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There were thirteen levels in the heavens and nine in the underworld, with the mortal world in between. Each level had four cardinal directions associated with a different colour; north was white, east was red, south was yellow, and west was black. Major deities had aspects associated with these directions and colours. Maya households interred their dead underneath the floors, with offerings appropriate to the social status of the family. There the dead could act as protective ancestors. Maya lineages were patrilineal, so the worship of a prominent male ancestor would be emphasised, often with a household shrine. As developed, and the elite became more powerful, Maya royalty developed their household shrines into the great pyramids that held the tombs of their ancestors. Belief in supernatural forces pervaded Maya life and influenced every aspect of it, from the simplest day-to-day activities such as food preparation, to trade, politics, and elite activities. Maya deities governed all aspects of the world, both visible and invisible. The priests performed public ceremonies that incorporated feasting, bloodletting, incense burning, music , ritual dance, and, on certain occasions, human sacrifice. During the Classic period, the Maya ruler was the high priest, and the direct conduit between mortals and the gods. It is highly likely that, among commoners, shamanism continued in parallel to state religion. By the Postclassic, religious emphasis had changed; there was an increase in worship of the images of deities, and more frequent recourse to human sacrifice. Archaeologists painstakingly reconstruct these ritual practices and beliefs using several techniques. One important, though incomplete, resource is physical evidence, such as dedicatory caches and other ritual deposits, shrines, and burials with their associated funerary offerings. Blood was viewed as a potent source of nourishment for the Maya deities, and the sacrifice of a living creature was a powerful blood offering. By extension, the sacrifice of a human life was the ultimate offering of blood to the gods, and the most important Maya rituals culminated in human sacrifice. Generally only high status prisoners of war were sacrificed, with lower status captives being used for labour. Important rituals such as the dedication of major building projects or the enthronement of a new ruler required a human offering. The sacrifice of an enemy king was the most prized, and such a sacrifice involved decapitation of the captive ruler in a ritual reenactment of the decapitation of the Maya maize god by the death gods. During the Postclassic period, the most common form of human sacrifice was heart extraction, influenced by the rites of the in the Valley of Mexico; [] this usually took place in the courtyard of a temple, or upon the summit of the pyramid. The Maya world was populated by a great variety of deities, supernatural entities and sacred forces. The Maya had such a broad interpretation of the sacred that identifying distinct deities with specific functions is inaccurate. The priestly interpretation of astronomical records and books was therefore crucial, since the priest would understand which deity required ritual propitiation, when the correct ceremonies should be performed, and what would be an appropriate offering. Each deity had four manifestations, associated with the cardinal directions, each identified with a different colour. also had a night sun aspect, the Night Jaguar , representing the sun in its journey through the underworld. As well as their four main aspects, the Bakabs had dozens of other aspects that are not well understood. In common with other Mesoamerican cultures, the Maya worshipped feathered serpent deities. The ancient Maya had diverse and sophisticated methods of food production. It was believed that shifting cultivation swidden agriculture provided most of their food, [] but it is now thought that permanent raised fields , terracing , intensive gardening, forest gardens, and managed fallows were also crucial to supporting the large populations of the Classic period in some areas. The basic staples of the Maya diet were maize, beans, and squashes. These were supplemented with a wide variety of other plants either cultivated in gardens or gathered in the forest. Cotton seeds were in the process of being ground, perhaps to produce cooking oil. In to basic foodstuffs, the Maya also cultivated prestige crops such as cotton, cacao and vanilla. Cacao was especially prized by the elite, who consumed chocolate beverages. All of these were used as food animals; dogs were additionally used for hunting. It is possible that deer were also penned and fattened. Other important, but difficult to reach, sites include and . There are a great many museums across the world with Maya artefacts in their collections. The Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies lists over museums in its Maya Museum database, [] and the European Association of lists just under 50 museums in Europe alone. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Mesoamerican former . El Castillo , at . Detail of Lintel 26 from . Main article: . Main article: History of the . Main article: . , in the highlands, and El Mirador , in the lowlands, were both important cities in the Late Preclassic. Main article: Classic Maya collapse. See also: League of . Main article: . Main article: Maya society. See also: Women in Maya society. Main article: . figurine representing a Classic period warrior. Obsidian spearheads with a lithic core , . Main article: Trade in Maya civilization. Main article: Ancient Maya art. Early Classic wooden figurine, it may once have supported a mirror []. Stucco mask adorning the Early Classic substructure of Temple 33 []. Late Classic painted mural at Bonampak. Painted ceramic vessel from Sacul. Ceramic figurine from Jaina Island , AD — Main article: . Main article: . Postclassic ballcourt at , in the Guatemalan Highlands. The Great Ballcourt of Chichen Itza. Main article: . Main article: . The first glyph writes the word logographicaly with the jaguar head standing for the entire word. Illustration of a Maya scribe on a Classic period vessel. Kimbell Art Museum , Fort Worth. Main article: Maya numerals. Maya numerals on a page of the Postclassic . Main articles: and Mesoamerican Long Count calendar. Main article: . See also: Archaeoastronomy. Main articles: and . Main article: Human sacrifice in Maya culture. See also: List of Maya gods and supernatural beings. Classic period Lintel 25 from Yaxchilan , depicting the Vision Serpent. Main article: Maya cuisine. See also: Agriculture in Mesoamerica. See also: List of Maya sites. portal. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures. Foster , p. Estrada-Belli , p. Pugh and Cecil , p. Retrieved 3 June Popenoe de Hatch and Schieber de Lavarreda , p. Estrada-Belli , pp. Martin and Grube , p. Sharer and Traxler , p. Looper , p. Lovell , p. Matthew , pp. Recinos , pp. Thompson , p. HeritageDaily - Archaeology News. Retrieved 16 March Witschey and Brown , p. Sharer and Traxler , Abrams , pp. Laporte and Fialko , p. Szymanski , pp. Szymanski Hansen , p. Szymanski , p. Taladoire and Colsenet , p. Schieber Laverreda and Orrego Corzo , p. Justeson , p. Presumably the same pattern obtains for the rest of the higher places. This staggered resetting of the higher-order cycles, so jarringly unexpected from a contemporary, Western perspective, suggests an attitude towards time more numerological than mathematical. Miles , p. Roys, Washington D. January Retrieved 25 August Retrieved 24 August Miller and Taube , p. Carmack , pp. Demarest , pp. Ross , p. Abrams, Elliot M. Adams, Richard E. Prehistoric Mesoamerica 3rd ed. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. Adams, R. Brown; T. Patrick Culbert 25 September New Series. Bibcode : Sci Archived from the original PDF on 12 March Retrieved 12 March Andrews, Anthony P. Winter Journal of Anthropological Research. Aoyama, Kazuo July Ancient Mesoamerica. Enrique Vela ed. IX 50 : 38— The Guardian. Associated Press. Retrieved 4 February Becker, Marshall Joseph Berlo, Janet Catherine In Richard A. Diehl; eds. Mesoamerica after the Decline of Teotihuacan, A. Washington, D. Blanton, Richard E. Kowalewski; Gary M. Feinman; Laura M. Finsten []. Blume, Anna March Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Bricker, Victoria R. December Brittenham, Claudia Spring—Autumn Francesco Pellizzi ed. Style and substance, or why the Cacaxtla paintings were buried. Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics. Carmack, Robert M. City, Guatemala: Cholsamaj. Carter, Nicholas P. In Kurt Raaflaub ed. New York: Wiley-Blackwell. Journal of Latin American Geography. Caso Barrera, Laura; Aliphat, Mario Laporte ; B. Arroyo; H. XX : 48— Archived from the original PDF on 17 October Retrieved 26 June Chase, Arlen F. Chase In Deborah L. Nichols; Christopher A. Pool eds. The Oxford Handbook of Mesoamerican Archaeology. New York: Oxford University Press. Christenson, Allen J. Mesoweb articles. Mesoweb: An Exploration of Mesoamerican Cultures. Archived from the original PDF on 24 October Retrieved 23 January Christie, Jessica Joyce In Jessica Joyce Christie ed. Maya Palaces and Elite Residences: An interdisciplinary approach. series in Maya and pre- Columbian studies. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. International Studies Quarterly. Coe, Michael D. Breaking the Maya Code. The Maya Sixth ed. Colas, Pierre R. In Nikolai Grube ed. Potsdam, Germany: Tandem Verlag. Economic Botany. D'Arcy Harrison, Peter Dahlin, Bruce H. Jensen; Richard E. Terry; David R. Wright; Timothy Beach December Latin American Antiquity. Archived from the original PDF on 21 July Retrieved 6 August Demarest, Arthur Demarest, Arthur A. Laporte, J. XIX : — Archived from the original PDF on 23 September Diehl, Richard A. The : America's First Civilization. Ancient peoples and places series. Doyle, James A. Drew, David The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings. London, UK: Phoenix Press. Ellsworth Hamann, Byron March Emboden, William A. In Kate Fitz Gibbon ed. Who Owns the Past? Estrada-Belli, Francisco Fisher, Chelsea December Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. Fash, William L. Ancient Maya Political Dynamics. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. Forsyth, Donald W. Laporte; H. Escobedo; S. VI : — Archived from the original PDF on 4 September Retrieved 21 July Foster, Lynn Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World. Fox, John W. Maya Postclassic state formation. Freidel, David A. The Mayas of the Classic Period. Gillespie, Susan D. In Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox eds. The . Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. September American Anthropologist. Switsur; A. Ward 15 April Bibcode : Natur. Hansen, Richard D. Laporte; S. Escobedo; D. II : — Archived from the original PDF on 7 July In Stephen D. Houston ed. Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture. Hohmann-Vogrin []. Current Anthropology. Hutson, Scott R. Jackson, Sarah E. Jones, Grant D. The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Justeson, John Kettunen, Harri; Helmke, Christopher Mesoweb : An Exploration of Mesoamerican Cultures. Archived from the original PDF on 8 August Retrieved 8 March Mesoweb articles 14th ed. Archived from the original PDF on 1 May Archived from the original on 7 March Retrieved 7 March Koch, Peter O. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. Laporte, Juan Pedro ; Vilma Fialko Escobedo eds. VII : — Archived from the original PDF on 15 September Retrieved 26 February Looper, Matthew G. Love, Michael December Journal of Archaeological Research. Lovell, W. George In Richard E. Adams; Murdo J. Macleod eds. II: Mesoamerica, part 2. Macri, Martha J. The New Catalog of Maya Hieroglyphs. The civilization of the American Indian series. Marcus, Joyce a. In Jon C. Lohse; Fred Valdez Jr. Ancient Maya Commoners. Marcus, Joyce []. In Geoffrey E. Braswell ed. Martin, Simon ; Nikolai Grube Masson, Marilyn A. Bibcode : PNAS.. In Marilyn A. Masson; Carlos Peraza Lope eds. Matthew, Laura E. First Peoples. McVicker, Donald January American Antiquity. Milbrath, Susan Miles, Susanna W. In Sol Tax ed. Acculturation in the Americas. Proceedings and selected papers of the International Congress of Americanists. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. Miller, Mary Maya Art and Architecture. Miller, Mary; Karl Taube London, UK: Thames and Hudson. Oakley, Francis; Rubin, Benjamin B. Wildman eds. Science and the World's Religions: Origins and Destinies. Olmedo Vera, Bertina Phillips, Charles []. Laporte; A. Arroyo eds. XIV : — Archived from the original PDF on 11 December Retrieved 1 February Pugh, Timothy W. Cecil Social and Cultural Analysis, Department of. Faculty Publications. Paper 6. Quezada, Sergio Archived from the original PDF on 4 November Retrieved 20 January Recinos, Adrian []. Reents-Budet, Dorie; Antonia E. Foias; Ronald L. Bishop; M. James Blackman; Stanley Guenter Laporte; B. XX : — Archived from the original PDF on 14 September Retrieved 14 November Restall, Matthew ; Florine Asselbergs Rice, Prudence M. Rice In Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice eds. Boulder, Colorado: University Press of Colorado. Rice; Timothy W. Ros, Narin. Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies. Archived from the original on 8 July Retrieved 8 June Rosenwig, Robert M. New York: Cambridge University Press. Ross, Nanci J. Ecological Applications. Archived from the original PDF on 2 November Retrieved 20 May Saturno, William A. Schele, Linda ; Peter Mathews The Code of Kings: The language of seven Maya temples and tombs. Archived from the original on 2 November Retrieved 31 March Sharer, Robert J. II: Mesoamerica, part 1. Traxler The Ancient Maya 6th, fully revised ed. Stuart, David ; George Stuart : Eternal City of the Maya. Szymanski, Jan PhD Dissertation. Warsaw, Poland: University of Warsaw. Archived from the original PDF on 3 November Retrieved 13 January Taladoire, Eric; Benoit Colsenet Tanaka, Yuki Ann Arbor, Michigan. Taube, Karl A. Tedlock, Barbara []. This article was most recently revised and updated by Matt Stefon , Assistant Editor. Learn More in these related Britannica articles:. Indian philosophy: Fragments from the Mandukya-karika until Shankara. Though thus far agreeing with the Buddhist Yogacharins, Gaudapada rejected their thesis that chitta , or mind, is real and that…. Indian philosophy: 19th- and 20th-century philosophy in India and Pakistan. 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The sacrifice of an enemy king was the most prized, and such a sacrifice involved decapitation of the captive ruler in a ritual reenactment of the decapitation of the Maya maize god by the death gods. During the Postclassic period, the most common form of human sacrifice was heart extraction, influenced by the rites of the Aztecs in the Valley of Mexico; [] this usually took place in the courtyard of a temple, or upon the summit of the pyramid. The Maya world was populated by a great variety of deities, supernatural entities and sacred forces. The Maya had such a broad interpretation of the sacred that identifying distinct deities with specific functions is inaccurate. The priestly interpretation of astronomical records and books was therefore crucial, since the priest would understand which deity required ritual propitiation, when the correct ceremonies should be performed, and what would be an appropriate offering. Each deity had four manifestations, associated with the cardinal directions, each identified with a different colour. Itzamna also had a night sun aspect, the Night Jaguar , representing the sun in its journey through the underworld. As well as their four main aspects, the Bakabs had dozens of other aspects that are not well understood. In common with other Mesoamerican cultures, the Maya worshipped feathered serpent deities. The ancient Maya had diverse and sophisticated methods of food production. It was believed that shifting cultivation swidden agriculture provided most of their food, [] but it is now thought that permanent raised fields , terracing , intensive gardening, forest gardens, and managed fallows were also crucial to supporting the large populations of the Classic period in some areas. The basic staples of the Maya diet were maize, beans, and squashes. These were supplemented with a wide variety of other plants either cultivated in gardens or gathered in the forest. Cotton seeds were in the process of being ground, perhaps to produce cooking oil. In addition to basic foodstuffs, the Maya also cultivated prestige crops such as cotton, cacao and vanilla. Cacao was especially prized by the elite, who consumed chocolate beverages. All of these were used as food animals; dogs were additionally used for hunting. It is possible that deer were also penned and fattened. Other important, but difficult to reach, sites include Calakmul and El Mirador. There are a great many museums across the world with Maya artefacts in their collections. The Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies lists over museums in its Maya Museum database, [] and the European Association of Mayanists lists just under 50 museums in Europe alone. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Mesoamerican former civilization. El Castillo , at Chichen Itza. Detail of Lintel 26 from Yaxchilan. Main article: Mesoamerica. Main article: History of the Maya civilization. Main article: Preclassic Maya. Kaminaljuyu , in the highlands, and El Mirador , in the lowlands, were both important cities in the Late Preclassic. Main article: Classic Maya collapse. See also: League of Mayapan. Main article: Maya peoples. Main article: Maya society. See also: Women in Maya society. Main article: Maya warfare. Jaina Island figurine representing a Classic period warrior. Obsidian spearheads with a lithic core , Takalik Abaj. Main article: Trade in Maya civilization. Main article: Ancient Maya art. Early Classic wooden figurine, it may once have supported a mirror []. Stucco mask adorning the Early Classic substructure of Tikal Temple 33 []. Late Classic painted mural at Bonampak. Painted ceramic vessel from Sacul. Ceramic figurine from Jaina Island , AD — Main article: Maya architecture. Main article: Maya city. Postclassic ballcourt at Zaculeu , in the Guatemalan Highlands. The Great Ballcourt of Chichen Itza. Main article: Mayan languages. Main article: Maya script. The first glyph writes the word logographicaly with the jaguar head standing for the entire word. Illustration of a Maya scribe on a Classic period vessel. Kimbell Art Museum , Fort Worth. Main article: Maya numerals. Maya numerals on a page of the Postclassic Dresden Codex. Main articles: Maya calendar and Mesoamerican Long Count calendar. Main article: Maya astronomy. See also: Archaeoastronomy. Main articles: Maya religion and Maya mythology. Main article: Human sacrifice in Maya culture. See also: List of Maya gods and supernatural beings. Classic period Lintel 25 from Yaxchilan , depicting the Vision Serpent. Main article: Maya cuisine. See also: Agriculture in Mesoamerica. See also: List of Maya sites. Civilizations portal. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures. Foster , p. Estrada-Belli , p. Pugh and Cecil , p. Retrieved 3 June Popenoe de Hatch and Schieber de Lavarreda , p. Estrada-Belli , pp. Martin and Grube , p. Sharer and Traxler , p. Looper , p. Lovell , p. Matthew , pp. Recinos , pp. Thompson , p. HeritageDaily - Archaeology News. Retrieved 16 March Witschey and Brown , p. Sharer and Traxler , Abrams , pp. Laporte and Fialko , p. Szymanski , pp. Szymanski Hansen , p. Szymanski , p. Taladoire and Colsenet , p. Schieber Laverreda and Orrego Corzo , p. Justeson , p. Presumably the same pattern obtains for the rest of the higher places. This staggered resetting of the higher-order cycles, so jarringly unexpected from a contemporary, Western perspective, suggests an attitude towards time more numerological than mathematical. Miles , p. Roys, Washington D. January Retrieved 25 August Retrieved 24 August Miller and Taube , p. Carmack , pp. Demarest , pp. Ross , p. Abrams, Elliot M. Adams, Richard E. Prehistoric Mesoamerica 3rd ed. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. Adams, R. Brown; T. Patrick Culbert 25 September New Series. Bibcode : Sci Archived from the original PDF on 12 March Retrieved 12 March Andrews, Anthony P. Winter Journal of Anthropological Research. Aoyama, Kazuo July Ancient Mesoamerica. Enrique Vela ed. IX 50 : 38— The Guardian. Associated Press. Retrieved 4 February Becker, Marshall Joseph Berlo, Janet Catherine In Richard A. Diehl; Janet Catherine Berlo eds. Mesoamerica after the Decline of Teotihuacan, A. Washington, D. Blanton, Richard E. Kowalewski; Gary M. Feinman; Laura M. Finsten []. Blume, Anna March Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Bricker, Victoria R. December Brittenham, Claudia Spring—Autumn Francesco Pellizzi ed. Style and substance, or why the Cacaxtla paintings were buried. Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics. Carmack, Robert M. Guatemala City, Guatemala: Cholsamaj. Carter, Nicholas P. In Kurt Raaflaub ed. New York: Wiley-Blackwell. Journal of Latin American Geography. Caso Barrera, Laura; Aliphat, Mario Laporte ; B. Arroyo; H. XX : 48— Archived from the original PDF on 17 October Retrieved 26 June Chase, Arlen F. Chase In Deborah L. Nichols; Christopher A. Pool eds. The Oxford Handbook of Mesoamerican Archaeology. New York: Oxford University Press. Christenson, Allen J. Mesoweb articles. Mesoweb: An Exploration of Mesoamerican Cultures. Archived from the original PDF on 24 October Retrieved 23 January Christie, Jessica Joyce In Jessica Joyce Christie ed. Maya Palaces and Elite Residences: An interdisciplinary approach. Linda Schele series in Maya and pre-Columbian studies. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. International Studies Quarterly. Coe, Michael D. Breaking the Maya Code. The Maya Sixth ed. Colas, Pierre R. In Nikolai Grube ed. Potsdam, Germany: Tandem Verlag. Economic Botany. D'Arcy Harrison, Peter Dahlin, Bruce H. Jensen; Richard E. Terry; David R. Wright; Timothy Beach December Latin American Antiquity. Archived from the original PDF on 21 July Retrieved 6 August Demarest, Arthur Demarest, Arthur A. Laporte, J. XIX : — Archived from the original PDF on 23 September Diehl, Richard A. The Olmecs: America's First Civilization. Ancient peoples and places series. Doyle, James A. Drew, David The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings. London, UK: Phoenix Press. Ellsworth Hamann, Byron March Emboden, William A. In Kate Fitz Gibbon ed. Who Owns the Past? Estrada-Belli, Francisco Fisher, Chelsea December Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. Fash, William L. Ancient Maya Political Dynamics. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. Forsyth, Donald W. Laporte; H. Escobedo; S. VI : — Archived from the original PDF on 4 September Retrieved 21 July Foster, Lynn Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World. Fox, John W. Maya Postclassic state formation. Freidel, David A. The Mayas of the Classic Period. Gillespie, Susan D. In Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox eds. The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. September American Anthropologist. Switsur; A. Ward 15 April Bibcode : Natur. Hansen, Richard D. Laporte; S. Escobedo; D. II : — Archived from the original PDF on 7 July In Stephen D. Houston ed. Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture. Hohmann-Vogrin []. Current Anthropology. Hutson, Scott R. Jackson, Sarah E. Jones, Grant D. The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Justeson, John Kettunen, Harri; Helmke, Christopher Mesoweb : An Exploration of Mesoamerican Cultures. Archived from the original PDF on 8 August Retrieved 8 March Mesoweb articles 14th ed. Archived from the original PDF on 1 May Archived from the original on 7 March Retrieved 7 March Koch, Peter O. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. Laporte, Juan Pedro ; Vilma Fialko Escobedo eds. VII : — Archived from the original PDF on 15 September Retrieved 26 February Looper, Matthew G. Love, Michael December Journal of Archaeological Research. Lovell, W. George In Richard E. Adams; Murdo J. Macleod eds. II: Mesoamerica, part 2. Macri, Martha J. The New Catalog of Maya Hieroglyphs. The civilization of the American Indian series. Marcus, Joyce a. In Jon C. Lohse; Fred Valdez Jr. Ancient Maya Commoners. Marcus, Joyce []. In Geoffrey E. Braswell ed. Martin, Simon ; Nikolai Grube Masson, Marilyn A. Bibcode : PNAS.. In Marilyn A. Masson; Carlos Peraza Lope eds. Matthew, Laura E. First Peoples. McVicker, Donald January American Antiquity. Milbrath, Susan Miles, Susanna W. In Sol Tax ed. Acculturation in the Americas. Proceedings and selected papers of the International Congress of Americanists. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. Miller, Mary Maya Art and Architecture. Miller, Mary; Karl Taube London, UK: Thames and Hudson. Oakley, Francis; Rubin, Benjamin B. Wildman eds. Science and the World's Religions: Origins and Destinies. Olmedo Vera, Bertina Phillips, Charles []. Laporte; A. Arroyo eds. XIV : — Archived from the original PDF on 11 December Retrieved 1 February Pugh, Timothy W. Cecil Social and Cultural Analysis, Department of. Faculty Publications. Paper 6. Quezada, Sergio Archived from the original PDF on 4 November Retrieved 20 January Recinos, Adrian []. Reents- Budet, Dorie; Antonia E. Foias; Ronald L. Bishop; M. James Blackman; Stanley Guenter Laporte; B. XX : — Archived from the original PDF on 14 September Retrieved 14 November Restall, Matthew ; Florine Asselbergs Rice, Prudence M. Rice In Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice eds. Boulder, Colorado: University Press of Colorado. Rice; Timothy W. Ros, Narin. Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies. Archived from the original on 8 July Retrieved 8 June Rosenwig, Robert M. New York: Cambridge University Press. Ross, Nanci J. Ecological Applications. Archived from the original PDF on 2 November Retrieved 20 May Saturno, William A. Schele, Linda ; Peter Mathews The Code of Kings: The language of seven Maya temples and tombs. Archived from the original on 2 November Retrieved 31 March Sharer, Robert J. II: Mesoamerica, part 1. Traxler The Ancient Maya 6th, fully revised ed. Stuart, David ; George Stuart Palenque: Eternal City of the Maya. Szymanski, Jan PhD Dissertation. Warsaw, Poland: University of Warsaw. Archived from the original PDF on 3 November Retrieved 13 January Taladoire, Eric; Benoit Colsenet Tanaka, Yuki Ann Arbor, Michigan. Taube, Karl A. Tedlock, Barbara []. Time and the Highland Maya Revised ed. Thompson, J. July—September Maya History and Religion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. Tiesler, Vera; Andrea Cucina December Tobin, Thomas J. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Duquesne University. Archived from the original on 17 October Retrieved 9 March Van Stone, Mark Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. Viqueira, Juan Pedro []. : los rumbos de otra historia [ Chiapas: The courses of a different history ] in Spanish. Archived from the original on 11 May Webster, David March Journal of World Prehistory. Webster, David; William L. You have been detected as being from. Where applicable, you can see country-specific product information, offers, and pricing. Download free trial. Talk to our sales team. Financing options available. See all features. Render seamlessly with Arnold, an advanced Monte Carlo ray tracing renderer built right into Maya. Watch video. Read use case. See all Autodesk products. Read story. Santa Monica Studio went the extra mile to ensure that their characters look, feel, and act real. See more stories. When you buy direct from us, you get the best value and terms we have to offer. Subscribe for 3 years. Purchase with Autodesk Financing. Enjoy a day money-back guarantee. Get expert advice before and after you subscribe. Make it quick, easy, and secure. 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Yal-ku Lagoon. Cenotes Sac Actun. Ecopark Kantun Chi. Go Rest. A mix of the charming, modern, and tried and true. Palmaia - The House of AiA. Banyan Tree Mayakoba. Hotel Ma'xanab . Encantada Tulum. Rosewood Mayakoba. Grand Velas Riviera Maya. La Zebra Colibri Boutique Hotel. Mezzanine Colibri Boutique Hotel. Cabanas Tulum. Go Eat. Can't-miss spots to dine, drink, and feast. Curry by Po Thai Restaurant. Ferron's Jerk Chicken. Loco Tulum. Osteria De Roma. Porfirio's Restaurante. Rockas Jamaican Kitchen. Mexican Experience Playa Del Carmen. Tora Tulum. From the Forums. See all. Favorite Adult Only All Inclusive? Back from Secrets Maroma Beach, any questions? Rent a Home for Your Next Escape. Popular homes in Riviera Maya. Playa Village A. Magic Paradise A8. Hacienda San Jose B3. Hacienda San Jose A3. Aldea Thai Elements Comfortable one bedroom minutes from the beach. Playa Village B. More Riviera Maya Picks. Fine dining. The Traveler's Table. Mexican Experience Tulum. Oh Lala! Pavo Real by the Sea. Chef's Plate. Top-rated by travelers. Royal Hideaway Playacar. Allegro Playacar. Hotel Riu Yucatan. Iberostar Quetzal Playacar. Playacar Palace. Mahekal Beach Resort. Panama Jack Resorts Playa del Carmen. Hotel Iberostar Tucan. Test Your Knowledge - and learn some interesting things along the way. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free! Whereas 'coronary' is no so much Put It in the 'Frunk' You can never have too much storage. What Does 'Eighty-Six' Mean? We're intent on clearing it up 'Nip it in the butt' or 'Nip it in the bud'? We're gonna stop you right there Literally How to use a word that literally drives some pe Is Singular 'They' a Better Choice? Name that government! Or something like that. Can you spell these 10 commonly misspelled words? Do you know the person or title these quotes desc Login or Register. Save Word. Maya noun 2. First Known Use of maya Noun 1 , in the meaning defined above Noun 2 , in the meaning defined at sense 1a. Keep scrolling for more. Learn More about maya. Time Traveler for maya The first known use of maya was in See more words from the same year.

Maya (religion) - Wikipedia

They also developed a system of hieroglyphic writing and highly sophisticated calendrical and astronomical systems. The Maya made paper from the inner bark of wild fig trees and wrote their hieroglyphs on books made from this paper. Those books are called codices. The Maya also developed an elaborate and beautiful tradition of sculpture and relief carving. Architectural works and stone inscriptions and reliefs are the chief sources of knowledge about the early Maya. Early Mayan culture showed the influence of the earlier Olmec civilization. The rise of the Maya began about ce , and what is known to archaeologists as the Classic Period of Mayan culture lasted until about ce. The peak Mayan population may have reached two million people, most of whom were settled in the lowlands of what is now Guatemala. After ce , however, the Classic Maya civilization declined precipitously, leaving the great cities and ceremonial centres vacant and overgrown with jungle vegetation. Some scholars have suggested that armed conflicts and the exhaustion of agricultural land were responsible for the sudden decline. Discoveries in the 21st century led scholars to posit a number of additional reasons for the destruction of Mayan civilization. One cause was probably the war- related disruption of river and land trade routes. Other contributors may have been deforestation and drought. By the time the Spaniards conquered the area in the early 16th century, most of the Maya had become village-dwelling agriculturists who practiced the religious rites of their forebears. The major extant Mayan cities and ceremonial centres feature a variety of pyramidal temples or palaces overlain with limestone blocks and richly ornamented with narrative, ceremonial, and astronomical reliefs and inscriptions that have ensured the stature of Mayan art as premier among Native American cultures. But the true nature of Mayan society, the meaning of its hieroglyphics, and the chronicle of its history remained unknown to scholars for centuries after the Spaniards discovered the ancient Mayan building sites. Systematic explorations of Mayan sites were first undertaken in the s, and a small portion of the writing system was deciphered in the early and midth century. Those discoveries shed some light on Mayan religion , which was based on a pantheon of nature gods, including those of the Sun, the Moon, rain, and corn. A priestly class was responsible for an elaborate cycle of rituals and ceremonies. Closely related to Mayan religion— indeed, inextricable from it—was the impressive development of mathematics and astronomy. In mathematics, and the use of the zero represented a pinnacle of intellectual achievement. Mayan astronomy underlay a complex calendrical system involving an accurately determined solar year 18 months of 20 days each, plus a 5-day period considered unlucky by the Mayans , a sacred calendar of days 13 cycles of 20 named days , and a variety of longer cycles culminating in the Long Count, a continuous marking of time, based on a zero date in bce. Mayan astronomers compiled precise tables of positions for the Moon and Venus and were able to accurately predict solar eclipses. On the basis of these discoveries, scholars in the midth century mistakenly thought that Mayan society was composed of a priestly class of peaceful stargazers and calendar keepers supported by a devout peasantry. The Maya were thought to be utterly absorbed in their religious and cultural pursuits, in favourable contrast to the more warlike and sanguinary indigenous empires of central Mexico. But the progressive decipherment of nearly all of the Mayan hieroglyphic writing has provided a truer if less-elevating picture of Mayan society and culture. Many of the hieroglyphs depict the histories of the Mayan dynastic rulers, who waged war on rival Mayan cities and took their aristocrats captive. Those captives were then tortured, mutilated, and sacrificed to the gods. Indeed, torture and human sacrifice were fundamental religious rituals of Mayan society; they were thought to guarantee fertility , demonstrate piety, and propitiate the gods, and, if such practices were neglected, cosmic disorder and chaos were thought to result. The drawing of human blood was thought to nourish the gods and was thus necessary for achieving contact with them; hence, the Mayan rulers, as the intermediaries between the Mayan people and the gods, had to undergo ritual bloodletting and self-torture. The chief division in Mayan cultural types is between highland and lowland cultures. Contemporary Maya are basically agricultural, raising crops of corn, beans, and squash. They live in communities organized around central villages, which may be permanently occupied but more commonly are community centres with public buildings and houses that generally stand vacant; the people of the community live on farm homesteads except during fiestas and markets. Dress is largely traditional, particularly for women; men are more likely to wear modern ready-made clothing. Domestic spinning and weaving , once common, are becoming rare, and most clothing is made of factory-woven cloth. Cultivation is with the hoe and, where the soil is tough, the digging stick. The Yucatec usually keep pigs and chickens and, rarely, oxen that are used for farming. Industries are few, and crafts are oriented toward domestic needs. Usually some cash crop or item of local manufacture is produced for sale outside the region in order to provide cash for items not otherwise obtainable. Most Maya are nominal Roman Catholics —though, beginning in the late 20th century, many converted to Evangelical Protestantism. Please tell us where you read or heard it including the quote, if possible. Test Your Knowledge - and learn some interesting things along the way. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free! Whereas 'coronary' is no so much Put It in the 'Frunk' You can never have too much storage. What Does 'Eighty-Six' Mean? We're intent on clearing it up 'Nip it in the butt' or 'Nip it in the bud'? We're gonna stop you right there Literally How to use a word that literally drives some pe Is Singular 'They' a Better Choice? Name that government! Or something like that. Can you spell these 10 commonly misspelled words? Do you know the person or title these quotes desc Login or Register. Save Word. Maya noun 2. 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