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New Directions: Boris Johnson and English Conservatism Andrew Gamble Andrew Gamble (Sheffield) places Johnson’s was that it would get Brexit done, but Brexit Conservative Party in the tradition of pragmatic meant different things to different parts of its One Nation Conservatism. Due to the contradictory coalition, as it had done during the Referendum. nature of its commitments, the party cannot possibly It meant both Global Britain and Britain First. deliver on all its promises, and Gamble predicts Should Britain become Singapore on Thames, “a lot of pork barrel politics” to come. Ultimately, a global free market trader, or turn inwards and however, he suggests that the commitment to Global build walls to protect itself? During the election Britain, associated with a neoliberal agenda, will the Conservatives played up the Britain First trump other political interests. theme, successfully targeting ‘Red Wall’ seats in the North of England, many of them traditional he Conservatives under Boris Johnson working class Labour strongholds. These new T won a substantial victory in the December voters were promised that a new Conservative 2019 General Election, finishing with a majority Government would invest heavily in these of more than eighty seats. This ended a decade of neglected left behind areas to level them up hung parliaments, small majorities and coalition with London and the South East. To his new government. Although the Conservative party red base Johnson promised state intervention, had been in office since 2010 the Johnson and state spending and immigration control to Government flush with electoral success look after them. To his blue base in the South presented itself in the few heady weeks before the of England Johnson promised tax cuts and Covid emergency struck as a new Government deregulation, the next stage of the Thatcherite with a radical new agenda, as though some revolution in setting the people free. Is this a other party had been in Government for the new Conservative party in the making, or just previous ten years. The central promise the the old Conservative party in new clothes? Conservatives made in the election campaign Page 1 Hard Times 104 (1/2020) Andrew Gamble he Conservative party is Britain’s oldest Disraeli when he said at Crystal Palace in 1872 T and most successful political party. It has that the three great objects of the Conservative been the party of the Land but also the party party were to maintain the institutions of the of the City; the party of little England and the country, to uphold the Empire of England, and to party of Empire; the party of protectionism and elevate the condition of the people. How best to the party of the free market; the ‘nasty’ party do this and build an electoral coalition sufficient and the party of gay marriage; the party of to keep the Conservatives in government has Europe and now the party of Brexit. The list of always preoccupied Conservative leaders. its many mutations is a long one. Conservatives dreaded the coming of universal suffrage but s soon as he became Leader Boris Johnson after it arrived they have governed either alone A sought an early general election. His or in coalition for two thirds of the time. That decisive victory secured his leadership and required drawing at least half their support from crushed his opponents, particularly those in his working-class voters. Boris Johnson’s pursuit of own party. His dream of governing for a decade working class votes is not new. It is a condition needed a big majority to have any chance of of Conservative success. success. The last time the Conservatives won such a majority was in 1987, the third of pponents have often wondered why Margaret Thatcher’s emphatic wins. Since 2010 O this party of property and privilege has the Conservatives have fought three elections, been so successful and so long-lived, compared but only won an outright majority once, in to many other parties of the European Centre 2015, and then a small one. Johnson needed Right. Part of the answer lies in the ability of the to win big, and is happiest when taking risks party to reinvent itself, never allowing itself to and creating chaos, reshaping the Conservative get stuck in a ditch defending the indefensible, party and British politics as he does so. and always striving to be pragmatic and flexible. This has meant giving priority to statecraft and ohnson’s aim in the 2019 election of the pursuit of power rather than to ideology. J persuading Leave voters in northern working As Anthony Trollope remarked about the class Labour seats to vote Conservative was not nineteenth century Tory party (he might have a new strategy. It is what the Conservatives have been writing about Boris Johnson): “No reform, always had to do. Margaret Thatcher and Theresa no innovation … no revolution stinks so foully May both pursued it. The Conservatives built in the nostrils of an English Tory as to be their dominance around the pillars of Union, absolutely irreconcilable to him. When taken in Empire, the Rule of Law, Property and Welfare. the refreshing waters of office any such pill can Conservatives were traditionally the party of be swallowed.” the Establishment, the Crown, the Aristocracy, the Armed Services and the Police, the Law, the he classic Tory One Nation formula for Church, the public schools, and Oxford and T government was set out by Benjamin Cambridge. They supported the Empire and Page 2 Hard Times 104 (1/2020) New Directions: Boris Johnson and English Conservatism the Union, protectionism against free trade, the against the ‘elites’ is one which Brexiters gradual improvement of welfare services, and including Johnson have tried to copy, not very state intervention when necessary to protect convincingly. It is hard to be taken seriously as citizens from hardship. an outsider when you have been educated at Eton. his tradition of pragmatic One Nation T Conservatism was associated with n forging her new electoral coalition Baldwin and Chamberlain in the 1930s, and I Thatcher lost an older one. The Conservative then with Churchill, Eden and Macmillan in the and Unionist party used to be able to claim that 1950s, with increasing moves towards economic it represented all parts of the country. They won liberalism. Edward Heath tried to continue a majority of the seats and 50 per cent of the it but his government suffered a spectacular vote in Scotland in 1955. They had a significant shipwreck, and in the ensuing chaos Margaret presence in all the big industrial cities, and Thatcher seized the leadership in 1975. She for a long time dominated the politics of was responsible for another hugely significant Birmingham and Liverpool. But all that went. reinvention of the Conservatives as the party of Conservative support collapsed in Scotland (in the free market, ending its interventionist and 1997 they failed to win a single seat) and also collectivist Chamberlainite tradition. in northern cities. Thatcher bequeathed a party which had become predominantly an English hatcher’s legacy has been mixed for the party, its vote disproportionately concentrated T Conservative party. She transformed its in the South and South-East and no longer a electoral and governing fortunes, allowing the mass membership party. The 160,000 members Conservatives to win four elections and rule that remain are disproportionately elderly, white for eighteen years. She broke Labour’s post-war and middle class, unrepresentative either of settlement which most Conservatives had come Conservative voters or of the wider electorate, to accept and many of its institutional bases, and and are not being replaced by the recruitment set the UK political economy on a new path. But of sufficient younger voters. the way she governed ultimately undermined many of the pillars which had supported ince Thatcher was ousted members have Conservatism for so long and paved the way S often been out of step with the party for Labour’s longest ever period in government leadership, particularly on Europe. Under under Tony Blair. Her social background and John Major two thirds of the parliamentary her gender made Thatcher an outsider in the party were pro-Europe, one third was anti- party and even when Prime Minister, she still Europe. In the constituencies it was the other thought of herself as an outsider fighting against way round. Iain Duncan Smith defeated Ken the Government and the Establishment. This Clarke for the leadership in 2001 because of populist (and very unConservative) pose of Clarke’s pro-European views. Boris Johnson being anti-Establishment and for the people always calculated that so long as he could get to Page 3 Hard Times 104 (1/2020) Andrew Gamble the membership stage of the leadership ballot to pass her withdrawal agreement, mainly his anti-EU credentials honed over many years because of her dread of splitting the party. Boris would carry him to victory. The membership Johnson had no such scruples. Two months has also had an increasing hand in deciding the after becoming Leader he expelled 21 MPs, shape of the parliamentary party by selecting including two former chancellors for voting anti-EU candidates. against his Government. Johnson signalled that he was happy for a formal split to take place, his was one front in the civil war which and that only those in favour of a hard Brexit T has raged in the party over Europe going were welcome in the party and to serve in his back six decades, but which became particularly Cabinet. virulent in the 1990s at the time of the passage of the Maastricht Treaty, and again under David urope is the third great major schism in the Cameron and Theresa May.