction that has been made from the dried flowers of the L. Camara plant has been shown to cure pulmonary tuberculosis.

Numerous scientific studies indicate that the natural herbal remedy is a super-effective relaxing expectorant that can be used to get rid of the phlegm and mucus. That is present in the lungs, trachea, and bronchi. Always use L. Camara has an inhalant to address all your respiratory issues.

9. Stomach medicine Stomach ache is classified as a mild disease. However, abdominal pain can interfere with daily activities. A simple way you can do at home is to take a few leaves of health benefits of Lantana Camara. Then add it with oil, and then rub it on the sick stomach.

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10. Increase appetite Do you want an ideal body but your appetite decreases? Don’t worry. You can overcome this by consuming this Lantana Camara plant not leaves or flowers, but take the stems of these plants and then boil with water then drink.

Traditional uses and benefits of common lantana  The plant has antimicrobial, fungicidal, insecticidal, and nematocidal properties.  Essential oil obtained from the plant is used for the treatment of skin itches, wounds, leprosy, and scabies.  Root is used for influenza, cough, mumps, fever, malaria, toothache, headache, etc.  Flowers are used for hemoptysis and pulmonary tuberculosis.  Conditions like constipation, high blood pressure, dermatitis, eczema, measles, urethral inflamm  ation, colds, and bronchitis among others can also be treated using plant parts of L. camara.  Plant is often used in domestic medicine and research carried out mainly in India has shown it to contain a number of compounds with medicinal activity.

 Chicken pox: Boil and drink a cupful two times daily. Also use as a bath when chickenpox is about three days along.  Wasp Stings and Itching skin: Immediately after getting stung by a wash, crush a few lantana leaves until they become soft and juicy, then rub the juice into the stung area to prevent swelling and relieve pain.  The crushed leaves can also be rubbed on irritated skin to relieve itching.  Measles: Boil the leaves and drink about four times a day.  Influenza, cough, mumps: Use 30 to 60 dried roots or 60 to 120 gm. fresh roots in decoction.  Fever: Take decoction of bark or infusion of leaves and flowering tops as  Hemoptysis, pulmonary tuberculosis: Use 6 to 9 gm. dried flowers in decoction.  Dermatitis, eczema, pruritus: Use fresh stems and leaves.  Rheumatism: Spread oil on leaves, warm over low flame and apply on affected part.  Sprains, wounds, contusions: Use pounded fresh leaves applied as poultice.

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Culinary uses Impacts of lantana camara of fluroxypyr, metsulfuron-methyl, glyphosate and dichlorprop has been reported by Hannan- Jones.

Precautions  The leaves and seeds are toxic.  Green and partially ripened berries are toxic and can be lethal.  Unripe, green berries cause vomiting, diarrhea, dilated pupils and labored respiration if ingested.  Leaves may cause dermatitis.  All parts of plant are poisonous if ingested.  High consumption of lantana can lead to liver and kidney dysfunctions, liver and kidney failure, and possibly death!  It is not advisable to grow lantana near places of residence as this plant has been known to harbor snakes, mosquitoes, and tsetse flies.

5. Congress grass Abstract Congress grass, Parthenium hysterophorus L., of the family Asteraceae (tribe: Heliantheae), is an erect and much branched annual or ephermeral herb, known for its notorious role as environmental, medical, and agricultural hazards. It is believed to have been introduced into India and Australia from North America and in the last few years the weed has emerged as the seventh most devastating weed in Africa, Asia, and Australia. The aim of this review is to provide general information about the physiology, distribution, ill effects, and management of parthenium. Control of parthenium has been tried by various methods, but no single management option would be adequate to manage parthenium, and there is a need to integrate various management options. Successful management of this weed can only be achieved by an integrated approach with biological control as the key element.

Introduction Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae), a noxious plant, inhabits many parts of the world, in addition to its native range in North and South America and the West Indies.[1] According to Holm et al.[2] this noxious invasive species is considered to be one of the worst weeds currently known. This is a weed of global significance responsible for severe www.wjpps.com │ Vol 10, Issue 3, 2021. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ 1833

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human and animal health issues, such as dermatitis, asthma and bronchitis, and agricultural losses besides a great problem for biodiversity. It is a widely held belief that the seeds of this weed came to India with grains imported from USA under the US PL 480 scheme, also known as “Food for Peace” which is a food assistance programme of the US government, and spread alarmingly like a wild blaze to almost all the states in India and were established as a naturalized weed. In India, the weed was first pointed out in Poona (Maharashtra) by Professor Paranjape, 1951, as stray plants on rubbish heaps and was reported by Rao[3] as a new species in India, but the earliest record of this species in India goes back to 1814 by Roxburgh, the father of Indian Botany, in his book Hortus Bengalensis.[3,4] Ever since the weed became a menace around the globe including India, efforts have been made to manage the weed employing different methods such as mechanical, competitive replacement (allelopathy), chemical, and biological control methods. However, the weed has defied all human efforts to control it due to one or other disadvantages. Biological control, the intentional manipulation of natural enemies, insects, bioherbicides, nematodes, snails, and competitive plants to control harmful weeds, is gaining momentum as it

2.5. Dispersal and Germination of seeds The seeds are mainly dispersed through water currents, animals, movement of vehicles, machinery, grains, stock feed and to a lesser extent by the wind. Most of the long distance spread is through vehicles, farm machinery, and flooding. The spread of seeds plus their ability to remain viable in the soil for many years pose one of the most complex problems for control.[11] Seeds do not have a dormancy period and are capable of germinating anytime when moisture is available. Seeds germinate within a week with the onset of monsoon and flowering starts after a month and continues up to another three months. In northwest India, www.wjpps.com │ Vol 10, Issue 3, 2021. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ 1834

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parthenium germinates mainly in the months of February-March, attaining peak growth after rains in June- July and produces seeds in September-October. It normally completes its life cycle within 180– 240 days. Its growth remains less and stunted from November to January due to severe cold .[7,12]

3. Harmful effects Parthenium is considered as the number one dangerous terrestrial weed because of its harmful effects both to humans and to biodiversity which are discussed below.

3.1. Effects on ecosystem Parthenium has been reported to be causing a total habitat change in native Australian grasslands, open woodlands, river banks, and flood plains [9]. It is an aggressive colonizer of wasteland, road sides, railway sides, water courses, cultivated fields, and overgrazed pastures and has invaded 14.25 million hectares of farm land during 2001–2007, compared to 2 million hectares in 1991–2000.[10]

3.2. Effects on crops Parthenium plant contains chemicals, like parthenin, hysterin, hymenin, and ambrosin, and due to the presence of these chemicals, the weed exerts strong allelopathic effects on different crops. Parthenin has been reported as a germination and radical growth inhibitor in a variety of dicot and monocot plants.[13] The weed affects nodulation in legumes due to inhibition of activity of nitrogen fixing and nitrifying bacteria, namely, Rhizobium, Actinomycetes, Azotobacter, and Azospirillum. Parthenium produces enormous numbers of pollens (on an average 624 million/plant), which are carried away at least to short distance in clusters of 600– 800 grains, and settles on the vegetative and floral parts, including stigmatic surface, inhibiting fruit setting in crops like tomato, brinjal, beans, capsicum, and maize. In India, P. hysterophorus causes a yield decline of up to 40% in agricultural crops, Khosla and Sobti.[14] Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) grain yield losses between 40 and 97% have been reported in Ethiopia if parthenium is left uncontrolled throughout the season.[7, 15] In Australia, P. hysterophorus infests around 170000 km2 of prime grazing country in Queensland, causing economic losses of around $16.8 million per year to the pasture industry[16] On cracking clay soils with an annual rainfall between 600 and 800 mm, P. hysterophorus was estimated to reduce the carrying capacity of affected farms in Australia by about 40%.[17,18] The weed also acts as a collateral host for many diseases caused by viruses in crop plants. www.wjpps.com │ Vol 10, Issue 3, 2021. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ 1835

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3.3. Effects on animals Parthenium weed is toxic to animals causing dermatitis with pronounced skin lesions on various animals including horses and cattles. If eaten, it is responsible for mouth ulcers with excessive salivation. Significant amount (10–50%) of this weed in the diet can kill cattle.[19]

In addition, it causes anorexia, pruritus, alopecia, diarrhea, and eye irritation in dogs. It also causes acute illness, when bittermilk and tainted meat from buffaloes, cows and goats, are fed on grass mixed with parthenium.[12] The parthenium extract results in significant reduction of rat WBC count which signifies its immune system weakening ability.[20]

(a)

4. Control of parthenium Singh (1997) considered use of biocontrol agents (insects and fungal pathogens) and exploitation of competitive plants (allelopathy), the most economic and practical way of managing parthenium. But the weed has not been managed below the threshold level and is threatening biodiversity and posing ill problems for the humanity and animals. Various methods, for example, physical, chemical, bioherbicidal, and integrated, are being practiced to manage this weed around the globe and are discussed.

4.1.Physical control Manual uprooting of parthenium before flowering and seed setting is the most effective method. Uprooting the weed after seed setting will increase the area of infestation. Some landholders have achieved success in ploughing the parthenium weed in the rosette stage before it seeds, but this must be followed up by sowing a crop or direct seeding the perennial www.wjpps.com │ Vol 10, Issue 3, 2021. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ 1836

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pasture. Physical control involves hand weeding, a time consuming and unpleasant job, made worse by the health hazards involved with handling parthenium weed. Burning, another strategy employed to manage weed, is not a useful control strategy for parthenium. However, research suggests that burning for other purposes (e.g., woody weed control) will not result in an increased infestation of parthenium as long as the pasture is allowed to recover before stock is introduced. This too has proved to be inadequate due to two reasons; it requires large quantity of fuel and burning destroys all other economically important plants growing in its vicinity.[23,24]

4.2.Chemical control Chemical control is an effective method to control parthenium in the areas where its natural enemies are absent. Use of chemical herbicides, such as chlorimuron ethyl, glyphosate, atrazine, ametryn, bromoxynil, and metsulfuron, are known to be very effective in controlling this weed. References[25–27] reported that the application of 2,4-D EE (0.2%) and metribuzin (0.25 and 0.50%) were found more effective for controlling parthenium at 15 days after spraying (DAS), causing complete kill of parthenium population, and did not allow any emergence of weed. Khan et al.[28] reported that the stage/time of parthenium weed for herbicidal control is important and the weed was effectively controlled at rosette stage in wasteland, noncropped areas, along railway tracks, water channels, and roadsides. The most effective treatments for parthenium weed control were glyphosate and metribuzin, having higher mortality at 4 weeks after treatment (WAT) at both rosette and bolted stages than 2, 4- D, triasulfuron + terbutryn, bromoxynil + MCPA and atrazine + s-metolachlor, atrazine, s- metolachlor. Pendimethalin was the least effective treatment for both growth stages. Overall, the efficacy of herbicides was promising on rosette parthenium plants than bolted plants. The mortality rate by different herbicides at rosette and bolted stages is given in Table 1. In open wasteland, noncropped areas and along railway.

7. Calotropis gigantean

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Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Clade: Order: Gentianales Family: Apocynaceae Genus: Calotropis Species: C. gigantea

Contents  1Pollination  2Uses o 2.1Allelopathic effects o 2.2Use as an arrow poison o 2.3Medical uses  3Poisoning

It is a large shrub growing to 4 m (13 ft) tall. It has clusters of waxy flowers that are either white or lavender in colour. Each flower consists of five pointed petals and a small "crown" rising from the center which holds the stamens.

The aestivation found in calotropis is valvate i.e. sepals or petals in a whorl just touch one another at the margin, without overlapping. The plant has oval, light green leaves and milky stem. The latex of Calotropis gigantea contains cardiac glycosides, fatty acids, and calcium oxalate. The roots also contain Calotropone.[1]

Pollination pollination This plant plays host to a variety of insects and butterflies. It is the host plant for Hawaii's non- migratory monarch butterflies.[3] Calotropis is an example of entomophily pollination (pollination by insects) and pollination is achieved with the help of bees. In Calotropis, gynostegium is present (formed by the fusion of stigma and androecium). The pollen are in a structure named pollinia which is attached to a glandular, adhesive disc at the stigmatic angle (translator mechanism). These sticky discs get attached to the legs of visiting bees that pull out pollinia when a bee moves away. When such a bee visits another flower, this flower might be pollinated by the pollinium.

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Uses The flowers are long lasting, and in Thailand they are used in floral arrangements. The extract of flowers and leaves has shown hypoglycemic effect in preclinical studies.[4] They were favored by the Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani, who considered them a symbol of royalty and wore them strung into leis. In Cambodia, they are used in funerals to decorate the urn or sarcophagus and the interior of the house holding the funeral. The fruit is a follicle and when dry, seed dispersal is by wind. In Indonesia its flowers are called widuri. According to the Shiva Purana, the madar flower/crown flower is very much liked by Lord Shiva; therefore the crown flower and its garland are offered to Lord Shiva for peace, prosperity and stability in ociety.[5] The Crown flower is also one of the major parts of the nine astrological trees (Navagrah tree).

Allelopathic effects Of Calotropis on different agricultural crops have been well studied.[9] Extracts of plant parts such as root, stem, and leaf affect germination and seedling vigor of many agricultural crops.[10][full citation needed][11][full citation needed] However, extracts of Calotropis failed to produce any detrimental effects on weeds such as Chenopodium album, Melilotus alba, Melilotus indica, Sphaeranthus indicus, and Phalaris minor

Use as an arrow poison Many plant and animal extracts have been used as arrow poisons all over the world. In many cases, the poison was applied to the arrow or spear to aid the hunting of prey. Alkaloids are among the most powerful plant poisons, and extracts of Strychnos species are commonly used. Other arrow poisons are commonly cardiac glycosides, which can be found in digitalis, but most of these arrow poisons are derived from plants in the family Apocynaceae.[13] This family includes Calotropis gigantea and the more potent Calotropis procera. The latex of these plants has been used in Africa as an arrow poison. Apocynaceae species often contain a mixture of cardiac glycosides, including calactin, uscharin, calotoxin, and calotropin.[14] These poisons work by inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump, and this effect is especially potent in the cardiac tissues.[15] The cardiac effects can be applied for heart medication, and digitalis has been used as such. However, excessive doses can cause arrhythmia, which can lead to death.[16]

o 3.1 Signs and symptoms It is a large shrub growing to 4 m (13 ft) tall. It has clusters of waxy flowers that are either www.wjpps.com │ Vol 10, Issue 3, 2021. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ 1839

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white or lavender in colour. Each flower consists of five pointed petals and a small "crown" rising from the center which holds the stamens. The aestivation found in calotropis is valvate i.e. sepals or petals in a whorl just touch one another at the margin, without overlapping. The plant has oval, light green leaves and milky stem. The latex of Calotropis gigantea contains cardiac glycosides, fatty acids, and calcium oxalate. The ro

Medical uses Given the potent bioactivity of calotropin, calotropis gigantea has been used as a folk medicine in India for many years, and has been reported to have a variety of uses. In Ayurveda, Indian practitioners have used the root and leaf of C. procera in asthma and also used in bacterial infection, swelling with redness, boils also and shortness of breath and the bark in liver and spleen diseases. The plant is reported as effective in treating skin, digestive, respiratory, circulatory and neurological disorders and was used to treat fevers, elephantiasis, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The milky juice of Calotropis procera was used against arthritis, cancer, and as an antidote for snake bite.[17] However, these reports are of folk uses and more research is needed to confirm the clinical usefulness of the leaves, latex, and bark. Recent studies have displayed use of calotropin as a contraceptive[18] and as a promising cancer medication.[19] In one study of the cancer-fighting properties of Calotropis gigantea, DCM extracts were demonstrated to be strongly cytotoxic against non-small cell lung carcinoma (A549),

Poisoning Calotropis is a poisonous plant. The active principles are uscharin, calotoxin, calactin, and calotropin.[citation needed] The leaves and stem when incised yield thick milky juice. It is used as an arrow poison, cattle poison (see also Sutari), rarely for suicide and homicide and mostly an accidental poison.

The milky latex sap of Calotropis gigantea is a known cause of toxic keratoconjunctivitis and reversible vision loss. Crownflower keratitis is a rare condition and is usually the result of accidental ocular exposure to the sap. During the process of making a Hawaiian lei flower necklace, touching the sap and then touching the ocular surface may result in crownflower keratitis. Damage (poisoning) of the cornea endothelium results in corneal stromal edema and decreased visual acuity. Although there is some permanent damage to the corneal endothelium with decreased endothelial cell count and irregular shape, the remaining corneal endothelial cells usually recover with complete resolution of the corneal edema and a return www.wjpps.com │ Vol 10, Issue 3, 2021. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ 1840

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to normal visual acuity. The condition is usually self-limited and resolves faster with topical steroids. The clinical course of this condition suggests that Calotropis is paradoxically relatively nontoxic to corneal epithelium and highly toxic to corneal endothelium. The painless clinical course may be related to anesthetic properties of Calotropis latex and [21][22][23] relatively minor epithelial injury.

8. REFERANCE 1. "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". kew.org. "Outdoor flowering plants - mona lavender". www.hgtv.com. HGTV. Retrieved, 2018; 19. 2. "Plant finder - Plectranthus Mona lavender". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved, 2018; 19. 3. Drugs.com. 1 November 2018; 2019: 15. 4. "Lavender". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health, 2016; 15: 2019. 5. Upson T, Andrews S (2004). The Genus Lavandula. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2004. IISBNa9780881926422, 2012; 03: 30. 6. L. H. Bailey. Manual of Cultivated Plants. MacMillan Publishing Company. Lis-Balchin M, ed. Lavender: The genus Lavandula. Taylor and Francis, 2002; ISBN 9780203216521. 7. Chaytor D A. A taxonomic study of the genus Lavandula. Concise Oxford Dictionary, 1937 8. 8. The alternative derivation of the name lavender from Latin livere and medieval Latin lavindula is given in Upson and Andrews, where it is presented as a conjecture. The problems with the standard derivation are also described; such as that there is no knowledge of the common use of lavender for washing by Greeks and Romans. 9. Hillier Carr, G.W, Yugovic, J.V and Robinson, K.E.. 'Environmental Weed Invasions in Victoria – conservation and management implications' Pub: Department of Conservation and Environment and Ecological Horticulture, Victoria, Australia, 1992. 10. Csurches S., Edwards R.; National Weeds Program, Potential Environmental Weeds in Australia, Candidate Species for Preventative Control; Queensland Department of Natural Resources. January 1998 ISBN 0-642-21409-3 Also [1] Archived at the Wayback Machine, 2007; 10: 10. 11. Grieve, Mrs. M. A Modern Herbal, Vol. II, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1971. ISBN 0-486-22799-5. www.wjpps.com │ Vol 10, Issue 3, 2021. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ 1841

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12. "Seed Almanac, Lavender". Back to the Roots. Retrieved, 2021. 13. Kathleen Norris Brenzel, editor, The Sunset Western Garden Book, 7th Edition McCray, Carole. "Lavender - the loveliest of herbs". The Register-Guard. Retrieved, 2020; 11; 17. 14. The origin of most of these quotes comes from Dr. William Thomas Fernie, in his book "Herbal Simples" (Bristol Pub., second edition, 1897. Search In Google.

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