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Proposal for a Thesis in the Field of History in Partial Fulfillment Of
Proposal for a Thesis in the Field of History in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Master of Liberal Arts Degree Harvard University Extension School January 16, 2015 Robert W. Goggin 1060 West Addison Street Chicago, IL 60603 (886) 555-1212 [email protected] I I propose to title my thesis “The Quest for T. E. Lawrence: The Enduring Appeal and the Enigma of Lawrence of Arabia.” II. Research Problem World War I is becoming increasingly distant and remote. Although the conflict on the Western Front in Europe was one of the cataclysmic events of the twentieth century, few would be able to offer more than a sentence about major military leaders: Foch, Haig, Ludendorff, Pershing. In all likelihood, people know best the common foot soldier Paul Baumer, the fictional protagonist of Erich Marie Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front. Yet in the Middle East, in a conflict of the British with the Turks often disparaged as a sideshow, emerged a leader internationally known: Thomas Edward Lawrence, Lawrence of Arabia. In 1919, the American journalist and entrepreneur Lowell Thomas opened “With Allenby in Palestine and Lawrence in Arabia,” a theatrical presentation of lecture, film, and photographs eventually seen by some four million people, including an array of British military and political leaders and Lawrence himself. The interest has continued unabated to the present day, with Michael Korda’s 2010 biography Hero: The Life and Legend of Lawrence of Arabia1 holding a place on best- seller lists for weeks. Why has there been such a sustained interest in Lawrence? More specifically, how has the focus of these works varied over the decades? What features of Lawrence 1 Michael Korda, Hero: The Life and Legend of Lawrence of Arabia (New York: HarperCollins, 2010). -
The Sacred and the Profane
Kimberly Katz. Jordanian Jerusalem: Holy Places and National Spaces. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005. xvi + 150 pp. $59.95, cloth, ISBN 978-0-8130-2844-6. Reviewed by Michael Fischbach Published on H-Levant (October, 2007) One of the topics that has generated consider‐ time) as well as to maintain these changing identi‐ able scholarly interest in the past decade, within ties in the face of powerful regional currents, the various disciplines dealing with modern Mid‐ forces, events, and neighbors that often (if not dle Eastern history, is the question of how nation‐ usually) have militated against these efforts. For al identity is created. Various factors, from socio- example, the fact that Jordan's Hashemite mon‐ economic to cultural and spatial, have been ana‐ archs have embraced and celebrated the lyzed by those seeking to discover how national Hashemite family's traditionalist and pro-Western communities--what Benedict Anderson's seminal Arab nationalist credentials frequently has collid‐ 1991 book calls "imagined communities"--are ed with the anti-Western, anti-colonial sentiments formed. Despite the fact that all the modern-day so often found among Arabs in the twentieth cen‐ states of the Fertile Crescent were creations of tury, including those living in Jordan itself. This Western imperialism, Jordan has been the subject was particularly true in the mid-twentieth centu‐ of particular focus in regard to this issue. What ry, when so many of the traditional values upon factors have gone into the creation of a Jordanian -
The Royal Air Force and Kuwait
THE ROYAL AIR FORCE AND KUWAIT Please return to the holder for other visitors. Introduction In January 1899 an agreement was reached between Kuwait and the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom agreed to pay an annual subsidy to Kuwait and take responsibility for its security. The Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 con rmed Kuwait’s status as an autonomous region within the Ottoman Empire. The defeat and collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War One, however, led to an unstable situation. In 1920 border disputes led to warfare between Kuwaitis and the Ikhwan tribes from Nejd. At first it was the Ikhwan who were victorious but in October they raided Jahra and were defeated. Sheikh Salim al-Mubarak Al-Sabah of Kuwait claimed to be in control of all territory in a radius of 140 kilometres from the capital but Abdul Aziz ibn Abdul Rahman ibn Sa’ud claimed that the borders of Kuwait did not extend beyond the walls of its capital. The British Government, unwilling at first to intervene, confirmed that it recognised the borders laid down in the 1913 Convention. Eventually the British Government sent warships to protect the Kuwaiti capital and RAF aircraft dropped copies of a communique to the Ikhwan tribesmen. This helped create an uneasy truce between the two countries and established a no man’s land. The 1921 Cairo Conference, chaired by Winston Churchill, established Iraq as a kingdom under King Faisal within the British Mandate. The Royal Air Force was tasked with maintaining peace in the country; it took command with effect from 1 October 1922. -
A Sociolinguistic Study in Am, Northern Jordan
A Sociolinguistic Study in am, Northern Jordan Noora Abu Ain A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Language and Linguistics University of Essex June 2016 2 To my beloved Ibrahim for his love, patience and continuous support 3 Abstract T features in S J T (U) T J : zubde „ ‟ dʒubne „ ‟. On the other hand, the central and southern Jordanian dialects have [i] in similar environments; thus, zibde and dʒibne T (L) T the dark varian t [l] I , : x „ ‟ g „ ‟, other dialects realise it as [l], and thus: x l and g l. These variables are studied in relation to three social factors (age, gender and amount of contact) and three linguistic factors (position in syllable, preceding and following environments). The sample consists of 60 speakers (30 males and 30 females) from three age groups (young, middle and old). The data were collected through sociolinguistic interviews, and analysed within the framework of the Variationist Paradigm using Rbrul statistical package. The results show considerable variation and change in progress in the use of both variables, constrained by linguistic and social factors. , T lowed by a back vowel. For both variables, the young female speakers were found to lead the change towards the non-local variants [i] and [l]. The interpretations of the findings focus on changes that the local community have experienced 4 as a result of urbanisation and increased access to the target features through contact with outside communities. Keywords: Jordan, , variable (U), variable (L), Rbrul, variation and change 5 Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... -
The Istiqlalis in Transjordan, 1920-1926 by Ghazi
A Divided Camp: The Istiqlalis in Transjordan, 1920-1926 by Ghazi Jarrar Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia April 2016 © Copyright by Ghazi Jarrar, 2016 Table of Contents Abstract........................................................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................v Chapter One: Introduction.................................................................................................................1 Background.....................................................................................................................................3 Historiography...........................................................................................................................11 Project Parameters and Outline..........................................................................................26 A Note on Sources.....................................................................................................................29 Chapter Two: The Militant Istiqlalis...........................................................................................31 Background..................................................................................................................................32 The Militant Istiqlalis: Part -
(C) Crown Copyright Catalogue Reference:CAB/24/126 Image
(c) crown copyright Catalogue Reference:CAB/24/126 Image Reference:0002 [This Document is the Property of His Britannic Majesty^ Government.] Printed for the Cabinet. August 192J. SECRET. C.P!-3197. POLICY AND FINANCE IN MESOPOTAMIA, 1922-23. MEMORANDUM BY THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE COLONIES. THE Cairo Conference plans which were approved in principle by the Cabinet contemplated a reduction of the garrison of Mesopotamia during the present year to a 12-battalion scale ; and it was provisionally estimated by the War Office financial expert who accompanied me that this 12-battalion garrison would cost about 4^ millions in the financial year 1922-23. However, on further examination of the position, the War Office now estimate that the 12-battalion garrison will aggregate 18,000 men instead of 13,000, and will cost 10 millions instead of 4j. All this will be additional to the Air Force and the levies. It is, of course, quite impossible for me to reconcile such a charge with any forecasts or undertakings I have given to Parliament. In addition, we are led to believe that there will very likely be arrears of financial settlements with India, which will fall on the estimates of next year, or possibly require a supplementary estimate this year. 2. General Haldane has pursued with great steadfastness the policy of reducing the garrison. He is already down to 20 battalions, and expects to reach as IOAV a figure as 8 or 9 only by the end of the year. He thinks Mesopotamia very unsuitable for white troops on account of the great heat and bad climate and the lack of barrack accommodation, which latter can only be secured at great caracal expense. -
Legacies of the Anglo-Hashemite Relationship in Jordan
Legacies of the Anglo-Hashemite Relationship in Jordan: How this symbiotic alliance established the legitimacy and political longevity of the regime in the process of state-formation, 1914-1946 An Honors Thesis for the Department of Middle Eastern Studies Julie Murray Tufts University, 2018 Acknowledgements The writing of this thesis was not a unilateral effort, and I would be remiss not to acknowledge those who have helped me along the way. First of all, I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Thomas Abowd, for his encouragement of my academic curiosity this past year, and for all his help in first, making this project a reality, and second, shaping it into (what I hope is) a coherent and meaningful project. His class provided me with a new lens through which to examine political history, and gave me with the impetus to start this paper. I must also acknowledge the role my abroad experience played in shaping this thesis. It was a research project conducted with CET that sparked my interest in political stability in Jordan, so thank you to Ines and Dr. Saif, and of course, my classmates, Lensa, Matthew, and Jackie, for first empowering me to explore this topic. I would also like to thank my parents and my brother, Jonathan, for their continuous support. I feel so lucky to have such a caring family that has given me the opportunity to pursue my passions. Finally, a shout-out to the gals that have been my emotional bedrock and inspiration through this process: Annie, Maya, Miranda, Rachel – I love y’all; thanks for listening to me rant about this all year. -
Then with the Civilian Administration up Until Britain Lence And
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF MichaelA.Earl-Taylor for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies in History, Anthropology and English presented on May 30, 1989. Title:British Policies Towards Palestine 1917-1922. q. Abstract approved: ?A Ku Phi This study traces British government policies with regard to Palestine from the time the British Expedition- ary Forces under General Allenbyinvested Jerusalem in December 1917 to the imposition of the Mandatewith Britain as the Mandatory power, which came into effect on July 22,1922. The first chapter provides an historical introduction and examines the sequence of events leading to the Balfour Declaration of November 1917. The subsequent chapters deal with British policies during the MilitaryAdministration,which lasted from 1917-1920, and then with the Civilian Administration up until Britain formally assumed the Mandate of the Covenant ofthe League of Nations. Perhaps no policies ever pursued by successive British governments have been more fraught with ambiva- lence and contradiction than those of the Palestine mandate.British interests were defined not only by moral concerns with regard to the position of the Jewish people, but strategic considerations of Palestine and its geo- graphic location as a buffer zone to the lifeline of the empire--the Suez Canal.In this respect, the government of India, the source of the British military power in the Near East exerted as much, and sometimes more, influence over British Middle East policy as theForeign Office, and later, the Colonial Office combined. The inclusion of the Balfour Declaration in the Man- date placed the British government in an extraordinary and difficultposition. -
T. E. Lawrence Papers: Finding Aid
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8bg2tr0 No online items T. E. Lawrence Papers: Finding Aid Finding aid prepared by Gayle M. Richardson, April 30, 2009. The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens Manuscripts Department 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2129 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org © 2009 The Huntington Library. All rights reserved. T. E. Lawrence Papers: Finding mssTEL 1-1277 1 Aid Overview of the Collection Title: T. E. Lawrence Papers Dates (inclusive): 1894-2006 Bulk dates: 1911-2000 Collection Number: mssTEL 1-1277 Creator: Lawrence, T. E. (Thomas Edward), 1888-1935. Extent: 8,707 pieces. 86 boxes. Repository: The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens. Manuscripts Department 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2129 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org Abstract: The collection consists of papers concerning British soldier and author T.E. Lawrence (1888-1935) including manuscripts (by and about Lawrence), correspondence (including over 150 letters by Lawrence), photographs, drawings, reproductions and ephemera. Also included in the collection is research material of various Lawrence collectors and scholars. Language: English. Access Open to qualified researchers by prior application through the Reader Services Department. For more information, contact Reader Services. Boxes 82-86 -- Coin & Fine Art, Manuscript & Rare Book Dealers. Restricted to staff use only. These boxes include provenance, price and sale information; please see Container List for an item-level list of contents. Publication Rights All photocopies, for which the Huntington does not own the original manuscript, may not be copied in any way, as noted in the Container List and on the folders. -
Hejaz: the First Postage Stamps of 1916 and T E Lawrence
Final version. 16.9.05 Hejaz: The First Postage Stamps of 1916 and T E Lawrence. David R Beech FRPSL Hejaz, more correctly spelt Hijaz, is a region in the Arabian Peninsular that includes both the Red Sea littoral and the holy Islamic cities of Mecca and Medina. It had been part of the Turkish Ottoman Empire since 1517. In 1845 the Ottomans strengthened their influence by taking greater control from the local chiefs. To consolidate the position further, and to facilitate the journey for pilgrims, a railway, known as the Hijaz Railway, was built between 1900 and 1908 from Damascus to Medina. On 5th November 1914 Great Britain declared war on the Ottoman Empire which had joined the First World War on the same side as Germany. Arab Revolt against the Turks would benefit British interests and a secret agreement of 23rd October 1914 for support was made with the Sherif of Mecca in Hijaz. On 7th June 1916 Hijaz proclaimed independence, on 10th June its forces occupied Mecca, and on 27th June Hijaz declared war on Turkey. Also on 27th June Husayn [or Hussein as quoted below] ibn ‘Ali, Grand Emir and Sherif of Mecca (c1854-1931), who had been appointed to his office by the Turks in 1908, further declared independence of Ottoman rule and on 29th October was proclaimed King of the Hijaz. Into the story enters T E Lawrence, “Lawrence of Arabia” (1888-1935) in the company of Ronald (later Sir Ronald) Storrs (1881-1955), Oriental Secretary at the Arab Bureau and later High Commission, in Cairo. -
The Arab Bureau, Land Policy, and the Doineau Trial in French Algeria, 1830-1870
“It is Not in a Day That a Man Abandons His Morals and Habits”: The Arab Bureau, Land Policy, and the Doineau Trial in French Algeria, 1830-1870 by K.A. Bowler Department of History Duke University Date:___________________ Approved: ______________________________ William Reddy, Supervisor ______________________________ Malachi Hacohen ______________________________ Akram Khater ______________________________ Donald Reid ______________________________ Alex Roland Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 ABSTRACT: “It is Not in a Day That a Man Abandons His Morals and Habits”: The Arab Bureau, Land Policy, and the Doineau Trial in French Algeria, 1830-1870 by K.A. Bowler Department of History Duke University Date:___________________ Approved: ______________________________ William Reddy, Supervisor ______________________________ Malachi Hacohen ______________________________ Akram Khater ______________________________ Donald Reid ______________________________ Alex Roland An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 Copyright 2011 by K.A. Bowler Abstract This dissertation revises influential scholarship on nineteenth-century French colonial policy in Algeria. After French troops conquered Algeria in 1830, French civilian and military administrations competed for control. There were two major points of conflict between the civilian and military administrative branches: the extent to which the French should adopt or tolerate pre-existing political and social norms; and, most important, the process by which Europeans acquired and settled the land belonging to the indigenous population. In general, the military, especially the Arab Bureau, advocated a tolerance for and acceptance of local legal and social customs and supported a slow process of European colonization. -
James J. Schneider, Guerrilla Leader: TE Lawrence and the Arab Revolt. New York, NY
Journal of Military and Strategic VOLUME 14, ISSUE 2, 2012 Studies James J. Schneider, Guerrilla Leader: T.E. Lawrence and the Arab Revolt. New York, NY: Bantam Books, 2011. Bruce E. Stanley James J. Schneider is Professor Emeritus of Military Theory formerly at the School of Advanced Military Studies, US Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Schneider has written extensively on military theory. He is best known for his original work on the development of the theory of operational art, which heavily influenced the education and doctrine of the US Army from the mid- 1980’s to the present. Schneider is currently working on the theory of strategic design. His work on military theory, the theory of operational art, and strategic leadership are the lens through which Schneider analyzes T.E. Lawrence as a guerrilla leader during ©Centre of Military and Strategic Studies, 2012 ISSN : 1488-559X JOURNAL OF MILITARY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES the Arab Revolt. The narrative that Schneider presents covers Lawrence’s experience as a British military advisor to the Arab Revolt from October 1916 to September 1918. The author asserts that “to the extent that Lawrence had any kind of impression among the military – any military – it was when he resonated with a particular kind of rare officer; the military intellectual who saw Seven Pillars of Wisdom [Lawrence’s autobiographical account of the period] and other writings as a psychological and intellectual window into the mind of a desert warrior and guerrilla leader” (xxi-xxii). As such, the author’s goal is to examine Lawrence’s crucial role in the early transformation of the Middle East while he lead the Arab revolt against the Turkish Empire.