Canterbury Scene

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Canterbury Scene Canterbury Scene Canterbury Scene 255 Canterbury Scene 256 Canterbury Scene Canterbury Scene Szenerie Rockmusik als Musik der Nachkriegszeit ist unmittelbar von den Umständen dieser Zeit abhängig. Dies kann an jeder regionalen Ausprägung dieser Musik abgelesen werden. Für Großbritannien bedeutet dies, dass sie seit Anfang der 1950er-Jahre von der amerikanischen Rock- musik abhängig war und zunächst auf Nachahmung ba- sierte. Kopiert wurde also der amerikanische Blues in all seinen formalen Erscheinungsformen und der Song der 1930er- und 1940er-Jahre, letzterer tradiert mit Schall- platten, Musicals und vor allem Filmen. Seit Anfang der 1950er-Jahre kam der amerikanische Rock’n’Roll hinzu, massenhaft verbreitet mit Hilfe der seinerzeit neuen Sin- gle-Schallplatte; auch er basierte auf dem Blues – etwa bei Chuck Berry und Elvis Presley – und dem Song, so bei Presley und Buddy Holly. Der Blues wurde in Großbri- tannien und im übrigen Europa also weniger in einer halbwegs authentischen Form bekannt und populär, sondern in einer bereits standardisierten, damit auch oft genug vereinfachten Form; der authentische Blues dage- gen war eher eine Sache von Spezialisten, wenn auch sich das britische Blues-Revival, das für die britische Rock- musik der 1960er-Jahre so wichtig werden sollte, schon ankündigte. Der aktuelle Jazz spielte beim breiten Publi- kum eine sehr untergeordnete Rolle, der Swing hatte sei- ne Kraft verloren, Bebop fand nur wenige Hörer, und so wurde ein am traditionellen, mehr oder weniger authen- tischen Jazz der USA orientierter, aus New Orleans oder Chicago stammender Jazz favorisiert; auch dieser sollte später in der britischen Rockmusik eine gewisse Rolle spielen. Bands wie The Beatles aus Liverpool oder The Rolling Stones aus Dartford (Kent) spiegeln diese Umstände wi- der: Die ersten Langspielplatten waren Single-Sammlun- gen, ergänzt um weitere Songs, darin den Maßgaben aus 257 Canterbury Scene den USA folgend. Die Songs aber waren Cover-Versions von amerikanischen Veröffentlichungen oder aber Ei- genkompositionen, die der Machart amerikanischer Vorbilder entsprachen. Bis Mitte der 1960er-Jahre hatten die Beatles – und mit ihnen diverse andere britische Bands – diese Musik umgeformt zu einer spezifisch eng- lischen Musik und waren ihrerseits selbst zu Vorbildern nicht nur für Musiker ihres Heimatlandes, sondern für die Musiker ganz Europas und selbst zu Vorbildern für amerikanische Musiker geworden. Eine wesentliche Rolle spielte bei dieser Metamorphose 1Vergleiche: Martin, Ge- der Produzent der Beatles, George Martin.1 Martin war orge (with Jeremy akademisch ausgebildeter Musiker und darüber hinaus Hornsby): All You Need auch versiert in der sich in den 1960er-Jahren rasant ent- Is Ears; London 1979 wickelnden Aufnahmetechnik. Ein Experte in Rockmu- sik war er nicht und wollte er auch nicht sein. Als ihm die Leitung des Labels Parlophone übertragen wurde – es handelte sich dabei um ein wenig bedeutendes Unter- label der EMI –, wollte er sich beweisen und es aus dem Nischendasein des programmatischen Sammelsuriums – hier wurde Comedy, altertümlicher Jazz, von Schauspie- lern gesungene Lieder und weiteres mehr veröffentlicht – befreien. Er war auf der Suche nach einem zweiten Cliff Richard, der seinerzeit äußerst erfolgreich war. Als ihm eine in Liverpool beheimatete Rockband angeboten wurde, die sich The Beatles nannte, hatte er wenig Hoff- nung, dass es sich bei diesem Gitarrenquartett um das von ihm gesuchte Erfolgsensemble handeln könnte. Er besuchte dennoch ein Konzert der Beatles, war vom Re- pertoire der Musiker zwar nicht überzeugt, wohl aber von ihrer Fähigkeit, ein Publikum zu begeistern und mitzureißen. Nach einigen Probeaufnahmen und dem Austausch des Schlagzeugers Pete Best, für den Ringo Starr in die Band kam, überraschte ihn die Band mit un- erwartetem Erfolg. Aber auch mit der Begierde, seine Vorschläge für Arrangements und Instrumentation an- zunehmen und ihn mit eigener Experimentierfreude herauszufordern. So kam Martin sein eigenes Können als Musiker aus einem ganz anderen Bereich zugute und 258 Canterbury Scene er begann, es mit der Musik der Beatles zu kombinieren, Rock mit Pop, Rock mit traditioneller europäischer Kunstmusik, Rock mit Music Hall, Rock mit Folk und weiterem mehr zu verbinden. Bis Mitte der 1960er-Jahre unter diesen Prämissen eine spezifisch britische Rock- musik entstanden war, die mit dem amerikanischen Rock’n’Roll nicht mehr viel zu tun hatte. Aber eben im- mens erfolgreich war und dabei von unglaublichem Ein- fluss auf die Musik überhaupt. Spätestens 1967, mit der Veröffentlichung des Albums »Sergeant Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band«, war die Rockmusik aus der Schmuddelecke des Musikgeschäfts herausgekommen und hatte ihre Bedeutung als Kunstform nicht zuletzt mit dem Wechsel von der billigen Single zur hochwerti- gen LP unterstrichen. Rockmusik war nun auch für das Bürgertum interessant geworden – sie war »in der Mitte der Gesellschaft« angekommen, wie man es Jahrzehnte später ausgedrückt hätte. Exposition: Die Schülerband Die typische europäische Rockband der 1970er-Jahre hat ihren Ursprung in einer Schülerband, die Mitte der 1960er-Jahre gegründet worden war; dies gilt nicht nur für Großbritannien. Rockbands entstanden in den Ober- und Hochschulen, zumal in den Kunstschulen Großbritanniens. Die Eltern dieser jugendlichen Musi- ker hatten den Zweiten Weltkrieg noch am eigenen Leib erfahren, ihre Kinder waren zu Zeiten des Krieges oder kurz danach, in den 1940er-Jahre geboren worden und, so ein nachgerade geflügeltes Wort, »sollten es besser ha- ben«. Hatte bereits der Erste Weltkrieg die Klassen- schranken aufgeweicht, so hatten sich bis in die Zeit kurz nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg andere soziale Maß- stäbe etabliert und dies betraf sowohl Europa wie US- Amerika. »Bildung« war das Zauberwort und blieb es. Das Kleinbürgertum schickte seinen Nachwuchs nicht mehr in die Handwerksbetriebe oder ins Büro, sondern 259 Canterbury Scene auf weiterführende Schulen, verlängerte die Kindheit und erweiterte damit wiederum den freien Raum, in dem sich so etwas wie eine Jugendkultur entwickeln konnte. Ein Ausdruck dieses Bildungswillens war der Musikun- terricht, den ehrgeizige Eltern ihrem Nachwuchs ertei- len ließen, mal nur kurze Zeit, für einige Stunden, mal bis zur Konzertreife. Oft war es das Klavier, an das nun nicht mehr nur die Mädchen gesetzt wurden, sondern auch die Jungen, und aus diesem Heer von jungen männlichen Pianisten stammen viele, die später als Key- board-Instrumentalisten Karriere in der Rockmusik ma- chen sollten, was auch lukrativer schien als eine im Jazz oder in einer Tanzkapelle. Einfache Gitarren, Banjos und Mandolinen waren gängige Geschenke an pubertie- rende Jugendliche, manchmal auch ein einfaches Schlag- zeug oder auch nur eine Snare Drum, immer fand sich jemand, der dem Interessierten die ersten Akkordgriffe, die ersten Songs, die grundsätzlichen Rhythmen zeigte. Ehrgeiz, Konkurrenzdenken und der Druck der Gruppe stachelten die Autodidakten an, die an den Jukeboxes in den Kneipen standen, den amerikanischen Songs ihre Texte, Melodien und Harmonien ablauschten und in mühsamer Kleinarbeit nachahmten. Die Simon Langton Grammar School for Boys in Can- terbury, 1881 gegründet, stand nicht unbedingt im Ruf, eine Schule für die Kinder der unteren Mittelklasse, also des Kleinbürgertums zu sein, hatte sogar mit dem Ver- dacht zu kämpfen, ausschließlich für die obere Mittel- klasse eingerichtet worden zu sein. Ziel der Schule – und ihrer Schwesterschule, der Simon Langton Girl’s 2Jedenfalls nach verbreite- Grammar School – war es aber schon, die Schüler auf ter Ansicht. Robert Wyatt ein Universitätsstudium vorzubereiten. Besucht wurde sah das allerdings anders die Schule von den Kindern der Intellektuellen der Stadt, und berichtete von Prü- die an ihr besonders schätzten, dass sie ihren Kindern gel. ▪ http://www.the-tit- Raum zu freier Entfaltung gab.2 Dazu gehörte nicht un- le.com/artikel_222.html bedingt Rockmusik, sondern eher die traditionelle euro- päische Kunstmusik und eventuell der Jazz. Die zentrale Figur in dieser Prä-Historie des Canterbury 260 Canterbury Scene Rocks ist Robert Wyatt. Wyatts Eltern George Ellidge und Honor Wyatt hatten ein Haus in dem kleinen Ort Lydden bezogen. Lydden liegt südöstlich von Canterbu- ry, aber näher an Dover als an Canterbury. Trotzdem besuchte Robert Wyatt – damals noch Robert Wyatt-El- lidge – die Simon Langton School in Canterbury, offen- sichtlich eine bewusste Entscheidung seiner Eltern. An der Schule lernte er Hugh Hopper, dessen älteren Bru- der Brian Hopper und dessen Klassenkameraden Mike Ratledge kennen. Seinerzeit war Skiffle, eine einfache, auf dem Blues basierende Volksmusik, in England sehr beliebt, und so bildeten die vier Jungen, alle gleicherma- ßen interessiert an Musik, 1957 eine Skiffle Group; in dieser Zeit, Ende der 1950er-Jahre, nichts Außergewöhn- liches, erinnert sei an die Beatles, die etwa zur selben Zeit ebenfalls in Skiffle-Gruppen ihre ersten musikali- schen Gehversuche unternahmen. Wyatt übernahm da- bei die Perkussionsinstrumente Das Haus der Wyatts war so groß, dass sie Räume unter- vermieten konnten. Ende 1960 vermieteten sie ein Zim- mer an einen jungen Mann aus Australien, der zuvor in Paris ein Leben zwischen Bohemie und Hilfsjobs ge- führt hatte. Daevid Allen, so der Name des Australiers, freundete sich mit dem sieben Jahre jüngeren Sohn sei- ner Vermieter an und bestärkte ihn in dessen Wunsch, Schlagzeuger zu werden. Er brachte Robert mit einem seiner Freunde, dem amerikanischen
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