Thermal Surface Analysis of Multi-Storey Apartment Buildings in Penang, Malaysia

International Conference on Applied Science, Technology and Engineering J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Special Issue, No.-4, November (2019) pp 277-287 Thermal Surface Analysis of Multi-storey Apartment Buildings in Penang, Malaysia

Ahmad Sanusi Hassan1, Asif Ali2 1,2School of Housing Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia Corresponding Email: [email protected]

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.4/2019.11.00027

Abstract The objective of this study is to compare thermal surface performance on west façade of two multi-storey apartment buildings, between Arte S and Plaza Ivory located in Penang, Malaysia. The data was collected from a fieldwork survey during three consecutive sunny days in July from 12 pm to 7 pm in the evening at hourly interval. Fluke Ti20 was used to measure the surface temperature. This device captured thermal images of the front facade of the buildings. The result of the analysis illustrates the surface temperatures of these two case studies influenced by the design of the building forms, materials and envelopes. The finding shows that the Case Study 2 has warmer building surface temperature than Case Study 1 due to its elliptical building plan's form, a glass material and lack of shading devices on its facade. The result also reveals that the architects who design these buildings have an unsatisfactory level of awareness in reducing the surface temperature which causes heat gains to the indoor areas. Keywords : Thermal surface temperature, Multi-storey apartments, Thermal performance, Topical Climate

I. Introduction This study is to evaluate a level of thermal surface performance on apartment building facades in the tropics. Two apartment buildings are selected as case studies located in Penang, Malaysia. This analysis is necessary because it can be used as an indicator to the problem of heat gain to the indoor area of the building. The study contributes one of the domain information towards developing sustainable building design as an important discourse among the scholars during last few decades (Balaras & Argiriou, 2002; Kates et al., 2001; Ostrom, 2009; Tilman, Cassman, Matson, Naylor, & Polasky, 2002). The rationale of this study is to measure the thermal surface performance of two high-rise apartments selected as the case studies which have a design with different building form. Plaza Ivory has a rectangular plan design which creates a cuboid building form whereas Arte S has an elliptical plan which creates a cylindrical building form. Plaza Ivory represents conventional apartment design in Penang, Malaysia with concrete structure and brick walls while Arte S is a

International Conference on Applied Science, Technology and Engineering J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Special Issue, No.-4, November (2019) pp 277-287 high-tech apartment design using concrete structure and floor with glass wall as the main construction materials. The building industry has an impact on global warming and sustainability (Akan, Dhavale, & Sarkis, 2017). Huge amounts of electricity are being consumed to improve the indoor areas of the buildings to achieve thermal comfort to the occupants. Hence, the building design has been scrutinised thoroughly in a series of research studies by researchers to identify the design faults and later to recommend solution towards energy efficiency (Generalov & Generalova, 2015; Hassan, 2002; Steele, 1997). Several passive methods creating shades to the building facades have been suggested by scholars to reduce the heat gain by buildings in a tropical climate (Ali, 2013; Dehghani-Sanij, Hassan, 2002; Soltani, & Raahemifar, 2015; Smith & Levermore, 2008). Multi-storey buildings due to the height are highly exposed to direct sunlight; as a result, the buildings’ form, envelope and construction materials become important consideration factors by the architects to reduce the heat gain inside the buildings. In the case of tropical conditions, the surface of the building gets heated influenced by the sunlight and outdoor temperature which cause the heat gain to the interior spaces of the building. Efficient shading devices and proper orientation also can hinder a building facade from direct sunlight’s solar radiation. Therefore the cost of the cooling inside the building can be reduced (Datta, 2001). Hassan, Arab and Bakhlah (2015) analysed a sunlight penetration inside buildings which have different architectural styles in Kuala Lumpur. Their study indicated that the present architects seem more fascinated by the fashion or architectural styles instead of designing the building envelopes with energy efficient design. These scholars suggested that the sustainable strategy should be incorporated at the early phase of the design concept level. Ismail, Keumala, and Dabdoob (2017) argued that the topics on sustainability have not been successfully integrated into the curriculum of architectural education so far to counter the architectural practice in the building industry paying attention to the importance of energy efficiency in the building design. This study uses a thermal imaging camera in the fieldwork survey. This camera also is used for several purposes like, to recognise the hotspots of fires, to detect the overheating of power cables, to determine the heat leaks, to measure fever, to detect defects in buildings and to study the urban heat island (Balaras & Argiriou, 2002; Meola, 2013; Meola, Di Maio, Roberti, & Carlomagno, 2005). Besides, it is a tool for analysing thermal surfaces of building facades which indicate thermal surface performance (Arab, Hassan, & Qanaa, 2017 & 2018; Hassan & Arab, 2017a & 2017b). The objective of this research is to identify the results of thermal surface temperatures of two high-rise apartment buildings using comparative analysis, one with conventional and the other one with high-tech envelope design measured using a thermal imaging camera, Fluke Ti20. The camera will measure thermal surfaces at a western facade of these two case studies. The data shall provide a pattern for the thermal behaviour of the facades, which consequently indicates the thermal surface performance of the building envelopes which influence the amount of heat gains inside the buildings.

II. Research Methodology

International Conference on Applied Science, Technology and Engineering J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Special Issue, No.-4, November (2019) pp 277-287 Two multi-storey apartment buildings namely Arte S and Plaza Ivory Apartment, located at Bukit Gambir, Gelugor in Penang Island are selected as the case studies. The location of Penang Island is at 5°21'31.3"N, 100°17'33.6"E slightly at the north of Equator with a tropical climate condition. The research methods are a fieldwork survey and its data analysis of the selected two case studies. In this research, the survey will use the Fluke Ti20 infrared camera to measure the surface temperature. To reduce the survey’s error, the survey will be conducted in three consecutive sunny days at an interval of one hour when capturing thermal images from 12:00 pm to 7:00 pm. The thermal image camera Fluke Ti20 will be positioned at a distance of 450 feet (137 meters) to the western facade of the buildings. The survey was conducted on 14, 15 and 16 July 2018. During the survey, the temperature range of the camera screen was set from 16.5°C to 43.5°C in order to get the uniform colours when illustrating the results. The temperature results produced on the thermal images are automatically configured with temperature grids. For the ease of the analysis, this study utilised only most top grids’ four columns and five rows of the Plaza Ivory which have at the same height to the Arte S Apartment. The readings observed from these selected grids are named as A1-A4, B1-B4, C1-C4, D1-D4 and E1-E4 as illustrated in Figure 1.

Fig. 1. Selected grid points of the thermal images in the Case Study 1 (right) and Case Study 2 (left)

One of the reasons to select these case studies is that both apartments have a facade at west orientation. These western facades are surveyed because the facades expose to a high outdoor temperature from direct sunlight during the evening time. Western facades face more intense evening sunlight and warmer surroundings in comparison to morning sunlight (Hassan et al., 2015). Hence to get the extreme results to the outdoor temperature, the evening time is chosen for the survey. Both the case studies are selected from the same locality located side by side to each other to

International Conference on Applied Science, Technology and Engineering J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Special Issue, No.-4, November (2019) pp 277-287 avoid the time lag between the images captured. Time difference to snap the images between two case studies is from 3 to 5 minutes, the time taken in transferring and setting up the camera from one location to the other location. Selection of the days for the fieldwork survey is not the scope of this study. The study is to compare the thermal surface performance of the building facades during the sunny days which has high outdoor temperature and direct sunlight.

Case Studies Various multi-storey apartments and condominiums are built in Penang Island in the recent years due to the limitation of land. For this research, two such case studies, Arte S and Plaza Ivory apartment are selected, located 300 feet (91 meters) apart from each other at Bukit Gambir in Penang (Figure 2). The Case Study 1 is Plaza Ivory Apartment, formerly known as University Place, located at Halaman Bukit Gambir, built in 2004 by Ivory Properties Group. The building has a conventional design with concrete structures and floor slabs enveloped with brick walls and glass windows. It has two blocks of 29 storeys with 274 apartment units. The basement has parking lots and ground floor has restaurants, open-air cafe and shops. The plan of the building is rectangular with brick walls, corridors and windows. The western facade consists of corridors at the centre made from concrete projected floor slab with brick walls and windows at both ends.

Fig. 2. A cuboid form of Plaza Ivory (left high-rise) in contrast to a cylindrical form of Arte S (right high-rise)

International Conference on Applied Science, Technology and Engineering J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Special Issue, No.-4, November (2019) pp 277-287 Arte S Apartment, the Case Study 2, is a recently built multi-storey serviced apartments building in 2018, consists of two oval-shaped cylindrical towers. The taller tower has 49 storeys high and the other tower has 27 storeys with 250 and 151 unit apartments respectively. The towers have a cylindrical form with irregular elliptical plans. The building has a high-tech design with recessed round concrete structures and elliptical floor slabs enveloped with grey glass walls. The building is built by Nusmetro and located at the intersection of Jalan Bukit Gambir and Persiaran Bukit Gambir. There are a lot of parking spaces provided at the lower floors and the building is equipped with swimming pool, jacuzzi, gymnasium and sauna.

III. Analysis and Discussion

Fig. 3. Surface temperature in Celsius (°C) indicated by corresponding colours in thermal images.

During the fieldwork, a Fluke camera captured thermal images of the western facades on three consecutive sunny days starting from 12:00 pm to 7:00 pm with an interval of one hour. To analyse the thermal behaviour of the surface and to get a uniform colour depiction on a particular temperature, the range of the thermal images were set between 16.5°C and 43.1°C. Figure 3 shows the colour ranges to the corresponding temperature of the thermal images. During the afternoon hours, the camera captured images mostly with green colour over the surfaces of both case studies, which indicated temperatures ranging from 29°C to 34°C at the building surface temperatures from 12:00 pm to 1:00 pm. As time passes, the buildings start getting heated and the green had a gradual change to yellow colour, an indicator of rising the surface temperature from 2:00 pm to 3:00 pm. The yellow colour of the thermal images started to change to red colour when the surface temperatures increase with grey patches as overheated regions on the thermal images by late evening due to the effect of low angle sunlight from 3:00 pm to 7:00 pm. Table 6 and 7 shows that temperature of the glass walls without efficient shading devices heated up faster than the brick walls and shaded areas. The lower storeys of the selected surface area of the analysis were warmer in comparison to the surface of the upper storeys. It happened because of two reasons; first, the radiation warmed the ground and the ground heated up the surrounding air and consequently the building near ground experience more heat. Secondly, as the elevation increased, the pressure reduced due to less air above. As the pressure reduced, the air expanded, consequently temperature decreased at the upper storeys. The minimum and the maximum outdoor temperatures (Figure 4) were at 29.4°C and 34.8°C respectively during the fieldwork survey. The surface temperature of the facades always has a temperature higher than the outdoor temperature due to solar

International Conference on Applied Science, Technology and Engineering J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Special Issue, No.-4, November (2019) pp 277-287 radiation. The maximum temperature difference between the outdoor and facade average temperature in the Case Study 1 is 2.4°C at 2:00 pm while 5.4°C in the Case Study 2 at 7:00 pm respectively. The surface temperature of Case Study 1 heated as the outdoor temperature increases but after a particular time, the increase of the surface temperature was not proportionate to the increment of outdoor temperature. While the surface temperature of the Case Study 2 increased in proportion to the outdoor temperature (Figure 4). It shows that the surface temperature of Case Study 2 absorbed more heat in comparison to Case Study 1. The building form, shading devices, colour and material are the reasons for these variations. In summary, the findings are as the followings:

1). The Case Study 2 has a series of elliptical plans, which create a cylindrical building form. As a result, it allows some parts of the building always perpendicular to the sun path. Case Study 2 faces the high intensity of heat on its surface. However, a cuboid form of the Case Study 1 keeps a facade of the building less vertically exposed to the sunlight. 2). The glass wall colour of the Case Study 2 absorbs more heat than an ivory brick wall painted with the bright colour of the Case Study 1. Studies show that the colour of the wall and roof has a significant role in increasing the surface temperature and consequently it affects the indoor temperature (Bakhlah & Hassan, 2012; Givoni, 1994). 3). More use of glass surface in the Case Study 2 heats up the building quickly. Typical wall has a U-value of 2.1 W/m2 K while single glazed windows have U value up to 5.8 W/m2 K (Fokaides & Kalogirou, 2011). Consequently, a glass window transfers more external heat to interior spaces and makes the space uncomfortable in comparison to a solid wall. 4). The projected concrete floor slab in the Case Study 1 casts a shadow over the recessed wall of the building which keeps it under the shade while irregular elliptical floor slabs’ projection in the Case Study 2 could not provide efficient shades to the building facade from evening sunlight.

Fig. 4. Average surface temperature of Case Study 1 and Case Study 2 in relation to outdoor temperature

International Conference on Applied Science, Technology and Engineering J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Special Issue, No.-4, November (2019) pp 277-287

An average temperature of three days of each grid point is calculated and used for this study. The temperatures of selected grid points on the facades of both case studies are as illustrated in Table 1 to Table 7). Following observations can be concluded on the basis of comparative study:

1). The average surface temperature of Case Study 2 (Arte S) was warmer than the temperature of the Case Study 1 (Plaza Ivory) at the selected grid points between 12:00 pm and 7:00 pm (Table 6 and 7). 2). The maximum surface temperature of 36.8°C was at point D1 in the Case Study 1 and 42.8°C is at point D4 in the Case Study 2 at 7 pm (Table 4). 3). The minimum surface temperature of 30.5°C was at point A2 in Case Study 1 and a temperature of 31.8°C is at point A2 in case of study-2 at 12 pm (Table 1). 4). The surface temperature difference between these two case studies was small from 12 pm while the gap increased every hour to the maximum at 7 pm (Figure 4). 5). The maximum rise of 1.6°C in surface temperature within one hour in Case Study 1 is observed at point D1 between 2 pm and 3 pm (Table4) while in Case Study 2 a rise of 1.9°C has at point E1 between 4 pm and 5 pm (Table 5).

Table 1. Surface temperature of selected grid points from A1-A4 CASE STUDY 1 (°C) CASE STUDY 2 (°C)

TIME A1 A2 A3 A4 Avg. A1 A2 A3 A4 Avg. 12:00 pm 31.2 30.5 31.7 31.1 31.1 32.9 31.8 32.4 33.0 32.5 1:00 pm 31.5 31.4 31.5 31.7 31.5 33.6 33.4 33.0 33.5 33.4 2:00 pm 32.7 32.2 32.4 32.3 32.4 33.9 34.1 34.6 33.7 34.1 3:00 pm 33.0 32.5 33.3 33.0 33.0 34.4 34.9 34.8 34.6 34.7 4:00 pm 32.1 33.0 33.1 33.6 33.0 35.9 35.1 35.2 34.9 35.3 5:00 pm 34.3 33.5 33.2 33.7 33.7 36.8 35.7 35.6 35.5 35.9 6:00 pm 34.4 34.7 33.5 33.9 34.1 37.8 35.5 35.3 36.9 36.4 7:00 pm 34.8 34.8 34.4 34.5 34.6 38.3 35.9 36.8 37.8 37.2 Average of A1, A2, A3 and A4 32.9 34.9

Table 2. Surface temperature of selected grid points from B1-B4 CASE STUDY 1 (°C) CASE STUDY 2 (°C)

TIME B1 B2 B3 B4 Avg. B1 B2 B3 B4 Avg. 12:00 pm 31.3 31.2 31.3 31.3 31.3 32.1 32.0 31.5 32.3 32.0 1:00 pm 32.1 32.0 31.6 31.8 31.9 34.3 32.9 32.8 34.5 33.6 2:00 pm 32.9 32.4 31.9 32.0 32.3 35.8 33.6 33.6 35.3 34.6 3:00 pm 33.6 32.7 33.0 32.9 33.1 36.6 34.9 34.7 36.3 35.6 4:00 pm 33.7 33.5 33.2 33.5 33.5 37.4 35.7 35.9 37.9 36.7 5:00 pm 33.9 33.4 33.3 33.6 33.6 38.6 36.4 36.5 38.7 37.6 6:00 pm 34.0 33.8 33.5 34.0 33.8 39.8 37.1 37.3 39.9 38.5 7:00 pm 34.2 34.7 34.1 34.2 34.3 40.9 37.9 37.8 41.8 39.6

International Conference on Applied Science, Technology and Engineering J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Special Issue, No.-4, November (2019) pp 277-287 Average of B1, B2, B3 and B4 33.0 36.0

Table 3. Surface temperature of selected grid points from C1-C4. CASE STUDY 1 (°C) CASE STUDY 2 (°C)

Table 4. Surface temperature of selected grid points from D1-D4. CASE STUDY 1 (°C) CASE STUDY 2 (°C)

TIME D1 D2 D3 D4 Avg. D1 D2 D3 D4 Avg. 12:00 pm 31.6 32.5 32.6 32.5 32.3 34.9 34.8 33.2 33.7 34.2 1:00 pm 32.2 33.7 33.0 33.2 33.0 35.7 35.8 34.1 34.5 35.0 2:00 pm 33.3 33.5 33.9 33.5 33.6 36.9 36.3 35.9 35.2 36.1 3:00 pm 34.9 34.1 34.3 34.2 34.4 37.5 37.4 36.4 37.6 37.2 4:00 pm 35.8 34.2 34.8 34.3 34.8 38.9 37.7 37.4 38.6 38.2 5:00 pm 35.7 34.6 34.6 34.9 35.0 39.6 38.2 37.9 39.2 38.7 6:00 pm 35.6 35.0 34.7 35.3 35.2 40.3 39.0 38.2 41.9 39.9 7:00 pm 36.8 34.9 35.3 35.2 35.6 41.9 39.4 39.5 42.8 40.9 Average of D1, D2, D3 and D4 34.2 37.5

Table 5. Surface temperature of selected grid points from E1-E4. CASE STUDY 1 (°C) CASE STUDY 2 (°C)

TIME E1 E2 E3 E4 Avg. E1 E2 E3 E4 Avg. 12:00 pm 32.8 32.5 32.7 32.8 32.7 35.0 35.3 34.1 34.4 34.7 1:00 pm 33.3 33.8 33.2 33.3 33.4 36.2 36.5 35.1 35.5 35.8 2:00 pm 34.5 33.6 34.0 33.6 33.9 36.8 37.5 36.1 36.5 36.7 3:00 pm 35.3 34.2 34.4 34.5 34.6 37.3 37.6 36.9 37.2 37.3 4:00 pm 35.1 34.3 34.9 34.6 34.7 37.9 37.7 37.3 37.7 37.7 5:00 pm 35.9 34.5 34.6 34.8 35.0 39.8 38.2 37.9 38.5 38.6 6:00 pm 35.9 35.1 34.8 35.2 35.3 41.2 39.0 38.3 39.3 39.5 7:00 pm 36.7 35.0 35.4 35.2 35.6 42.3 39.9 39.7 40.6 40.6 Average of E1, E2, E3 and E4 34.4 37.6

International Conference on Applied Science, Technology and Engineering J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Special Issue, No.-4, November (2019) pp 277-287 Table 6. Average surface temperature of all selected grid points on the facade of Case Study 1 CASE STUDY 1 - Plaza Ivory (°C)

TIME A B C D E Avg. 12:00 pm 31.1 31.3 31.2 32.3 32.7 31.6 1:00 pm 31.5 31.9 32.2 33.0 33.4 32.2 2:00 pm 32.4 32.3 32.7 33.6 33.9 32.8 3:00 pm 33.0 33.1 33.5 34.4 34.6 33.5 4:00 pm 33.0 33.5 34.2 34.8 34.7 33.8 5:00 pm 33.7 33.6 33.8 35.0 35.0 34.0 6:00 pm 34.1 33.8 34.1 35.2 35.3 34.3 7:00 pm 34.6 34.3 34.2 35.6 35.6 34.7 TOTAL AVERAGE 33.4

Table 7. An average surface temperature of all selected grid points on the facade of Case Study 2 CASE STUDY 2 - Arte S (°C)

TIME A B C D E Avg. 12:00 pm 32.5 32.0 33.7 34.2 34.7 33.2 1:00 pm 33.4 33.6 34.7 35.0 35.8 34.4 2:00 pm 34.1 34.6 35.4 36.1 36.7 35.2 3:00 pm 34.7 35.6 36.8 37.2 37.3 36.1 4:00 pm 35.3 36.7 37.9 38.2 37.7 36.9 5:00 pm 35.9 37.6 38.6 38.7 38.6 37.7 6:00 pm 36.4 38.5 39.5 39.9 39.5 38.5 7:00 pm 37.2 39.6 40.1 40.9 40.6 39.4 TOTAL AVERAGE 36.4

IV. Conclusion This study concludes that a cylindrical building form with glass walls has a higher surface temperature than the cuboid building form enveloped with brick walls. The cylindrical form is not suitable design in the tropics because unlike cube or cuboid form, its curvy form creates a larger surface area of the building façade to direct sunlight. The late evening sunlight is warmer than the early evening sunlight. The glass walls absorb more heat from sunlight than the brick walls. Building envelopes get heats through radiation that transfers the heat to the interior of building through conduction. The rate of the heat transfer radiates through building envelops on U- value of material. It is measured in Watts per square metre Kelvin, or W/m2 K and higher the U-value the worst the thermal performance. Hence, the thermal performance of a building depends on U-value which is the envelope material. The scope of this research is limited to analyse the surface temperature and not to evaluate U-value or thermal performance. However, the results of this study indicate the comparative thermal performance of two multi-storey apartment buildings located in the vicinity. The two case studies show that the surface

International Conference on Applied Science, Technology and Engineering J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Special Issue, No.-4, November (2019) pp 277-287 temperature of the buildings also varies due to other factors like shading devices despite having the same orientation. The total average surface temperature indicates that the Case Study 2 is warmer in comparison to the Case Study 1. The findings also reflect the architects’ lack of awareness towards sustainable design.

V. Acknowledgement The authors would like to express appreciation for the financial support under Fundamental Research Grant Scheme under the Ministry of Education Malaysia (Grant No. 203.PPBGN.6711515) and Universiti Sains Malaysia.

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