,-./ *+ # / (() " # $%&  ! /      /       

?(Acanthiophilus helianthi ) 7809 :; < =2 >  6 0 12 3 4 05 0 Empoasca decipiens B0"8 ( Uroleucon carthami ) 7809 @A!

H  * EF G , @62 0;8 %6 ? *, 4 C D

( // :    
// :    )

F I& :O; @O 6  < P  20 @  9 J +  >   =C  N ? F!   M   = L !0K (0& F   K  JA!  ? 780 9 9 3 O4 0O5  O0 S @ . > F! P F N4 > + FG @ 0" 12 3 4 Q +0!  D+ @ ( Acanthiophilus helianthi ) 7809 ? WV ? /V ? UV $ O!  P  4 T #  @* Q +0!  + P 7809 :; D+ @ 7809 < P < =2 *  >   6 0 12  "8 @[  8 @ 7809 G 4  014 @   \4 $ [ B ]0 ^ +  A YZ[ 0 X4 >4  0 X4 0A  ,-V ,,V O O4 F O+ 09 ! d  E <c @ *  H >SK  Yb +0#0[ 3[ 0C  <0[ ^ + a\8 ?   P 3 4 _` 0  . F! Empoasca decipiens B0"8 ? Uroleucon carthami @A! F 8 4 P >  6 @Ab > N C FO8 ! d  Q +0!  @[   8 T + A 8 . F+ 09 09 F8 7809 :; Q4 7809  K < =2 Fc *  8 7809 :; 0OA O ,-V )F+F!  12 3 4 Q + 0!  ( @4  @A! ,gU /U/ ) @A! ( 4 0  :; H/-. ) 7809 :; >  6 *  0f[FC Q+ 0O!  0O  @O F+FO! I2 3 4 . >! 0  @ * 8  7809 @8 0I  3  I2 3 4 .  6 ( 0X4 > 4  0 X4 3 4  C J+  . F+ 09 P 0I  Fc -V /H- 3  7809 :; i\X 7809 < P >  6 3 + * h6 F8 ! d  @0c *8 (P k0\  ? >!  0  @  <0C > 6 =8 3  @ J+ 0 Z 0  X4 >4  0  X4 0A  /V I2 jF8 Fc 0S8  7809 :; < =2 $mFC . > + 3   12 3 4 05l4 >G4 B0"8 >  6 0 J+  J &  . F!  +6  * O 8 (  OA1  09O  [ ,g./ /U) F!  ! d  Q + 0!  01  0f[FC ( Fc ,U /.g )  ! d  F Q + 0!  K 9NP .F! $c C 0 X4 >4  0 X4 0A  /V   P

01  ? 12 ?7809 :; ?7809 : F  n

=>9"'? @A *'!" *E D %" C') )  B?, *" @ Fe .( ,  ) !" 8  "F 40 0$   !" #$% Carthamus tinctorius L .  /34   " *'G0 /"H'$ , 6 % IJ! ) *'+$ , %! -' . /"012 ) /34 &506 &'() D , 8P5 /0''$ /O K' ) 040$ $L BML N!") ';5" ) 40 ) -%,$" . 09 #$ 6 *78$ &5 ) "  -*11 *'G0 &506 B Q3$ , *9) #$ B "H5 B?, &" < '+'  =>9"'? @A &5*'!" & % /3+E" #871E -U6" &%,6S -*T6" #!19 -6R #)$ , 8!" K' ) . /3+E" #871E -U6" &%,6 -*P6" X> YZE" &8 &0W6" .V bhatami @cc .iut .ac .ir :#P',8PG" ( X>P$ [0\($ : *



,-./ *+ # / ( () " # $%&  ! /      /       

/01S !" -*9 s8t$ /5 '  X L ' 7;4 ) # T6M C1 "  , B'A -*]8$ X^" .HP$ /8!,*15 &506 dU$ X(M , ' 7;4 ) # T6M C1 h" ) # 1>$ #9"H #E" B`0$ S *" - " /6 5 #!) .()*15 #$ _'P6 . *9) #; N8!  /"  "   Q3$ L /"012 )  '  , /"" a0bM )  '$,M &506  ) #T 6M C1 h" # !) v ' q] B  " & "4" %" u*5 "G c"9 ) /L &%! , -' B" / 0) #$0) .()*9) #$ . 0) /L #G;8R" X L  ! ,  dU$ X(M *9) #$ $ 06   -' X"%'8$" ;4 %" /"" #;'F" - '  B  " ' !(R ;4 %" * ' G0 XZT6$ # M) [R B  " )  M   dU$ ;4 %" X L , 5 &; ') # M) ) Acanthiophilus helianthi Rossi (Dip .: Tephritidae )  gF", /3+E" # 871E -U6" #q ' q] 2H$  C $%L  fW" /3+E" # F9 @014 &8$0' OD  )L sW w0G .() !" -*9 /L *'G0  ,*]$ ) W1$ @L &"" /"  " & ") & *1) Q' (q v>` qJ1$ B  " Q 'F" .*9 ) , *9) # $  Q3$ X L %" #T  dU$ h" .(
) !" f  ' () , r6 M Q' F" ) #) ' ) ;'  &"05, ) #9e;! f*2 X0E  , *1S # $ ;R 6S    # ]$ - 0  X L X(M , ' 7;4 ) & ' )L C1 . *1 #$ ",  &5 " ) & % X(M f,"*$ , gF0$ OD,D D D yD _$9 & ' )L ; ' x1 )  !0S *!) Q5 *E D ) !" BP;$  ) - ", X(M w0) Y` r   A NZS  ' t> 6 %"  ' t> 8$ #'$  *"08) !" BT;$ & ' )L ;4 %" # 2"% [;2" #M) .() /$% %" .   "F # !) 0$ "T ! ) # b _$S *9) 89" 'hi  dU$ - ", X(M /"H ' $ , '7;4 5 sb & ' )L C1 IJ! 5   B8  F! ) =,9 X(M /"H ' $  !" BT;$ #G! .6M =0F, S & 0` ) ) N0+ ' S CS -6R ) 8$ × 7)" ) #6 $%L XS [j$ /"012 ) . *9) " 'hi  dU$ ;4 %" , X L )  *   # 9e;! # 7|0$ X0E ) "H5  V {? *'G0 &, k0! 'hi ("  VDDO [! #G! .6M y _$9 #6$%L X 5 .  ( q$ -*6 # 9e;! GR ) . (V ) *   /L P;2 C5 l2) , 9" Xm [0b]$ &, 0) E , 8$ #8! Vy s   E ) &8$ s  ;4 %" #5' &5 &;') , X L %" #n7) X(M -,Z2  '9R /"012 ) &1 s  V 0) 8$ #8! y s    >1 -%0 ? f Xm "0M F! Xm #," "0M F! X+E ;5 B''7 &") /L #'$ s   O , *9 8  { 03o B'1A Q5 .(V )  C"H " H' Xm #U8M0! , .5 '! 8+5 65 X*$  . *9 # !) X"6R ' 7;4 , #2"%   ""*L G "  VDD [!  X L X(M ,  ( -$ " $ f, 8+5 )  B8  F! ) /$% %" &" ) 0; . 0 ) p0)$ qJ1$ /L  #G! .6M =0F, ) ( VV )/8!,*15  89 ' 7;4 ( -$ 3$ f, 8+5 ) #6 "% *9 f;" " /6 "H [0b]$ &, rA 06S  -*9 fW" #!) A. )  dU$  Uroleucon carthami Hille Ris Lambers . # $0$ 89 _$9 s8t$ X L X(M X*9 #*) C5 ) ( Marsh .) Brevicoryne brassicae L . -%"*" Empoasca decipiens Paoli wW% , (helianthi .6e9  Q Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus ) y %" - +8!" )  dU$ , wW% '7;4 . *9 &' "0M -  .!0! ,  Meligethes spp . .*   ,L) XS5 # '$ &5 s   8+5  / % 0 X0E  S *9 f07$ , ( 
)   C"H "  - U6  $%L ) [q8" , 0) V # b @t8" ) 89 '7;4 /P$" ( -$ ') &^0 4 -$ #` 06S B  "  #G! .6M =0F,   & 5 -%0? X(M *E . *9 ;9 8+5 5 04, P;2 C5 ,  "* 04, -' c!0 X(M Q'$   ,^ ) - 0GL & 5 -%0? ;9 ) H '  #6 "% *9 /  'hi 1 ' $%  S # +8t$ X7GJ$ 04, ) .( 
) 9" *5" 0M

DD

... 7809 :; < =2 >  6 0 12 3 4 05 0 c "9 B  K!1$ (' t> 6 %"  ' t> 8$ #'$ D  D ) XS 5  # b @t8" ) 0) y   dU$ - '+9 C5S ) W1$ /0A  *9) { B  " %"  & ' )L &") fU15  XS5  H '   ) T;2 .*  >!]$ OD) *  *9 & 5 C1 %" , *    89 "*7  #>( %" - +8!" ) 5 - " _ ' ] ,  HW .*  # !) 9" ) 89 * *9 / ' <` /0A  @184" !" f%^ (8$ #'$ .*9 fW" MSTATC , SAS &5"H " f *R %" C ' ) & ' )L B'1A Q5 . *9 *5"0M l2) "  *"0 #$ ( ' t> 6 %"  ' t> 8$ #'$ yD %" d & ')L ) pG T + A8 , #6  , *9 C  "H " _ ' G ) " 5 89 ' 7;4 C "H " h" -*15 /6 X L ;9 ) p0)$ d ",  HW [,*4 C "H " # E" 2 B 'qq]$ .(VD) *1S W  " X%" @4 C "H " ,  dU$ , 89 "*7 ) #T6M ; ' " #17$  '' < " # T6M C1   #G! .6M W' 8  X L '7;4 # 9e;! h" B'1A Q5 .( [,*4 ) 0) E . decipiens wW% /5 '    %" , & *1F X> ' S C  "H " , #5 '  &5 /€ %,)  # T6M C1 _ )q8$ h" . 0) " #17$ X L '7;4 &, & 5 # !) J)" B  "  .(O) *1" # $ # T6M C1 h"  wW% ' 7;4 %"  ' ? X L ;5 ' 7;4 & , #9e;! ' 7;4 C "H " K40$ ^) &5 C1 S *" - " /6 s8t$ -*9 # 9e;! &5; ' h" }"5o . 0) " #17$ E. decipiens [j$ & ") .  # $ XZ?  ' { #5 '  &5 /)H ' $ & , 5 89 "*7 { %" # T6M C1 s8t$ Y0J!  -*6 # 9e;! , #P6M &5 -, S * S "H (V) S", , (V
)#G ", h" , # 9e;!  # T6M C1 B'1A Q5 . * 0) /(T  wW% Toxoptera graminum Rond . " ( ) f*1 H>! 89 /'<` h~$   " T;2 & , #9e;!  # T6M C1 _)q8$ ) H>! 89 "*7 ) H>! 89 Q " S & 0` ) *1 #$ 0q . (V [,*4 ) 0) #P6M C1 ] /5' &, ( F! .6M /%, f &"%"

#8F, H>! 89 ) f*1 # 0GL U  X>2 ) . 09 #$ 86') @A! F4 =0F, .  # $ 86') *9) #P6M C1 •7$  2H$ / 0) " #17$ , ( [,*4 )d  ",  HW [,*4 N!" ) &, 89 '7;4 C"H "  ) H '  .A 06  #G! .6M C1 _)q8$ h" , # 9e;! h"  # T6M C1 h" g)1$ d ", P$L , " G"  .(VO) 0) -";5 XZ? ="H$  f*1 . 0) " # 17$ U. carthami 89 "*7 ) #9e;!  #T6M f*1 P;2 C5 ) 
,y &5 [! #G! .6M Q5 , # T6M C1 ) /L _)q8$ X"h" , s8t$ &5 8+5 B'1A Q5 Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj .) ] #!, 89 '7;4 C"H " , [ 2 . 9" 89 "*7 ) " #17$ , X,+8$ X"h" #9e;! .(y)*9 -";5 X" '' < , # "05 , @L c  "9 'hi !" BT;$ =0|0$ B "  # T6M C1 _)q8$ X"h" [,*4 |R C5,„  .*9) 5 89 ) < , *9 c']$ ) # 9e;! c  "9  S " /6 Q5 (O [,*4 ) #9e;!  89 "*7 B'U ' $ B^) -*6 # 9e;! c  "9  & ' )L s8t$ &5; ' B') 5 89 ' 7;4 B8  B ' ) %" _ 'G (' t> 6 %"  ' t> 8$ #'$ OD•D) # T6M C1 c "9 Q5 s8t$ 8+5 65  . "* 04, #bt6$ *,  .(O [,*4 )*   -*56$ s8t$ &5 8+5  # !0 ) c "9  # G, 9"* 04, & ' )L &5; '  B ' ) # Z8M" B ^)  H '  ( 8+5 ) -*9 ;9 &5 8+5 ;5  =0;W$  , # T6M *  *9 C1  89 "*7 jS"*R -*6 #9e;! # 9e;! c  "9  &" ) 0; X*$  89 ' 7;4 B 'U '$ -*56$ QW1  f0! &5 C1  s8t$ &5 8+5 %"  ' t> 8$ #'$ OD) *  *9 # T6M &5 C1  , -*6 H '  8+5   89 ' 7;4 B 'U ' $ B^) .(O [,*4 )*  w*" C1 *! # $ { ) .(O[,*4 ) *9 -*56$ (' t> 6

D

,-./ *+ # / ( () " # $%&  ! /      /       

7809 < P M ! :8 + @ +*"4  F6 . ,  F6 X7)$ B'U '$ & "%L 4 X" '' < g)1$ wW%  dU$ 89 E. decipiens A. helianthi U. carthami D/DO D/DD V/
 V "T /V ** D/
** y
/ **  #T6M C1 (
O /y) ( /

) (yO /

) D/DV D/DV /D
 a &JM D/
 * D/ ** V
y / **  #9e;! (y/y ) ( ) (

/ ) D/O D/OV **
 / **  #9e;! × C1 (V/V ) (OV ) (D /D
) D/O D/D / D b &JM

/V ** V/O **
 / **  8+5 ( / ) (VO ) (
 /)

D/yy ** D/Vy ** VD / ** V C1 × 8+5 (/ ) (Vy ) (V /OO ) /y ** D/O ** 
/y **  #9e;! × 8+5 (
/O ) (O ) ( /
) D/
** D/V **  /Dy ** V #9e;! × C1 × 8+5 (/D ) (V ) ( / )

D/O D/DD D/ D c &JM *E y , *E  [;8R" IJ!  " #17$ K' ) :* , ** .*19) #$ ( JM X7)$ B'U '$ ) >( g>1$ X7)$ B'U '$ >( ) -*9 >!]$ F   q$ H8" _M" "*2"

"*7 ) # 9 e;!  # T6M C1 _)q8$ h" , # 9e;! h" S *5 #$ /6 O [,*4 . 0) *  *9  ' () QW1 C1  & 5 8+5 B'1A Q5 . !" " #17$ A. helianthi  dU$ 8+5  ) #5 _ %" _>F /$%  a0bt) gF0$ ) #9e;! X"h" # 9e;! , # T6M C1 ) /L _)q8$ X"h" , s8t$ ) *9) # $ h~$ 89 "*7 C5S ) (&" ) 0; f3A X"h" [,*4 .([,*4 ) 9"  dU$ "*7 ) #,+8$ # 9e;! c  "9  &86 ' )  ' () 89 "*7 -"0;5 S &0` S *5 #$ /6 H' ([,*4 ) # 9e;! , # T6M C1 _)q8$ . 09 #$ -*  -*6 ) !" - 0) h~$  dU$ "* 7 C5S ) #9e;! -*6 #9e;! c"9  &86 ' )  dU$ "*7 S &0` 7809 :; c "9  # T6M C1 s8t$ Y0J! (q$ .*  -*56$ # T6M C1 h" S " /6 ( [,*4 )d ",  HW [,*4

DV

... 7809 :; < =2 >  6 0 12 3 4 05 0

Q+0!  7809 :; @ K 9NP Fc 7809 01  J;8  @=+ e  F6 . H  F6 aAX 12 3 4  4 F8 ! d  F! ! d  k"%" ) T;2 C5S *E " T;2 ) -%0? # 0GL *E VC1 #9e;! C1 IJ! C"H " (8T5  f0'S )  dU$ D 
DD ab y/O f  •y/
* 
 /ya D /VO de V / y
V /yb /
def O -*9 #9e;! D/O y
D /yb /ef  OV D
V /ye 
/c y

y a /yb B'U'$ >( T;2 C5S *E #9e;! )  / D OV /yd V /O cd   /V •/y* O /yc y /
c V V V / Vy e Oy /
 a O -*6 #9e;! O / / Dy e Oy a  V / OD /VO yD f Vy /yb y

VV / Vy b V / a B'U'$ .*19) #$ LSD /0$%L %" - +8!" ) *E y IJ!  &$L uZ8M" *F w86$ uR &"" &5 B'U '$ /08! 5  •  .*9) #$ A NZS 't> 6 %" 't>8; ''$ OD , D D D yD %" d & ')L _$9 K' ) y   &5 C1 • V .*9) #$ C1 IJ! C"H " ) T;2 C"H " -*15 /6 #+1$ $Z2

12 aAX  3 4 F8 ! d  F! ! d  Q+0!  @4 0  U. carthami @A! F4  J;8  @=+ e . -  F6 5 8+5 B 'U '$  8+5  8+5
8+5 y 8+5  8+5 O 8+5 V 8+5   8+5 VC1 #9e;! g e g e e g e g f / D D
 / 
/
 D D D/ D/
  h e g g g f e g f / D D /  /  / D D D/ V hi de g g h f e g f / D/  D / D / D D D O #9e;! f d f f h e e g f / / 
 / / D D/ D D/ D  -*9 i de g h g g e f f D/ D/ D/
 D
/

D D / D y

b b b b b b b b b
/ D/
/ /D / / D / D/

B'U '$

c b c c a c c b d  / 
 /  / 

/

D/  /  /
D/

/  e c e f f d b c c  / /
 / / /   /
/  /
 / V d d d d d a a e a  /   / D / 

/   /  / 
/  D/ O #9e;! b a b b b a c d e  /  
 /D   /   / 
/   /
 / D/  /D  -*6 a ab a a c a d a b  /  

/
 /
 /  / 
/   /  /  
/ y

DO /
a 
/DV a  /a O /O a V /O a VD /
a yV /
a 
 /yO a  / a B'U '$ .*19) #$ LSD /0$%L %" - +8!" ) *E y IJ!  &$L uZ8M" *F w86$ uR &"" &5 B'U '$ /08! 5  . .*9) #$ A NZS 't> 6 %" 't>8$ #'$ OD , D  D  D  yD %" d & ')L _$9 K' ) y   &5 C1 .V

DO

,-./ *+ # / ( () " # $%&  ! /      /       

12 aAX  3 4  F8 ! d  F! ! d  Q +0!  4 0  7809 :; F4  J;8  @= + e .q  F6 5 8+5 B 'U '$  8+5  8+5
8+5 y 8+5  8+5 O 8+5 V 8+5  8+5 C1 #9e;! D/ f /  cd /
d /
e /
f Db D c D/ b Dd  D/h D e D/  e /
e D/  g Db D c Dc Dd
f e d c e b c c d #9e;! D/  D /
/ /  D D D D  -*9 D/ g D e D/  e /  d /
f Db D c Dc Dd  D/
 i D e D/  e Dg D/  fg Db D c Dc Dd

D/ b D/
b / b /
 b b Db D b D/b Db  

D/ e
/ a D/  e D/  f
/
 d Db Dc D/b Dd  c e c c c b c c a #9e;! / D / 
/
 / D D
/ 
-*6 /
 d /
d
/
 b
/
b
/ d D c D/ b D/
c 
/Db
/
 b
/
 b
/
b /  a /
a D/ b /a Dd 
/ a / c
/  a / a /
b /
a / a /  a
/
 b

/ a / a / a
/  a / a D/  a D/ a D/  a /Da   .*19) #$ LSD /0$%L %" - +8!" ) *E y IJ!  &$L uZ8M" *F w86$ uR &"" &5 B'U '$ /08! 5  . .*9) #$ A NZS 't> 6 %" 't>  8$ #'$ OD , D  D  D  yD %" d & ')L _$9 K' ) y   &5 C1 .V

, 0) .  #$ O. nubilalis Xm #," "0M F! <   dU$ "*7 C  "H " -*15 /6 -*6 #9e;! K!1$   q$ W' 8 " X"6R )   0! X,q$ H ' ()/Z "*7 jS"*R S & 0` )  0) # T6M C1 C  "H " W'8 H' () /"T;5 , wS . * 0; / ' ) +( , 0 /€,8 ' OD , D # 17  *  *9 # T6M C1 c  "9   dU$ ' 7;4 C5S l2) " +(  , X%" K!1$ K' S  .( [,*4 )*   -*56$  ' t> 6 %"  ' t> 8$ #'$ .*" - S Sm "HS fF" &, Brevicoryne brassica e (L.) 89 C1 IJ! %" 86 ' ) # 8R ' 7;4 8$ #'$ OD *  *9 C1 %" #T " # T6M C1 B ' qq]$ %" # M) S !" # GR  B " C1 C  "H " H '  U  /5 '  # n7) 0$  . 0) 8$ #'$ D /5 '   ub$  , ub$ QS E12 @4 C5S _$"02 () …1 ' G }Zj$ !" -*    L ' 7;4 C  "H " K40$ , ub$ QS E12 @4 C5S B ")1) .( , O ) *1" #$ Xm #," "0M F! fS X(M S S "H ' 7;4 C  "H " *"0 # $ # T6M C1 _ ' G*) - '   ub$ - 0) 86') .6M &5 [! #` Ostrinia nubi lalis ( Hubner ) .*9) 89" #  " - ' ) 86 ') X(M , X"6R E12 [ 7 / 0M Q5 ) *! # $ { ) [R 5 ) . !" " 3L / ' $ Q3$ X,+ r   dU$ , 89 ' 7;4 ( q$ c "9   dU$ ' 7;4 C  "H " _$2 - '   #"? # 9e;! c  "9  89 "*7 _F"*R S !" B " /L , " /6 *"0 #$ #"? E12 [ 7 }^0;7$ S "A *9) # T6M C1 ( O [,*4 ) *   -*56$  ' t> 8$ #'$ D & ' )L IJ!  -*6 @4 S & 0` ) () *5 C  "H " " X"6R ) $,q$ -*6 #9e;! c "9  (  [,*4 )  dU$ "*7 _F"*R #G, Q( ' G0)8$ *"0 #$ # T6M C1 ] E12 86 ' )   8;S B  " 2 *! # $ { ) . *  -*56$ 8$ #'$ yD & ' )L IJ!   -`t$ W  " l2) , - "  '' < " #5 '   0h   'G," %" - +8!"  , -6R , B  "  < -0]  X,+ =0|0$ , /Z .  - '   X"6R X(M ) _;]   $,q$ yD %" d & ' )L )   % & ' )L . *9) #5 '  E12 , "0$ C5S ) W1$ Xm K!1$  < S *18   (V)/"T;5

D

... 7809 :; < =2 >  6 0 12 3 4 05 0

%" B8(4 & , 34 5 wW% %", ' )F , g ! " &86 ' ) #6  , *9 X% " @4 C  "H " ) (' t> 8$ #'$ -*9 # 9e;! &5 Ct) %" 3L # 4 )4 , # 9e;! X"h" [0]$ X%" IJ! , #5 '  - ' 9 /"H ' $ C "H " . *1S # $ Q5" 5 8+5 86 ' )   *9 K40$ 5 XS -*6 # 9e;! ) & ") #G, (Vy) !" 5 89  < , *9 K!1$ †) )  ) >( 3L QS"  # 9e;! h" %" # 9 " #17$ X,+ C' ) C1 C  "H " ) 8>G" . ( '  @0J$ }^;8R"  dU$ .*' 04, ) -*6 #9e;! c "9 /L 2 S    C  "H " -), 89 ' 7;4 8$ #'$ D %" dU$ ,  89 uZM) #P6M **9 C1 .() *9) - '  $,q$  h~$ E12 @ 4 C5S *"0 #$ B86') , *  ‡W% "*7 C5 ) W1$  H>! 89 0; , _j$ * ' G0 C  "H " S S "H (Vy) /*$" /, 't> 6 %" 't> 8$ #'$ yD ) &')L  ‡W% "*7 X%" IJ! C "H " ) &  % /"H '$ ) (Myzus persica e)05 C5 ) W1$ #P6M C1 *! #$ { ) . *  -*56$ }^;8R" S #G  R  . !" 8 ()", †) )  [0 ]$ #U8+5 #9e;! B" B;|   #$ ‡W% B" '7;4   , ( '  8()", =0|0$ B  " )  dU$ _j$ * 'G0 #T6M 'hi . (' h~$ /"*1A /L '7;4 /"H'$ C5  B' ) #  Z8M" K40$ B  ")1) , *5 #$ /6 #+1$ C1S", - +8!" f*2 ) p0)$ }^;8R" H ' wW% '7;4 C5S  ) 40 ) *! #$ { ) [R 5 ) . *9 -6R, B  " '7;4 *  *9 C1 c  "9  /)H ' $ - '  "0$ %" -6R B  " @0J$  ' t> 8$ #'$ D  D ,* R %" d & ')L  T;2 # ';' 9 "0$ /"H ' $ *  *9 C1  S "A !" #T6M  & ' )L & ") 8$ #'$ yD %"  K!1$  ' t> 6 %" C5S K40$ $" B " , (  ) *)  #$ C  "H " #5 ' 0h .*9) , /" . 09 #$ /L ' 7;4 C5S W '8  ,  < Empoasca decipiens "*7 S * S "H 0$ M & , Q5 (  )H$ ', B0"8 & ')L /"H '$ ) Erythroneura variabilis Beamer wW% " #17$ 'hi -*15 /6 (  [,*4 ) d  ",  HW [,*4 E. decipiens C5S ) W1$ # T6M C1 S & 0] ) 9" >j$ J)" ‡W% "*7 ) # 9e;! , #T6M C1 .*  ˆ0 0 '7;4 8+5 _)q8$ h" H'  , &" ) 0; & 5 8+5 . 0) X"h" [,*4 . * 0) " #17$ #P6M C1 ) &" ) 0;

7809 :; @  K 9NP Fc  *5 #$ /6 (y [,*4 ) #9e;! , #P6M C1 _)q8$  5 8+5 _  ‡W% 86') "*7 -*56$ 04, )  ) #P6M C1 c"9   dU$ 86') 0nR _'G ) , -*9 #9e;! ;' /'$ uZ8M" -*9 #9e;! c"9 H' 5 -%0? # 0GL *E C"H " #P6M C1 IJ! C"H " ) . 0> '(+ _)F s8t$ & 5 8+5  -*6 #9e;!  dU$ ) 5 -%0? # 0GL j "*R &0` ) * 9 -*  ; '   5 8+5 #M)   & 5 XS &" 0 8$ #'$ D) f3A , ( ' t> 8$ #'$ D) f0! ;'  "*7 -*6 #9e;! ; '  5 8+5 #M) , -*9 #9e;! .(V [,*4 ) *9 -*56$ #9e;! /,*) c"9 , ('t> %" - '  *9 ' 7|, }"5o .* 0) " " " ‡W% &86') ( *E y/O)  dU$ ) 5 -%0? #  0GL /"H'$ B8; , (  ) # 8t! , wS , % "*7 }Zj$ ) r€0G0  0 $ { 't> 8$ #'$ yD) #P6M C1 f*2 , #9e;! c"9  H'  S ( #5 '  )  040$ "0$ , E12 )r€0G0 H' uZ8M" -*6 # 9e;! c  "9  . *9 -* ( 't> 6 %" ] *9) 89" #!!" Cq *"0 #$ wW% g , @4 D %" d & ' )L ) ' t> 8$ #'$ D%" d & ' )L SR }^;8R" B'1A Q5 .  '# ; "F # 9e;! ; '  'hi dU$ ) 5 -%0? # 0GL *E { %" ' t> 8$ #'$

Dy

,-./ *+ # / ( () " # $%&  ! /      /       

F! ! d  Q +0!  09 0C 4 0  Empoasca decipi ens B0"8 F4  J;8  @= + e .U  F6 aAX  3 4 F8 ! d  5 8+5 B'U '$  8+5  8+5
8+5 y 8+5  8+5 O 8+5 V 8+5  8+5 C1 #9e;! a b a de f cd c a a
/
/
/ /  /
/  / 
/ /  -*9 #9e;! b a b ef a bc f c e / 
/
/  /
/

/
 D/D
 D/
 D/

b bc de cd cd ef cd a c / / D/
/ 
/  D/ /
/ /  bc bc c bc b ab ef c d / / D/ 
/ /
/ D/ D D/  d d cd a g ef de c c / /
D/
/  D/ D/  D/ D /

a a a a a a b a a /
/ /D / 
/ / D/ D/  /  B'U '$

b a e ab f de cd b b /
/ D
/ /
/
/ D/ /  e e cd ef d f de c d D/ D/ D/ /

/
 D/
 D/  D /

-*6 #9e;! bc cd a f bc cd cd b e / /  / D/ 
/
/
/ D/  D/
  b d cd ef e a b a d / /
D/ /
/ / 
/
 /  D/   cd bc e cd g f a c b / / D / D/ D/

/
D
/

b b b a a a a a a /
/  D/ / / / / D/ / B'U '$ .*19) #$ LSD /0$%L %" - +8!" ) *E y IJ!  &$L uZ8M" *F w86$ uR &"" &5 B'U '$ /08! 5  . .*9) #$ A NZS 't> 6 %" 't>  8$ #'$ OD , D  D  D  yD %" d & ')L _$9 K' ) y   &5 C1 .V

Q3$ 8T . 09 86 ' ) 5 -%0? /, )  dU$ &5,^ ) S *5 #$ /6 KJ$ B  " , 0) *E VD ,*R  & 5 -%0? "*7 # T6M C1 c  "9  S !" B  " U    ' t> C  "H " X0E ) # T6M C1 *R", VD C "H " B' ;5 T1 " ) 40 ) , 09 #$ _ ' T6   &8;S ) 40 ) .*) # $ C  "H " *E VD5 -%0? #  0GL  & ')L *" dU$ ,^ m0+ & ") &   % d9 H '  -%0? QS "*7 , -*9 #9e;! c"9  -%0? # 0GL *E B'U ' $ .  #$ **6 5 -%0? # 0GL *E /"H '$ B")1)  #9e;!  0) *E V/ , /y S -*6 #9e;! & 5 -%0? # 0GL  &*E y C5 ) W1$ =0;W$ @8 0I  # 9e;! x  8 B  " ) 40 ) . *   dU$ )  C5  -*6 # 9e;! , -*9 #9e;! c"9  #P6M C1 # S  89 uZM )   dU$ [81S & ") #U8+5  #0E ) (V [,*4 ) 9" -";5 ) "  " P;2 dU$ ,^ , Qt / 0) # +t$ }^;8R" =0|0$ B  " 2 . ( ' 8$ #'$ D ) #P6M ‡*" C1   P;2 j "*R ) Q! K!1$ 0M) f*2 ,  &5 8S") B ' )   C1 c"9  " P;2 _F"*R , ( 't> 6 %" 't> *"0 #$ ‰G) & 5 dU$ %", , #4 )4 ' )F   , 3L . *9 -*56$ ( 't> 6 %" 't> 8$ #'$ OD ) #P6M **9 "0$ # S @4 _ ' G ) - '   < 0>;S c  "9  .*9) Q5 (  ' t> 8$ #'$ yD %" d ) *R %" C ' ) & ' )L S B  " 8T # T H' , & 8M! & 5 $,q$ %" & ' () - '  c! 0 #"? ) 40 ) . ( '  @0J$ " T;2 { %"  &") C1  }^;8R" #J"9 B'1A .() , #$ _' ] - '  -*9 # 9e;! c  "9   " T;2 B 'U ' $ uZ8M" m0+ ' )F !" BT;$ B  ")1) , *  L# $ C '  #T6M

D

... 7809 :; < =2 >  6 0 12 3 4 05 0

# $%  *9> K!1$  &") 9S   B  " *! #$  f0 ' S Vy ) -*6 # 9e;! , ( 8T5  f0 ' S y ) dU$ ) >(  - '  %" # $F"  # >!1$ $,q$ S dU$ , 89 '2 #9 e;! *! # $ { ) ( V [,*4 ) ( 8T5 !" BT;$ # 2"% @,1  [R B  " ) . 09 8M19   f0' OVD)  " P;2 C"H " ) W1$  *9> Q5" -$ *1+!"   fU15 ,% 6S /T$" /'<` -*6 #9e;! c "9  **9 # P6M C1 .*9 (8T5  #G, . !" ' E0 _)F f,q$ &5 8  ", %" - +8!" B ")1) P;2 C5 l2) , ,L # $ Q5" " X"6R , X L -*6 "H  dU$ )  %" # $,q$ 8  ", /01S **9 #P6M C1 %" !" f%^ K' B*) . 09 #$  S #8' 7|,  , |R [R  B ")1) .( V , D ) !" ) -,Z2 #P6M ‡*" C1 [R B" ) .  H'5   -6R @0J$ 'hi f*2 Q? # 2  " =0'9  dU$   " -";5 ) " X"6R '7;4 #>( C5 B"  dU$ ) -%>$ # E" -" 31 *! #$ { ) 5 CS & ' )L IJ!  B'1A Q5 .  #$ #04 E H' @L ub$ %" 0$ B  "  A *9) s8t$ f0;! ) f,"*$ #9e;! -*6 # 9e;! c"9  't> 6 %" 't> 8$ #'$ D , yD ) . 0) _  ? *  > H '   dU$  $,q$ W  " G($ # GR  . *9 " T;2 *E •y ,*R C5S ) W1$ c  "9  *! # $ { ) -*$L ! ) x  8 ) 40 C1 ,  ' t> 8$ #'$ OD , D) y ,  & ' )L IJ!  S & ") " &  B'  & b8F" 8!L !" f%^ #G! .6M *E OD ,*R C5S ) W1$ -*6 # 9e;! c "9 (**9 C1 /0A  {   dU$ , 89 X(M /"H '$ .(V [,*4 ) *9 " T;2 B ")1) .  #$  T;2 C5S ) W1$ Q5 #T6M - 0  T;2 /"H ' $ S " /6 7GJ$ B  " x 8  dU$ , 89 X(M %" !" f%^ BT;$ *R  %" 8;S C1 /,*) & ' )L c "9  ( !0 ) /3+E" #$0) c  "9  X L *  *9 X(M . * L _;2 ) &'04 /L T;2 [R B  " ) ( , V) !" g)1$  -*9 Sm /"H '$  C1 h" _ ' G ) ^;8R"  T;2 C5S ) C1 %" 86 ' ) # 9e;! /,*) ,  ' t> 8$ #'$ OD C1  #8R _;] f*2 _ ' G ) B'1A Q5 ,  89 ' 7;4 C "H " c "9  /3+E" # ]$ - 0 & ") -*9 "H T;2 c  "9  . *9) #$ C1 c  "9  89 X(M %" - '  }^;8R" B  ")1) .() 0) ( 8T5  f0 ' S
Dy /)Q D  # 61  - '  X L 0nR f*2 , #9e;! 2 . 0) *5"0M  ' t> 8$ #'$ OD %" C ' ) C1 Q  c "9 40 _)F C5S /,*) "  ' t> 6 %" 8$ #'$  'Mi }^;8R" @   c  "9  T;2 C5S #E" #9 e;! /,*) , X L 0nR  #G, S _ ;]  T;2 !0S - 0 &'Mi 6S  Q5 (V) - "% &* 'R . !" 9S W1$ 8$ #'$ D ) 8$ #'$ D %" d & ' )L C1 C "H "  ' () -$ '  & 'Mi 6S   T;2 S S Sm " T;2  ( V /  ) & *E VV ,*R C5S ) 2 B'1A Q5 &, . 0) -$ *1+!" fU15 ,% 6S %" 8;S _ $2 #T6M C1 #S 0` ) .( V [,*4 ) *   C "H " " -$ '  6S     T;2 C5S #E" S [ j$ 0` ) . !" #2"% / 5 ' * 'G0 -*11S ,*]$ . S Sm &  0 w* ' +! =0 ' 9 ,  dU$ '7;4 , T;2 C5S _$2 " # T6M C1 Q5 ( y) /"T;5 , %" &' 04 # E" & 5 -" %" # T  *! # $ { ) B ")1)   # 8)0` C1 %" 89 . *1" # $   0! T;2 &"H4" ,% 6S  T;2 C5 S ,  dU$ X(M @0(]$ C1 v   b$ %" H ' 6S K!1$   #T6M   S B  " ) 40 ) . !" /3+E" c  "9   fU15 /L # E" u*5 S |R 7GJ$  [R B  " ) . 09 #$ ) /3+E" c "9  _F"*R       , -$ '  6S  ,  dU$ C1S", ) # T6M C1 h" #!) { ) * ; # $ 0M)  dU$ %", Š," _R"$ =0F,

D

,-./ *+ # / ( () " # $%&  ! /      /       

*; d 9S   B  " 0)  T;2 ) /L 0nR c "9 `M ) &%,6S 34 X"%, 2"% ,7$ %" '!, B*) T;2 { %" S " /6 C5,„ B  " x 8 .*  @t8" .  #$ #" *F , T6 v'q] B" 4 0) / 3  '8M"  8$ #'$ D )  &')L X L ' 7;4 C5S H '  , "    &") &')L ;' B83) 't> 6  %" 't> .*9) #$ /3+E" c"9  -$ ' fU15  6S

 bA   W$ . 2H$ , -*9 [ 81S c  "9  # 8)0` C1 ]  & 5 ‹ ' 0€ #) %" .Oy . " 0 . N , . f  f*q$ * '6;4 . .
•yy :( V)D #7'>` g)1$ , &%,6S /01 , f02 *9" # !19S $ /   . !0S # ]$ - 0  #6 "% , #6 , *9 ) %, [0` , $ h" .OO . Œ - "% &* 'R .V ./3+E" #871E -U6" &%,6 -*P6"  2"% @4 _S , {? ) +( , & ,   q$ , # T6M C1 X"h" .OO .#;S . f , &*; ]$ 0 . ˆ /   . Y  . f  #7'  .O .Vy•VOy :( )Oy /" " &%,6S f02 W$ .Xm  E12 ./ #7'>` g)1$ , &%,6 f02 -U6" X"68" . .O ." #1 % . C1 ) _;] & 5 •M9 #)  %" .OO .#)) .Y , &J2 *;R" 4"0M .= . " 0 #H) .  5 1F . . f  .= . f S .y .O•V :( )Oy /" " &%,6S f02 W$ . ,*]$ & ')L c"9  0! &5 ‹'0€ %" & "*7  #T6M ./3+E" #871E -U6" 34 X"68" ./"" &HS$ qJ1$ &"05 , @L .O

.f #;S .
# 2"% & 5 QF %" - +8!" ) # )F? c  "9  x) 83) 0; _$"02 #!) .OO ./ '2H>! . . f , f;85" .Y . f . L  #R0G '$ . .O•V :( V) #7'>` g)1$ , &%,6S /01 , f02 W$ ./" " .*36$ 6 .#S"0M &5 B?, , 5 #)A .O .Y &) '| #${ '$ . ./"3 -U6" X"68" .#2"% /5 ' YZE" .OD.#6 '$ *>2 .N , .@ &*;E & H  . 10 . Ashri , A. 1971 . Evaluation of the world collection of safflower , Carthamus tinctorius L. II. Resistance to the safflower fly, Acanthiophilus helianthi R . Euphytica 20:410 -415 . 11 . Busch , J.W. and P. L. Phela n. 1999 . Mixture models of soybean growth and herbivore performance in response to nitrogen –sulphur –phosphorous nutrient interactions . Ecol . Entomol . 24 : 132 –145 . 12 . Faure, A., B. Guery, J. P. Guinefoleau, A. Werssenberger, B. Naibo and M. Decoin . 2004 . Cor n crops - 2003 plant health review , drought and insects . Phytoma . 567 : 39 -41 . 13 . Caldeira , M. C. , V. Fernandez, J. Tome and J . S. Pereira . 2002 . Positive effect of drought on longicorn borer larval survival and growth on Eucalyptus trunks . Ann . For . Sci . 59 : 99–106 . 14 . Daane , K. M. and L . E. Williams . 2003 . Manipulating vineyard irrigation amounts to reduce insect pest damage . Ecol . Appl . 13 : 1650 -1666 . 15 . Hammon, R. W., D. V. Sanford, M. W. Stack, A. Berrada and F. B. Pea irs . 1999 . Dryland winter wheat planting dat e and Russian wheat aphid studies in southwestern Colorado . 1990 -1998 . Tech nol . Rep . TR 99 -2. Colorado State University, Agriculture Experiment Station, Department of Bioagriculture Science and Pest Management, Southwestern Colorado Research Center, Fruit Research Center. 16 . Kelm, M. and Z. K lukowski . 2000 . Weather as a factor determining damage caused by oilseed rape pests . Integrated Control in Oilseed Crop . IOBC Bull . 23 : 135 -138 . 17 . Khattak, S. U., A. Khan, S. M. Shah, A. Ze b and M . M. Iqbal . 1996 . Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on aphid infestation and crop yield of three rapeseed cultivars. Pak . J . Zool . 28 : 335 -338 . 18 . Luna , J . M. 1988 . Influence of soil fertility practices on agricultural pests . In : Proceeding of the sixth International

D

... 7809 :; < =2 >  6 0 12 3 4 05 0

Scie nce Conference of IFOAM on Global Perspectives on Agroecology and Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Santa Cruz, CA. 19 . Lynch , R. E. 1980 . European corn borer , yield losses in relation to hybrid and stage of corn development . J. Econ . Entomol . 73 : 159 -164 . 20 . Ne vo, E . and M . Coll . 2001 . Effect of nitrogen fertilization on Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae): variation in size , color , and reproduction . J. Econ . Entomol . 94 : 27 -32 . 21 . Phelan , P. L., J. F. Mason and B . R. Stinner . 1995 . Soil fertility management and host preference by European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis , on Zea mays : a comparison of organic and conventional chemical farming. Agric. Ecosyst . Environ . 56 : 1-8. 22 . Satyanarayana , J. and T . V. K. Singh . 2002 . Outbreak of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on c aster in southern Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh . Insect Environ . 8: 176 -177 . 23 . Stary , P . and H . Lukasova . 2003 . Increase of Russian wheat aphid , Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.) in hot and dry weather. Anz. Schadlings kunde . 75 : 6-10 . 24 . Talpur , M. A., T. Hussan, M . A. Rustamani and M . A. Gaad . 1995 . Relative resistance of safflower varieties to safflower shootfly, Acanthiophilus helianthi Rossi (Diptera: Tephritidae). Proc. Pak . Congr . Zool . 15:177 -181 . 25 . Van Emden , H. F. 1966 . Studies on the relation of insects an d host plants HI. A comparison on the reproduction of Brevicoryne brassicae and Myzus persicae on Brussels sprouts plants supplies with different rates of nitrogen and potassium . Entomol . Exp . Appl. 9: 444 -460 . 26 . Wadley , F. M. 1931 . Ecology of Toxoptera gram inum , especially as to factors affecting importance in the northern United States. Ann . Entomol . Soc . Am . 24 : 325 -395 . 27 . Walker , P. T. 1954 . The influence of climate on an outbreak of wheat aphids in Kenya . Emp . J. Exp . Agric . 22 : 293 -304 .

D