Case Study 6 Quantisation and Quanta After 1905
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Physics Celebrity #24 (Neil's Bohr)
Niels Bohr (Danish) 1885 – 1962) made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics, for which he received Neils Bohr (1885 - 1962) the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr was also a philosopher and a promoter of scientific research. He developed the Bohr model of the atom with the atomic nucleus at the centre and electrons in orbit around it, which he compared to the planets orbiting the Sun. He helped develop quantum mechanics, in which electrons move from one energy level to another in discrete steps, instead of continuously. He founded the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen, now known as the Niels Bohr Institute, which opened in 1920. Bohr mentored and collaborated with physicists including Hans Kramers, Oskar Klein, George de Hevesy and Werner Heisenberg. He predicted the existence of a new zirconium-like element, which was named hafnium, after Copenhagen, when it was discovered. Later, the element bohrium was named after him. He conceived the principle of complementarity: that items could be separately analysed as having contradictory properties, like behaving as a wave or a stream of particles. The notion of complementarity dominated his thinking on both science and philosophy. During the 1930s, Bohr gave refugees from Nazism temporary jobs at the Institute, provided them with financial support, arranged for them to be awarded fellowships from the Rockefeller Foundation, and ultimately found them places at various institutions around the world. After Denmark was occupied by the Germans, he had a dramatic meeting in Copenhagen with Heisenberg, who had become the head of the German nuclear energy project. -
Niels Bohr 31 Wolfgang Pauli 41 Paul Dirac 47 Roger Penrose 58 Stephen Hawking 68 Schrodinger
Philosophy Reference, Philosophy Digest, Physics Reference and Physics Digest all contain information obtained from free cites online and other Saltafide resources. PHYSICS REFERENCE NOTE highlighted words in blue can be clicked to link to relevant information in WIKIPEDIA. Schrodinger 2 Heisenberg 6 EINSTEIN 15 MAX PLANCK 25 Niels Bohr 31 Wolfgang Pauli 41 Paul Dirac 47 Roger Penrose 58 Stephen Hawking 68 Schrodinger Schrodinger is probably the most important scientist for our Scientific Spiritualism discussed in The Blink of An I and in Saltafide..Schrödinger coined the term Verschränkung (entanglement). More importantly Schrodinger discovered the universal connection of consciousness. It is important to note that John A. Ciampa discovered Schrodinger’s connected consciousness long after writing about it on his own. At the close of his book, What Is Life? (discussed below) Schrodinger reasons that consciousness is only a manifestation of a unitary consciousness pervading the universe. He mentions tat tvam asi, stating "you can throw yourself flat on the ground, stretched out upon Mother Earth, with the certain conviction that you are one with her and she with you”.[25]. Schrödinger concludes this chapter and the book with philosophical speculations on determinism, free will, and the mystery of human consciousness. He attempts to "see whether we cannot draw the correct non-contradictory conclusion from the following two premises: (1) My body functions as a pure mechanism according to Laws of Nature; and (2) Yet I know, by incontrovertible direct experience, that I am directing its motions, of which I foresee the effects, that may be fateful and all-important, in which case I feel and take full responsibility for them. -
Quantum Mechanics
The Cosmic Machine The Cosmic Machine The Science That Runs Our Universe and the Story Behind It Scott Bembenek San Diego Copyright © 2016 Scott Bembenek All rights reserved. This book was professionally published by the author Scott Bembenek through Zoari Press. This book or parts thereof may not be reproduced in any form, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or otherwise – without prior written permission of the author. If you would like to seek written permission, or have other questions about the book, contact the author at: scottbembenek.com The Cosmic Machine: The Science That Runs Our Universe and the Story Behind It Published by Zoari Press San Diego, CA, USA ISBN: 978-0-9979341-0-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016913451 First Edition Printed in the United States of America For Ariana and Zoey, May you find the answers to all of life’s difficult questions. About the Author scottbembenek.com Scott Damian Bembenek grew up in the small town of Delavan, Wisconsin (population of approximately 5,000 at that time). Scott’s passion for science began around the age of five. Throughout his childhood, “science” took on a variety of forms, involving such things as batteries, circuits, magnets, anything electronic, insects, frogs, toads, salamanders, turtles, fish, etc. He conducted new “experiments” on a weekly (sometimes daily) basis, much to the astonishment of his (exceptionally patient) mother. Scott attended Carroll College (now Carroll University) in Waukesha, Wisconsin. There he further pursued his interest in chemistry, especially organic chemistry.