(From Left to Right) Vietnamese Canadian parade 24 Your Canadian Citizenship Study Guide F-86 Sabre, Royal Canadian Air Force Cirque du Soleil Modern

Trade and economic growth A Changing Society Arts and culture in Canada

Postwar Canada enjoyed record prosperity and As social values changed over more than Canadian artists have a long history of material progress. The world’s restrictive trading 50 years, Canada became a more flexible and achievement in which take pride. policies in the Depression era were opened up open society. Many took advantage of expanding Artists from all regions reflect and define our by such treaties as the General Agreement on secondary and postsecondary educational culture and forms of creative expression and Tariffs and Trade (GATT), now the World Trade opportunities and a growing number of women have achieved greatness both at home and Organization (WTO). The discovery of oil in entered the professional work force. abroad. in 1947 began Canada’s modern energy Canadians have made significant contributions industry. In 1951, for the first time, a majority of to literature in English and in French. Novelists, Canadians were able to afford adequate food, poets, historians, educators and musicians have shelter and clothing. Between 1945 and 1970, ’s business district: Canada’s financial capital had a significant cultural impact. Men and women as Canada drew closer to the United States and Canada joined international organizations such of letters included Stephen Leacock, Louis Hémon, other trading partners, the country enjoyed one as the United Nations (UN). It participated in Sir Charles G.D. Roberts, Pauline Johnson, Émile of the strongest economies among industrialized the UN operation defending South Korea in the Nelligan, Robertson Davies, Margaret Laurence nations. Today, Canadians enjoy one of the Korean War (1950–53), with 500 dead and 1,000 and Mordecai Richler. Musicians such as world’s highest standards of living—maintained wounded. Canada has taken part in numerous Sir Ernest MacMillan and Healey Willan won by the hard work of Canadians and by trade with UN peacekeeping missions in places as varied renown in Canada and abroad. Writers such as other nations, in particular the United States. as Egypt, Cyprus and Haiti, as well as in other Joy Kogawa, Michael Ondaatje and Rohinton As prosperity grew, so did the ability to support international security operations such as those Mistry have diversified Canada’s literary social assistance programs. The Canada Health in the former Yugoslavia and Afghanistan. experience. Act ensures common elements and a basic In the visual arts, Canada is historically perhaps standard of coverage. Unemployment insurance Canada and best known for the Group of Seven, founded (now called “employment insurance”) was in 1920, who developed a style of painting to introduced by the federal government in 1940. French-Canadian society and culture flourished The Jack Pine, Tom Thomson in the postwar years. Quebec experienced an era capture the rugged wilderness landscapes. Old Age Security was devised as early as 1927, Most Canadians of Asian descent had in the past of rapid change in the 1960s known as the Quiet Emily Carr painted the forests and Aboriginal and the Canada and Quebec Pension Plans in been denied the vote in federal and provincial Revolution. Many Quebecers sought to separate artifacts of the West Coast. Les Automatistes of 1965. Publicly funded education is provided by elections. In 1948 the last of these, the Japanese- from Canada. In 1963 Parliament established Quebec were pioneers of modern abstract art the provinces and territories. Canadians, gained the right to vote. Aboriginal the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and in the 1950s, most notably Jean-Paul Riopelle. people were granted the vote in 1960. Today International engagement Biculturalism. This led to the Official Languages Quebec’s Louis-Philippe Hébert was a celebrated every citizen over the age of 18 may vote. Act (1969), which guarantees French and English sculptor of historical figures. Kenojuak Ashevak Like Australia, New Zealand and other countries, services in the federal government across pioneered modern Inuit art with etchings, prints Canada developed its autonomy gradually with Canada welcomed thousands of refugees from Canada. In 1970, Canada helped found La and soapstone sculptures. a capacity to make significant contributions Communist oppression, including about 37,000 Francophonie, an international association of internationally. who escaped Soviet tyranny in Hungary in 1956. Canada has a long and respected performing arts French-speaking countries. With the Communist victory in the Vietnam War history, with a network of regional theatres and The Cold War began when several liberated in 1975, many Vietnamese fled, including over The movement for Quebec sovereignty gained world-renowned performing arts companies. countries of eastern became part of a 50,000 who sought refuge in Canada. strength but was defeated in a referendum in Communist bloc controlled by the Soviet Union The films of Denys Arcand have been popular in A medical researcher the province in 1980. After much negotiation, in under the dictator Josef Stalin. Canada joined The idea of multiculturalism, as a result of Quebec and across the country, and have won 1982 the Constitution was amended without the with other democratic countries of the West 19th- and 20th-century immigration, gained a new international awards. Other noteworthy Canadian agreement of Quebec. Though sovereignty was to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization impetus. By the 1960s, one-third of Canadians filmmakers include Norman Jewison and Atom again defeated in a second referendum in 1995, (NATO), a military alliance, and with the United had origins that were neither British nor French, Egoyan. Canadian television has had a popular the autonomy of Quebec within Canada remains States in the North American Aerospace Defence and took pride in preserving their distinct culture following. a lively topic—part of the dynamic that continues Command (NORAD). in the Canadian fabric. Today, diversity enriches Discover Canada to shape our country. Canadians’ lives, particularly in our cities. 25 (From Left to Right) Vietnamese Canadian parade 24 Your Canadian Citizenship Study Guide F-86 Sabre, Royal Canadian Air Force Cirque du Soleil Modern Canada

Trade and economic growth A Changing Society Arts and culture in Canada

Postwar Canada enjoyed record prosperity and As social values changed over more than Canadian artists have a long history of material progress. The world’s restrictive trading 50 years, Canada became a more flexible and achievement in which Canadians take pride. policies in the Depression era were opened up open society. Many took advantage of expanding Artists from all regions reflect and define our by such treaties as the General Agreement on secondary and postsecondary educational culture and forms of creative expression and Tariffs and Trade (GATT), now the World Trade opportunities and a growing number of women have achieved greatness both at home and Organization (WTO). The discovery of oil in entered the professional work force. abroad. Alberta in 1947 began Canada’s modern energy Canadians have made significant contributions industry. In 1951, for the first time, a majority of to literature in English and in French. Novelists, Canadians were able to afford adequate food, poets, historians, educators and musicians have shelter and clothing. Between 1945 and 1970, Toronto’s business district: Canada’s financial capital had a significant cultural impact. Men and women as Canada drew closer to the United States and Canada joined international organizations such of letters included Stephen Leacock, Louis Hémon, other trading partners, the country enjoyed one as the United Nations (UN). It participated in Sir Charles G.D. Roberts, Pauline Johnson, Émile of the strongest economies among industrialized the UN operation defending South Korea in the Nelligan, Robertson Davies, Margaret Laurence nations. Today, Canadians enjoy one of the Korean War (1950–53), with 500 dead and 1,000 and Mordecai Richler. Musicians such as world’s highest standards of living—maintained wounded. Canada has taken part in numerous Sir Ernest MacMillan and Healey Willan won by the hard work of Canadians and by trade with UN peacekeeping missions in places as varied renown in Canada and abroad. Writers such as other nations, in particular the United States. as Egypt, Cyprus and Haiti, as well as in other Joy Kogawa, Michael Ondaatje and Rohinton As prosperity grew, so did the ability to support international security operations such as those Mistry have diversified Canada’s literary social assistance programs. The Canada Health in the former Yugoslavia and Afghanistan. experience. Act ensures common elements and a basic In the visual arts, Canada is historically perhaps standard of coverage. Unemployment insurance Canada and Quebec best known for the Group of Seven, founded (now called “employment insurance”) was in 1920, who developed a style of painting to introduced by the federal government in 1940. French-Canadian society and culture flourished The Jack Pine, Tom Thomson in the postwar years. Quebec experienced an era capture the rugged wilderness landscapes. Old Age Security was devised as early as 1927, Most Canadians of Asian descent had in the past of rapid change in the 1960s known as the Quiet Emily Carr painted the forests and Aboriginal and the Canada and Quebec Pension Plans in been denied the vote in federal and provincial Revolution. Many Quebecers sought to separate artifacts of the West Coast. Les Automatistes of 1965. Publicly funded education is provided by elections. In 1948 the last of these, the Japanese- from Canada. In 1963 Parliament established Quebec were pioneers of modern abstract art the provinces and territories. Canadians, gained the right to vote. Aboriginal the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and in the 1950s, most notably Jean-Paul Riopelle. people were granted the vote in 1960. Today International engagement Biculturalism. This led to the Official Languages Quebec’s Louis-Philippe Hébert was a celebrated every citizen over the age of 18 may vote. Act (1969), which guarantees French and English sculptor of historical figures. Kenojuak Ashevak Like Australia, New Zealand and other countries, services in the federal government across pioneered modern Inuit art with etchings, prints Canada developed its autonomy gradually with Canada welcomed thousands of refugees from Canada. In 1970, Canada helped found La and soapstone sculptures. a capacity to make significant contributions Communist oppression, including about 37,000 Francophonie, an international association of internationally. who escaped Soviet tyranny in Hungary in 1956. Canada has a long and respected performing arts French-speaking countries. With the Communist victory in the Vietnam War history, with a network of regional theatres and The Cold War began when several liberated in 1975, many Vietnamese fled, including over The movement for Quebec sovereignty gained world-renowned performing arts companies. countries of eastern Europe became part of a 50,000 who sought refuge in Canada. strength but was defeated in a referendum in Communist bloc controlled by the Soviet Union The films of Denys Arcand have been popular in A medical researcher the province in 1980. After much negotiation, in under the dictator Josef Stalin. Canada joined The idea of multiculturalism, as a result of Quebec and across the country, and have won 1982 the Constitution was amended without the with other democratic countries of the West 19th- and 20th-century immigration, gained a new international awards. Other noteworthy Canadian agreement of Quebec. Though sovereignty was to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization impetus. By the 1960s, one-third of Canadians filmmakers include Norman Jewison and Atom again defeated in a second referendum in 1995, (NATO), a military alliance, and with the United had origins that were neither British nor French, Egoyan. Canadian television has had a popular the autonomy of Quebec within Canada remains States in the North American Aerospace Defence and took pride in preserving their distinct culture following. a lively topic—part of the dynamic that continues Command (NORAD). in the Canadian fabric. Today, diversity enriches Discover Canada to shape our country. Canadians’ lives, particularly in our cities. 25 Scientific innovation at work: Canadarm2 26 Your Canadian Citizenship Study Guide

(From Left to Right)

Sports have flourished as all provinces fundraising events in his name. In 1985, fellow Great Canadian discoveries and • Reginald Fessenden — contributed to the and territories have produced amateur and British Columbian circled the globe inventions invention of radio, sending the first wireless professional star athletes and Olympic medal in a wheelchair to raise funds for spinal cord voice message in the world. Canadians have made various discoveries and winners. was invented by Canadian research. inventions. Some of the most famous are listed • Dr. — was a pioneering brain James Naismith in 1891. Many major league Canadian advances in science and technology below. surgeon at McGill University in , and sports boast Canadian talent and in the national are world renowned and have changed the way was known as “the greatest living Canadian.” sport of , Canadian teams have • Alexander Graham Bell — hit on the idea the world communicates and does business. • Dr. John A. Hopps — invented the first cardiac dominated the world. In 1996 at the Olympic of the telephone at his summer house in Marshall McLuhan and Harold Innis were pacemaker, used today to save the lives of Summer Games, Donovan Bailey became a Canada. pioneer thinkers. Science and research in people with heart disorders. world record sprinter and double Olympic gold • Joseph-Armand Bombardier — invented the Canada have won international recognition Sir of , Olympic medallist. Chantal Petitclerc became a world snowmobile, a light-weight winter vehicle. • SPAR Aerospace / National Research Council Toronto and Charles Best gold medallist and and attracted world-class students, academics discovered insulin, prominent activist for gay champion wheelchair racer and Paralympic gold — invented the Canadarm, a robotic arm used a hormone to treat and entrepreneurs engaged in medical • Sir Sandford Fleming — invented the and lesbian Canadians medalist. One of the greatest hockey players of in outer space. diabetes that has research, telecommunications and other fields. worldwide system of standard time zones. saved 16 million lives all time, Wayne Gretzky, played for the Edmonton • Mike Lazaridis and Jim Balsillie — of Research worldwide Since 1989, the Canadian Space Agency and • Matthew Evans and Henry Woodward — Oilers from 1979 to 1988. in Motion (RIM) — a wireless communications Canadian astronauts have participated in space together invented the first electric light bulb company known for its most famous In 1980, Terry Fox, a British Columbian who exploration, often using the Canadian-designed and later sold the patent to Thomas Edison invention: the BlackBerry. lost his right leg to cancer at the age of 18, and built Canadarm. Gerhard Herzberg, a refugee who, more famously, commercialized the light

In 1972, Paul Henderson began a cross-country run, the “ of from Nazi Germany, John Polanyi, Sidney Altman, bulb. scored the winning Hope,” to raise money for cancer research. He Richard E. Taylor, and Bertram goal for Canada in the Canada-Soviet Summit became a hero to Canadians. While he did not Brockhouse were Nobel Prize-winning scientists. Series. This goal is often finish the run and ultimately lost his battle with referred to as “the goal Want to learn more about Canada’s history? Visit a museum or national historic site! Through artifacts, heard around the world” cancer, his legacy continues through yearly and is still remembered works of art, stories, images and documents, museums explore the diverse events and accomplishments today as an important that formed Canada’s history. Museums can be found in almost every city and town across Canada. event in both sports and cultural history National historic sites are located in all provinces and territories and include such diverse places as battlefields, archaeological sites, buildings and sacred spaces. To find a museum or national historic site (From Left to Right) in your community or region, visit the websites of the Virtual Museum of Canada and listed carries the flag after winning a gold medal at the end of this guide. in at the 2002 Olympic Winter Games Canadian football is a popular game that differs in a number of ways from American football. The prosperity and diversity of our country with your active participation, will continue to Professional teams in the depend on all Canadians working together to grow and thrive. (CFL) compete for the championship face challenges of the future. In seeking to Grey Cup, donated by Lord Grey, How will you make your contribution to Canada? the Governor General, in 1909 become a citizen, you are joining a country that, Discover Canada 27 Scientific innovation at work: Canadarm2 26 Your Canadian Citizenship Study Guide

(From Left to Right) Donovan Bailey Chantal Petitclerc Terry Fox Wayne Gretzky

Sports have flourished as all provinces fundraising events in his name. In 1985, fellow Great Canadian discoveries and • Reginald Fessenden — contributed to the and territories have produced amateur and British Columbian Rick Hansen circled the globe inventions invention of radio, sending the first wireless professional star athletes and Olympic medal in a wheelchair to raise funds for spinal cord voice message in the world. Canadians have made various discoveries and winners. Basketball was invented by Canadian research. inventions. Some of the most famous are listed • Dr. Wilder Penfield — was a pioneering brain James Naismith in 1891. Many major league Canadian advances in science and technology below. surgeon at McGill University in Montreal, and sports boast Canadian talent and in the national are world renowned and have changed the way was known as “the greatest living Canadian.” sport of ice hockey, Canadian teams have • Alexander Graham Bell — hit on the idea the world communicates and does business. • Dr. John A. Hopps — invented the first cardiac dominated the world. In 1996 at the Olympic of the telephone at his summer house in Marshall McLuhan and Harold Innis were pacemaker, used today to save the lives of Summer Games, Donovan Bailey became a Canada. pioneer thinkers. Science and research in people with heart disorders. world record sprinter and double Olympic gold • Joseph-Armand Bombardier — invented the Canada have won international recognition Sir Frederick Banting of Mark Tewksbury, Olympic medallist. Chantal Petitclerc became a world snowmobile, a light-weight winter vehicle. • SPAR Aerospace / National Research Council Toronto and Charles Best gold medallist and and attracted world-class students, academics discovered insulin, prominent activist for gay champion wheelchair racer and Paralympic gold — invented the Canadarm, a robotic arm used a hormone to treat and entrepreneurs engaged in medical • Sir Sandford Fleming — invented the and lesbian Canadians medalist. One of the greatest hockey players of in outer space. diabetes that has research, telecommunications and other fields. worldwide system of standard time zones. saved 16 million lives all time, Wayne Gretzky, played for the Edmonton • Mike Lazaridis and Jim Balsillie — of Research worldwide Since 1989, the Canadian Space Agency and • Matthew Evans and Henry Woodward — Oilers from 1979 to 1988. in Motion (RIM) — a wireless communications Canadian astronauts have participated in space together invented the first electric light bulb company known for its most famous In 1980, Terry Fox, a British Columbian who exploration, often using the Canadian-designed and later sold the patent to Thomas Edison invention: the BlackBerry. lost his right leg to cancer at the age of 18, and built Canadarm. Gerhard Herzberg, a refugee who, more famously, commercialized the light

In 1972, Paul Henderson began a cross-country run, the “Marathon of from Nazi Germany, John Polanyi, Sidney Altman, bulb. scored the winning Hope,” to raise money for cancer research. He Richard E. Taylor, Michael Smith and Bertram goal for Canada in the Canada-Soviet Summit became a hero to Canadians. While he did not Brockhouse were Nobel Prize-winning scientists. Series. This goal is often finish the run and ultimately lost his battle with referred to as “the goal Want to learn more about Canada’s history? Visit a museum or national historic site! Through artifacts, heard around the world” cancer, his legacy continues through yearly and is still remembered works of art, stories, images and documents, museums explore the diverse events and accomplishments today as an important that formed Canada’s history. Museums can be found in almost every city and town across Canada. event in both sports and cultural history National historic sites are located in all provinces and territories and include such diverse places as battlefields, archaeological sites, buildings and sacred spaces. To find a museum or national historic site (From Left to Right) in your community or region, visit the websites of the Virtual Museum of Canada and Parks Canada listed Catriona Le May Doan carries the flag after winning a gold medal at the end of this guide. in speed skating at the 2002 Olympic Winter Games Canadian football is a popular game that differs in a number of ways from American football. The prosperity and diversity of our country with your active participation, will continue to Professional teams in the depend on all Canadians working together to grow and thrive. Canadian Football League (CFL) compete for the championship face challenges of the future. In seeking to Grey Cup, donated by Lord Grey, How will you make your contribution to Canada? the Governor General, in 1909 become a citizen, you are joining a country that, Discover Canada 27