Race, Evolution, and the Origin of Native Americans Joseph F

Cambridge University Press 0521823501 - The First Americans: Race, Evolution, and the Origin of Native Americans Joseph F. Powell Index More information

Index

AAA statement on race, 52 Chinese, 34 Abbott, C. C., 21 Ciencia, 19 Acosta, J. 18, 188 civilized, 29 adaptation, 35, 36, 50, 171, 200, 206 clinal distribution, 69 ad-hoc models, 234 Clovis, 20, 128, 149, 169, 218, Afalou, 170 226, 231 Ainu, 232 complex, 86, 115 Aleuts, 189, 207 drought, 109, 116, 147 Allen’s rule, 50 -first, 115 altitude, 50 tools, 116 American Paleolithic, 21 coastal refugia, 103 Amerind languages, 189 Cohuna, 178 Amerindians, 189, 207 Congoids, 40 amino acids, 59 Cook, H., 22 Amur, 207 Coon, C. S., 38 Anzick (Willsall), 137 Crania egyptica, 34 Archaic period, 116 Crania americana, 25, 33 artificial cranial modification, 179 cranial (cephalic) index, 37 Australasia, 176, 200 brachycranic (brachycephalic), auxology, 37 188, 189, 190 Aztecs, 18 dolichocranic (dolichcocephalic), 147, 188, 190 barbarians, 29 mesocranic (mesocephalic), 190 Bergmann’s rule, 50 Cro-Magnon, 172 Beringia, 115 cultural affiliation, 2 Bering Land Bridge, 8, 118, 229 cultural patrimony, 2 Biblical Flood, 32 bioarchaeology, 23 Dahlberg, A. A., 208 biological species, 31 Darwin, C., 21, 68 Blummenbach, J., 19, 20, 31 generis humani nativa, De, 20, 31 blunt trauma, 164 de Ulloa, A., 24 Boas, F., 27, 35, 36, 53, 214 demography, 91 Brace, C. L., 79, 205, 216 survivorship, 68 brachycranic (brachycephalic), 188, population growth, 214 189, 190 dental Browns Valley Man, 136 anthropology, 190 Buhl, 152 attrition (wear), 73 calculus, 73 canalized, 51 homogeneity, 193 Chamberlin, T. C., 22 Mongoloid dental complex, 194, 215 Chatters, J. C., 46 morphological traits, 190

265

266 Index

dental (cont.) Points, 116 deflecting wrinkle, 194 foragers, sedentary, 171 dentochronology, 202 fracture, 150 distosagittal ridge (UP3), 216 Franciscus, R., 50 enamel hypoplasia, 51 Fst, 216, 223, 224, 234 entoconulid, 194 incisor (UI1) shoveling, 194, 211, Garcia, J., 19 215, 228 genetics, 59 protostylid, 194 alleles, 60, 63 descriptive historicism, 31, 36 admixture, 90, 172 diet, 200 fixation, 63 diffusionism, 188 genes, 60 DNA, 59 human leukocyte antigen (HLA), ancient DNA (aDNA), 62, 91, 92, 93, 95 62, 85, 87, 88, 95 mitochondrial (mtDNA), 59, 85, 87, GM alleles, 86 88, 92, 96 KM alleles, 87 nuclear DNA (nDNA), 59, 85, 216 genotype(s), 60, 85 nucleotides, 59 heterozygote advantage (hybrid polymerase chain reaction (PCR), vigor), 49 61, 91 phenotype, 30, 64 restriction fragment length giant ground sloth, 147, 165 polymorphism (RFLP), 61 Gilder Mound, 138 Dryas, 103 Gloger, W., 48 Older, 103 Gloger’s rule, 48 Younger, 103 Goodall, J., 29 Dubois, E., 177 Gould, S. J., 33 Greenberg, J., 27 Early Archaic period, 128 eide, concept of, 31 Harpending, H., 44 Eskimo (Inuit), 189, 207 Heirakanopolis, 171 Esquimaux (Eskimos), 34 Historia natural y moral de las Indias, 18, 19 essentialism, 31, 36, 37, 53 historical events, 215 Ethiopians, 32 Hoabinhian, 176 Eurasian, 166 Holmes, W. H., 21, 22 European contact, 222 Holocene, 59, 128 evolution, forces of, 62 Homo erectus, 179 genetic drift, 34, 62, 188, 202, 214, Homo sapiens sapiens, 169, 180 225, 235 homogeneity, 214 founder effect, 85, 214, 216, 225, Hooton, E. A., 4, 5, 26, 35, 36 235 Hrdlicˇka, A., 22, 23, 25, 188, 189, 215, genetic bottleneck, 216 230, 235 gene flow (migration), 49, 70, 80, Huddleston, L., 17 188, 214, 218, 229 humidity, 50 mutation, 62, 80, 214 hyper-diffusionism, 188 selection, 48, 62 balancing, 68, 69 ice age (see also Pleistocene), 83 natural, 48, 49, 68, 69 interstadials, 111 fecundity, 68 stadials, 109 fitness, 68 Nebraskan, 110 sexual, 48, 49, 68, 69 Kansan, 110 evolutionary approach, 58 Illinoisan, 110 extinction, 165 Wisconsinan, 110 ice sheets Fe divina, 19 Cordillerian, 8, 103, 104, 120 Figgins, J., 22 Laurentide, 8, 103, 104, 120 First view point, 166 Ice-Free Corridor, 103, 122 Folsom, 128, 149, 156, 166, 218 Indies, 19 Culture, 116 insolation, 105

Index 267

Jantz, R., 9 tripartite model (3 wave), 37, 97, 189 Jebel Qafzeh, 172 Solutrean 123 Jebel Sahaba, 171 Norris Farm, 93 Jews, 35, 36 Jomon, 221 Odd-male model, 49 Origen de los Indios de el Nuevo Mundo y Keith, Sir A., 35, 36 Indias occidentales, 19 Kennewick Man, 6, 7, 8, 21, 46, 71, 83, Origin of Species, 21 91, 153, 198, 200, 227, 234 ossification, 74 Kerma, 170 overkill model, 226 Khoi, 41, 42 Oviedo,V. G. F., de, 19 Konigsberg, L. W., 70 Owsley, D. W., 4, 9, 11, 166 Kow Swamp, 178 !Kung San, 42 Paleoamerican, 12 Paleoindian remains, Late Pleistocene, 59, 115, 202 North America Linnaeus (Karl von Linne), 30, 147 Arlington Springs, 93 Liukang, 174, 180 Cutler fossil site, 133 Livingston, F. B., 44 Gordon Creek, 151 local races, 38, 188 Grimes Burial Shelter, 149 Lothagam, 169 Horn Rockshelter, 142 Hourglass Cave, 92, 141 Malays, 32 Little Salt Spring, 129 mammoth, 147 Midland Woman, 166 mastodon, 147 Natchez pelvis, 129 megafauna, 165 Pelican Rapids (‘‘Minnesota metaconulid, 194 Man’’), 135 metric variation, 193 Prince of Wales Island Man micro-races, 38 (49-PET-408), 154 Midland point, 166 Rancho La Brea (‘‘La Brea tar Midland site, 139 pits’’), 147, 188, 200, 227 Milankovich cycle, 105, 108 Sauk Valley, 137 eccentricity, 105 Shifting Sands, 140, 166 obliquity, 108 Spirit Cave, 149, 200 seasonal precession, 108 Stick Man, 153 Minatogawa, 174, 175, 180, 190, 221 Sulphur Springs, 145 Mixtecs, 18 Warm Mineral Spring (WMS), 131 model-free, 59, 187, 196 South America Moh Kiew Cave, 176 Cerca Grande VI, 200 monstrous, 30 Cerca Grande VII, 161, 164, 165, Monte Verde, 161 199, 200, 217 Morton, S. G., 20, 25, 33, 189 Cerro Sota Cave No. 2, 162 multiple analysis of variance Fells Cave, 46, 162 (MANOVA), 196 Luzia (Lapa Vermelha), 158, 159, 198, 234 Na-Dene (Athabaskan), 189, 207 Paijan, 156 NAGPRA (Native American Grave Palli Aike Cave, 204 Protection Act), 2, 3, 8, 12 Penon III, 151, 154 narrow sense heritability, 70 Punin, 157 Native Americans, 2, 5, 17, 20, 24, 32, Otovahalo, 157 229 Paleolithic, Upper, 175 founding mtDNA haplogroups (A, B, Paleoliths, 21, 22 C, D), of, 90 pathologies, stress-related, 164 Neumann, G. K., 188 Peru, atiplano, 51 neurocranium (braincase), 32 phenomelanin, 54 New World migration models, 115 Plainview, 143 coastal, 122, 123 Plato, 31 4-wave migration, 97, 117 Pleistocene peoples, 169, 180

268 Index

Pleistocene, 1, 8, 12, 21, 103, 128, sharp trauma, 164 147, 169 Siberia, 188, 189 cultures, 114 single tandem repeat (STR), 61 environment, 111 sinkhole, 129, 141 North America, 103, 107, 109, 111, size correction, 196 112, 113, 229 skin color, 48 peoples, 169, 180 slaves, 34 Plinius (Pliny the Elder), 29 Smith, E., 188 population structure, 69 Smithsonian Institution, 21, 22 effective population size (Ne), 81, Stadial, 103 219, 234 statistical methods Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, 62 Penrose shape coefficient, 81 heritability, 70 principal components analysis inbreeding ( f ), 64, 234 (PCA), 195, 198 island migration model, 64, 68 R-matrix analysis, 223, 224 isolation by distance (I by D) model, Steele, D. G., 9 49, 64, 70, 218 subspecies, 30, 31 spatio-temporal gene flow, 70 Sudanese Nubians, 171 stepping-stone model, 65, 66, 67 Sulphur Springs stage, 145 survivorship, 68 Systema naturae, 30 post-hoc models, 78, 187 pre-Clovis, 117 temperature, 50 Predmosti, 173 Tepexpan, 155 probable mutation effect, 79, 203 Thailand, 176 Putnam, F. W., 21, 22 Origin of Races, The, 38 Tlapacoya XVIII, 155 quantitative traits, 46, 46 trade, exchange networks, 218 gene–gene interaction (epistasis), 46 Trenton Gravels, 21, 22, 128 polygenic trait, 71 Turner, C. G., 99, 194, 202, 203, 207, 215 Quechua, 51 typicality probability, 200 Quirihuac, 156 Upper Cave (Shandingdong), 174, 190, race, 30, 44, 196 221 Australoid(s), 42, 174, 187 Ushki Lake level, 179 Capoids, 42 Caucasoid, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 20, 32, 124 variety, 31 Mongolian types, 189, 221 variation Mongoloid(s), 20, 38, 175, 190 additive variation, 71 Negroids, 20 dominance variation, 71 Nigritos, 43, 44 environmental variation, 72 non-Mongoloid, 212 epistatic variation, 46, 71, 75 proto-Australoid, 177 nonmetric (discrete) variation, 193 proto-Caucasoid, 166, 221 Vietnam, 176 proto-Mongoloid, 180, 190 violence, interpersonal, 164 racial types, 188 Racial–typological methods, 11, Wadi Kubbaniya, 171 187, 190, 214, 221, 231 Wadjak 1, 176 radiocarbon (14C), 7 Weidenreich, F., 177, 234 Rastell, J., 17 Whitewater Draw (Sulphur Springs) red ocher, 180 site, 144 red ocher burial, 180 Wilson–Leonard, 143, 166, 227 Relethford, J., 223 Windover, 133 Wizards Beach, 200, 202 secular trend, 51 WMS ‘‘Brown’’ skull, 132, 221 Seminole Sink, 140 Sewall Wright, 63 Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA), 93, 97 sex, 1 sexual dimorphism, 72, 196 Zhoukoudien, I., 174