THE HILL FORT ON THE BARMEKIN OF ECHT. 45

II. THE HIL BARMEKILE PORTH N TO ECHTF NO , . BY W. DOUGLAS SIMPSON, M.A., F.S.A.ScoT. The Barmeki Echf isolaten no a s i tsomewhad dan t prominent hill9 89 , fee heightn i t , wit hshapa e resemblin inverten a g d porridge-bowls It . lower slope coveree ar s d with broo brackend man , while above thers ei heathea remarkabl d an r e profusio f blaeberrieso n , crawberries,d an cranberries. The hill is best ascended from Echt village via Upper Mains, t anothebu r favourite mod f "eo taking fros i t m"i Gulfosi e easth tn o e viee th clea wa vers i y side n da yO r . extensive included an , followe th s - ing well-known heights—, The Buck of the Cabrach, Ben Avon, Lochnagard countrw an lo e yTh toward. s Aberdee s welni l seen, with villagee th Ech f Watertonsd o an t , LocHousee th Skenef hd o ,an . A good local view of the Cluny and Monymusk districts is also obtained northwards e grea Th f Bennachie Mitheo tth . p forn n i o Ta tr s i e full view: from it the forts on Dunnideer, Barra, and Tap o' Noth are also seen, and the last in its turn commands a view of the Moray Firth. Thus on a landing of the Danes it would be an easy matter to arouse the countryside by fire-signals from fort to fort. The Barmekin fort (fig. 1) consists of five concentric lines of defence, the inner enclosing a roughly circular courtyard, about 340 feet in diameter. This courtyard is girdled by the first of the five lines of defence—a massive drystone wall, abou fee2 1 t t thick d stil placean ,n li fees5 t high. Forty feet beyond e seconthith s si d wall, which alsbeed oha formidna - able defence, probably at least 8 feet thick. Both these walls are now much plundere e mosd casth an dtr t fo downpar d t an ,presen e th t appearance merel masa f yo f debri so r ricklo s f looso e e stones, manf yo f whicenormouo e har s a numbesize n I . f placeso r , however walle th , s still exhibit their ancient structure, and are seen to be carefully fitted together e larges(figth , d smoothes.2) tan t stones being employee th n do two o securoutsidet s a ea sor o f facings o t . marko Thern e f so ar e tooling on any of the stones. It is only in these places that the actual thickness of the walls may be fixed: elsewhere disintegration has spread out the rickle of loose stones over a far greater area than that of the ancient foundations beneath them givo T e. stabilit uncementee th o yt d structure, perpendicular bonding stone introducee ar s t intervalsa d e on , or two of which have been exposed in situ by the collapse of the wall around them. Som thesf eo e bonding stones have been roughly wrought with shoulders—advantage being take f theino r natural joints—in order 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 8, 1919. to grip the masonry above. A similar method of strengthening a dry- stone wals reporte r Josepwa lD y b dh Anderson fro ma numbe f o r the neolithic chambered cairns in Caithness. The space between these two main walls is so wide that an enemy who had once succeeded in entering it would have had ample elbow-room to spread round the inner wall and develop an attack against its weakest

rfodtvn __- EriKtx^ce

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VS,••-."%s ^—————. .••"•.»*>* B

of Pfes.1-. \ g Fig . Pla e Barmeki1 .sectio d Fore th n an th n o f t no Echtf no .

point. Accordingly this space has been crossed by a number of stone traverses connecting the two walls. These would restrict an intruder at pointy comparativela an o t y narrow space, commanded by'the defenders on the inner wall, where there would be no freedom of movement. A number of these traverses—rough stone walls about 3 or 4 feet thick—- still remain on the south and south-west sides of the fort; and it cannot be doubted that they were once continued all round, though their 'foundations have either been remove r moro d e probabl buriee yli n di the coarse heath. Outside thes maio etw n walls ther three ear e subsidiary enveloper so THE HILL FORT ON THE BARMEKIN OF ECHT. 47 line defencef so distance Th . e between eacs probablhwa y abou fee5 1 t t originally, though it is hard to be exact owing to the covering up of their foundations and filling in of the interstices. A like space seems to inter- vene between the innermost one and the outer main wall. At present these outer ramparts and the intervening spaces resemble the banks and ditches earthworkn oa f e frequenth t bu ; t trace stonf so l rouneal creste dth f so e bankth s indicate that these merely cove e foundationth r f wallo s s simila thougo rt h slighter than those whic stile har l preserved. Evidently three th e outer walls have been systematically remove builo dt d dyken si surroundine th g fields. Similarl cleas i yt i r that what have been described

Fig. 2. Inner aspect of second main Wall, looking north. as " trenches" are simply the narrow spaces between the walls, which have acquired this appearance owing to the gradual covering up of the latter by loose soil and heath. The traces of stonework on the mounds are particularly frequent on the north and west sides, where numerous bonding stones remain upright in position. Without excavation it is of course impossibl givo e t accuratn ea e statemen thicknese th e f o th t f o s three outer walls: clearly they were much slighter than the two main ramparts, and were probably not more than 5 or 6 feet thick. Through this formidable system of defences there are at present a numbe f openingso r . Som f theseo e palpablear y modern; only three havregardeclaie y b an emo t s ancienda t entrances . thn o Thee e yar north, south-west, and south faces of the fort. There are variations in detail, but the general principle is that the path, about 3 feet wide, is zigzagged through the defensive envelope—an arrangement "which would materially increase the difficulties of forcing a passage. It is not 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 8, 1919. uncommon in early defensive works—for example, the well-known fort at Arbor n Lanarkshiri y e citedb y . ema Occasionally, tooe fint w i ,d employe n mediaevai d l castle primitiva f so e type, suc s Kinclavena h , Auchen, and Dunolly. As an additional security the two southern entrances were carried across the wide space which separates the main walls between a couple of the traverses, set close together; and it is a remarkable fact that in the south-west entrance there is no trace of a gap in the inner of these walls, while in the south entrance no gap is visible in either the inner or the outer wall. The interspaces between the three outer walls are carefully closed where the entrances pass through them lateray b l walls, whice south-westh n hi t entranc formee ear f largo d e littlA (fige d sout. th 3) en eas. f hn stoneo t o entranc t se s estona e

Fig. 3. View of S.W. Entrance, looking north.

traverse, very regularly built visibles ,i , connectine th f o e inne o gth tw r three outer walls, so that the same system of defence was probably extende l fival e o dt lines . Ther vera s ei y remarkabl puzzlind ean g featurwese th tn o efac f o e the fort. Here a raised ramp of earth, about 16 or 20 feet broad, revetted with great masse f stoneo s s carriei , d diagonally acros e threth s e outer ramparts til t comeli againsp su outee th t r main wall thin I .s wall there is no trace of an entrance—indeed, a very fine portion of the original facing is seen on the outside just at this point. The mounds of the three outer walls curve in towards this ramp in a manner which clearly proves its antiquity. A little south of the junction of the ramp with the outer main wall ther modera s ei n breac lattere th n hi , exposin gfina e bonding stone in situ. Hence a narrow path holds straight down the slope, thus crossin rame gth p obliquely stonee Th .s which reve rame mostlth te par y of enormous size, many being set on end. The whole structure, both in general character and in detail of building, recalls the " gallery " excavated by Miss MacLagan in the fort of Bennachie. A possible explanation is E HIL TH E LBARMEKI TH FOR N O T 9 4 F ECHTNO . that this ramp was associated with a raised outer door in the main wall. In all likelihood the Barmekin was not occupied permanently, as the Bennachie fort seem havo st e been. Its characteristic e rathear s r those oplacea f d'armes entrenched an d cam refugef po , whithe inhabitante rth s districe oth f t could repair, with their household good cattled an s , upon notice of a hostile incursion. For such a purpose a wide main entrance would clearly be essential. Once everything was secured within the walls, this entrance woul blockede db : the narroe nth w zigzag openings would remai sole nth e mean f ingreso s egresd an s s during actual siege. It may be, however, that the ramp was built during the construction of the fort, in order to facilitate carriage of the stores into the area. The interio fortrese th f ro describes si r MitchelD y db "s a reducel o dt a uniform level"; in Miss MacLagan's section it is shown concave or saucer-shaped. Actuall gentls i t yi y domedclearls i d e naturalan y,th , untouched, swelling summit of the hill. There are no traces of hut circles, but occasional protruding stones and a frequent hard feeling underfoot rende t probabli r e tha foundatione th t sucf o s h exist beneath the heather. A large portion of glaciated bedrock is exposed on the north-west side. Within the enclosure is a modern cairn, and south-east brokew fe a nt o i f masse f concreto s e indicat e foundationeth e th f o s mounting for an astronomical telescope, erected here on the occasion of the Transit of Venus in 1882. In connexion with this, apparently, or when the trees on the hill were cut down, a cart-track about 10 feet wide was ruthlessly broken right throug e enceint ease hth th t n sideeo e th ; stones then remove maio d tw fron e rampartmth s were eithen pileo p du r side of the cart-track in a manner which at first recalls the ancient traverses, though a close view at once brings into evidence the fortuitous arrangemen e stonesth f o t . e traversesExcepth r fo t foundationo n , s are visible between the two main walls. The width of this space is very, remarkable t probabli d an , y afforded e cattlshelte th horsed r ean fo r s e besiegeoth f d inmates. Besides their defensive value e traverseth , s migh usefue tb parcellinr fo lanimal e th t gou s accordin theio gt r owners. The absence of a proper water supply has frequently been noted in our ancient Scottish hill forts, but the existence of a well on the Barmekin seems to be indicated by a patch of marsh and rushes in the outer rampart poina t sa littla t norte e th eas f ho tentrance t we n I . weather the so-called " trenches" here are filled with water—evidently outfloe th w fro msprinsummita e th n go . This great forattractes ha t d considerable attention from antiquaries d topographersan , locad otherwisean l e descriptioTh . pland nan f so Skene, in the second volume of Archceologia Scotica, may be consulted; e drawingth t bu f Miso s s MacLaga e entirelar n y misleading fairlA . y 4 VOL. LIV. 50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 8, 1919. complete bibliography is given by Mr G. M. Fraser in Free Press, 20th June 1913. Proceedingse Inth e Societyeae th th f rr o y fo 1889-90, mention is made of an axe " of greenstone, thirteen inches by three and seven-eighths, polishe eacn do hcuttine facth t ea g end, e founth t da Barmeki f Echt.no Johr D " n Hill Burton chapten i , s Historyrhi iiif o . of , describe e Barmekith s som"s n ni a e respecte rivae th s th f lo Caterthun. The ramparts are not so vast," he continues, " but they are interesting from a higher state of preservation. There are some remnant a fac f masonryf o eo s , leadine suppositioth o t g n thae th t ramparts were not originally mere heaps of stones, but had been regularly builtdevice r coverinTh . fo e entrance gth zigzagginy eb t gi through the several ramparts is still visible, and adjoining the fortress ther e circlee someth ar e f o s commonly called Druidical f thesO e . ew kn'ow nothin thagbut t they stand where they are, leaving their relation fortrese th o t samouny opean o n t guessing.f o t " After the signing of the National Covenant in the Greyfriars' Kirk at Edinburg 1637n hr i betwee wa , e rivanth l partie clearls swa y imminent, and the air was tense with expectations of strife. In these circumstances, what more natural than that the armed defenders of this ancient strong- hold should rally in spirit to the scenes of their prowess, and by super- natural manifestations warn the world of coming bloodshed ? The story is told in thrilling language by the parson of Rothiemay, who gives a wonderfu mosd an l t circumstantial accoun ghose th f to t drums, cannon shot othed an , r eerie sounds which were heare th thin do n i s d hilan l neighbourhood. For our present purpose the description which he gives of the fort is not without interest, as showing what views were held of its origin in the seventeenth century. " Upon the topp of this swelling hill, telle "h s seeus, e ruined b n"ol o t the de wallerar trenshesd san , which .the people, by a receaved traditione, affirme to have been built at such e Pictetymth s a es were maister f Marreo s " (History f Scotso Affairs, ed. Spalding Club, vol. i. p. 57). I have to thank my friends Mr J. Hartley Henderson and Mr G. M. Cochra r hel nfo preparinn pi plane gth wora , k rendered very arduous by the roughness of the ground, and Mr A. Graeme Robertson for kindly supplyin photographe gth .