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Determining Gypsum Alabaster Provenance in Sculptural Artefacts

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Determining Gypsum Alabaster Provenance in Sculptural Artefacts macla nº 16. junio ’12 50 revista de la sociedad española de mineralogía Determining Gypsum Alabaster Provenance in Sculptural Artefacts: an Application Example / ELISABET PLAYÀ (1,*), MONTSERRAT INGLÈS (1), LAURA ROSELL (1), MONTSERRAT ORTÍ (1), MONTSERRAT ARTIGAU (2), JOAN YEGUAS (3), ROSA MANOTE (3), JOAN PEY (3) (1) Departament de Geoquímica, Petrologia i Prospecció Geològica, Universitat de BarceLona. C/ Martí i Franqués s/n. 08028 BarceLona (España) (2) Escola Superior de Conservació i Restauració de Béns Culturals de Catalunya. C/ Aiguablava 109-113. 08033 Barcelona (España) (3) Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya; Barcelona (MNAC). PaLau NacionaL Parc de Montjuïc. 08038 BarceLona (España) INTRODUCTION alabaster raw materials in art. The work exploited in Catalonia, Aragon and is supported by a previous knowledge of Valencia (NE Spain) since the Middle The term alabaster has historically the detailed stratigraphy of the exploited Ages. These evaporite units, which are designated both gYpsum aLabaster and evaporite units. The method was tested Tertiary in age, are listed as follows, caLcite aLabaster. Gypsum alabaster, in some gothic, renaissance and from older to younger: a) marine units which is the genuine petrological baroque sculptures, and allowed us to from the South Pyrenean foredeep, alabaster, is a compact, white and fine- clarify contradictory or unknown origins including the Beuda Gypsum and the grained variety of gypsum rocks, which of the alabaster. Òdena Gypsum; b) non-marine units can also display creamish, reddish or from the Catalan margin of the Ebro brownish colours. Thus, in the present Basin, including alabasters from Lilla- manuscript the term alabaster will apply MATERIALS AND METHODS Vilaverd, Sarral and Valldeperes areas; exclusively to gypsum alabaster. c) non-marine units from the central part Two different types of alabaster samples of the Ebro basin, in the Gelsa area Although most of the ancient gypsum have been selected to conduct the mass (Zaragoza); and, d) non-marine unit of quarries are currently abandoned or spectrometry analyses and to compare Ninyerola in the Coastal Depression of have been converted to gypsum the results: a) geological samples from Valencia. exploitations for industrial purposes outcrops or quarries (geological (construction industry), their location is standards), and b) sculptural artefacts. well known, in general. However, the DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS provenance of the raw materials of Some of the quarries in NE Spain whose alabaster sculptures or artistic artefacts gypsum rocks can be considered as The bulk isotopic signatures obtained in is often difficult to establish. The geological standards, were revisited and the geological samples are considered mineralogical, textural and newly sampled in many cases. to be representative of the different compositional characterization, that is Petrographic, stratigraphic, and historical sites where alabaster mandatory in all the studies, is not geochemical data of the geological materials have been extracted since the distinctive in alabaster rocks given that samples were extracted from published Middle Ages in NE Spain. The sulphur most of them display similar features. data of our research group on the and oxygen isotope compositions are Thus, current macro- and microscopic corresponding gypsum units. plotted in Fig. 1. It is widely accepted petrographical studies are not, in that the most reliable isotope indicator general, useful determining tools by The studied alabaster sculptures were in gypsum rocks is sulphur, while oxygen themselves. selected from art pieces kept in the is often deeply affected by local MNAC (Museu Nacional d’Art de controlling factors which modify its The use of sulphate isotope Catalunya; Barcelona), in the monastery original (mother brines) isotope signal. compositions ('34S, '18O) together with of Santa María de Poblet (Tarragona) strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) of and in the basilicas of Manresa and Two main groups of values are defined: alabaster sculptures in order to decipher Cervera (Barcelona) (Table 1). Samples a) the composition of the Beuda and the geological provenance of their raw of the art pieces were obtained with a Òdena Gypsum units fall in a range of materials was tested by Gale et al. microdrill (powdered samples) or with a $34S between +20 and +24‰, which is (1988), Inglès et al. (2009) and special hammer, always avoiding characteristic of Tertiary marine Kloppmann et al. (2011). The objective contamination from the pedestal, the sulphates; and, b) a larger range of of the present work is: 1) to present a polychromy and/or other alien values, from +10 to +17‰, is defined first geochemical (oxygen-sulphur substances (restoration waxes, …). for the Lilla-Vilaverd, Sarral, Valldeperes, isotope) database of the main geological Gelsa and Ninyerola alabasters; these units or areas that lodged the historical HISTORICAL QUARRIES AND EXPLOITED latter values are typical of Triassic alabaster quarries in NE Spain, and 2) to EVAPORITE UNITS sulphates and therefore indicate promote the use of these isotope dissolution and chemical recycling analyses routinely in order to obtain Different alabaster units belonging to processes of Triassic evaporites in non- information about the sources of several geological areas have been marine basins. Thus, this method allows paLabras cLave: Alabastro de yeso, Procedencia, Petrología, Isótopos keY words: Gypsum alabaster, Provenance, Petrology, S and O estables. isotopes. resumen SEM/SEA 2012 * corresponding author: [email protected] macla nº 16. junio ’12 revista de la sociedad española de mineralogía 51 Documented !18O !34S ART PIECE Location Age Author vsmow vcdt us to discriminate between alabaster provenance (‰) (‰) pieces of Beuda and Sarral provenances, Jaume Mother of God MNAC (15873*) XIV U/N +13.5 +21.8 Cascalls i.e. between marine and non-marine Jaume gypsum units of Tertiary age, but it Bust of Christ MNAC (34879*) 1352 U/N +12.9 +21.6 Cascalls? seems to fail to discriminate between Annuntiation Jaume MNAC (9935*) XIV U/N +14.5 +21.5 pieces of non-marine Tertiary units. (altarpiece) Cascalls Nevertheless, some differences are Archangel Bartomeu MNAC (9875*) XIV U/N +15.4 +15.6 Gabriel de Robió observed in these non-marine units Salvador where a general trend to lower sulphur MNAC (24186*) 1440 Pere Joan Gelsa? +16.5 +14.8 (medallion) values is observed: Ninyerola (highest 1334 values) - Sarral - Gelsa - Lilla/Vilaverd Praying cleric 1 MNAC (66168*) - Pere Oller U/N +13.5 +21.4 1345 (lowest values). 1334 Praying cleric 2 MNAC (66169*) - Pere Oller U/N +13.1 +21.4 When the isotopic signatures of the 1345 alabaster pieces are compared with Sepulchre (Hug MNAC Joan de 1327 Beuda +12.1 +15.9 de Cardona) (200412*) Tournai those of the geological raw materials Recumbent Pere (Fig. 1), there is accordance, in general, MNAC (9923*) 1385 U/N +13.2 +21.4 cleric Moragues with the historical documentation. It Altarpiece seems that most of the unknown (funeral MNAC (9933*) XIV Unknown U/N +12.5 +21.2 ceremony) provenances are consistent with a Tertiary marine origin. The studied Mother of God MNAC (4359*) XIV Unknown U/N +12.5 +21.1 pieces documented from Gelsa and Sant Misteri Basilica of Jaume XVIII Sarral +15.7 +15.0 Altarpiece Cervera Padró Sarral areas show similar isotope values Sant Fruitós Basilica of Jaume and therefore the provenance of the XVIII Beuda +12.2 +22.1 figurine (crypt) Manresa Padró alabasters cannot be established with Santa Maria de Aloi de the available data. In this sense, the Royal tombs Poblet XIV Montbrai & Beuda +13.6 +20.8 analyses of more pieces will be monastery J. Cascalls Santa Maria de necessary to prove the method. Damià Major altarpiece Poblet XVI Sarral +15.8 +15.5 Forment monastery However, the most interesting result TabLe 1.OxYgen and suLphur isotopic vaLues of artistic studied pieces. MNAC, Museu CataLunYa (*museum corresponds to the Hug de Cardona stock number). U/ N: Unknown or documentation not found. sepulchre alabaster. Although it has been historically documented as having a Beuda provenance, its isotopic composition is clearly incompatible with this origin, and suggests a Sarral provenance. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present work was funded by the Project CGL2009-11096 and the “Grup Consolidat de Recerca Geologia Sedimentària” 2009-GR451. The authors are grateful to the curators of the artworks for the facilities offered. REFERENCES Gale, N H., Einfaltb, H. C., Hubbertenb, H.W. & Jones, R.E. (1988): The Sources of MYcenaean GYpsum. Journ. ArchaeoL. Sci, 15, 51-12. Inglès, M., Manote, R.M., Ortí, M., Pey, J., Playà, E., Rosell, L. & Yeguas, J. (2009): GeochemicaL methods in aLabaster provenance: an apLication exampLe. IX ASMOSIA Congress Abstracts. Tarragona. KLoppmann, W., BrombLet, P., Leroux, L., Cooper, A., Worley, N. & Guerrot, C. (2011): Origin of European aLabaster artworks assessed through isotope fingerprinting (S, O, Sr). GeophYs. Res. Abstracts, 13, EGU2011-3411. fig 1. Oxygen and sulphur isotopic compositions of the aLabaster units traditionaLLY expLoited for ornamentaL purposes in NE Spain. CircLes, squares and triangLes: studied artworks. .
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