PRAG CONSILIENCE RNI No

ISSN 2456-6861 PRAG CONSILIENCE RNI No. ASSMUL/2016/70132 PRAG CONSILIENCE

A Multi-lingual Peer-reviewed Annual Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Commerce Vol. 3, No. 1, August 2018

PRAGJYOTISH COLLEGE RESEARCH COUNCIL (PCRC) PRAGJYOTISH COLLEGE Bharalumukh, Guwahati 781 009 (Assam) 2018 PRAG CONSILIENCE, ISSN 2456-6861, RNI No. ASSMUL/2016/70132, A Multi- lingual Peer-reviewed Annual Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Commerce, Printed by Prince Choudhury, Published by Dr. Manoj Kumar Mahanta, Principal, Pragjyotish College, on behalf of Pragjyotish College Research Council (PCRC), Pragjyotish College, Bharalumukh, Guwahati 781 009 and Printed at Bhabani Offset & Imaging Systems Pvt. Ltd., 7 Lachit Lane, Rajgarh Road, Guwahati 781 007 and Published at Pragjyotish College, Bharalumukh, Guwahati 781 009. Editor: Dr. Ira Das

Address for Communication Editor PRAG CONSILIENCE (ISSN 2456-6861) Department of Economics Pragjyotish College, Guwahati 781 009 E-mail: [email protected] Contact No. +91-94353-47132

Price: Rs.250/- (Rupees Two Hundred and Fifty only)

Disclaimer The Editorial Board and the Publisher of the Journal are not responsible for the opinions expressed by the authors. From the Editor’s Desk______

I am very pleased to introduce the Volume 3, No.1 of the research journal PRAG CONSILIENCE published by Pragjyotish College Research Council (PCRC), Pragjyotish College, Guwahati. PRAG CONSILIENCE is a double-blind peer-reviewed multi-lingual and multi- disciplinary journal. At the outset I would like to look into the aims and scope of this journal. Aims and Scope of the Journal q The aim of the journal is to provide an academic platform to scholars to discuss issues focused particularly on the North Eastern Region. q The topic coverage of the journal is broad and the journal incorporates a wide variety of topics, related to any branches of science, languages, environment, economics, politics, social life etc. As a multi-lingual and multi-disciplinary journal, PRAG CONSILIENCE encourages its contributors to submit research papers of relevance in many fields. q The journal has tried to critically analyse the complex process of the political, social, economic and cultural transformation. q All research papers are expected to reflect rigorous analysis, critical examination, and creative & innovative thinking. q All research papers should be relevant in the respective fields. To fulfil its objectives, sometimes the editorial team had faced many problems. Being a multi-lingual and multi-disciplinary journal, the research papers are from different backgrounds which create many problems to make them uniform. All the research papers submitted for this volume of the journal have been sent to the reviewers and all the papers have gone through a blind-review process. The comments of the reviewers are communicated to the authors for revision and revised papers are accepted for publication. Sometimes the papers need to be sent to the authors for revision more than once which makes some authors reluctant to revise the papers and they withdraw their papers from the journal. However, we think it is necessary to follow the reviewer's advice to maintain the quality of the research journal. For methodology, we have tried to follow a uniform style. For referencing, we have adopted to follow APA (American Psychological Association) style of referencing as far as possible. MLA (Modern Language Association) style of referencing is followed mainly for literature papers. We have made efforts to include this journal in UGC approved journal list. However, according to the methodology followed by UGC for inclusion in the list (Checklist Criteria), any multi-disciplinary journal has to score at least six marks. Being a new journal, without having own website and indexing, this time too we are unable to fulfil minimum requirement. Therefore, we will try to fulfil the minimum requirement for inclusion of the journal in the UGC approved journal list in near future and hereby we request the college authority to help us to fulfil the required UGC criteria. A new section 'Book Review' has been introduced in this volume of the journal. It will analyse the scholarly books and is expected to develop reading interest among the readers. Acknowledgements First of all, we will remain grateful to all the authors for submitting their manuscripts to PRAG CONSILIENCE and for giving us the opportunity to consider their valuable work. Next, we would like to offer my sincere gratitude to our reviewers who have made their precious time available for us for reviewing the research papers for this journal. Their valuable inputs and comments have helped improve the quality of the research papers. I would also like to acknowledge the publisher of this journal and president of Pragjyotish College Research Council (PCRC), Dr. Manoj Kumar Mahanta, Principal, Pragjyotish College and Dr. Paramananda Rajbongshi, Former Principal (i/c), Pragjyotish College for their encouragement in publishing this volume of the journal. I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr. Paramananda Majumdar, Associate Professor, Department of Geography for designing the cover page of the journal and contributing a book review for the journal. I would also like to acknowledge Atanu Kumar Chowdhury, Associate Professor, Department of Economics for his contribution towards this volume of the journal. I am thankful to Dr. Gargee Sharmah and Dr. Saitanya Kumar Bharadwaj for their kind help in compiling this journal. My sincere gratitude is also due to all the members of PCRC and editorial board of the journal. I would like to express gratitude to Publication Hub of Pragjyotish College for kind financial assistance extended to complete the journal work. We are thankful to Pankaj Saikia of Bhabani Offset and Imaging Systems Pvt. Ltd. for setting up the journal. We are also grateful to Bhabani Offset and Imaging Systems Pvt. Ltd. for printing this journal in time.

Place: Guwahati-09, Assam (Dr. Ira Das) Editor, PRAG CONSILIENCE CONTENTS

Humanities and Social Sciences Section 1. Chinese Hydro-politics in Tibet: Ecological, Social and Lower Riparian Concerns Jyotishman Bhagawati / 1 2. A Review of the Literature addressing Maternal Employment and Infant Mortality Bhanushree Baishya / 15 3. Ahom Paik System and Mughal Mansabdari System: A Comparative Study Indrani Deka / 25 4. National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and Utilization of Maternal Health Care Service in Rural Areas of Assam Jonali Nath / 33 5. The Concept of Gender Equality with Special Reference to the Perspective of Srimanta ÝaÆkaradeva and Karl Marx Achyut Kumar Das / 47 6. Õ¿™¦Q1 üÑßÁéÂîÂ Âó1± öÂ±ø¸± ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸± Ð ÛßÁ ÎŽÂS¿öÂ¿MÃÃßÁ ÕñÉûþò áÏîÂ±?¿ù ýÃÃ±æÃ¿1ßÁ± / 56 7. Õü÷Ïûþ± Õ±1n¸ ëÂ×MÃÃ1-ÂóÓÂõÇ±=ù1 äÂÏò±-¿îÂÂõõîÂÏûþ öÂ±ø¸±1 òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ± 1+Âó1 áêÂò Ð ÛßÁ ÕñÉûþò æÃái§±ï Âõ÷Çò / 66 8. ‘Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï’îÂ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÎüÌµûÇ Ð Û¿éÂ Õ±Ëù±äÂò± ÷?ÅÀ öÂA±äÂ±ûÇÏ / 76 9. ó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Âõ1n¸»±1 áÏîÂ1 1ýÃÃüÉÂõ±ðÃ Õ±1n¸ 1±ÂõÏ¿fßÁ ÎäÂîÂò± ÍÂõßÅÁ_ 1±æÃÂõÑúÏ / 90 10. 1±öÂ± Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ Ð Âó¿1»îÇÂò Õ±1n¸ üÑ1ŽÂí ¿äÂS 1?ò ò±ï / 98 11. Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏÂõþ ¿òÂõÇ±¿äÂîÂ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü ëÂ×ËÂó¿ŽÂîÂ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ûÅÂõ-ü¥xðÃ±ûþ Ð ÛßÁ¿éÂ ›¶¿îÂËÂõðÃò ÃÆüßÁîÂ Âõþ±ëÂ×îÂ Ý ÎæÃÉ±¿îÂ÷Çûþ Îüò&5 / 110 12. òæÃÂõþn¸ËùÂõþ “÷ÔîÅÂÉŽÅÂñ±” ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü Ð ÛßÁ¿éÂ ›¶¿îÂËÂõðÃò ðÃÏÂó±¿i¤îÂ± Õ±äÂ±ûÇÉ / 124 13. Ÿæè×¢Ì àæ¢·¤ÚUÎðß ·¤è ÚU¿Ùæ¥æð´ ×ð´ ÚUæ× ÂéÚUÕè ·¤çÜÌæ / 132 14. ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ ÂýçÌÈ¤çÜÌ â¢ßðÎÙæ ¿‹ÎÙæ àæ×üæ / 140 15. ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ çÙçãUÌ ¥æ¢ÌçÚU·¤ °ß¢ Õæ±Ø â¢ƒæáü ·¤æ ç¿˜æ‡æ ×ÙôÁ ·é¤×æÚU ŸæèßæSÌß / 146 Science Section 1. Platinum Nanopillar Catalyst for Enhanced Anodic Reactions in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Aziz Khan / 154 2. Nano-structuring of Conducting Polymers using Swift Heavy Ion Irradiation Jnanendra Upadhyay / 166 3. Flowering as a Booster for Economic Development in and around Guwahati Metropolis, Assam Bhrigu Kumar Nath and Dipali Baruah / 173 Commerce Section 1. Impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India Tandraleem Kashyap / 183 Book Review 1. Scholarly Lectures on Economic Thought Atanu Kumar Chowdhury / 193 2. ¿àù?Ïûþ±1 Õ¿™¦Q Õ±1n¸ ÕòÅ›¶Ë»ú1 ü÷üÉ±1 ý×ÃÃ¿îÂýÃÃ±ü ó1÷±òµ ÷æÅÃ÷ðÃ±1 / 197 3. ðÃÏÂóßÁ ßÅÁ÷±1 Âõ1ßÁ±ßÁîÂÏ1 ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü ‘¿ëÂßÁéÂò’ Ð ÛßÁ Õ±Ëù±äÂò± ›¶öÂ±îÂ ÂöÂÓÛž± / 199 PRAG CONSILIENCE: ISSN 2456-6861, RNI No. ASSMUL/2016/70132 A Multi-lingual Peer-reviewed Annual Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Commerce Vol. 3, No. 1 (2018), pp. 1-14

CHINESE HYDRO-POLITICS IN TIBET: ECOLOGICAL, SOCIAL AND LOWER RIPARIAN CONCERNS

Jyotishman Bhagawati*

Abstract: Water resources are crucial not only for domestic uses but also for a variety of activities such as mining, fishing, energy generation etc. In short, it is intrinsically linked to the survival and prosperity of a nation. Therefore, water security, despite being considered as a non-traditional security issue in international relations, is of fundamental concern for any state, especially in Asia, which happens to be one of the most water stressed regions of the world. Being the source of almost all major rivers in Asia, the Tibetan Plateau is of significant importance to the region. China is engaged in major hydro-engineering projects in transboundary-rivers in the Tibetan region. This engagement, in addition to its potential environmental and social impacts in the region, is also of significant concern for lower riparian states over China’s true intentions and purposes behind these projects. The present study attempts to analyse the ecological, social and lower riparian concerns associated with China’s hydro- politics in Tibet. Keywords: Hydro-politics, Transboundary-rivers, Ecological, Riparian concerns

1. Introduction Water security, usually examined as a non-traditional security issue in

* Junior Research Fellow, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, E-Mail: [email protected]

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  1 Jyotishman Bhagawati International Relations is of fundamental concern for any state. As demand for water increases rapidly, cooperation over transboundary-rivers has become very important for co-riparian states, especially in Asia, which happens to be one of the most water scarce regions in the world in per capita terms. The issue of Tibet attaches great importance in this context. After the polar icecaps, the Tibetan Plateau is the world’s largest freshwater repository. It is also the source of all the major rivers in Asia except the Ganges. China is engaged in major hydro-engineering projects in this region which is not only extremely sensitive for its fragile ecosystem but also pose a continuous source of worry for the lower riparian states over the sharing of shared river waters, especially in South and South East Asia. As hydro politics has entered the realm of security around the world, competition for water has also increased at an alarming rate. The problem of water scarcity has been further compounded by the failure of states to come together and work for coherent water management.

2. Objectives Taking Tibet as the central focal point, the main objectives of this study is to understand the concerns of the lower riparian states regarding China’s hydro politics in Tibet, and to examine how other factors like environmental or social cost from such Chinese projects can have a bearing in the region/world.

3. Methodology This study is mostly based on secondary data collected from various sources like articles, books, journalistic pieces, etc., and follows a deductive approach of analysis. The method undertaken for this research follows a combination of historical and content analysis.

4. Discussion and Analysis The Tibetan plateau is the largest and highest plateau in the world, set at an average altitude of 4,500 meters above sea level. It is one of the most bio-diverse, ecologically significant, resource rich and geologically unstable regions in the world.

2  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Chinese Hydro-politics in Tibet The plateau also stores enormous quantities of fresh water in its glaciers and snow, second in amount only to the polar ice caps, which has led to Tibet being called as the Earth’s ‘Third Pole’ (International Campaign for Tibet, 2015). The analysis of lower riparians in this context is significant because of the lack of dialouges between the lower riparians and the upper riparian China. The major river systems of the Indian subcontinent, China and South East Asia, such as the Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Indus, Mekong, Salween and Irrawaddy etc. draw their water from the Tibetan plateau, and hence, the Tibetan rivers form the backbone of the economic and agricultural activities of these regions which happens to be the most densely populated areas in the world (Schneider & Pope, 2008). The ecological importance of the region is not just limited to its bountiful rivers. The Tibetan plateau accounts for over half of all the plant and animal species found in China (“The Ecology of Major River Drainges in Western China”, n.d.). The plateau also makes for an immensely diverse ecological zone, which is home to the rarest of plant and animal species in the world, making the Tibetan Plateau a biodiversity hotspot (Zhao, Li, Liu & Qin, 2016). Moreover, the Tibetan rivers are also repositories of exclusive riverine ecosystems, thanks to the diverse ecological zones the rivers traverse through. The rivers are especially critical for the sustenance of these ecosystems, including the maintenance of flora and fauna to preserve biological diversity (“The Tibetan Plateau, the “Water Tower of Asia”, Tibet 3rd Pole”, n.d.). The plateau makes an extremely fragile ecosystem, and is also a region of high seismic sensitivity. The entire Himalayan belt is extremely earthquake prone, owing to the constantly moving tectonic plate beneath the Indian subcontinent. The plateau also experiences the effects of global warming more drastically than other areas of the world. According to Chinese scientists, Tibet is warming nearly twice as fast as the rest of the world (“The World’s ‘Third Pole’: Tibet and Climate Change”, n.d.). The increased burning of fossil fuels by China and India has accelerated the warming process, which is now 7 per cent per year, resulting in the melting of glaciers (Buckley, 2014). Consequently, an excess of water deposits in

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  3 Jyotishman Bhagawati the form of glacial lakes, forms on the upper reaches of the mountains and poses a threat of floods and inundation for the lower riparian regions, especially Nepal and Bhutan (Department of Information and International Relations, 2012). Longer term impacts of warming temperatures would be receded glaciers, and thin, volume less rivers, leading to drought like conditions (International Campaign for Tibet, 2015). Warmer temperatures also lead to an increased rate of evaporation from the permanently frozen soil, called permafrost, and also generally from the rivers. This, while on one hand, leads to climate warming and a rapid rate of desertification, on the other hand, it also contributes to the greenhouse gas emissions from the thawing permafrost, emissions which were earlier frozen shut. This affects the natural vegetation of the region (Department of Information and International Relations, 2012). 4.1 Tibetan Waters: As a ‘Resource for Commons’ Scientists have indicated the significant role the Tibetan plateau plays in controlling the climatic and weather conditions of Asia, and also the rest of the world by extension. Ecological and weather changes in the plateau show their effects even in Eastern Africa and Europe (International Campaign for Tibet, 2015). This is due to the unusual geographical and topographical situation of the plateau. The vast, flat expanse of the Tibetan plateau is perched at a significant height of 4500 meters above the sea level. This results in a quick heating of the plateau, which in turn draws the monsoon winds towards the northern part of the Indian subcontinent (Raj, 2013). Experts like Uttam Kumar Sinha and Kanti Bajpai argues that by terming Tibetan waters as ‘commons’, India as a middle-riparian state can attract international attention which could prompt China to enter into dialogues with the downstream states for the sharing and preservation of Tibetan rivers (Bajpai et al., 2016). 4.2 The ‘Water Grab’ As Brahma Challaney puts it in his book, Water: Asia’s New Battleground, the securitisation of Tibetan waters by China is the biggest water grab in the history of the world (Chellaney, 2011). This claim is evidenced by the rate at which the

4  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Chinese Hydro-politics in Tibet Chinese government is building dams and hydro power projects on the Tibetan rivers. The Yellow and the Yangtze rivers are the major sources of water for consumption in the western part of China. But owing to the unmatched rate of industrialization and population growth, these rivers have been overexploited to such an extent that the Yellow river even ‘fails to meet the sea’ during several lengths in a year (Buckley, n.d.). The rivers are also largely polluted, and though a major diversion and interlink between the Yellow and the Yangtze was made to make up the requirements of China, and also several dams were built to manage the water requirements, the rivers still didn’t have enough water to satiate the burgeoning Chinese population and economy. The rising need for water complemented by the rising air pollution levels in China led the Chinese to build major hydropower projects on the other rivers originating in the Tibetan plateau. The plateau, apart from being an abundant repository of water, is also rich in other minerals and natural resources which significantly help the industrial process. Except for the Yellow and the Yangtze, all other rivers that China is securitizing are transboundary rivers, which flow downstream into India, Bangladesh and several other countries. China now plans to build some 130 dams, built in a staircase formation reservoir over reservoir, across the South-western region of China, on all of these transboundary rivers. The aim is to produce more than 120,000 megawatts of renewable energy by 2020, most of which will be supplied through these hydel power plants (Zaffos, 2014). 4.3 Environmental Concerns The Tibetan plateau is geologically unstable. It rests upon the Eurasian tectonic plate which is one of the most earthquake prone regions in the world. In building more than 130 dams in a region of known seismic sensitivity, China has unleashed a potential catastrophe on not only her own citizens and economy, but also on the citizens and economies of lower riparian countries. An area-wise analysis of the dams reports that almost 99 per cent dams are being built in moderate to very high seismic hazard zones. Of these dams, the ones located on the Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) are located on very high seismic hazard zones, with a 10 per cent

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  5 Jyotishman Bhagawati chance of failure in the next 10 years (Jackson, 2012). This is a special cause for concern for India and Bangladesh as both countries are immediately downstream of the Yarlung Tsangpo. In addition to the threat of dam failure and inundation due to earthquakes, dams and reservoirs themselves might cause or aggravate earthquakes. The Zipingpu dam built on the Min river in China, met exactly the same fate. The 50- story high dam was built close to a major fault line, and despite the warnings of seismologists, it was built in 2001, and went under operation in 2007 (Xiaoming, 2008). In 2008, a 7.9 magnitude earthquake hit Wenchuan only 5.5 kilometres downstream, killing 80,000 people. On further research, it was found that the Zipingpu dam caused many minor tremors over the period of time, which finally culminated in the larger quake (Xiao, 2012). An additional fear with such reservoir projects is that the dams might get subjected to a cascading effect. If one reservoir collapses, the other dams downstream might also collapse because of the huge rush of water (Zaffos, 2014). The Chinese hydel projects are built in a similar ‘staircase’ manner. In 1975, the 118-meter-high Banqiao Dam collapsed due to heavy rainfall, which led to the collapse of 61 reservoirs downstream. Consequently, six counties were besieged under a lake of more than 7,300 square kilometres. The floods and resulting epidemics claimed a total of 26,000 lives and affecting more than 10 million (Daily, 2005). One of the most serious environmental concerns arising out of China’s dam building frenzy is the issue of glacial retreat. According to Chinese scientists, Tibet holds around 14.5 per cent of the world’s total glacier mass, out of which about 18 per cent have already disappeared since the 1950s (Dorje, 2015). If such a trend continues, it might lead to severe water crisis in the region due to periodic flooding and drought. Besides glacier melting, there is also growing concern about the meltdown of permafrost soil, almost 40 per cent of which would be gone in the near future, according to a research conducted by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Dorje, 2015). Another potential threat that extensive construction of dams and reservoirs

6  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Chinese Hydro-politics in Tibet entails is to the natural course the river takes. The dams hold water during the rains and release it during dry seasons. The downstream of marshland, lakes and swamps downstream dry up in deprivation of their annual inundations, and can no longer absorb flood water. This aggravates the situation in cases of a flood, where whatever natural deterrent these wetlands provide gets destroyed. This happened since the gigantic Three Gorges dam was built over the Yangtze river. Three major lakes downstream which absorbed the floodwaters from the Yangtze shrunk dramatically and many smaller lakes dried up. During the major floods of 2010, the water of the Three Gorges dam was released as it rose above alarm level. The resulting flood took 968 lives, and the economic losses it incurred totalled to $26 billion (“Hydro-Electricity”, n.d.). The loss, dams cause to the surrounding ecosystem is immense. Dams transform free flowing rivers into stagnant lakes, practically changing the very habitat of the flora and fauna of these rivers. In the absence of sufficient nutrient-rich water, many plants and animals of riverine ecosystems are threatened; some are even driven to extinction. For instance, the Xiaonanhai dam over the Three Gorges reservoir is expected to sever the last remaining migratory route that fish (including the rare, endemic paddlefish) need in order to reproduce, significantly affecting their survival (Zaffos, 2014). The Chinese river dolphin was declared extinct back in 2006 (Lovgren, 2006). These issues reflect the significant threat that China’s unrestricted dam construction activities possess to the region. As mentioned earlier, the environmental impact of hydro projects on such a massive scale can cause irreparable damage to the extremely fragile plateau, besides having an adverse effect on the densely populated Brahmaputra valley, downstream. Moreover, these activities which are currently taking place on an industrial scale in Tibet, also contribute immensely to global warming. 4.4 Social Concerns Dams uproot whole populations, devastating their economic and cultural lifestyle. Each new project demands relocation of communities, who are often not adequately reimbursed and rehabilitated. For instance, ever since the

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  7 Jyotishman Bhagawati commencement of these hydel projects, an approximate of 16 million Chinese people has been relocated, and 10 million of these people live in poverty (International Rivers, 2008). The Three Gorges dam alone has inundated 13 cities, 140 towns and 1350 villages, displacing 1.3 million people (Ibid.). China is also systematically excluding the nomads from their lands by officially labelling them as “ecological migrants” (Department of Information and International Relations, 2012). The unrestrained economic activity on the Tibetan plateau is also an abuse to the cultural and spiritual ethos of the Tibetan people, who revere their environment and ecosystems profoundly. The Buddhist belief of interdependence between the natural environment and all sentient beings living in it is at the core of Tibetan lifestyle (Chellaney, 2011). The rapid rate at which China has been intervening and corrupting the Tibetan plateau by mining their mountains and damming their lakes has imbued much distress in the Tibetan community. Take for instance “the Great Bend” (Shuomatan Point) in Tibet, the area where the Brahmaputra makes a U- turn to form the world’s longest and steepest canyon. The Tibetans consider it as a sacred place and believes that it personifies their protecting deity, Goddess Dorjee Pagmo, with each mountain, cliff, cave etc. resembling her body and the Brahmaputra representing her spine (Chellaney, 2011). China has identified this point as a source for diverting water and to build hydroelectric power projects to generate around 40,000 megawatts of power (Hussain, 2015). These kind of uninhabited and unsustainable industrial activity thwarts the rights of the indigenous people on their land and is a potent insight into the repression of the rights of the Tibetan people. The social impact from large scale hydro projects in the Mekong, for instance, is also alarming as the river not only sustains agriculture in Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam, but is also a major source of food for the local people whose staple diet includes fish. The Mekong supports the world’s largest inland fishery, producing an annual harvest of 2.1 million tonnes of fish which is worth $ 4.2-7.6 billion on retail markets (UNEP, 2010). This catch is essential for food security, livelihood and economic activity of the locals. The dams built on the Mekong will seriously impact the fisheries of the basin. The major effect will be due to reduced sediment

8  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Chinese Hydro-politics in Tibet load and silt content and sediment variations caused by upstream dams which affect the reproductive success of species (CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE), International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and WorldFish, 2015). China’s dam projects are not only a threat to its own people, environment and economy, but also to other countries positioned downstream. And yet, china refuses to come to any binding treaty with its neighbouring countries when it comes to the use of these shared waters. 4.5 Lower Riparian Concerns In 2012, Probe International, an independent environment advocacy group published a study on Earthquake Hazards and Large Dams in Western China on the basis of a map published by Hydro China where it was found that of the 137 proposed, under construction and constructed dams on the Yellow, Yangtze, Yarlung Tsangpo, Parlong Tsangpo, Nu, Lancang, Dadu, Min and Yellow river headwaters, 48.2 per cent are located in zones of very high to high seismic hazard, 50.4 per cent are located in zones of moderate seismic hazard and only 1.4 per cent are located in zones of low seismic hazard (Jackson, 2012). Since most of these are cascade dams, any possible damage or failure in these dams due to earthquakes can be disastrous for people living downstream in India or Bangladesh. Moreover, China claims that most of the dams under construction or proposed in transboundary rivers like the Yarlung Tsangpo are “run of the river” (ROR) projects, in order to dispel any fear or apprehensions of lower riparian states. While this claim cannot be verified due to the absence of any monitoring mechanisms with China, but even if it is taken to be true, ROR projects also has its own set of concerns for lower riparian states. The basic principle of ROR dams is that it requires a limited amount of water to be stored to pass through the turbines before it is returned to the river. Although there are lots of ambiguity about the storage capacity of these dams but recent projects like the 510 megawatt Zangmu Dam which started functioning in 2015 are sufficiently large enough to be considered as storage dams (Sinha, 2016). Furthermore, due to the lack of any ‘trust and verify’ mechanism between China and downstream states, there are significant concerns

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  9 Jyotishman Bhagawati on whether China will return the stored waters as per law or divert them elsewhere. The political equation of Beijing with most of its downstream neighbours is also not very cordial which suits China to make use of its riparian advantage as a leverage against them (Sinha, 2016). There are also concerns regarding the possibility of floods from ROR projects for downstream countries which quite apparently came into limelight during the 2006 floods in Arunachal Pradesh which claimed the lives of 30 people and left over 100 missing. Satellite imagery confirmed that the floods were caused because Beijing decided to let loose the water of a dam in the Yarlung Tsangpo river after it got breached without informing India about it (“India Blames Flash Floods on Chinese Dam”, 2006). Apart from flood concerns, there is also the issue of silt which gets blocked in a ROR project leading to serious impact on the fertility downstream. In absence of the silt, nutrients aren’t carried down the river and salt water floods the estuaries, thus damaging croplands and adversely affecting the fisheries (Gupta, 2015). This is again problematic for lower riparian countries, and especially for countries like India, Bangladesh and Southeast Asia, where agriculture sustains a major part of the economy. Highlighting the seriousness of the issue, Ramaswamy Iyer who was a former secretary of Water Resources with the Government of India, argues that China’s dams on the Brahmaputra river are “a matter of utmost concern to lower riparian countries”. He explains that a “break in the river between the point of diversion to the turbines and the point of return of the waters to the river … can be very long, upwards of 10 km in many cases, even 100 km in some cases; and there would be a series of such breaks in the river in the event of a cascade of projects.” He also points out that “far from being environmentally benign, as often claimed,” a ROR project actually “spells death for the river” since turbines operate intermittently in these projects, “which means that the waters are held back in pondage and released when the turbines need to operate, resulting in huge diurnal variations- from 0 per cent to 400 per cent in a day- in downstream flows. No aquatic life or riparian population can cope with that order of diurnal variation” (Ramachandran, 2015).

10  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Chinese Hydro-politics in Tibet China has also rejected to ratify any water convention treaties. It voted against the 1997 UN Convention on Non-Navigable Use of International Watercourses apparently because it felt that the provision contained a lot of dispute settlement mechanisms which is not suitable for a framework convention (Wouters, n.d.). It has also refused to join the Mekong River Commission which was set up in 1995 to resolve issues of shared concern by the countries along the Mekong, saying that it prefers to deal with these issues on a bilateral basis (Lipes, 2014). These actions have further added to the concerns of the downstream countries about the real intentions and purpose behind the Chinese projects in Tibet.

5. Conclusion The enormous scale and the rapid rate at which the Chinese government in damming the Tibetan plateau has already attracted a lot of attention from the international community for a variety of economic, ecological, social as well as political reasons. The fact that eight lower riparian countries with huge populations and economies to support are largely dependent on the Tibetan rivers for their water requirements, but the increased damming of these rivers without any consultation with the governments of the lower riparian states is a specific reason for worry. Beijing is also not in favour of sharing technical details of these projects or allowing field visits to representatives of the lower-riparian states, which raise more concerns about the true intentions and motives behind Chinese hydro-politics in Tibet. What makes the study of these Chinese projects more significant is that China has never taken into account the concerns of the lower riparian states and has never consulted them before undertaking dam constructions upstream, even though dam building is considered as a trans-border water issue. China’s refusal to be part of any water convention bodies reflects its intention of using the leverage of being an upper riparian state to use water as a political tool to gain concessions from its neighbours. That also explains why Beijing prefers bilateral negotiations over water issues.

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  11 Jyotishman Bhagawati References Bajpai, K., Huang, J., & Mahbubani, K. (2016). China-India Relations: Cooperation and Conflict (1st ed.) New York: Routledge, 175 Buckley, M. (2014). Meltdown in Tibet (1st ed.). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Buckley, M. Yellow River: The River that fails to reach the sea. Meltdownintibet.com. Retrieved 11 April 2018, from http:// www.meltdownintibet.com/f_river_yellow.htm CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE), International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and World Fish. (2015). Fish, Sediments and Dams in the Mekong: How hydropower development affects water productivity and food supply. Cambodia: CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE), International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and WorldFish. Retrieved from https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/ bitstreams/72883/retrieve Chellaney, B. (2011). Water - Asia’s New battleground, HarperCollins. (59-152). Daily, P. (2005). After 30 years, secrets, lessons of China’s worst dams burst accident surface. Retrieved 7 April 2018, from http://en.people.cn/200510/ 01/eng20051001_211892.html Department of Information and International Relations (2012). Tibet: The Third Pole, Importance of Environmental Stewardship, Dharamsala: Central Tibetan Administration. 2-8 Dorje, Y. (2015). Researchers: Tibetan Glacial Melt Threatens Billions. voanews.com. Retrieved 14 August 2018, from https://www.voanews.com/a/ melting-tibet-could-threaten-billions-of-people/3075426.html Gupta, J. (2015). Brahmaputra dams hold back silt, not water. thethirdpole.net. Retrieved 7th April 2018, from https://www.thethirdpole.net/2015/11/06/tibet- dams-hold-back-silt-not-water/ Hydro-Electricity. jacksonresearchproject.weebly.com. Retrieved 9April 2018, from https://jacksonresourceproject.weebly.com/energy-resource.html Hussain, N. (2015). Water: The New Dimension in India-China Relations. In A. Acharya, A. Karim, S. Upadhyay, E. Ullah & D. Sharma, Shared Rivers in South Asia (1st ed). Guwahati: Wordweaves India. 28-65

12  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Chinese Hydro-politics in Tibet

India Blames Flash Floods On Chinese Dam. (2006). Spacedaily.com. Retrieved 11 April 2018, from http://www.spacedaily.com/news/flood-india-00b.html International Campaign for Tibet. (2015). BLUE GOLD FROM THE HIGHEST PLATEAU: Tibet’s water and global climate change. 9-27. Retrieved from https://www.savetibet.org/wp-content/ uploads/2015/12/ICT-Water-Report- 2015.pdf International Rivers. (2008). Three Gorges Dam: The Cost of Power. 1-4. Berkeley CA. Retrieved from https://www.internationalrivers.org/sites/default/files/ attached-files/3gorges factsheet.lorez. pdf Jackson, J. (2012). Earthquake Hazards and Large Dams in Western China. 2- 9. Probe International. Retrieved from http://probeinternational.org/library/wp- content/uploads/2012/04/JohnJackson FinalReport.pdf Lovgren, S. (2006). China’s Rare River Dolphin Now Extinct, Experts Announc. News.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 11 April 2018, from http:/ /news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/12/061214-dolphin-extinct.html Lipes, J. (2014). China Should Join Mekong Commission: US Official. www.rfa.org. Retrieved 11 April 2018, from http://www.rfa.org/english/news/ china/commission-01092014174430.html Raj, N. (2013). The Tibetan plateau and the Indian monsoon. thehindu.com. Retrieved 11 April 2018, from http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/the- tibetan-plateau-and-the-indian-monsoon/ article4651084.ece Ramachandran, S. (2015). Water Wars: China, India and the Great Dam Rush.thediplomat.com. Retrieved 11 April 2018, from http://thediplomat.com/ 2015/04/water-wars-china-india-and-the-great-dam-rush/ Schneider, K., & Pope, C. (2008). China, Tibet, and the Strategic Power of Water - Circle of Blue. http://www.circleofblue.org. Retrieved 11 April 2018, from http://www.circleofblue.org/2008/world/china-tibet-and-the-strategic-power-of- water/ Sinha, U. (2016). Riverine Neighbourhood: Hydro-politics in South Asia (1st ed.) New Delhi: Pentagon Press. 113-135. The Ecology of Major River Drainges in Western China. Shangri-la-river- expeditions.com. Retrieved 11 April 2018, from http://www.shangri-la-river- expeditions.com/wchinaeco/wchinaeco.html

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  13 Jyotishman Bhagawati

The Tibetan Plateau, the “Water Tower of Asia” | Tibet 3rd Pole. Tibet.org. Retrieved 11 April 2018, from http://tibet.org/tibet3rdpole.org/?p=402 The World’s ‘Third Pole’: Tibet and Climate Change. Tibetpolicy.eu. Retrieved 11 April 2018, from http://www.tibetpolicy.eu/wp-content/uploads/Tibet-and- Climate-Change.pdf UNEP. (2010). Blue Harvest: Inland Fisheries as an Ecosystem Service. Nairobi: UNON, Publishing Services Section. 5-53. Retrieved from: http:// www.unep.org/pdf/Blue_Harvest.pdf Wouters, D. (2012). The Legal Response to International Water Scarcity and Water Conflicts. Thewaterpage.com. Retrieved 11 April 2018, from http:// www.thewaterpage.com/ patwouters1.htm Xiaoming, L. (2008). The Zipingpu dam: after the quake. Chinadialogue.net. Retrieved 11 April 2018, from https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/2210-The- Zipingpu-dam-after-the-quake Xiao, F. (2012). Did the Zipingpu Dam Trigger China’s 2008 Earthquake? The Scientific Case. Probe International. Retrieved from http:// probeinternational.org/library/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/ Fan-Xiao12-12.pdf Zaffos, J. (2014). Life on Mekong Faces Threats As Major Dams Begin to Rise. Yale E360. Retrieved 11 April 2018, from https://e360.yale.edu/features/ lifeonmekongfacesthreatsasmajordamsbeginto rise Zhao, L., Li, J., Liu, H., & Qin, H. (2016). Distribution, congruence, and hotspots of higher plants in China. nature.com. Retrieved 11 April 2018, from http:// www.nature.com/articles/srep19080

Manuscript received on 12/04/2018 Reviewed Paper received on 12/08/2018 Revised Paper received on 14/08/2018 Research Paper accepted on 24/08/2018

14  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 PRAG CONSILIENCE: ISSN 2456-6861, RNI No. ASSMUL/2016/70132 A Multi-lingual Peer-reviewed Annual Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Commerce Vol. 3, No. 1 (2018), pp. 15-24

A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ADDRESSING MATERNAL EMPLOYMENT AND INFANT MORTALITY

Bhanushree Baishya*

Abstract: In developing countries, empirical studies show a lower survival rate among children of working mothers compared to children of non-working mothers. In fact, economic activity of the mother can generate earnings, increase her autonomy and her power in decision making that are expected to improve child survival. The negative association between maternal employment and infant mortality is usually attributed to the reduction in the amount of time the working mothers spend in child care. The children of working mothers receive less attention and less care, which lead to their lower survival rate. The growing number of women in the labour force reveals that women’s empowerment is increasing. Thus, it is evident that a significant number of mothers will be among the women labour force. This research paper aims at finding out the relationship between maternal employment and infant mortality by going through literature review. Keywords: Maternal Employment, Infant Mortality, Child Care

1. Introduction Survival of infant and child in a developing country like India has been a big problem. With poverty, poor educational facilities and poor health services, infant and childhood mortality is a crisis for India. Several child survival programmes

*Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Gauhati University, E-Mail: [email protected]

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  15 Bhanushree Baishya have been initiated as an attempt to alleviate the situation of high infant and childhood mortality in India. One fundamental structure that has changed in the families is the growing number of women in the labour force. The growing number of women in the labour force reveals that women’s empowerment is increasing. Thus, it is evident that a significant number of mothers will be among the women labour force. It is, therefore, necessary to assess the impact of this paradigm shift, where actual non employed mothers join the work force leaving their children behind with different child care options and its consequences on the mother child relationship. It has been known that female autonomy is beneficial for childhood survival as mother’s income is keen to translate into better care and access resources for children in the household. However, the analysis of the female employment on child well-being shows mixed evidence both positive and negative laying more emphasis on the social context in which the relationship takes place and being less definitive about the direction of causality (Murthy, 1995; Sivakami, 2000; Basu,1992).

2. Objective The main objective of the paper is to review the existing literatures on Maternal Employment and Infant Mortality and come to a definite conclusion.

3. Methodology The paper is dependent mainly on the review of literatures available in published journals, books and other secondary data source. For fulfilling the above objective, published works of different scholars who has made an in-depth study relating to maternal employment and infant mortality has been studied thoroughly.

4. Discussion The linkage between maternal employment and infant mortality has drawn the attention of many scholars. According to Basu & Basu (1991), at the micro-level, children of working class mothers are likely to experience higher rates of infant death than those of non-working mothers and these rates are higher in mothers working in the informal

16  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Maternal Employment and Infant Mortality than in the formal sector. Compared to the impact of female employment on other demographic components namely mortality and migration, impact of female employment on fertility is extremely well discussed. It is highlighted in various studies that very little is known about the impact which maternal participation in the workforce has on the survival of children (Basu & Basu, 1991). 4.1 Types of Employment and Time Availability Numerous studies have examined how the types of jobs of the mothers affect their care giving behaviours. However, a few systematic evidences exist for developing countries that maternal employment has a negative impact on care giving practices such as breastfeeding, safe food preparation and proper hygiene, and health seeking behaviour. Several studies (Bianch, 2000; Short et al., 2002) have supported that a higher maternal wages counteract the adverse effect of time away from the children and have net positive effect on child nutrition. Some of the authors like Blumberg (1984), Boehmer & Williamson (1995) argue that fear about the adverse consequences of maternal employment for infant health are unfounded because mothers work in paid jobs when the monetary rewards for doing so are relatively high. Their cash earnings enhance their ability to purchase the nutritional food that provides adequate substitute for breastfeeding, thus resulting in improved in child health. Further comprehensive reviews in Leslie (1988) and Ruel et al., (1998) concluded in general that there was no consistent pattern of a negative and positive association between maternal employment and infant feeding practices or between maternal employment and child nutritional status. Informal versus formal sector work can also play an important role, especially informal sector works affords the mother greater flexibility in combining paid work with childcare supervision. This argument was supported with results for rural Thailand in Chutikul (1986), which found that mother’s work in the informal sector had a positive impact on children’s weight for height and height for age, while mothers in the formal sector had a negative impact on both indicators. Not all studies have found the type of work to have an impact on children’s

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  17 Bhanushree Baishya health. For example, using data for urban Guinea, Glick & Sahn (1998) found that maternal working hours in self-employment and wage employment have negative impacts on equal size on the child height even after controlling for the mother’s earnings brought in her by her employment. The feasibility of combining employment with child care was not strong enough to counteract the negative impact of maternal hours in market work on children’s height for age. An another example, among low income urban households in Chile, maternal employment have a net positive impact on infant’s weight (Vial et al., 1989). However, this effect operated through mostly the additional income that mothers earned at work, rather than the type of work. There is also support for the argument that a mother’s job may not have much effect on children’s health if the mother adjusts her work schedule to meet her child’s needs. For example, research on the care and nutritional status of pre school children in Accra, Ghana found that even though close to 60 per cent of mothers worked full time, maternal employment did not change the child care practices and behaviours associated with nutritional status, especially feeding patterns and preventive health seeking behaviours and hygiene. The result of the research shows that employed mothers protect their children by adapting their work schedules and patterns according to the ages and needs of the young child (Maxwell et al. 2000). Studies including that of Short et al. (2002), emphasizes that the link is the amount of time the child spends with the mother. Employment varies according to the differences in occupation, salary packages, working hours as well as if a woman works at home or away from home (Sivakami, 1997). Mothers who work at home seemingly has the advantage of being able to spend more time with their children and are able to perform other tasks which stay-at home mothers also do for their children (Short et al., 2002). This sort of female employment is thought to overcome the constraints of time spend with the child as opposed to putting the child at risk with mothers in formal employment, although this is not always the case. Bianchi (2000) states that studies have underestimated the length of the working

18  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Maternal Employment and Infant Mortality hour. The extent to which the women have been undervalued can be seen in studies which only emphasize the impact of maternal employment on infant child and reduce the emphasis of good which accompanies the mother’s autonomy. Bianchi (2000) points out the fact that children grow and their needs and dependence on their mothers change. This shows as the children grows from infancy to a grown up child, their needs and dependence on their mothers changes too. 4.2 Poor Economic Households Blackey et al. (2003) states that families where no adult is employed report higher rates of mortality in all age groups under the age of five. Poor economic households often lack hygiene, food, overcrowding, and bad housing conditions, which leaves room for negligence and disease amongst those who are economically disadvantaged (Mosley & Chen, 1984). Mondal et al. (2009) presented that the risk of child mortality had decreased with increased female education and wider access to safety treatment places. According to them, mother’s occupation is also associated with the nutritional status of their children. The incidence of high infant and child mortality is higher among not working women (who are engaged, of course, in regular household activities) than that of working women. Possibly it is because of the fact that majority of women works as family helpers on fields and hence they do not have cash on hands to provide better health care to their sick children. Their results show that neo-natal (94.6 per cent), post-neonatal (95.2 per cent) and child mortality (97.7 per cent) is high among non-working women than among self-employed women (5.4 per cent, 4.9 per cent, and 2.3 per cent respectively). Again the risk of neonatal death is 37.90 per cent lower among mothers who are working than those who are not working. Baird et al. (2009) have widened the views of the relationship between infant mortality and health expenditures with high income due to female labour participation. They have analysed that there is a large and negative association between per capita GDP and infant mortality. One per cent decrease in GDP is associated with an increase in mortality between 0.24 and 0.40 infants per 1000 children born. In poor countries, approximately 30 per cent of all death occurs to children under

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  19 Bhanushree Baishya the age of five, compared to less than 1 per cent of the rich countries. According to Blumberg (1984), women’s economic power is the strongest predictor of women’s overall status. However, some earlier studies contradicted that higher level of female labour force participation increases infant mortality levels (Carvajal & Burgess, 1978). The employed mother tends to be less fatalistic about her sick child. She tends to be more prone to seek medical treatment, more prone to make use of modern medical facilities. She is in a better position to demand the attention of health providers and more likely to ask for explanations as to the cause of the problem and what can be done to prevent it. Narayan & Smyth (2006) presented that there exists a potential causal relationship between infant mortality rates and female labour force participation. Economic development is normally associated with female emancipation and improved access to income earning opportunities outside the home. The decline in infant mortality in developed nations like Australia has been generally associated with an increase in female labour force participation compared to other developing nations where infant mortality rates are relatively high. Boehmer & Williamson (1995) presented a detailed analysis of the hypothesis that there exists an inverse relationship between infant mortality and women’s status. As women’s status increases, infant mortality rates decreases. They argue that the nations in which the women have higher status tend to be the nations in which women tend to have greater influence on social policy. Women tend to favours in spending a greater share of their family and national recourses on basic education and primary health care and a variety of other social programs that tend to lower infant mortality rates. 4.3 Lack of Proper Child Care and Societal Preferences Zakir & Wunnava (October, 1997) found a robust and convincing evidence regarding the factors affecting infant mortality rates. Based on cross sectional model they found that high infant mortality may occur because of lack of proper child care owing to poverty, lack of education and societal preferences. A study done in Uganda by Ssengonzi et al. (2002) revealed that children living in households which were headed by females were 93 per cent more likely

20  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Maternal Employment and Infant Mortality to survive than children who live in households headed by any other person besides mother. Blackey et al. (2001) confirmed that children who resided in one parent families experience a higher rate of mortality than those with two parents. Murthi et al. (1995) point out that gainful employment of women may enhance the effectiveness of their agency roles in society and family, including those connected with child care. However, the double burden of household work and outside employment can impair women’s ability to ensure the good health of their child, as it reduces their time available for child care activities. 4.4 Demographic Factors A child’s survival is also highly influenced by socio-economic position of the mother, which includes demographic factors such as residential area and household characteristics. A study by Garrib et al. (2006) show that childhood mortality is substantially higher in rural areas than in urban areas. This is because urban areas are more associated with better access to health care, better transport, employment and education as well as higher contraceptive usage (Heaton & Amoateng, 2007).

5. Conclusion The main purpose and objective of the paper is to study the relationship between maternal employment and infant mortality. The primary focus of the paper was based on whether or not maternal employment has an adverse impact on infant mortality as observed in previous studies. The literature reviewed in depth have ultimately shown that employment status of a mother plays a vital role as a determinant of infant mortality and this characteristic has potential to put children at risk of childhood death. However, this should not limit the autonomy of women. From the above literature reviewed, it can be concluded that there might be negative relation between mother’s employment and infant mortality among the poor and the mothers working in the informal sector. Infant mortality does not vary by whether a mother is employed or not, but mother’s employment does have negative consequences for infant survival if the mother works away from home for cash.

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  21 Bhanushree Baishya The fact that children die more often when mothers are employed does not in any way imply that women employment should be discouraged. The higher mortality of children if mothers work reflects the fact that employment for women is in addition to their traditionally ascribed roles. They alone cannot fulfill all of these obligations. Similar negative effects on child mortality would surely be evident if fathers had the sole responsibility for the care of infants while having to fulfill their obligations as earners. Unless gender roles and gender relations are renegotiated, children will continue to lose.

References Baird, S., Friedman, J. & Schody, N. (2009). Aggregate income shocks and infant mortality in the developing world, World Bank Washington DC. Basu, A. (1990). Cultural influences on health care use: two regional groups in India. Studies in Family Planning , 21 (5), 275-286. Basu, A. M. (1992). Culture, the status of women and demographic behaviour: Illustrated with the case of India. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Basu, A. M., & Basu, K. (1991). Women’s economic role & child survival: The case of India. Health Transision Review , 1 (1), 83-103. Bianchi, S. M. (2000). Maternal Employment and time with children: Dramatic change or surprising continuty? Demography , 37 (4), 401-414. Blakey, T., Atkinson, J.,Kiro, C.,Blaiklock, A. & D’Souza, A. (2003). Child Mortality, Socio-economic position and one Parent Families: Independent Associations and Variations by age and cause of death. International Journal of Epidemiology, 32: 410-418 Blumberg, R. L. (1984). A regional theory of gender stratification. (R. Collins, Ed.) Sociological Theory, (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco), 23-101. Boehmer, U., & Williamson, J. B. (1995). The impact of women’s status on infant mortality rate: A cross national analysis. Social Indicators Research. 37(3), 333-360. Caldwell, J. C. (1978). Education as a factor in mortality decline: an examination of Nigerian data. Population Studies , 33 (2), 395-413. Carvajal, M. & Burgess, P. (1978). Socio-economic determinants of fetal and child deaths in Latin America: A Comparative Study of Bogoto, Caracas and Rio De

22  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Maternal Employment and Infant Mortality

Janeiro. Social Science and Medicine. Part C: Medical Economics, 12 (1-2), 89-98 Chutikul, S. (1986). Malnourished children: an economic approach to the causes and consequences in rural Thailand. Papers of the East West Population Institute, No. 102. Garrib, A., Jaffar, S., Knight, S., Bradshaw, S. & Bennish, L. (2006). Rates and causes of child mortality in the area of high HIV prevalence in rural South Africa. Tropical Medicine and International Health , 11 (12), 1841-1848. Glick, P. & Sahn, D.E. (1998). Maternal Labour Supply and Child Nutrition in West Africa. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 60: 3, 325-355 Heaton, T.B. & Amoateng, A.Y. (2007). The Family Context for Racial differentials for infant mortality in South Africa. Chapter 8: Families and households in post apartheid South Africa: Socio-demographic perspectives, 171-187 Kapoor, S. (2010). Infant mortality in India: District level variations and correlations. UC Riverside. Kishore, S. & Parasuram, S. (1998). Mother’s employmenet and infant mortality and chield mortality in India. National Family Health Survey Subject Reports No.8, 40, Mumbai: International Institute for Population Science. Leslie, J. (1989). Women’s work and child nutrition in the Third World. In Joanne Leslie and Michael Paolisso, eds. Women, work, and child welfare in the Third World. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Maxwell, D., Levin, C., Armar-Klemesu, M., Ruel, M., Morris, S. & Ahiadeke, C. (2000). Urban Livelihoods and Food and Nutrition Security in Greater Accra, Ghana; Research Report 112. International Food Policy Research Institution (IFPRI) Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Mosley, W. H. & Chen, L.C., (1984). An analytical framework for the study of child mortality in developing countries Population and development review, 10, 25-45 Suppliment: Child Survival : Strategies for Research. Mondal, N. I., Hossain, Md. K. & Ali, Md. K. (2009). Factors influencing Infant and Child Mortality: A case study of Rajshahi District, Bangladesh. Journal of Human Ecology, 26(1), 31-39. Murthi, M., Anne, C. G. & Jean, D. (1995). Mortality, fertility and gender bias in India: A district level analysis. Population and Development Review, 21 (4), 745-782.

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  23 Bhanushree Baishya

Narayan, P.K., & Smith, R. (2006). Female labour force participation, fertility and infant mortality in Australia: Some empirical evidence from Granger cauality tests. Applied Economics, 38(5), 563-572. Naveed, T. A., Ullah, S., Jabeen, J., Kalasoom, A. & Sabir, S. (2011). Socio-economic determinants of infant mortality in Pakistan. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3 (8). Ruel, M. T., Garrett, J.L., Morris, S.S., Maxwell, D., Oshaug, A., Engle, P., Menon, P.,Slack, A. & Haddad, L. (1998). Uban challenges to nutrition security: A review of food security, health and care in the cities. Food Consumption and Nutrition Discussion Paper #51. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington D.C. Short, E. S., Feinian, C., Barbara, E. & Zhai, F. (2002). Maternal work and childcare in China: A multi-method analysis. Population and Development Review, 28 (1), 31-57. Sivakami, M. (2003). The impact of maternal work participation on duration of breastfeeding among poor women in South India. Asia Pacific Populate, 18 (3), 69-90. Ssengonzi, R., Dejong, G. F. & Stokes, C. S. (2002). The effect of female migration on infant and child survival in Uganda. Population Research and Policy Review, 21 (5), 403-431. Vial, I. & Muchnik, E., (1989). Women’s market work, infant feeding and infant nutrition among low income women in Santiago, Chile. In Women and Work and Child Welfare in the Third World, eds J. Leslie and M. Paolisso. Westview, Boulder. Zakir, M. & Wunnava, V. (October, 1997). Factors affecting Infant Mortality rates, Evidence from cross-sectional data, Applied Economics Letters, 1999, (6), 271-273. Manuscript received on 19/04/2018 Reviewed Paper received on 12/07/2018 Revised Paper received on 11/08/2018 Research Paper accepted on 14/08/2018

24  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 PRAG CONSILIENCE: ISSN 2456-6861, RNI No. ASSMUL/2016/70132 A Multi-lingual Peer-reviewed Annual Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Commerce Vol. 3, No. 1 (2018), pp. 25-32

AHOM PAIK SYSTEM AND MUGHAL MANSABDARI SYSTEM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Indrani Deka*

Abstract: The Ahoms founded a kingdom in the early part of the 13th century and ruled Assam for nearly 600 years. The Paik system which was introduced by them was one of the unique arrangements of Ahom administration. The vast majority of the population consisted of the Paiks, who were in reality the labouring class. They also formed the peasantry and military of the king. It was thus a method by which the Ahom kings obtained service from the people and also provided service back to the people. On the other hand, to organise the nobility as well as the army, Akbar introduced the Mansabdari system in 1577. The term ‘Mansab’ literally means the rank of its holder (Mansabdars) in the official ladder in the Mughal system of administration. The Mansabdars were the paid service officers of the Mughals. It was a single service; combining both civil and military responsibilities. To some extent, Mughal Mansabdari system was similar to that of the Paik system of Ahoms. However, Mughal Mansabdars hold the position of nobles in Medieval India whereas the Paiks were the labour class in Medieval Assam. But, both the classes had to play the role in military organisation in times of need. Keywords: Ahom, Paik, Mansabdari, Mansabdar

*Assistant Professor (Contractual), Department of History, Pragjyotish College, Guwahati, E-mail: [email protected]

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  25 Indrani Deka 1. Introduction The Ahom dynasty was established by Sukapha in 1228 CE and became the most dominant power in Assam and maintained their uniqueness of sustaining for almost 600 years. They could do so because of their sound system of the government. Whereas, the foundation of the Mughal rule in India was laid in 1526 CE by Babur, a Chaghatai Turkish ruler, the empire’s classic period began with the accession of Akbar in 1556 CE. One of the unique features of the Ahom administration was the Paik system. Under this system, every adult male population of the kingdom between the age group of 16 to 50 was registered as a Paik for rendering service to the states. Each of the subjects in the kingdom was supposed to be a Paik. Each of the Paik was given 2 puras of land (nearly 3 acres) in return of their compulsory Paik service (Gait, 2008). The Paiks were organised into Khels or Guilds. The way of life of the Paiks was fixed by the state which they had no right to alter. In the event of death of any Paik, his place was immediately filled up through a fresh recruitment. Many people compared the Paik system with the Mansabdari system of the Mughals which was established during Akbar’s reign. Realizing the importance of a strong, well-equipped and disciplined army, Akbar had his army re-organised and placed his nobles and officers in grades of military service. These officers were known as Mansabdars or holders of Mansabs which roughly translates into rank, dignity or the office of a Mughal army officer. The holder of a Mansab was in the service of the state whenever called upon to do so. He had to perform civil duties in addition to his military functions (Farooqui, 2011). Some Mansabdars had no duty except waiting upon the emperor and performing the work they might be called upon to do. The Mansabdars were supposed to be highly loyal to the central government. The Mansabdari system was regarded as a progressive system adopted by Akbar for the re-organization of the army.

2. Review of Literature In the present study, a few literatures have been reviewed. The Comprehensive History of Assam by H.K.Barpujari seeks to unfold the administrative, economic, social and cultural history of Medieval Assam from the year 1205 to 1826. The

26  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Ahom Paik System and Mughal Mansabdari System book focuses on the condition of the Paiks as well as implementation of the Paik system in Ahom administration. Edward Gait’s History of Assam describes about various incidents from the pre-historic period to British domination. It also mentions about various aspects of the Paik system during Ahom’s rule. A Comprehensive History of Assam by S.L. Barua deals with various aspects of ancient history, medieval history, modern history of Assam and its sources. The author discusses about the origin of the Paik system and its implementation in the administrative machinery of the Ahoms. Farooqui’s Comprehensive History of Medieval India presents a consolidated timeline of Medieval India by taking into account the period that marked the end of Ancient India, and focuses on the importance of the transitory centuries. In this book, the author tries to bring about the functioning of Mansabdari system in the Mughal’s military administration during Akbar’s reign. A History of Medieval India by Satish Chandra throws light on the important aspects of the Mansabdari system and also about the implementation of the same in the military administration of the Mughals.

3. Objectives The objectives of the paper are – (i) To explore the nature of Ahom Paik system as well as Mughal Mansabdari system. (ii) To compare and contrast between the Paik system and the Mansabdari system.

4. Methodology The method of the study is descriptive and analytical. Historical comparative method is also applied. In preparing the present paper, secondary sources like books, articles, journals, etc. are also used.

5. Discussion The Medieval History of Assam witnessed one of the major events i.e. the foundation of a kingdom by the Tai-Shans, who came to be known as Ahoms in the south eastern part of the Brahmaputra Valley during the 13th century and in

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  27 Indrani Deka Delhi it was the establishment of the Mughal Empire which ruled from the early 16th to the 19th centuries and established their political power. With the establishment of the Ahom power in the 13th century, the centre of gravity in Assam’s political life shifted from the western to the eastern part of the Brahmapurta Valley, the social structure of the country changed radically and a corresponding change in its administrative set up became inevitable. The Paik system introduced by the Ahoms was one of the unique arrangements of their administration. Besides rendering military service to the state, the Paik also had to provide some service to their masters. However, the members of the royal family, high officers, priests, and people of high caste, their servants and Bhakats of the satras were exempted from this compulsory Paik system. In 1510, during the time of Suhungmung, the Paiks were organized according to families and lineage called Phoids and resettled according to their skills. The Paiks in their Phoids were organized under Khels according to the locality in which they belonged. Under the Paik system, 4 Paiks together constituted a Got. Some of the Got together formed a Khel. From the days of Rajeswar Singha, 3 Paiks formed a Got. They were known as Mul, Dewal and Tewal respectively (Barpujari, 2004). They served the royal house or other high officers in rotation for 3-4 months a year. Apart from serving in the agricultural fields, they also rendered services like construction of roads, bridges, digging of pond and such manual labour. During war, they are supposed to be the soldiers and they also earned proficiency in naval battle. Thus a Paik served the Ahom kingdom as a force labour, manual labour or a servant and a soldier. During the reign of Pratap Singha, Momai Tamuli Borbarua gave some disciplined shape to the Paik organisation in 1609 CE. There was a regular system of gradation of officers in the Ahom army. The Paiks (lowest military unit) were supervised by the Borahs, the Saikias and the Hazarikas who were commanded by the higher military officials such as the Baruas, the Phukans and the Rajkhowas. Ordinarily the Phukans were the commanders of 6000, the Rajkhowas 3000, the Baruas 2000, the Hazarikas 1000 and the Borahs of 20, but in actual practice, exact numbers were hardly to be found under each command (Acharyya, 1966).

28  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Ahom Paik System and Mughal Mansabdari System Only by paying commutation money of Rs. 3 per head per annum could a Paik sometimes obtain exemption from personal service. In order to enjoy this privilege, some Paiks borrowed money from the well to do and if unable to pay the debt, became bondmen and consequently slaves. Some even bribed the officers to get their named concealed, whereas some took shelter in the satras (Baruah, 2007). The Paiks were broadly divided into 2 classes; Kanri and Chamua. The regular peasantry which was bound to give its service to the state as a soldier in times of war and as a labourer in times of peace was called Kanri Paiks. Peasants of good birth or relative affluence were called Chamua Paiks. There were also other Paiks like Bilatiyas- who worked as tenants in the private landed estates of the nobles; Dewaliyas were those who were allotted to the temples and satras; and Bahatiyas were those who rendered services to their respective hill masters. The Bilatiyas and Dewaliyas were exempted from paying a number of taxes and rendering military services unless the situation so demanded. The Kakati of each Khel had to maintain the record of births and deaths of person belonging to it. In fact, the Ahoms did not possess regular army, the Paiks used to fight against the enemies in times of need. It was only during Gadadhar Singha, an attempt was made to create a regular army. The Paik system prevailed in upper Assam from Kaliabor to Sadiya. In Kamrup, the Pargona system which had been introduced by the Mughals was retained. The Ahoms, after occupying Kamrup continued with the Pargona system, mixing it with the Paik system to suit their administrative requirements. Under this system Kamrup was divided into 26 Pargonas. It is believed that the Paik system is based on the South-East Asian legacy with the Ahoms brought with them in 1228. On the other hand, the Mansabdari system had its roots in Persia but Akbar had adapted it uniquely to India’s socio- economic conditions. A Mansabdar had to maintain a definite number of troops (Chaudhuri, 2016). The Mansabdars who received pay in cash were known as Naqdi and those paid through assignment of Jagirs were called Jagirdars. Theoretically, there were 66 grades of Mansabdars but Ain-i-Akbari gives only 33 grades of Mansabdars. They were classified into 2 main divisions; the higher Mansabdars also known as Umrahs and the lesser Mansabdars. The ranks of

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  29 Indrani Deka Mansabdars were Zat and Sawar (Maiti, 2014). The word Zat means personal. It fixed the personal status of a person, and also the salary due to him. The Sawar rank indicated the number of cavalrymen (Sawars) a person was required to maintain. A person who was required to maintain as many Sawars as his Zat rank was placed in the first category of the rank; if he maintained half or more, then in the second category and if he maintained less than half then in the third category. Thus, there were three categories in every rank (mansab) (Chandra, 2011). The Mansabdari system was regarded as a progressive system adopted by Akbar for the re-organization of the Mughal army. Another merit of this system was that it freed the emperor from the grips of the feudal lords which was prevalent under the Jagirdari system. Apart from its merits, this system had its own drawbacks. One of the vital defects of this system was that since the soldiers were recruited by the Mansabdars themselves and provided them more salary and promotion; they remained more loyal to them instead of the Mughal emperor. Under this system the soldiers learnt the luxurious lifestyle of their masters. This led to moral degradation of the soldiers under the Mansabdari system. Since the soldiers received salaries from the Mansabdars there were scope of malpractices since many of the Mansabdari did not maintain the required number of soldiers, horses and weapons for which they used to collect money from the imperial treasury. Hence, Akbar failed to organize a national army with the assistance of the Mansabdars. However, both the Paik system of the Ahoms and the Mansabdari system of the Mughals have some similarities in them. Firstly, the Paiks had no right on the land allotted to them. The land that belonged to the Khel and a Paik, who held his share of land, had no hereditary claim to it, which was allotted to him only by the community. In case a Paik die without leaving an heir, his share of land was forfeited to the Khel he belonged. Similarly the posts of Mansabdars were also not hereditary. After the death of a Mansabdar, his Mansab was discontinued and the Jagir too was taken back. Secondly, under the Paik system of the Ahoms, all able bodied men of the kingdom were bound to render compulsory military service. They were grouped according to the services rendered to the state into 2 broad division; soldiers and labourers. Many historians hold that the Paik system was just an

30  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Ahom Paik System and Mughal Mansabdari System aspect of socio-economic cum military organization of the state. Similarly, the Mansabdars could be transferred from the civil to the military department. They belonged to both military and civil administration and thus became an integral part of the Mughal administration. However, there also exist some points of dissimilarities in both the systems. For instance, the rank and position of the Mansabdars were higher than those of Paiks. Moreover, the Paiks were bondsmen by birth, they were in reality, the labouring class who formed the peasantry and also the militia of the kingdom. Each Paik in return for their services to the state was allotted 2 puras of best arable land called ga-mati free of charge. On the other hand, the Mansabdars were paid good salaries. Their salaries were in cash or the Jagirs were granted to them in lieu of salary from which they collected the land tax and other taxes.

6. Conclusion It can be concluded by stating that, both Paik system of the Ahom and Mansabdari system of the Mughal worked efficiently during the medieval period. However, with the passage of time, the number of Mansabdars increased under Akbar’s successors, resulting in frequent quarrels among the nobility for higher Mansabs. This led to Jagirdari and agrarian crisis which in turn brought about the collapse of the system after Aurangzeb. On the other hand, the Paik system was systematically implemented by Momai Tamuli Barbarua under the patronage of Pratap Singha which was rigidly enforced later in the days of Jayadhaj Singha. Meanwhile, people’s dislike for this system grew silently during the war of resistance and their recruitments took the form of popular rebellions. Sometimes the discontented Paiks also revolted as was the case during the Moamariya Rebellion. Thus, introduction of the Paik system in the kingdom can be termed as a systematic exploitation of the Ahom rule as well as one of the major reasons for its collapse by the 19th century.

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  31 Indrani Deka References Acharyya, N. N. (1966). The History of Medieval Assam. Gauhati: Dutta Baruah and Company. Barpujari, H. K. (2004). The Comprehensive History of Assam Volume III. Gauhati: Publication Board Assam. Barua, S. L. (2007). A Comprehensive History of Assam. New-Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. Chandra, S. (2011). A History of Medieval India. New-Delhi: Orient Blackswan. Chaudhuri, K. C. (2016). History of Medieval India, Kolkata: New Central Book Agency. Farooqui, S. A. (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India. New-Delhi: Pearson. Gait, E. (2008). A History of Assam. Guwahati: Bina Library. Maiti, P. (2014). Medieval India. Kolkata: Sreedhar Publishers. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Paik_system. Retrieved June 19, 2018

Manuscript received on 20/04/2018 Reviewed Paper received on 03/06/2018 Revised Paper received on 10/06/2018 Research Paper accepted on 14/08/2018

32  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 PRAG CONSILIENCE: ISSN 2456-6861, RNI No. ASSMUL/2016/70132 A Multi-lingual Peer-reviewed Annual Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Commerce Vol. 3, No. 1 (2018), pp. 33-46

NATIONAL RURAL HEALTH MISSION (NRHM) AND UTILIZATION OF MATERNAL HEALTH CARE SERVICE IN RURAL AREAS OF ASSAM

Jonali Nath*

Abstract: In 2005, the Government of India launched NRHM to provide accessible and effective primary health care facilities, especially to the poor and rural people all over the country. The Government of India took various steps under NRHM to reduce Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) and promotion of institutional deliveries through the Janani Surkhya Yojana (JSY). This programme was also introduced in Assam along with the North Eastern States since its inception. Assam recorded the highest Maternal Mortality Rate (300 per 1,00,000 live births among the the state of India in 2013). Most victims are poor people in remote rural areas who have little or no access to health care. Maternal Mortality Rate is high in char areas and tea garden areas because of the poor health care services in these areas. Assam is a highly focused state under NRHM. It may be noted that the rate of utilization of maternal health care schemes has been relatively high in Assam compared to other North Eastern states. The main objectives of all these schemes are to reduce MMR, and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), and to ensure safe motherhood. In this paper, an attempt has been made to find out how far NRHM has been successful to reduce MMR in the state by utilizing the various maternal health care services in Assam. Keywords: NRHM, Maternal Health, Rural Areas *Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Dakshin Kamrup College, Mirza, Assam, E-mail: [email protected].

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  33 Jonali Nath 1. Introduction In 2005, the Government of India launched NRHM to provide accessible and effective primary health care facilities, especially to the poor and rural people all over the country. The Government of India took various steps under NRHM to reduce MMR and promotion of institutional deliveries through the Janani Surkhya Yojana (JSY). The government also provided ante-natal, intra-natal and post- natal care including Iron and Folic Acid supplementation to pregnant and lactating women for preventing anaemia. The government also introduced Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK) under NRHM in 2011 for all the pregnant women delivering in public health institution to provide absolutely free and cashless health care services to women including normal deliveries, caesarean operations and sick new born in government hospital in both rural and urban areas. Assam recorded the highest Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) (300 per 100,000 live births among the states of India in 2013) and Kerala has the lowest MMR (61). The MMR in India has fallen from 398 in 1997-98 to 254 in 2004-05 and then to 167 in 2011- 13. In Assam, MMR falls from 480 in 2004-05 to 300 in 2011-13. In this regard, most victims are poor people in remote rural areas who have little or no access to health care. The MMR is high in char areas and tea garden areas because in these areas health care services are very poor. Assam is a highly focused state under NRHM. The Government of Assam passed “The Assam Public Health Bill” in April 2010, to grant the right to health care. In recent times, the Government of Assam has launched a number of maternal health care schemes. The schemes launched by the Government of Assam are ‘Majoni’, ‘Morom’, ‘Mamoni “Adoroni’ etc. These schemes are introduced by the Government of Assam and are functioning under NRHM. The main objectives of all these additional schemes introduced by the Government of Assam are to reduce MMR, IMR, and to ensure safe motherhood in the state. A major initiative, a system of name based tracking of pregnant women and children for Ante-natal care and immunization has been introduced at the national level. The tracking system also captures the contact numbers of the beneficiaries and the health providers. 1.18 crore pregnant women and 60 lakh children have already been registered under Mother and Child Tracking System (MCTS) all over the country. In this paper, an attempt has been made to

34  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Maternal Health Care Service look at the utilization of the NRHM services and outcome of the MMR indicators in the state by utilizing the various maternal health care services in Assam.

2. Objectives The objectives of this paper are as follows (i) To analyse the achievement of NRHM in the field of maternal health care services in Assam. (ii) To examine the success of NRHM in utilizing maternal health care services in rural Assam.

3. Data Source and Methodology This paper is completely based on secondary data taken from reputed published sources like various books, conference proceedings, Economic Survey and web based resources. Data used for this paper were collected from sources such as (i) population census 2011 published by Registrar General, Government of India, (ii) National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), (iii) District Level Household Survey (DLHS-3) 2007-08 conducted by International Institution for population Science (IIPS), Mumbai, (iv) NRHM etc. The analysis of the paper is quantitative and descriptive.

4. NRHM and Assam in case of Utilization of Maternal Health Services The National Rural Health Mission seeks to provide accessible, affordable and quality health care to rural populations, especially vulnerable and underserved people in the country. The Mission aims to achieve infant mortality rate (IMR) of 30 per 1000 live births, maternal mortality 100 per thousand live births and total fertility rate of 2.1 by the year 2012 (NRHM, 2005). The Mission attempts to achieve these goals through a set of core strategies including enhancement in budgetary outlays for Public Health; decentralize village and district level health planning and management; appointment of Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) to facilitate access to health services; strengthening the public health service delivery infrastructure, particularly at village, primary and secondary levels; improved management capacity to organize health systems and services in public

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  35 Jonali Nath health; promoting the non-profit sector to increase social participation, community empowerment, inter-sectoral convergence, up-gradation of the public health facilities to Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS); reduction of infant and maternal mortality through Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), etc.(NRHM, 2005; MoHFW, 2007). The infrastructure facilities of health sector of Assam comprises of 22 District Hospitals (DHs), 103 Community Health Centre (CHCs), 844 Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and 4592 Sub centres (SCs).There are 103 health facilities functioning on round the clock basis and only 60 are functioning as First stage referral Units (FRUs). The 60 FRUs comprise 22 DHs, 2 SDHs, and 36 CHCs (MoHFW, 2007). Table 1. District-wise Maternal Mortality Ratio of Assam Sl.nos District MMR Sl. Nos. District MMR 1 Dibrugarh 430 16 Goalpara 325 2 Golaghat 430 17 Dhemaji 314 3 Jorhat 430 18 Lakhimpur 314 4 Sibsagar 430 19 Marigaon 314 5 Tinsukia 430 20 Nagaon 314 6 Udalguri 430 21 Sonitpur 314 7 Dhubri 366 22 Dima Hasao 288 8 Bongaigaon 325 23 Karbi Anglong 288 9 Barpeta 325 24 Hailakandi 288 10 Baska 325 25 Cachar 288 11 Darrang 325 26 Karimganj 288 12 Kamrup (M) 325 27 Chirang 288 13 Kamrup ( R) 325 Assam 387 14 Kokrajhar 325 India 178 15 Nalbari 325 Source: Annual Health Survey Report, 2011

In Assam, MMR is high in upper Assam districts of Dibrugarh (430), Golaghat (430), Jorhat (430), Tinsukia (430) and Udalguri (430) and low in Barak valley district of Cachar (288), Hailakandi (288), Karimganj (288) and Dima Hasao (288). The MMR is high in upper Assam districts because of high concentration of tea estate where the health care facilities are very poor in these tea areas. During 2004-06, maternal mortality rate (MMR) in Assam was 480 which fell

36  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Maternal Health Care Service to 381 in 2009-10. As per Annual Health Survey Report, Assam (2010-11), there is total 99 point drop of MMR during NRHM period which is the highest drop in the country during NRHM period as it was the best performing state of the country. But after 99 point drop of MMR during NRHM period, Assam recorded the highest MMR state in the country. Most victims are poor people in remote rural areas who have little access to health care. It is difficult to pin point particular reasons for highest maternal mortality rate in Assam. There is a gamut of social issues, insurgency, lack of development, lack of infrastructure, lack of manpower in health care system and other such services which contribute to such pathetic result. There is lack of involvement of the stakeholder in the upliftment of the health care services in the region. In Assam, maternal mortality rate is high in char and tea garden areas the health care services are very poor in these areas.

Table 2. Maternal Health Care Indicators

Maternal health care Present Status Status prior to NRHM Indicators Annual Health survey CES, 2009 SRS estimates, RGI 2010-11 2004-06 MMR 381 333 480 DLHS-3 CES HNIS DATA 2010- NFHS-2, DLHS-2 2007-08 UNICEF 11 Apr-Dec. 2004-06 2009 Institutional Delivery 35.3% 64.4% 65.24% 23.2% Mother who received 74.8% 89.6% 83% 59.8% any ANC check-up Mother who had 46.4% 66.4% 66% 39.4% ANC check-up in first trimester Mother who had at 69.3% 55% least one Tetanus Toxoid Injection

Source: As given in the table. Janani Suraksha Yojona (JSY) is a safe motherhood programme under the (NRHM ) which focuses on reducing maternal mortality and neo-natal mortality by promoting institutional delivery among the poor pregnant women. With the introduction of JSY from the year 2005, there has been almost 22 times increase in institutional delivery in the state. However, improving safe motherhood still remains

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  37 Jonali Nath Table 3. Trend of JSY Beneficiaries Sl. No Year Nos. of beneficiaries. Sl. No Year Nos. of beneficiaries. 1 2005-06 19523 7 2011-12 406613 2 2006-07 182873 8 2012-13 4,37,759 3 2007-08 304741 9 2013-14 4,51,760 4 2008-09 327894 10 2014-15 448143 5 2009-10 366596 11 2015-16 427557 6 2010-11 391675 12 2016-17 440175 Source: Population Research Centre Report, 2017 a major challenge for overall improvement in the maternal and child health in the state. In recent time, the Government of Assam has launched a number of maternal health care schemes. The schemes launched by the Government of Assam are ‘Majoni’, ‘Morom’, ‘Mamoni’, ‘Adoroni’ etc. The main objectives of all these schemes are to reduce MMR, IMR and to ensure the safe motherhood. The number of beneficiaries under ‘Mamoni’, ‘Majoni’ and ‘Moram’ schemes has increased considerably since its inception.

5. Success of NRHM to bring Awareness in Utilization of Maternal Health Care Services in Rural Areas The decentralized process in the state is working well as the number of ASHAs in position is 26,255 in 26,312 villages in Assam. This is a significant development in health sector of Assam and almost all the villages have ASHA. All the ASHAs have been trained and are equipped with kits. Number of registered Rogi Kaalyan Samities is 987 with 22 in DHs, 108 in CHCs, 13 in Block PHCs and 844 in PHCs. Utilization of funds seems to have been improving over the recent past depicting that activities under NRHM have been getting strengthened. ASHAs are the visible face of NRHM and JSY work of ASHAs is quite popular among the rural women in the State. ASHAs visit households of target groups and ASHA facilitators visit household of some rigid targets for ANC for full immunisation, danger sign of neo-natal and exclusive breast feeding etc. A weekly radio programme on ASHAs seems to be quite popular in the State.

38  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Maternal Health Care Service 6. Role of National Rural Health Mission for Maternal Health Care Services The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and under its umbrella, the Reproductive and Child Health Programme (Phase II), Government of India has taken a number of steps to accelerate the pace of reduction in maternal mortality by focusing on the following strategies and intervention: (a) Promotion of Institutional Deliveries through Janani Suraksha Yojana. (b) Ante-natal, intra-natal and post-natal care including Iron and Folic Acid supplementation to pregnant and lactating women for prevention and treatment of Anaemia. (c) Mother and child protection card in collaboration with the Ministry of Women and Child Development to monitor service delivery for mothers and children. (d) Operationalization of sub- centres, primary health centres, community health centres and Districts Hospitals for providing 24x7 basic and comprehensive obstetrics care services. (e) The Government of India has introduced the concept of delivery points for all the states/UTs for prioritizing and focus attention in terms of strengthening and upgrading the facilities where there is demand for services and which are conducting deliveries above a certain benchmark. (f) Capacity Building of health care providers in basic and comprehensive obstetric care. Table 4 shows the achievement of NRHM during the period of ten years after its inception (2005 -2015). It is clear from the table that the mother who had ANC check-up in 1st trimester increased from 40.0 per cent to 55.1 per cent. Mother who had at least 4 ANC increased from 23.5 per cent to 46.5 per cent and again mother who had full ANC increased from 6.7 per cent to 18.1 per cent in 2015-16. Mother who had receive PNC from doctor/ nurse/ANM/ other health personal within 2 days of delivery increased from 13.2 per cent to 54.0 per cent during this period which is 4 times more than its initial period. Consumption of iron folic acid for 100 days or more for pregnant women increased from 10.3 per cent

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  39 Jonali Nath

Table 4. Maternity Care and Delivery Care at the time of NRHM and the Status after a Decade At the time of At present, after ten Indicators introducing NRHM years of its inception Maternity care NFHS 3 (2005-06) NFHS 4 (2015-16) Mothers who had ANC checkup on the 1st 40.0% 55.1% trimester. Mother who had at least 4 ANC. 23.5% 46.5% Mother whose last birth was protected against 65.4% 89.9% neonatal tetanus. Mother who consume iron folic acid for 100 days 10.3% 32.0% or more. Mother who had full ANC. 6.7% 18.1% Mother who receive PNC from doctor/nurse/ANM/ 13.2% 54.0% other health personal within 2 days of delivery. Mother who receives financial assistance under NA 66.1% JSY for birth delivers in an institution. Children born at home who were taken to a health 0.0% 1.9% facility for checkup with 24 hours of birth. Delivery care Institutional birth. 22.4% 70.6% Institutional birth in public facility. 13.0% 60.0% Home delivery conducted by skilled health 8.7% 3.9% personal out of total delivery. Birth assisted by doctor/nurse/ANM/other health 30.1% 74.3% personal. Birth delivered by caesarean section. 5.3% 13.4% Birth in a private health facility delivered by 26.7% 5.3% caesarean section. Birth in a public health facility delivered by 21.0% 12.9% caesarean section.

Source: NFHS-3, NFHS-4 to 32.0 per cent. Again, institutional delivery increased from 22.4 per cent to 77.6 per cent. Delivery assisted by doctor / nurse/ ANM/ other health personal increased from 30.1 per cent to 74.3 per cent. So, there is an important achievement of maternal health care services in Assam during NRHM period. Table 5, 6 and 7 explain the district wise achievement of NRHM in maternal health care services in Assam. Table 5 shows the percentage of women who received ANC in 1st trimester; percentage of women who had received full ANC and percentage of woman who consumed 100 IFA when she was pregnant. It is clear

40  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Maternal Health Care Service Table 5. District wise Maternal Health Care indicators

District Percentage of women who Percentage of women who Percentage of women who received ANC in 1st had full ANC consumed IFA 100 or more trimester when they pregnant. DLH DLH AHS NFH DLH DLH AHS NFH DLH DLH AHS NFH S-2 S-3 2011 S 4 S-2 S-3 2011 S 4 S-2 S-3 2011 S 4 2004- 2007- -12 2015 2004- 2007- -12 2015 2004- 2007- -12 2015 05 08 -16 05 08 -16 05 08 -16 Barpeta 21.0 43.0 28.2 64.3 7.8 9.7 7.5 10.2 14.0 36.7 11.1 18.6 Bongaigaon 31.4 36.5 41.7 54.6 6.8 6.0 8.4 12.5 8.9 39.5 11.8 35.5 Cachar 27.1 41.2 50.1 37.6 5.7 11.7 15.2 12.3 6.9 28.3 17.9 18.9 Darrang 53.5 45.8 38.4 61.5 8.5 14.7 14.7 11.7 12.6 41.7 21.8 25.1 Dhemaji 28.0 28.1 51.7 58.6 4.6 5.1 8.0 22.5 5.0 44.4 11.1 34.9 Dhubri 18.1 20.6 22.6 36.3 4.9 4.1 4.0 5.5 6.4 19.3 10.3 13.0 Dibrugarh 68.2 53.6 60.6 71.3 14.1 8.1 25.2 16.4 17.7 25.4 29.8 55.2 Golaghat 37.7 37.6 58.9 52.9 7.8 8.8 12.6 39.3 15.8 42.8 14.6 30.5 Goalpara 35.1 42.0 31.3 57.5 7.8 10.9 8.5 30.5 7.8 47.8 12.0 31.6 Hailakandi 51.1 43.8 48.6 49.6 14.9 8.3 7.6 9.7 28.2 24.6 10.0 24.3 Jorhat 58.1 53.6 68.7 82.0 13.7 17.7 42.0 63. 6.9 28.3 17.9 63.3 Kamrup 51.1 59.9 58.3 49.0 18.4 20.6 21.4 21.7 21.9 34.5 25.3 23.5 Karimganj 44.1 38.0 46.3 47.3 4.2 4.8 6.6 5.2 8.7 23.8 9.1 18.2 Karbi 30.6 31.5 39.2 47.4 5.1 6.9 7.4 11.6 8.7 44.7 10.4 25.1 Anglong Kokrajhar 35.5 22.7 40.8 46.7 8.8 7.3 9.7 16.8 7.6 63.9 12.5 26.7 Lakhimpur 44.3 25.0 45.7 68.8 12.7 6.5 14.9 27.1 18.4 49.0 19.7 43.9 Marigaon 35.9 32.3 44.4 48.9 4.5 7.8 13.9 22.6 5.8 40.3 18.9 37.9 Nagaon 34.6 42.8 40.9 54.6 6.4 8.6 11.6 18.3 8.4 40.6 15.5 31.2 Nalbari 43.7 45.0 60.1 62.3 18.9 11.1 17.3 17.1 23.6 36.5 19.0 33.8 North 23.8 48.3 56.9 NA 7.3 2.7 7.9 NA 10.3 33.2 13.4 NA Cachar Sibsagar 56.7 48.9 67.8 66.9 23.8 5.8 18.6 30.7 27.9 29.9 21.2 42.6 Sonitpur 56.7 42.8 40.9 54.6 15.2 12.4 14.5 18.1 17.0 36.0 19.2 39.7 Tinsukia 57.6 47.4 68.6 64.1 3.8 7.6 13.9 23.1 3.8 36.5 17.5 39.8

Source: DLHS-2, DLHS-3, AHS -2011-12, NFHS-4 from the table that in 2002-04, Dibrugarh recorded the highest number of women who received ANC during 1st trimester followed by Jorhat (58.1 per cent) and Dhubri (18.1 per cent) recorded as the lowest number of women who received ANC in the 1st trimester. In most of the districts less than 40 per cent women received ANC in 1st trimester in 2002-04 according to DLHS-2. In 2015-16,

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  41 Jonali Nath Table 6. District wise Maternal Health Care Indicators (% of institutional and home deliveries) District Percentage of Institutional delivery Percentage of home delivery DLHS-2 DLHS-3 AHS- NFHS-4 DLHS-2 DLHS-3 AHS- NFHS-4 2004-05 2007-08 2011-12 2015-16 2004-05 2007-08 2011-12 2015-16 Barpeta 21.2 28.8 48.9 51.9 78.0 68.7 50.9 48.1 Bongaigaon 23.9 29.9 50.1 67 76.1 69.2 49.7 33.0 Cachar 26.4 32.2 60.2 71.3 73.6 68.8 39.5 28.7 Darrang 35.2 38.4 58.9 66.1 62.6 61.8 40.5 33.9 Dhemaji 19.8 31.6 71.7 76.1 80.2 68.0 27.9 11.5 Dhubri 10.6 15.8 35.1 43.8 89.1 82.1 64.2 56.4 Dibrugarh 33.3 49.9 75.4 88.5 55.2 46.2 24.2 11.5 Golaghat 25.1 39.4 67.6 88.4 74.6 59.9 32.0 11.6 Goalpara 15.8 28.2 49.7 71.2 82.8 71.6 50.2 28.8 Hailakandi 22.8 22.5 38.1 56.5 77.2 75.7 61.8 43.5 Jorhat 40.3 47.4 74.8 95.9 59.7 51.0 23.9 4.1 Kamrup 44.1 65.5 80.0 83.8 55.3 34.1 19.8 16.2 Karimganj 18.7 22.4 35.5 48.0 81.1 77.4 64.4 52.0 Karbi Anglong 20.2 37.6 53.2 50.2 79.6 59.8 46.6 49.8 Kokrajhar 31.3 32.6 54.2 66.7 67.9 66.5 45.6 23.3 Lakhimpur 31.2 41.3 78.8 82.7 68.8 57.4 21.2 17.3 Marigaon 17.4 30.7 60.6 72.2 81.3 68.4 38.8 27.8 Nagaon 8.9 29.8 53.4 67.4 91.1 67.7 46.3 22.6 Nalbari 52.3 52.0 83.5 82.8 47.2 46.5 16.2 17.2 North Cachar 7.9 40.8 59.8 NA 91.8 57.5 53.4 NA Sibsagar 37.0 52.2 83.6 87.1 37.0 46.5 16.1 12.9 Sonitpur 35.1 42.2 58.3 88.4 35.1 54.3 40.5 11.6 Tinsukia 34.6 43.4 71.8 76.6 34.6 55.6 27.9 23.4

Source: DLHS-2, DLHS-3, AHS -2011-12, NFHS-4

Jorhat was recorded as the district with the highest number of women who received ANC in 1st trimester (82.0 per cent) followed by Dibrugarh (71.3 per cent). In case of receiving full ANC, according to NFHS 4, Sibsagar recorded as the highest number of pregnant women who received full ANC (23.8 per cent) and Dhubri (4.1 per cent) recorded as the lowest number. According to DLHS-2, Hailakandi district recorded as the highest number of women consumed 100 IFA and in Tinsukia only 3.8 per cent women consumed 100 IFA when they were pregnant.

42  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Maternal Health Care Service

Table 7. District wise Maternal Health Care Indicators

District Percentage of Home delivery assisted by Percentage of Safe delivery skilled personnel DLHS-2 DLHS-3 AHS- NFHS-4 DLHS-2 DLHS-3 AHS- NFHS-4 2004-05 2007-08 2011-12 2015-16 2004-05 2007-08 2011-12 2015-16 Barpeta 9.0 6.9 18.8 12.3 28.2 35.7 56.08 63.4 Bongaigaon 5.7 2.4 38.3 3.7 28.3 32.3 61.3 70.4 Cachar 3.9 4.2 39.7 5.2 29.3 36.4 65.1 75.9 Darrang 14.1 2.6 17.1 3.1 44.0 41.0 61.6 69.5 Dhemaji 6.8 8.2 17.2 3.9 25.3 39.8 74.9 80.0 Dhubri 2.8 2.8 16.5 12.3 13.0 18.6 44.1 55.7 Dibrugarh 14.0 2.9 41.8 1.5 41.0 52.8 84.7 90.7 Golaghat 13.6 8.2 46.6 1.5 35.2 47.6 81.2 89.6 Goalpara 2.6 6.2 40.3 6.5 17.9 34.4 66.4 77.2 Hailakandi 0.9 4.0 20.5 0.5 23.5 26.5 41.4 56.9 Jorhat 13.4 6.8 42.2 1.2 48.3 54.2 82.8 97.1 Kamrup 19.8 5.4 21.6 4.6 55.6 70.9 83.3 87.7 Karimganj 15.9 5.1 18.7 1.3 23.4 27.5 41.4 48.9 KarbiAnglong 10.4 7.0 38.4 5.9 28.5 44.6 66.5 55.7 Kokrajhar 9.5 4.8 36.3 6.1 37.8 37.4 61.7 72.7 Lakhimpur 8.2 7.2 14.7 3.0 36.8 48.5 81.6 85.8 Marigaon 14.2 6.9 10.8 1.4 28.9 37.6 63.3 72.9 Nagaon 12.2 4.6 39.0 1.4 20.0 33.8 66.5 68.8 Nalbari 10.5 5.2 32.9 2.2 57.3 57.2 87.4 84.7 North Cachar 6.5 4.4 31.4 NA 13.9 45.2 69.3 NA Sibsagar 9.8 4.5 47.5 1.4 43.0 56.7 89.4 88.8 Sonitpur 7.3 1.2 15.4 2.0 39.5 43.4 60.1 89.2 Tinsukia 13.3 1.7 24.6 0.5 43.0 45.1 79.4 77.1

Source: DLHS-2, DLHS-3, AHS -2011-12, NFHS-4 On the other hand, according to NFHS-4, Jorhat recorded as the highest number of pregnant women who consumed 100 IFA and Dhubri recorded as the lowest number of pregnant women who consumed IFA tablets. There is a significant achievement of NRHM in the field of Institutional delivery. Table 6 provides the percentage of home delivery and institutional delivery in different districts of Assam. It is clear from Table 6, that in 2002-04, Kamrup recorded the highest (44 per cent) number of institutional deliveries and North Cachar (7.9 per cent) recorded as the lowest number of institutional delivery. On the other hand, according to NFHS-4, Jorhat recorded as the highest (83.8 per

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  43 Jonali Nath cent) number of institutional deliveries while Dhubri recorded the lowest (43.8 per cent) number of institutional delivery. More than 75 per cent institutional deliveries are found in majority of the districts. Some notable achievement occurred in Dhemaji where institutional deliveries increased from 19.8 per cent in 2002-04 to 76.1 in 2015-16; in Nagaon where it increased from 8.9 per cent in 2002-04 to 67.4 per cent in 2015-16 and in Marigaon where it increased from 17.4 per cent to 72.2 per cent in 2015-16. This improvement may be because of a plethora of factors and specially the role of ASHA workers. The ASHAs works as a bridge between the public health system and beneficiaries. Table 7 explains the percentage of home delivery assisted by skilled personnel and percentage of home delivery in different districts of Assam. There is a significant improvement of the percentage of safe delivery in Assam. According to NFHS -4, Jorhat recorded as the highest number of safe delivery (97.1 per cent) followed by Dibrugargh (90.7 per cent). On the other hand, Karimganj recorded as the lowest number of safe delivery (48.9 per cent) followed by Dhubri (55.7 per cent). The government launched Janani Shishusura Kshakaryakram (JSSK) on 1st June, 2011 to eliminate any out of pocket expenses for pregnant women delivering in public heath institution and sick new-borns for accessing public health institutions for treatment till 30 days after birth. Recently, the government introduces Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan, a special initiative for ensuring health check- up of pregnant women by doctor on the 9th of every month. An online Mother and Child Tracing System (MCTS) have been made operational for all the states and UTs. After entering the data, work plan is being generated for the ANM and ASHAs to deliver the health services during any point of time. MCTS call centres has been set up to call the beneficiaries and validate their data. Now SMS service has started by sending SMS to the pregnant women reminding her of impeding visits for her due services. Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM) in Sub-Centres will examine weight, blood pressure, urine for sugar and albumin by using urine sticks for each pregnant woman in every visit. The ANM will provide Folic Acid Tablets (5 mg) to the pregnant women who are registered for ANC in the first trimester. MC card (introduced by

44  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Maternal Health Care Service Government of India, 2010), JSY card will be filled up by ANMs in sub centres. High risk pregnancies and complication of pregnancies need to be identified and referred to the PHC or higher facility accordingly. Access to Complete Abortion Care Service (CAC), by detecting pregnancy through “Nischay Kit” is available with ASHA and ANM and subsequent advice for safe abortion services at the government approved centres is provided.

7. Conclusion In Assam, maternal mortality ratio is higher than the all India average. The Government of India, with the introduction of NRHM (National Rural Health Mission) has taken various Maternal Health Care Schemes all over the country. But these health care schemes fail to provide fruitful result in Assam. It is clear from the study that facility does not reach all districts equally due to lack of awareness, lack of education and information. The government should extend the service of those schemes and all the mentioned health care facilities effectively to hilly areas, tribal dominating area, char area and tea garden area. The reproductive complication among the women belong to the poor household is higher than that of rich. For reducing this, government should develop socio-economic condition of the women through increasing level of education among the girls, providing employment opportunities and to ensure the environment for women empowerments. Increasing awareness among the poor women will help reducing the MMR. The NRHM plays an important role in reducing MMR in the state. During NRHM period, institutional delivery increased from 23.2 per cent in 2004 to 70.6 per cent in 2015. There are more than three times increased in institutional delivery in Assam. Again performance of mother who had ANC check-up in 1st trimester increased from 40.0 per cent 2005 to 55.1 per cent in 2015. To reduce MMR to a considerable rate, the government should take more initiative to improve the maternal health care services in Assam. The government should monitor the proper utilization of fund of maternal health care schemes which will no doubt improve the maternal health scenario of the state. It is expected that NRHM will bring more good result in the state in near future.

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  45 Jonali Nath References (2011-12). Annual health survey report. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Office of the Registered General and Census Commissioner. Government of India (2006). Sample Registration System, Statistical Report 2004. Registrar General of India. New Delhi. MoHFW (2007). Annual Report to the People on Health. Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. (2002-04). District Level Hosehold Survey(DLHS-2). Government of Assam. (2007-08). District Level Household Survey (DLHS-3). Government of Assam. NRHM (2005). Meeting people’s health need in rural areas, framework for implementation 2005-2012. (G. I. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Producer, & National Rural Health Mission) Retrieved August 28, 2011, from http//www.mohfwnic.in / NRHM / Documents / NRHM Framework: http//www.mohfwnic.in (2007). National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), India 2005-06. International Institute for Population Science (IIPS), Mumbai. (2016). National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), India 2015-16. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai. (2017). Population Research Centre (PRC) Report, Unpublished Report, Gauhati University

Manuscript received on 20/04/2018 Reviewed Paper received on 13/06/2018 Revised Paper received on 15/08/2018 Research Paper accepted on 24/08/2018

46  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 PRAG CONSILIENCE: ISSN 2456-6861, RNI No. ASSMUL/2016/70132 A Multi-lingual Peer-reviewed Annual Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Commerce Vol. 3, No. 1 (2018), pp. 47-55

THE CONCEPT OF GENDER EQUALITY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PERSPECTIVE OF SRIMANTA ÝAÌKARADEVA AND KARL MARX

Achyut Kumar Das*

Abstract: Gender equality means women and men enjoy the same rights and opportunities across all levels of society. The concept of equality of men and women flows from the idea that all human beings are free to develop their personal abilities and make choices free from the limitations set by stereotypes, rigid gender roles and prejudices. Gender equality means that a person’s rights, responsibilities and opportunities would not be influenced by the fact that they are born male or female. Thus, gender equality means fair treatment of women and men, according to their respective needs, which include equal treatment or treatment that are different but it is considered equivalent in terms of right, benefits, obligations and opportunities. This paper is an attempt to analyse the concept of gender equality with special reference to the perspectives of ŚaÆkaradeva and Karl Marx. Keywords: Gender Equality, Stereotypes, Opportunities

1. Introduction ŚaÆkaradeva (1449-1568) and Karl Marx (1818-1883) were two great social thinkers separated by time and places, while ŚaÆkaradeva was in Assam,

* Research Scholar, Department of Sankaradeva Studies, Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankaradeva Viswavidyalaya, E-mail: [email protected]

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  47 Achyut Kumar Das

Karl Marx was in Germany. ŚaÆkaradeva’s motto was to establish an egalitarian society through devotion. ŚaÆkaradeva believes that Bhakti or devotion as the ultimate route to God and salvation. He again believes that for the devotion of God, there is no difference between men and women. He says – K¾¦Äara kathāta yito rashika brāhmaÄa janama tāra lāge kika. Smaroka mātra hari dine rāti Nabāche bhakati jāti ajāti (Pā¦aÄda Marddana, 58, K›rttana, 129) (It means if in K¾¦Äara kathāta a person has deep interest, he/she need not aspire to be brāhma by birth. Let him/her only call to the Lord, day and night, the devotion makes no distinction between castes.) Karl Marx advocated a classless and stateless society through a proletarian (workers) revolution. Marx believes that in a society class struggle or class conflict is an integral part. Therefore, in the Communist Manifesto (1948) Karl Marx and Engels states in the following opening sentence as follows – “The history of all hitherto society is the history of class struggle” In a nutshell, Marx argued for economic security, social or national development and freedom for self- expression of the working section of society. It is true that the method and places of social change of these two social thinkers were different, but both of them wanted to establish an egalitarian society for greater interest of the common masses. Therefore, they tried to investigate the real nature of society and value of human being, especially inequality among the people- upper and lower caste and the haves and have-nots.

2. Objectives of the Study The objectives of the study are – (i) To evaluate the concept of gender equality. (ii) To analyze the thoughts of ŚaÆkaradeva and Karl Marx from the perspectives of gender equality.

48  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Concept of Gender Equality 3. Scope of the Study This paper aims at addressing the perspective of gender equality of ŚaÆkaradeva and Karl Marx. The establishment of gender equality is regarded as the key notion of ŚaÆkaradeva and Karl Marx. ŚaÆkaradeva has never addressed the people on the basis of caste and creed. In his thoughts there is no gender discrimination. He addresses all people as nara-nāri (men and women). He believes that equality can be achieved through devotion to God. Karl Marx’s ideas on gender equality are dialectical. He believes that establishment of socialism by proletarian revolution and abolishing private property will put an end to every oppression and inequality in society including gender inequality.

4. Research Methodology To study the proposed topic on the concept of Gender Equality with special reference to the Perspective of Srimanta ŚaÆkaradeva and Karl Marx, an analytical and comparative study method is adopted or followed.

5. Analysis 5.1 Concept of Gender Equality There are two broad views concerning equal rights for women. One view is that there is no difference between men and women with regards to their capabilities; hence they should be governed by the same laws and another view is that women are essentially different from men- biologically, culturally and socially and they should be given equal opportunities to develop and apply their distinctive capabilities along with equal rights (Gauba, 2013). According to the famous French thinker and philosopher J. J. Rousseau (1712-78) in his essay “A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality” (1755) has mentioned that there are two types of inequality i.e. natural inequality and conventional inequality. He said that the natural inequality means, on the one hand, inequality of age, health, beauty, physique and intellectual capacities of different people, which were created by nature and largely unalterable. On the other hand, conventional inequalities represent disparities of wealth, prestige and power among different individual and which are a product of our social arrangement.

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  49 Achyut Kumar Das Like J. J. Rousseau, Friedrich Engels (1820-95), co-founder of Marxism, provide a classic account of the origin of gender inequality. In his work “The Origins of the Family, Private Property and the State”, (1884) he argued that the origins of sexual or gender inequality might be traced to the establishment of Patrilineal descent, that is the practice of tracing kinship through the line of father to son and then to grandson etc. He said it arose with the advent of private property as mechanism to ensure that property remains with male descendants only. 5.2 Thoughts of ŚaÆkaradeva and Karl Marx from the Perspective of Gender Equality Before the advent of ŚaÆkaradeva, the cults of Tantricism, Saktism, Saivism and ancient Vaisnavism prevailed in ancient Assam. Among these cults the practice of “Tantricism and Saktism can be traced back to the primitive conditions of man. Primitive man had no knowledge of the techniques by which the turbulent forces of nature can be controlled in order to get rid of these forces they employed some illusory techniques, which anthropologically known as “magic”. For example, ceremonial dances by primitive agriculturists. They believed that this act would help the plants grow tall and yield a rich harvest”(Barman, 1983). In the primitive society the fertility of women was that of the earth. They regarded the earth as the mother. “This belief was universal all over the ancient world”(Barman, 1983). In the Hindu tradition Earth as Mother has always regarded Vasuma-ta or Mother Earth. According to Manu-Samhita in the verse 9/13 that – “Ksetrabhutu smrta- nāri Vijabhutah smr.tām puma-n” (Manu-Samhita, v-9) (It means, “man as the seed and earth, the field”) The philosophical thought of ŚaÆkaradeva on gender equality has been found in one of his important literary works called “Anādipatana”. In this work, he described in details the theory of evolution.This theory of evolution was adopted by ŚaÆkaradeva from Sāmkhya philosophy. According to Sāmkhya philosophies, Purusa and Prakriti were two independent realities and Purusa was inactive and Prakriti was active but blind. However, in ŚaÆkaradeva’s philosophy Purusa or

50  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Concept of Gender Equality the God who produced Prakriti from himself and Prakriti was not an independent entity. He described Prakriti as the energy or will power of God. It means Prakriti has no separate existence. After creation or at the time of dissolution Prakritigets merged in God. ÝaÆkardeva write- māyāra hātata karāu jagata prakāsa caru sistri lilā ābe vinuda bilāsa (Anadipatan, Bhagavata 4th canto, v-43) (It means “when I am alone I cannot do any work, therefore let all the beings come out from my body. Let me reveal the world through māyā. Let me affect the sport of creation for dalliance and amusement”) The above mentioned references are given by ŚaÆkaradeva in his literary work “Anādipatana”, clearly indicating the philosophical concept on gender equality in the processes of evolution or cosmology between the Prakriti and Purusa or God. “His attitude towards women and gender justice was not condemnation but that of condescension” (Barman, 2013). For example, ŚaÆkaradeva himself lived an ideal householder’s life with wife and children. He did not think marriage to be a hindrance upon the path of devotion. Therefore, he advised his chief disciple Madhavdeva also for marriage. In the Katha Guru Charit, it was mentioned- bulebarārpuwa, garbāndhijujilesaj, prānorsansaynāi, bināgarejujilevay. (Lekharu, 2011) ŚaÆkaradeva fought for showering equal rights to women. In his work Rāmāyana Uttarākānda, he mentioned that when there had been an injustice with Sita, she protested against the Lord Rama accusing him of forgetting justice. It was found in the following verses of Uttarākānda of ŚaÆkaradeva. Where he writes: ducte dile apayaśa tāte āna trasa chale niyādiyāilanta āmāka nibbāsa dekhā dekhā ito kene swāmira maryadyā kisaka karile atamāna salabāda (Uttarakanda, v-365)

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  51 Achyut Kumar Das (It means “motivated by the ill–words uttered by culprit, this so-called maryadyāpurucuttam Rama rendered me exile. Is this the quality of a husband? Who does not honour the position of wife!”) Again, ŚaÆkaradeva writes – save bole enuyā rāmaka bhāl bhāl moito yāno mora rāmese yamakā (Uttarakanda, v-367) (It means “people praise Rama as a good and honest man but for me Rama is none other than Yama or God of death”) Regarding women equality, ŚaÆkaradeva was also progressive and strongly opposed those people who torture women. In his literary works Hariscandra- upākhyāna, he recognized the strength of women and writes – keli kautuhale āchilihi mora pāśa krīāta karila taka Jīva parihāsa yena vaila raÆgara samaya mana roca ehi tota sadhu tāta nadharibi doca (Harischandra-upakhyana, v-438) (It means “you are my company at every moment of my happiness and merrymaking and while engaging in such fun, amusement and humour, if you get hurt by some comment, I sincerely beg your apology”.) In favour of gender equality, considering women as companions of men in every purpose of life, ŚaÆkaradeva wrote – karmaro samayata toka mantrī buli lekhi raÆgara belāta yenā toi prāGasakhī (Harischandra-Upakhyana, v-436) (It means, you are my bosom friend during the time of enjoyment. I treated you like my mentor during the time of works). Similarly, in some of his others literary works, like Rukmini-harana-nāta (play), Rukminiharan Kāvya, Parijāta- haran-nāta (play) and kālio-gopāla- nāta (play) he eulogized and mentioned the independent identity of women. Among these, examples of “gender justice has also been found in the latter history of neo-

52  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Concept of Gender Equality vaisnavite movement, where ŚaÆkaradeva’s granddaughter in –law Kanaklata and Harideva’s daughter Bhuyaneswari were recognized as religious heads of their respective sub-sects” (Sharma, 1966). Karl Marx and his perspective of gender equality, have been found in one of his important works “Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts (1844)” , where he argued that women’s position in society could be used as a measure of the development of society as a whole. He believed that human beings would have to see each other as valuable in themselves rather than as only what one individual can provide to another. Therefore, women would be especially significant in this regard (Heather, 2014). Along with “Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts” (1844), “The Capital-I (1867)”, Marx contains some of his important works concerning women’s rights. For example, Karl Marx shows his appreciation of working women’s demands during and after the “Paris Commune”. Like Marx, his friend Friedrich Engels in his “Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1884) observed that women should be treated with a high degree of consideration and respect. Engels said that when man seized the power and property in the house, women were degraded, enthralled; considered as the slave of man’s lust and a mere instrument for breeding children. In favour of F. Engels, Marx wrote in the “The Capital” that “Large-scale industry by assigning as it does an important part in the socially organized process of production, outside the domestic sphere, to women, to young persons and to children both sides, creates a new economic foundation for a higher form of the family and of the relations between the sexes” (Marx, 2016) However, Marx believed that by abolishing private property and exploitation, socialism puts an end to every oppression and inequality including the unequal position of the women. Under socialism, women on a sound basis frees it form private property elements and create the opportunity for founding the family and marriage on love, friendship and cooperation of the husband and wife. ŚaÆkaradeva’s gender ideology is based on liberalism and spiritualism. ŚaÆkaradeva did not advocate any distinction between caste and creed or between

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  53 Achyut Kumar Das rich and the poor. The teaching of ŚaÆkaradeva has been full of morals and ideals. As a profound scholar, ŚaÆkaradeva had a vision of society that all men and women would be equal. ŚaÆkaradeva simply laid down the goals, principles and process for uplifting the society through devotion or Bhakti. It is based on rationality which is viable and practical. According to him there can be no rule or regulation to take Harinama or name of God. Thus, in one hand, ŚaÆkaradeva had made a blueprint for a healthy development of society based on religion, ethical and spiritual values, freedom and universality. On the other hand, as a father of scientific socialism in the 19th century, Marx believed that by abolishing private property and exploitation, socialism would put to an end every oppression and inequality including the unequal position of the women. He believes that under socialism women gain equal rights with men and able to work and receive equal pay with men for equal work and to take an active part in social life.

6. Conclusion ŚaÆkaradeva’s perspective of gender based on spirituality synthesizes the material and spiritual as well as individual and collective aspects of life. There is no inherent conflict between society’s real material interest and the fundamentals morality and spirituality. For him, society cannot dispense with moral and spiritual value and the moral decay of the people have always preceded the physical and mental degradation. Again, one of the most important aspects of Marx’s work for understanding gender philosophy is dialectical method. Marx’s perspective of gender is based on his analysis of the empirical world, which is seen as dynamic and based on social relationship rather static but on a historical formulation.

References Barman, S. (1983). Srimanta Sankardeva kirti aru krititva. Guwahati: Purbanchal Prakash. Barman, S. (2013). Tradition to modernity- Essay on Assam. Guwahati. Barua, G. (2011). Srimanta Sankardeva and his philosophy. (G. Barua, Ed.) Srimanta Sankaradeva Sangha.

54  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Concept of Gender Equality

Chutia, D. (1998). Mahapurusa Srimanta Sankardeva vakyamrta. Nagaon: Srimanta Sankardeva Sangha. Das, K. (Ed.). (2005). The Kirtana-ghosa. Nagaon: Srimanta Sankardeva Sangha. Dayal, P. (2006). Gandhian theory of social reconstruction. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. Manu Samhita. (2014). (M. Deuri, Trans.) Morigaon. Fambach, D. (2010). Surveys from exile Karl Marx. Verso Publication. Gauba, O. P. (2013). An introduction to political theory. Delhi: Macmillan Publishers India LTD. Hazarika, S. (2014). Srimanta Sankardeva Bakyamrit. Guwahati: Bani Mandir. Heather, A. B. (2014). Marx on gender and family: A critical study (Vol. 66). Kumar, S. (2013). Encyclopedia of modernity and social change. New delhi: ALP Books. Lekharu, U. C. (2011). Katha Guru Charit (6th ed.). Guwahati: Dutta Barua Publishing Co. PVT. LTD. Mahanta, P. (1987). The role of Assam Vaisnavism in the making of Assamese life and culture- A study in the enduring tradition. guwahati: Gauhati University. Marx, K. (2016). Capital (Das Kapital). Delhi: Prakash Books India PVT. LTD. Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1969). Selected works. Moscow: Progressive Publishers. Raichoudhury, A. (2000). Axamar samaj itihaxat Nava-Vaishnavbad. Guwahati: Puberun Prakash. Roy, B. N. (2009). Foundation of western political thoughts. New Delhi: Kaveri Books. Shankar Rao, C. N. (1990). Sociology: Primary principles of sociology. New Delhi: Chand & Company LTD. Sharma, S. (1966). New Vaisnavite movement and the satra institution of Assam. Guwahati: Gauhati University.

Manuscript received on 20/04/2018 Reviewed Paper received on 03/06/2018 Revised Paper received on 31/07/2018 Research Paper accepted on 14/08/2018

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  55 PRAG CONSILIENCE: ISSN 2456-6861, RNI No. ASSMUL/2016/70132 A Multi-lingual Peer-reviewed Annual Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Commerce Vol. 3, No. 1 (2018), pp. 56-65

  KHAMTI AS AN ENDANGERED LANGUAGE : A CASE STUDY

*

Abstract : Language is a sign of the superior human intellect. In such a scenario, the rapid extinction of language in present times is one of the saddest phenomena in the world. Death of a language is inclusive of the end of a particular culture, body of knowledge and script, all of which is of immense significance to the future generation. In 8000 BC approximately 20000 languages existed within a limited population. In the present context the figure has dropped down to 6909 languages among 7.2 billion world populations. One of the natural causes of language death is the decrease in human population due to natural disasters and epidemic disease among others. The artificial or manmade causes like political and cultural pressure, globalization, governmental policy, religious influence also lead to the extinction of a particular language. Considering these factors the paper focuses on the khamti language. Among the eight major language families, Chino-Tibetan is the second largest in the world. One of the main branches of this family is the Thai-Chino or Shyam-Chino language of which Khamti forms a part. In India, Khamti is spoken in some parts of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. There were approximately 20000 khamti speakers in nineteenth century India which has decreased to a measly figure of 4000 in the present times making it an endangered language as marked by United Nations Organization. Keywords: Khamti, Endangered language, Culture, Globalization

* Associate Professor, Department of Assamese, Arya Vidyapeeth College, Guwahati, E-mail: [email protected]

56  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Õ¿™¦Q1 üÑßÁéÂîÂ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸± 1.ð ÷±ò» ÂõÅ¿X÷MÃÃ±1 ÛßÁ üËÂõ±ÇÈßÔÁ©† ¿òðÃúÇò ýÃÃ’ù öÂ±ø¸±¼ ÛËßÁ±éÂ± öÂ±ø¸±îÂ ÛËßÁ±éÂ± æÃ±¿îÂ1 üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ Îü±÷±ý×ÃÃ ï±ËßÁ¼ Îü±÷±ý×ÃÃ ï±ËßÁ ðÃÏâÇ¿ðÃòÏûþ± Õ¿öÂ:îÂ±ùt :±ò¼ öÂ±ø¸±ËîÂ ¿ò¿ýÃÃîÂ ï±ËßÁ ûÅá ûÅá±™L1 ñ¿1 ¿Âõ»MÃÃÇò ÆýÃÃ ÕýÃÃ± ¿ù¿Âó, öÂ±Âõ ¿Âõ¿ò÷ûþ1 üÅ„ ÕïäÂ æÃ¿éÂù ÷ò™¦±¿NßÁ ÎßÁÌúù¼ üßÁËù± öÂ±ø¸± ÷±ò» æÃ±¿îÂ1 ü¥óðÃ¼ ¿ßÁc ðÅÃàæÃòß âéÂò±ËéÂ± ýÃÃ’ù ý×ÃÃ¿îÂ÷ËñÉ ÂõUËîÂ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ÷ÔîÅÂÉ â¿éÂËåÃ¼ öÂ±ø¸±1 ÷ÔîÅÂÉ Î1±ñ ßÁ1±ËîÂ± ü÷ÓýÃÃ ÷±ò» æÃ±¿îÂ1 ùŽÂÉ¼ óÔ¿ï»Ï1 Õ±êÂéÂ± ÂõÔýÃÃÈ öÂ±ø¸±Ëá±‡ÂÏ1 ¿öÂîÂ1î 2ûþ üÂõÇÂõÔýÃÃÈ öÂ±ø¸±Ëá±‡ÂÏ ¿îÂÂõõîÂ-äÂÏòÏûþ Îá±‡ÂÏ Âõ± äÂÏò- ¿îÂÂõõîÂÏûþ Îá±‡ÂÏ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ Îá±‡ÂÏ1 öÂ±ø¸±ü÷ÓýÃÃ1 ›¶äÂùò ÂóÓÂõ Õ±1n¸ ðÃ¿ŽÂí ÂóÓÂõ Û¿åÃûþ±1 ÎðÃúü÷ÓýÃÃîÂ Õ±ËåÃ¼ ¿îÂÂõõîÂ- äÂÏòÏûþ Îá±‡ÂÏ1 ðÅÃéÂ± ›¶ñ±ò ú±à± ýÃÃ’ù ¿îÂÃÃÂõ3îÂ-Âõ÷¹ûþ Õ±1n¸ úÉ±÷ äÂÏòÏûþ Âõ± ï±ý×ÃÃ äÂÏòÏûþþ¼ ï±ý×ÃÃ äÂÏòÏûþ ú±à±1 Õ™LöÇÅÂMÃ ï±ý×ÃÃ ëÂ×Âóú±à±1 ÛéÂ± Ü¿îÂýÃÃÉ÷¿GîÂ öÂ±ø¸± ýÃÃ’ù à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±¼ òÔËá±‡ÂÏûþöÂ±Ë» ÷ÑËá±ùÏûþ ÷Óù1Áà±÷¿îÂ æÃ±¿îÂ1 ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 ÷±îÔÂöÂ±ø¸± à±÷¿îÂ ¼ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸± Âõ±¿÷ÇæÃ ¿ù¿ÂóË1 ¿ùà± ýÃÃûþ¼ ÛÝÒËù±ßÁ1 ¿ù¿ÂóËéÂ±ßÁ ¿ùßÄÁ- éÂ±ý×ÃÃ ÂõÅ¿ù ÎßÁ±»± ýÃÃûþ¼1 à±÷¿îÂüßÁù ñ÷¹ûþ ¿ðÃúîÂ ýÃÃÏòû±ò ÂóLš1 Îï1±Âõ±ðÃÏ ÎÂõÌXñ÷¹ Ëù±ßÁ¼ ÕòÉ±òÉ ¿îÂÂõÂõîÂ äÂÏòÏûþ öÂ±ø¸Ï1 ðÃË1 ÛÝÒËù±ßÁË1± ÂóÓÂõÇ1 Âõ±ü¦š±ò äÂÏòËðÃú1 ý×ÃÃûþ±Ñ¿äÂ¿ßÁûþ±Ñ Õ±1n¸ ÎýÃÃ±»±ÑËýÃÃ± òðÃÏ1 ëÂ×ÂóîÂÉßÁ± Õ=ù¼ àèÏ.ÂóÓ.2500 äÂò ÷±òËîÂ äÂÏòËðÃú1 Âó1± Õ±¿ýÃÃ à±÷¿îÂüßÁËù ÂõèpÁËðÃú1 [ÂõîÇÃÃ÷±ò ÷É±ò÷±1] ý×ÃÃ1±»îÂÏ Æò1 Âó±11 Âó±ÂõÇîÂÉ ëÂ×ÂóîÂÉßÁ± Õ=ùîÂ ÷ÅÑ-à±÷¿îÂ-ùÅÑ [Âõ1 à±÷¿îÂ ÎðÃú] ›¶¿îÂ‡Â± ßÁ¿1¿åÃù¼2 ¿ßÁc ðÅÃöÇÂ±áÉæÃòßÁöÂ±Ë» Ûàò ‘ÎðÃú’ ¦š±Âóò ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù ü÷ïÇ ÎýÃÃ±»± Ûý×ÃÃ à±÷¿îÂöÂ±ø¸Ï Îù±ßÁ1 üÑàÉ± 2000 äÂòîÂ [÷É±ò÷±11 ü±á±ûþ±Ñ, ßÁ±÷¿îÂ ¿æÃù±, ëÂ×MÃÃ1 Âó¿(÷ Âõ±÷Ç±] ÷±Ëï±ò 4235 æÃò ýÃÃûþÍá¼3 Õü÷îÂ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±1 ý×ÃÃ¿îÂýÃÃ±ü ùŽÂÉ ßÁ¿1Ëù Õ±¿÷ ÎðÃà± Âó±ÝÒ Îû Õ©†±ðÃú ú¿îÂßÁ±1Â ÷±æÃöÂ±áËîÂ äÂ±Ý-¿ò-ùÅÑ¿ßÁÑ à±÷1 ÎòîÔÂQîÂ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 ÛéÂ± ðÃù Õü÷îÂ Îü±÷±ûþ¼ ÛËßÁ éÂ±ý×ÃÃ÷ÓùÏûþ ÎýÃÃ±»± Âõ±ËÂõ ¿òæÃ1 ÂóÓÂõÇ ÂóÅ1n¸ø¸1 ÂõãÃÃýÃÃ ÂõÅ¿ù Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷ 1æÃ±ý×ÃÃ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁßÁ ú¿ðÃûþ±î [ÎéÂãÃÃ±Âó±òÏ Æò1 Âó±1îÂ] ¦š±Âóò ßÁË1¼4 Âó1»îÇÃÃÏ ßÁ±ùîÂ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 æÃòÂõù ý×ÃÃ÷±Ëòý×ÃÃ Âõ±¿ìÂÿ¿åÃù Îû ›¶»ù ›¶îÂ±ÂóÏ Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷1 ¿Âõ1n¸ËXÝ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ËßÁ ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃ ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó1± ÆýÃÃ¿åÃù¼ ØÍòú ú¿îÂßÁ±îÂ 20,000 à±÷¿îÂ Îù±ßÁ ïßÁ± ÂõÅ¿ù ÕòÅ÷±ò ßÁ1±5 Õü÷îÂ [ÂõîÂÇÃ÷±ò1 Õ1n¸í±äÂù Õ±1n¸ ÂóÓÂõÇ1 ÎòôÂ±ßÁ ü±÷¿1] 1971 äÂò1 Îù±ßÁ ¿Âóûþù ÕòÅü¿1 à±÷¿îÂöÂ±ø¸Ï Îù±ßÁ1 üÑàÉ± Õ±¿åÃù 4078 æÃò¼ 1981 äÂò1 Îù±ßÁ¿Âóûþù1 ›¶¿îÂËÂõðÃò ÕòÅü¿1 Õ¿ÂõöÂMÃ Õü÷îÂ à±÷¿îÂöÂ±ø¸Ï Îù±ßÁ1 üÑàÉ± Õ±¿åÃù 2883 æÃò¼ ÛËòðÃË1 ßÁ¿÷ Îû±»±1 ôÂùîÂ ü÷¢¶ ¿Âõ«îÂ ïßÁ± à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸Ï Îù±ßÁ1 üÑàÉ± 2000 äÂòî ÷±Ëï±ò 13,100 æÃò ýÃÃûþÍá¼6 Îáý×ÃÃéÂ äÂ±ýÃÃ±Âõ1 ÷ËîÂ 1734 àèÏ©†±s1Â ó1±1744 àèÏ©†±s1 ¿öÂîÂ1îÂ à±÷¿îÂüßÁù Õü÷Íù Õ±¿ýÃÃ¿åÃù¼7 Õ±ÍìÂÿú ÂõåÃ1Ë1± Õ¿ñßÁ ßÁ±ù æÅÃ¿1 Õü÷1 à±÷¿îÂ æÃòËá±‡ÂÏËûþ ßÁïÉ öÂ±ø¸± ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸± ÂõÉ»ý±1Â ßÁ¿1 Õ±¿ýÃÃËåÃ¼ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±1 ¿îÂ¿òéÂ± ëÂ×ÂóöÂ±ø¸± [ëÂ×MÃÃ1 Âõ±÷Ç± à±÷¿îÂ, ¿üÑßÁ±¿ùÑ à±÷¿îÂ Õ±1n¸ Õü÷ à±÷¿îÂ]1 ¿öÂîÂ1îÂ ý×ÃÃ Õü÷-à±÷¿îÂ1 Õ™LáÇîÂ¼ Î÷Ì¿àßÁ Õ±1n¸ ¿ù¿àîÂ [ñ÷¹ûþ Õ±1n¸ ñ÷Ç ¿ò1ËÂóŽÂ] ðÅÃËûþ± ñ1í1 ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉËîÂ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸± äÂýÃÃßÁÏ¼ ÂõUßÁ±ù æÅÃ¿1 Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø±¸1 ÝäÂË1 Âó±æÃË1 Âõü¿îÂ ßÁ1± ÎýÃÃîÅÂ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±1 ÝÂó1îÂ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ›¶öÂ±» Âó1±1 ðÃË1 Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ÝÂó1ËîÂ± à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±1 öÂ±Ëù¿à¿ò ›¶öÂ±» Âó¿1Ëå¼ ÂóÅ1¿í Õü÷ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 öÂ±ø¸±ý×ÃÃ îÂ±1 ëÂ×ÈßÔÁ©† ›¶÷±í¼ 8 Õü÷1 à±÷¿îÂ ÷±îÔÂöÂ±ø¸Ï ÷±òÅËýÃÃ ÕòÉöÂ±ø¸Ï ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 ùáîÂ

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  57 áÏîÂ±?¿ù ýÃÃ±æÃ¿1ßÁ± Îû±á±Ëû±á ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 Õ±ñ±1îÂ áìÂÿ Îù±»± à±÷¿îÂ– Õü÷Ïûþ± òÔËá±‡ÂÏûþ ëÂ×ÂóöÂ±ø¸± ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ßÁË1¼ ÕïÇ±È, ßÁïÉ Õ±1n¸ ¿ù¿àîÂ ëÂ×öÂûþ ¿ðÃú1 Âó1±ý×ÃÃ Õü÷îÂ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±1 ÛßÁ äÂýÃÃßÁÏ Âó1¥ó1± Õ±ËåÃ¼ Ü¿îÂýÃÃÉ÷¿GîÂ Ûý×ÃÃ öÂ±ø¸±ËéÂ± ÎßÁ±»± Îù±ßÁ1 üÑàÉ± ¿ðÃËò ¿ðÃËò ßÁ¿÷ Æá Õ±ËåÃ¼ öÂ±ø¸± ÛéÂ±1 ÷ÔîÅÂÉ1 ùËá ùËá Î÷Ì¿àßÁ Õ±1n¸ ¿ù¿àîÂ ðÅÃËûþ±ÃÃñ1í1 ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉË1 ÷ÔîÅÂÉ âËéÂ¼ ÷ÔîÅÂÉ âËéÂ ÛéÂ± üÑ¦Ô¨¿î1¼ ûÅá ûÅá±™L11 Õ¿öÂ:îÂ±ùt :±ò1 üÒÅ¿îÂ ÛéÂ±1 ÷ÔîÅÂÉ âËéÂ¼ ÛËßÁ±éÂ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ùáËîÂ ú ú ÂõåÃ1 ñ¿1 ¿Âõ»¿îÂÃÇîÂ ÆýÃÃ üÔ©† ÛËßÁ±éÂ± ¿ù¿Âó1 Õ»ùÅ¿5 âËéÂ Âõ± ¿Âõ™¦Ô¿îÂ ßÁ¿÷ û±ûþ¼ üßÁËù± öÂ±ø¸±ý×ÃÃ Õ±÷±1 ëÂ×MÃÃ1 ÂóÅ1n¸ø¸1 Âõ±ËÂõ ÛßÁ Õ±ÂóÅ1n¸áÏûþ± ü¥ó¿MÃÃ¼ àèÏ.ÂÂóÓ. 8000 ÂõåÃ1 Õ±áËîÂ ÂóÔ¿ï»ÏîÂ ›¶±ûþ 20,000 éÂ±÷±ò öÂ±ø¸±1 ›¶äÂùò Õ±¿åÃù¼ 2009 äÂòîÂ Ûý×ÃÃ öÂ±ø¸±1 üÑàÉ± ýÃÃûþÍá 6909 éÂ±¼9 ý×ÃÃûþ±1 ¿öÂîÂ1îÂ ýÃÃ±æÃ±1Ë1± Õ¿ñßÁ öÂ±ø¸± ÂõîÇÃÃ÷±ò Õ¿™¦QÃÃ1 üÑßÁéÂîÂ [endangered language ] Âó¿1ËåÃ¼ ÎßÁ±Ëò± öÂ±ø¸ÏßÁ Îá±‡ÂÏ1 æÃòüÑàÉ± ßÁ¿÷ ßÁ¿÷ Æá ¦¤±öÂ±¿»ßÁöÂ±Ë» öÂ±ø¸± ÛéÂ± Õ¿™¦Q1 üÑßÁéÂ1 üijÅàÏò ýÃÃûþ¼ ÕïÂõ±, 1±æÃÍò¿îÂßÁ ÎýÒÃÃäÂ±, ü±Ñ¦Ô¨¿îÂßÁ Õ»ðÃ÷ò, Îá±ùßÁÏßÁ1í, áí÷±ñÉ÷, äÂýÃÃ1ÏßÁ1í, ñ÷ÏÇûþ üÑßÁéÂ ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ ÷±ò» üÔ©† ßÁ±1íî ßÔÁ¿S÷öÂ±Ë»ÂöÂ±ø¸± ÛËßÁ±éÂ± ¿ÂõùÅ¿51 ¿ðÃúÍù Õ±áÂõ±ËìÂÿ¼ 1±©†ªüÑâý×ÃÃ öÂ±ø¸±1 ÷ÔîÅÂÉßÁ ÛßÁ ÕîÂÉ™L ¦óúÇßÁ±îÂ1 ¿Âõø¸ûþ ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó áíÉ ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ 1±©†ªüÑâ1 ÛéÂ± ›¶ñ±ò ú±à± ý×ÃÃëÂ×Ëò¦¨’ý×ÃÃ Ûý×ÃÃ ¿Âõø¸Ëûþ áöÂÏ1öÂ±Ë» ¿äÂ™L± äÂäÇÂ± ßÁ¿1 ÷1í÷ÅàÏ öÂ±ø¸±ËÂõ±1 1ŽÂ± ßÁ¿1Âõ1 Âõ±ËÂõ ßÁ±ûÇ›¶í±ùÏ ›¶dîÂ ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ üßÁËù± öÂ±ø¸±ý×ÃÃ ßÁ±Ë1±Âõ±1 òýÃÃûþ ßÁ±Ë1±Âõ±1 ÷±îÔÂöÂ±ø¸±¼ ¿úq1 ú±1Ï¿1ßÁ-÷±ò¿üßÁ-ÎõÌ¿XßÁ üßÁËù± ™¦11 ¿ÂõßÁ±úîÂ ÷±îÔÂöÂ±ø¸±1 &1n¸Q îÂï± ÷±îÔÂöÂ±ø¸±1 Âó1± Âõ¿=îÂ ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 ò±ò±ò ñ1í1 ÷±ò¿üßÁ, ÎÂõÌ¿XßÁ îÂï± ÕòÉ±òÉ ü÷üÉ±1 ßÁï± ÕòÅñ±»ò ßÁ¿1Ëûþý×ÃÃ 2000 äÂò1Âó1± ›¶¿îÂ ÂõåÃË1 21ÎôÂÂõèn¸»±1Ï ¿ðÃòËéÂ± ü÷¢¶ ¿Âõ«ËîÂ Õ±™LæÇ±¿îÂßÁ ÷±îÔÂöÂ±ø¸± ¿ðÃ»ü ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó ( IMLD- International Mother Language Day) Âó±ùò ßÁ¿1 Õ±¿ýÃÃËå Õ±1n¸ 2014 äÂò1 Âõø¸ÇËéÂ±ßÁ ÷±îÔÂöÂ±ø¸± Âõø¸Ç ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó ëÂ×ðÄÃû±Âóò ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ ÃÃÕ¿™¦QÃÃ1 üÑßÁéÂîÂ Âó1± öÂ±ø¸±ËÂõ±1 ¿äÂò±MÃ ßÁ¿1 Îüý×ÃÃþ ÷1í÷ÅàÏ öÂ±ø¸±ËÂõ±1 1ŽÂ± ßÁ¿1Âõ1 Âõ±ËÂõ ßÁ±ûÇ›¶í±ùÏ ›¶dîÂ ßÁ¿1Â Õ¢¶ü1 ýÃÃ’ÂõÍù üÑâöÅÂMÃ ÎðÃúËÂõ±1ßÁ Õ±ý3ÃÃ±ò æÃò±ý×ÃÃËåÃ¼ ¿òæÃ1 ëÂ×8ù Õ±1n¸ ÎáÌ1»÷ûþ ÂóÅ1¿í ý×ÃÃ¿îÂýÃÃ±ü ñ¿1 1à± öÂ±ø¸± ÛËßÁ±éÂ±ý×ÃÃ ÛËßÁ±éÂ± æÃ±¿îÂ1 Õ±R¿Âõ«±ü ÂõìÂÿ±ý×ÃÃ ¿ðÃ æÃ±¿îÂËéÂ±ßÁ Õ¿ñßÁ üÑâÂõXöÂ±Ë» ßÁ±÷ ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù ëÂ×Èü±ýÃÃ Îû±á±ý×ÃÃ ÷±ò» ü÷±æÃßÁ ÛìÂ±ÂóÃ Õ±áÂõìÂÿ±ý×ÃÃ ¿ðÃÂõ Âó±Ë1¼ ‘ý×ÃÃëÂ×Ëò¦¨’ý×ÃÃ öÂ±¿ø¸ßÁ Õ¿™¦Q1 ¿ðÃËúË1 üÅ1¿ŽÂîÂ ÆýÃÃ ïßÁ± ¦š±ò1Âó1± ¿ÂõùÅ¿51 ™¦1 ÎÂó±»±ÍùËßÁ Õ¿™¦Q1 ›¶¿îÂ öÂ±ÂõÅ¿ßÁ ÕýÃÃ± ÂóÔ¿ï»Ï1 öÂ±ø¸±ËÂõ±1ßÁ äÂ±¿1éÂ± ™¦1îÂ öÂ±á ßÁ¿1 ÛßÁ îÂ±¿ùßÁ± [list of endangered language] ›¶dîÂ ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ ðÅÃàæÃòßÁöÂ±Ë» ÂõîÂÇÃ÷±ò ÂóÔ¿ï»ÏîÂ ïßÁ± ÕËñÇßÁ öÂ±ø¸±ý×ÃÃ Õ¿™¦Q1 üÑßÁéÂîÂ Âó1± öÂ±ø¸± ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó Îüý×ÃÃ îÂ±¿ùßÁ±1 Õ™LöÅÇÂMÃ ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ Ûý×ÃÃàò îÂ±¿ùßÁ±îÂ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±ËéÂ± Õ¿™¦Q1 üÑßÁéÂîÂ ïßÁ± ¦óúÇßÁ±îÂ1 [Vulnerable] öÂ±ø¸± ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó ¿äÂ¿ýîÂÃ ÍýÃÃËåÃ¼10 1.1ð à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±1 ÝÂó1îÂ ÂõîÇÂ÷±òÍùËßÁ ÎýÃÃ±»± áË»ø¸í± Õ±1n¸ Õ±Ëù±äÂò±ü÷ÓÃýÃÃ1 ¿öÂîÂ1îÂ ëÂ×Ë~àËû±áÉ ýÃÃ’ù 1894 äÂòîÂ ›¶ßÁ±¿úîÂ òÏñ÷1 ‘Õ±ëÂ×éÂù±ý×ÃÃò ¢¶±÷±1 ÕôÄÂ ¿ëÂ éÂ±ý×ÃÃ [à±÷¿îÂ ] ÎùÑ&Ë»æ’, 1904 äÂò1 ¢¶ÏËûþ1äÂò1 ¿ùÑ&ý×ÃÃ¿©†ßÁ äÂ±ËöÇÂ ÕôÄÂ ý×ÃÃ¿Gûþ±,öÂ¿ùëÂ×÷-2’, 1923ðäÂòîÂ ›¶ßÁ±¿úîÂ ëÂëÂ, ëÂ×ý×ÃÃ¿ùûþ±÷.¿äÂ.1 ‘¿ëÂ éÂ±ý×ÃÃ Î1äÂ’1926 äÂòîÂ ›¶ßÁ±¿úîÂ ÛëÂ»±ëÇÂ Îáý×ÃÃéÂ1 ‘Û ¿ýÃÃ©†1Ï ÕôÄÂ Õ±äÂ±÷’, 1930ðäÂòîÂ ßÁ¿ùßÁîÂ±1 Âó1± ›¶ßÁ±¿úîÂ ‘Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷ ÂõÅ1?Ï - ôèÂ÷ ¿ëÂ Õ±¿ùÇËûþ©† éÂ±ý×ÃÃ÷ éÅÂ ¿ëÂ ÛÃ`Â ÕôÄÂ Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷ 1n¸ù’, Âó1»îÂÃ¹ßÁ±ù1 ›¶Ë÷±ðÃäÂf öÂÂA±äÂ±ûÇ1

58  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Õ¿™¦Q1 üÑßÁéÂîÂ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸± ‘Õü÷1 æÃòæÃ±¿î ’, 1968ðäÂòîÂ Â&»±ýÃÃ±éÂÏ ¿Âõ«¿ÂõðÃÉ±ùËûþ ›¶ßÁ±ú ßÁ1± ÂóË½«1 áÍá1 ‘ ¿ëÂ éÂ±ý×ÃÃ ÛG ¿ëÂ éÂ±ý×ÃÃ ¿ßÁÑðÃ÷’, ëÐ öÂÏ÷ßÁ±™L Âõ1n¸»±1 ‘Õü÷1 öÂ±ø¸±’, ùÏù± áÍá1 ‘éÂ±ý×ÃÃ üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ1 1+ÂóË1à±’, ëÂÐ ›¶ÂõÏò äÂf úý×ÃÃßÁÏûþ±1 ‘à±÷¿îÂüßÁù1 öÂ±ø¸± Õ±1n¸ ü÷±æÃ ÕñÉûþò’, ëÂÐ ðÃÏò÷¿í úý×ÃÃßÁÏûþ±1 ‘ÛÑËù± à±÷¿îÂ ¿1ËùäÂò’, ¿©†ËôÂò ÷ÅË11 ‘¿ëÂ éÂ±ý×ÃÃ ËùÑ&Ë»æÃ ÕôÄÂ Õ±ü±÷- Û ¢¶±÷±1 ÛG ÎéÂßÁˆÄ’, ÂóÅ¦óñ1 áÍá1 ‘¿ëÂ éÂ±ý×ÃÃ ÕôÄÂ òïÇ ý×ÃÃ©† ý×ÃÃ¿Gûþ±’, Õ±ý×ÃÃ÷É±ËàÑ Îá±ýÒÃÃ±ý×ÃÃ1 ‘éÂ±ý×ÃÃ öÂ±ø¸±1 ›¶±ï¿÷ßÁ Âó±êÂ ÂõÉ±ßÁË1ËíË1 ÆüËîÂ’, ëÂÐ Âõ™LÏ1±íÏ áÍá1 ‘Õü÷1 ÎõÌX ñ÷Ç±»ù¥¤Ï éÂ±ý×ÃÃüßÁù1 æÃòæÃÏ»òîÂ ÛöÓÂ÷Å¿ßÁ’ ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ¢¶Lšü÷ÓýÃÃîÂ öÂ±ø¸±ËéÂ±1 ý×ÃÃ¿îÂýÃÃ±ü , Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷ 1æÃ± îÂï± ý×ÃÃÑ1±æÃ ú±üßÁüßÁù1 ùáîÂ à±÷¿îÂöÂ±ø¸Ï ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 ü¥óßÇÁ, à±÷¿îÂöÂ±ø¸Ï üßÁù1 üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ, öÂ±ø¸±ËéÂ±1 ÂõÉ±ûþ±ßÁ1¿íßÁ îÂï± öÂ±ø¸±îÂ±¿NßÁ ¿ÂõËúø¸Q ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ ¿ðÃú÷ÓýÃÃ Õ±Ëù±¿äÂîÂ ÆýÃÃËåÃ û¿ðÃÝ öÂ±¿ø¸ßÁ Õ¿™¦Q1 üÑßÁéÂ1 ÂÎ›¶ŽÂ±ÂóéÂîÂ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±1 ÝÂó1îÂ ÎßÁ±Ëò± Õ±Ëù±äÂò± ÂõîÇÂ÷±òÍùËßÁ ÎýÃÃ±»± ò±ý×ÃÃ¼ 1.2  Ûý×ÃÃ ÕñÉûþò1 ùáîÂ öÂ±ø¸±1 Âõ±¿ýÃÃË1Ý :±ò1 ÕòÉ±òÉ ÎŽÂSü÷ÓýÃÃ1 &1n¸QÂóÓíÇ ü¥óßÇÁ Õ±ËåÃ¼ öÂ±ø¸± ÛéÂ± üÑßÁéÂîÂ Âó¿1ÂõùáÏûþ± ÎýÃÃ±»± Âó¿1¿¦š¿îÂ1 ùáîÂ ÎöÂÌËá±¿ùßÁ Õ»¦š± Õ±1n¸ Ûý×ÃÃ Õ»¦š±1 Âó¿1»îÇÃÃò1 ›¶öÂ±», æÃÏ¿»ßÁ± îÂï± Õ±¿ïÇßÁ Õ»¦š±, æÃ±¿îÂáîÂ [òÔîÂ±¿Nß] ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ¿ðÃú, Ü¿îÂýÃÃ±¿üßÁ Î›¶ŽÂ±ÂóéÂ, 1±æÃÍò¿îÂßÁ ßÁ±1í ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ ò±ò± ¿ðÃú æÃ¿ëÂÿîÂ ÆýÃÃ ï±ËßÁ¼ ÛËîÂËßÁ öÓÂËá±ù, ÕïÇòÏ¿îÂ, òÔîÂN, ý×ÃÃ¿îÂýÃÃ±ü, 1±æÃòÏ¿îÂ ¿Âõ:±ò ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ð1 ùáîÂ ¿Âõø¸ûþ1 ÂóéÂöÓÂ¿÷1 ›¶îÂÉûþæÃòßÁ üÑËû±á Âõ± üÑá¿îÂ ïßÁ± Âõ±ËÂõ Ûý×ÃÃÎŽÂSü÷ÓýÃÃ1 Õ±Ëù±äÂò±Ëûþ± Ûý×ÃÃ ÕñÉûþòîÂ êÂ±ý×ÃÃ Âó±ý×ÃÃËåÃ¼ 1.3ð Ûý×ÃÃ áË»ø¸í± Âó¿SßÁ±àò1 ÷ÅàÉ ëÂ×ËVúÉ ÆýÃÃËåÃ Ð 1] ÎßÁËòñ1í1 Âó¿1¿¦š¿îÂîÂ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±ËéÂ± ¿ÂõùÅ¿51 ÂóïÍù Õ±áÂõ±¿ìÂÿ Æá Õ±ËåÃ Îüý×ÃÃ ¿Âõø¸Ëûþ ÕòÅüg±ò ßÁ1±¼ ÕïÇ±È, à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±ËéÂ±1 Õ¿™¦Q1 ›¶¿îÂ ÕýÃÃ± öÂ±ÂõÅ¿ßÁ1 ò±ò±ò ¿ðÃú1 ¿Âõø¸Ëûþ Ü¿îÂýÃÃ±¿üßÁ Õ±1n¸ ü÷ßÁ±ùÏòÁ ðÃÅËûþ±ñ1í1 Î›¶ŽÂ±ÂóéÂîÂ áË»ø¸í± ßÁ1±¼ 2] öÂ±ø¸±ËéÂ± Õ¿™¦Q1 üÑßÁéÂîÂ Âó1±1 ¦¤±öÂ±¿»ßÁ ÕïÂõ± ßÔÁ¿S÷ ßÁ±1íü÷Óý1 ›¶¿îÂßÁ±11 Âóï ÕòÅüg±ò ßÁ1±¼

2.ð 2.1ð Õ¿™¦QÃÃ1 üÑßÁéÂîÂ Âó1± öÂ±ø¸± ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±1 ÕñÉûþò ßÁË1Ò±ËîÂ ÕñÉûþò1 üÅ¿Âõñ±1 Âõ±ËÂõ Õ±¿÷ Õü÷1¸ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±ËéÂ±ßÁ ò÷Åò± ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó ¢¶ýÃÃí ßÁ¿1ËåÒÃ±¼ ÕñÉûþò1 ÎŽÂS ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó Õü÷1 ù¿à÷ÂóÅ1 ¿æÃù± Õ±1n¸ ¿îÂ¿òäÅÂßÁÏûþ± ¿æÃù±ßÁ õ±åÃ¿ò ßÁ1± ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ Õ»ËúÉ Õü÷1 Âó1± ÕËùà à±÷¿îÂ Îù±ËßÁ Õ1n¸í±äÂù1 ò±÷äÂ±ý×ÃÃÍù ›¶ÂõèæÃò ßÁ1± ÎýÃÃîÅÂ îÂïÉ üÑ¢¶ýÃÃ1 Âõ±ËÂõ ò±÷äÂ±ý×ÃÃÍù ÆáÝ îÂïÉ üÑ¢¶ýÃÃ ßÁ1± ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ 2.2ðð Õü÷îÂ Õ¿ñßÁ üÅüÑýÃÃîÂ 1+ÂóîÂ à±÷¿îÂüßÁù1 Âõü¿îÂ ÷±Ëï±ò ù¿à÷ÂóÅ11 ò±1±ûþíÂóÅ1 Õ=ùîÂËýÃÃÃÃÂ Õ±ËåÃ¼ ÂóÅ1¿í ¿ëÂSÑ Õ±1n¸ ÂõîÇÂÃ÷±ò ÷¿1¿ëÂSÑ Æò1 ëÂ×ÂóîÂÉßÁ± Õ=ùÃ ò±1±ûþíÂóÅË1ý×ÃÃ ýÃÃ’ù ü÷¢¶ öÂ±1îÂ1

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  59 áÏîÂ±?¿ù ýÃÃ±æÃ¿1ßÁ± à±÷¿îÂöÂ±ø¸Ï1 ¿ÂZîÂÏûþ ÂõÔýÃÃÈ õ±üöÂÓ¿÷¼ ò±1±ûþíÂóÅ11 Â÷¿1 ¿ëÂSÑ Æò1 Âó±ËÂ1 Âó±Ë1 õ1à±÷¿îÂ áÒ±Ý [40 â1], Âõ1Âóï±1 [15 â1], Îá±üÒ±ý×ÃÃÂõ±1Ï [12 â1], ÀöÓÂÛž± [12 â1], ¿éÂÂó¿ùÑ [3 â1], ÎðÃÝËîÂ±ù±Â [1 â1]îÂ à±÷¿îÂ ÷±òÅýÃÃ Õ±ËåÃ¼ ÛÝÒËù±ßÁ1 ÷ÅêÂ æÃòüÑàÉ± 700 ÷±ò ýÃÃ’Âõ¼11 Ûý×ÃÃ æÃòüÑàÉ± 1971 äÂò1 ¿Âóûþù1 æÃòüÑàÉ±îÂÍßÁ ›¶±ûþ 1000 æÃò ßÁ÷¼ 12 ù¿à÷ÂóÅ11 éÅÂòÏæÃ±ò Õ±1n¸ Îñ÷±¿æÃ ¿æÃù±1 ¿äÂ¿äÂÂõ1 áÒ±»îÂ Õ±áËîÂ à±÷¿îÂöÂ±ø¸Ï ÷±òÅýÃÃ Õ±¿åÃù û¿ðÃÝ ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò ò±ý×ÃÃ¼ ý×ÃÃ¿îÂ÷ËñÉ ù¿à÷ÂóÅ1 ¿æÃù±1Âó1± öÂ±ËùüÑàÉßÁ à±÷¿îÂ ÷±òÅýÃÃ Õ1n¸í±äÂù ›¶ËðÃú1 ò±÷äÂ±ý×ÃÃ ¿æÃù±Íù ëÂ×¿êÂ ÍáËåÃ¼ ÂóÓÂõÇËîÂ, ¿îÂ¿òäÅÂßÁÏûþ± ¿æÃù±1 ú¿ðÃûþ±1 ÎéÂãÃÃ±Âó±òÏ Æò1 ÂëÂ×ÂóîÂÉßÁ± à±÷¿îÂüßÁù1 ›¶ï÷ Âõü¿îÂ ¦š±ò Õ±¿åÃù ¼ 1971 äÂòÍùËßÁ ¿îÂ¿òäÅÂßÁÏûþ± ¿æÃù±1 ÛéÂ± ¿ÂõËúø¸ öÂ±¿ø¸ß Îá±‡ÂÏ ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó Âó¿1¿äÂîÂ à±÷¿îÂüßÁù1 æÃòüÑàÉ± Û¿îÂûþ± òáíÉ¼ ù¿à÷ÂóÅ11 ¿ÂóåÃËîÂ Õü÷1 ¿îÂ¿òäÅÂßÁÏûþ± ¿æÃù±1 ÆäÂËà±»±1 ù±ý×ÃÃßÁ±, à±÷¿îÂ Îá±»±ùÏ Õ±1n¸ ¿ùëÅÂ1 ÷ÅÑù±Ñ áÒ±»îÂ [Ûâ1-áÒ±ÝÂõÅìÂÿ±1 â1] ÷±Ëï±ò ÎßÁý×ÃÃâ1÷±ò à±÷¿îÂöÂ±ø¸Ï ÷±òÅýÃÃ Õ±ËåÃ¼ éÂ±ý×ÃÃ Îá±‡ÂÏ1 Õ±ò ÛéÂ± ú±à± úÉ±÷üßÁù1 ÛßÁ á¿1‡ÂüÑàÉßÁ Îù±ËßÁ Ûü÷ûþîÂ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸± ÆßÁ¿åÃù¼ Îá±ù±â±éÂ ¿æÃù±1 òÅ÷¿ùáëÂÿ1 Âó1± ßÁ±¿ÂõÇ Õ±ÑùãÃÃ1 ¿ëÂôÅÂÍùËßÁ ïßÁ± úÉ±÷üßÁù1 ÛßÁ±Ñúý×ÃÃ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸± ßÁûþ¼ 2.3ð Ü¿îÂýÃÃ±¿üßÁ ÂóéÂöÓÂ¿÷1 ¿ÂõËú¡ø¸í, ÎŽÂS ÂóûÇËÂõŽÂí, ÂõÉ¿MÃáîÂ Õ±1n¸ ü÷æÅÃ»±öÂ±ËÂõ ÷îÂ ¿Âõ¿ò÷ûþ ÕïÇ±È ü±ŽÂ±È¢¶ýÃÃí Âõ± ßÁËï±ÂóßÁïò ÂóX¿îÂ1 ÁZ±1± îÂïÉü÷ÓýÃÃ üÑ¢¶ýÃÃ ßÁ1± ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ îÂïÉ Õ±1n¸ äÂ±ŽÅÂü Õ¿öÂ:îÂ±1 Õ±ñ±1îÂ Îüý×ÃÃ îÂïÉü÷ÓýÃÃ ¿ÂõËú¡ø¸í ßÁ¿1 ¿üX±™LîÂ ëÂ×ÂóòÏîÂ ÎýÃÃ±»± ÆáËåÃ¼

3.ð ÕñÉûþò1 ÁZ±1± ›¶±5 îÂïÉü÷ÓýÃÃ ðÅÃý×ÃÃ ñ1í1– [1] Ü¿îÂýÃÃ±¿üßÁ îÂïÉ Âõ± 2ûþ Î|íÏ1 îÂïÉ Âõ± ÂóË1±ŽÂ îÂïÉ, [2] ü÷ßÁ±ùÏò îÂïÉ Âõ± ›¶±ï¿÷ßÁ Âõ± ›¶îÂÉŽÂ îÂïÉ¼  Ûý×ÃÃ îÂïÉËÂõ±11 Õ±ñ±1 ýÃÃ’ù ÂóÅ¿ï-ÂóÒ±¿æÃ, Õ±Ëù±äÂòÏ, ¿1Âó’éÇÂ ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ¼  1ð ÛËßÁ éÂ±ý×ÃÃ÷ÓùÏûþ Îá±‡ÂÏ Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷üßÁù1 ùáîÂ ¿ÂõÂõ±Ëð13 à±÷¿îÂöÂ±ø¸ÏüßÁù1 ÝÂó1îÂ ÛßÁ 1±æÃÍò¿îÂßÁ ÎýÒÃÃäÂ±1 üÔ¿©† ßÁ¿1Ëù¼ ôÂùîÂ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ËßÁ ú¿ðÃûþ± Û¿1 ÂóÂõÇîÂÍù ëÂ×¿êÂ á’ù¼  2ð Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷ 1±æÃQ ßÁ±ùËîÂý×ÃÃ à±÷¿îÂöÂ±ø¸ÏüßÁù 1±æÃÍò¿îÂßÁöÂ±Ë» üËäÂîÂò Õ±1n¸ æÃ±îÂÏûþ ÜßÁÉ öÂ±Ë»Ë1 ÜßÁÉÂõX ÂõÅ¿ù ›¶÷±¿íîÂ ÆýÃÃ¿åÃù¼ ¿Âõè¿éÂåÃÂ ú±üò ßÁ±ùîÂ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ËßÁ ¿Âõè¿éÂåÃÂ¿Âõø¸ûþ± ßÁËíÇù ÎýÃÃ±»±ý×ÃÃéÂßÁ ýÃÃîÂÉ± ßÁ¿1Ëù¼ ÛËîÂËßÁ ¿òæÃ1 ›¶¿îÂ öÂ±ÂõÅ¿ßÁ ¦¤1+Âó ýÃÃ’Âõ Âó±Ë1 ÂõÅ¿ù ßÁËíÇù ÎýÃÃ±»±ý×ÃÃéÂßÁ ýÃÃîÂÉ± ßÁ1±1 áý×ÃÃò± Æù ¿Âõè¿éÂåÃ äÂ1ßÁ±Ë1 ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁßÁ ÎÂõËùá ÎÂõËùá êÂ±ý×ÃÃîÂ üÑ¦š±¿ÂóîÂ ßÁ¿1Ëù¼14 ›¶»ù ›¶îÂ±ÂóÏ Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷1±æÃ1 ùáîÂ ÷îÂ±ÍòßÁÉý×ÃÃ à±÷¿îÂ æÃ±îÂÏûþ æÃÏ»òßÁ Õ¿¦š1 ßÁ¿1 îÅÂ¿ùËù¼ ñò- æÃò-¦¤±¿öÂ÷±ò ÎýÃÃ1n¸Ý»±1 Õ±úÑßÁ±îÂ ïßÁ± à±÷¿îÂüßÁù1 ü÷ÓýÃÃ ü±Ñ¦Ô¨¿îÂßÁ ¿ÂõßÁ±ú Âõ±ñ±¢¶™¦ ýÃÃ’ù¼ ›¶Ëûþ±æÃòÏûþ ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ üÅ¿¦š1îÂ±1 ÕöÂ±»îÂ üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ1 ÕòÉîÂ÷ ëÂ×Âó±ðÃ±ò öÂ±¿ø¸ßÁ ¿ÂõßÁ±ú1 ÎŽÂSËîÂ± Õ™L1±ûþ1 üÔ¿©† ýÃÃ’ù¼ ü±ñ±1íËîÂ ñ÷¹ûþ Õ±1n¸ öÂ±¿ø¸ßÁ ëÂ×öÂûþ ÎŽÂSËîÂ üÑàÉ±ùâÓ Îá±‡ÂÏ ÛéÂ± Õ’îÂ-îÂ’îÂ ¿üÒäÂ1¿îÂ ÆýÃÃ ï±¿ßÁËù ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 ü±Ñ¦Ô¨¿îÂßÁ îÂï± öÂ±¿ø¸ßÁ ¿ÂõßÁ±ú Âõ±ñ±›¶±5 ýÃÃûþ¼ Â¿Âõè¿éÂåÃÂ ú±üò ßÁ±ùîÂ ÛËßÁ öÂ±ø± ßÁÝÒîÂ±, ÛËßÁ Îá±‡ÂÏ1, ÛËßÁ ñ÷Ç1 ÎýÃÃ±»± üËNÝ üÑàÉ±ùâÓ à±÷¿îÂüßÁùßÁ ÛËòðÃË1 ÎÂõËùá ÎÂõËùá êÂ±ý×ÃÃîÂ

60  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Õ¿™¦Q1 üÑßÁéÂîÂ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸± üÑ¦š±¿ÂóîÂ ßÁ1±îÂ ÕËùà à±÷¿îÂ Îù±ßÁ ¿òæÃ öÂ±ø¸Ï Îù±ßÁ1 Âó1± ÕÒ±îÂ¿1 ï±¿ßÁÂõùáÏûþ± ýÃÃ’ù¼ ôÂùîÂ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±1 öÂ±¿ø¸ßÁ ¿ÂõßÁ±ú Âõ±ñ±›¶±5 ýÃÃ’ù¼ ¦¤±öÂ±¿»ßÁöÂ±ËÂõý×ÃÃ ßÁ±ø¸1Ïûþ± ú¿MÃú±ùÏ öÂ±ø¸±ËÂõ±1 ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 ñ±SÏ öÂ±ø¸±îÂ Âó¿1íîÂ ýÃÃ’ù¼ ñ±SÏ öÂ±ø¸±1 ÕÂõ±ñ ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±Ë1 ÷±îÔÂöÂ±ø¸±1 ¿ÂõßÁ±úîÂ üðÃ±Ëûþý×ÃÃ Âõ±ñ±1 üÔ¿©† ßÁË1¼ ÂóÔïßÁ ÂóÔïßÁ ¦š±òîÂ ï±¿ßÁÂõùáÏûþ± ÎýÃÃ±»±îÂ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ËßÁ ÂóÔïßÁöÂ±ø¸Ï ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 ùáîÂ ¿Âõûþ±-Âõ±1n¸îÂ Âõ¿ýÃÃÂõùáÏûþ± ýÃÃ’ù¼ ôÂùîÂ ¿ÁZöÂ±¿ø¸ßÁ Âó¿1ûþ±ù1 üÔ¿©† ýÃÃ’ù¼ ü™L±ò-ü™L¿îÂËûþ Âó¿1¿¦š¿îÂáîÂöÂ±ËÂõ üÂõù ÷±îÔÂöÂ±ø¸± ¿öÂi§ öÂ±ø¸±ËéÂ±ßÁ à±Ë÷±äÂ ÷±¿1 ñ¿1Ëù¼ ÛËòðÃË1Ý à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸± ðÅÃÂõÇù ÆýÃÃ Âó¿1ù¼   1ð Õü÷1 à±÷¿îÂöÂ±ø¸ÏüßÁËù ¿ ZîÂÏûþ öÂ±ø¸± ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ßÁË1¼ Õ1n¸í±äÂù1 à±÷¿îÂöÂ±ø¸ÏËûþ Õü÷Ïûþ± Õ±1n¸ ¿ýÃÃµÏ Ûý×ÃÃ ðÅÃËûþ±éÂ± öÂ±ø¸±ý×ÃÃ ¿ ZîÂÏûþþ öÂ±ø¸± ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó äÂù±ûþ¼  2ð ¿ýÃÃµÏ1 ðÃË1 1±©†ªÏûþ öÂ±ø¸± Õ±1n¸ ý×ÃÃÑ1±æÃÏ1 ðÃË1 Õ±™LÐ1±©†ªÏûþ öÂ±ø¸±Ë1 ¿úŽÂ± ¢¶ýÃÃí ßÁ1± ÎýÃÃîÅÂ òîÅÂò ›¶æÃijý×ÃÃ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸± ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù Û¿1 ¿ðÃËåÃ¼ Âò±1±ûþíÂóÅ11 õ1à±÷¿îÂ áÒ±»1 ðÃË1 üÂõÇ±¿ñßÁ à±÷¿îÂöÂ±ø¸ÏËù±ßÁ ïßÁ± êÂ±ý×ÃÃËîÂ± ÛËò ÎýÃÃ±»± ÎðÃà± ÆáËåÃ¼  3ð à±÷¿îÂüßÁù1 Õ¿ñßÁ åÃ±S-åÃ±SÏËûþý×ÃÃ õ¿ëÇÂÑ ¦Å¨ùîÂ ï±¿ßÁ ¿úŽÂ± ¢¶ýÃÃí ßÁË1¼ ôÂùîÂ òîÅÂò ›¶æÃijý×ÃÃ ¿òæÃ1 öÂ±ø¸± öÂ±ùÍßÁ ßÁ’Âõ ò±æÃ±Ëò¼  4ð à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸± ÕïÂõ± æÃ±¿îÂ1 Ü¿îÂýÃÃÉ1 ùáîÂ ò» ›¶æÃij Âó¿1¿äÂîÂ òýÃÃûþ¼ ÎüËûþ öÂ±ø¸±ËéÂ± ßÁ’ÂõÍù ÎîÂÝÒËù±ËßÁ ù±æÃ ßÁË1¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ù±æÃ ÛéÂ± ›¶æÃij1 Âó1± Õ±ò ÛéÂ± ›¶æÃijÍù ÎüÒ±äÂ¿1ËåÃ¼  5ð à±÷¿îÂ ü÷±æÃîÂ ›¶äÂ¿ùîÂ æÃ±¿îÂËöÂðÃ ›¶ï±1 Âõ±ËÂõ ñ÷ÇÏûþöÂ±Ë» ÛËßÁ ÎÂõÌXñ÷ÇÏ úÉ±÷, ôÂ±¿ßÁûþ±ù Õ±¿ðÃ1 ùáîÂ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ËßÁ üýÃÃËæÃý×ÃÃ ÆÂõÂõ±¿ýÃÃßÁ ü¥¤g ¦š±Âóò ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ äÅÂÂõÅ1Ïûþ± ¿ýÃÃµÅ Õü÷Ïûþ±öÂ±ø¸Ï ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 ùáËîÂ± ÎßÁÂõ±àËò± ¿ÂõÂõ±ýÃÃ ü¥ói§ ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ ôÂùîÂ ü™L±Ëò ÷±îÔÂöÂ±ø¸± ¿ÂõßÁ±ú1 Âõ±ËÂõ ›¶Ëûþ±æÃòÏûþ â1n¸»± ÛßÁöÂ±¿ø¸ßÁ Âó¿1Ë»ú1 Âó1± Âõ¿=îÂ ÆýÃËåÃ¼  6ð à±÷¿îÂüßÁù æÃij ¿òûþLaí1 ÎŽÂSîÂ üËäÂîÂò ÎýÃÃ±»± Âõ±ËÂõ æÃòüÑàÉ± ÂóÓÂõÇîÂÍßÁ ý}ÃÃ±ü Âó±ý×ÃÃËåÃ¼  7ð ¿òäÂ±ûÅMÃ ^ÂõÉ1 ›¶äÂùËò à±÷¿îÂüßÁù1 áëÂÿ Õ±ûþÅ ý}ÃÃ±ü ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ ôÂùîÂ æÃÏ¿»îÂ ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 üÑàÉ± ßÁ¿÷ ÆáËåÃ¼ æÃòüÑàÉ± ý}ÃÃ±ü ÆýÃÃ öÂ±ø¸±1 ¿ÂõßÁ±ú Õ±1n¸ ¿Âõ™¦±1îÂÂ ›¶öÂ±» ÎÂóù±ý×ÃÃËåÃ¼  8ð ÕòÉ±òÉ æÃ±¿îÂ1 ðÃË1 à±÷¿îÂüßÁùË1± æÃÏ¿»ßÁ±1 Âó¿1ÂõMÃÃÇò â¿éÂËåÃ¼ ßÔÁ¿ø¸1 Âó1± ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ äÂ±ßÁ¿1÷ÅàÏ ÆýÃÃËåÃ, ÂõÉ»ü±ûþ - Âõ±¿íæÃÉîÂ ýÃÃ±îÂ ¿ðÃËåÃ¼ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 ÷±îÔÂöÂ±ø¸± æÃÏ¿»ßÁ± ÕËi¤ø¸íîÂ üýÃÃ±ûþßÁÁ òýÃÃûþ Âõ±ËÂõ ý×ÃÃûþ±1 ›¶¿îÂ Õ±¢¶ýÃÃ ßÁ¿÷ ÆáËåÃ¼  9ð Õü÷1Âó1± Õ±ò êÂ±ý×ÃÃÍù [¿ÂõËúø¸ÍßÁ Õ1n¸í±äÂù1 ‘ò±÷äÂ±ý×ÃÃ’Íù] ÎýÃÃ±»± à±÷¿îÂüßÁù1 ›¶ÂõèæÃËòÝ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±1 ¿ÂõßÁ±úîÂ Âõ±ñ±1 üÔ¿©† ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼  10ð à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±ËéÂ± ÛßÁ±ŽÂ1Ï Õ±1n¸ üÅ1 ›¶ñ±ò öÂ±ø¸±¼ üÅË1 ý×ÃÃûþ±îÂ ÕïÇ1 Âó±ïÇßÁÉ Õ±Ëò¼ ÛËßÁ±éÂ± ús1 ü±ñ±1íËîÂ ¿îÂ¿òéÂ±, ÂóÒ±äÂéÂ± Õ±ò¿ßÁ òéÂ± ÂóûÇ™L üÅ1 ý×ÃÃûþ±îÂ Õ±ËåÃ¼15 ÂõUßÁ±ù ñ¿1 öÂ±ùðÃË1 ¿ò¿ú¿ßÁËù ý×ÃÃûþ±ßÁ Õ±ûþQ ßÁ1± ßÁ¿êÂò¼  11ð à±÷¿îÂüßÁù1 æÃÏ»ò Õ¿îÂ÷±S± ñ÷ÇËßÁ¿fßÁ ÎýÃÃ±»± Âõ±ËÂõ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 öÂ±ø¸±1 ¿ÂõßÁ±úîÂ Âõ±ñ±1 üÔ¿©† ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  61 áÏîÂ±?¿ù ýÃÃ±æÃ¿1ßÁ±  12ð à±÷¿îÂüßÁù1 ÷±æÃîÂ ÎðÃà± ÎÂó±»± Ü¿îÂýÃÃÉ üËäÂîÂòîÂ±1 ÕöÂ±Ë»± öÂ±ø¸±ËéÂ±1 ðÅÃ1»¦š±1 Õ±ò ÛéÂ± ßÁ±1í¼ äÅÂÂõÅ1Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ¿Âõ™¦Ô¿îÂ û¿ðÃ Õ¿ñßÁ ýÃÃûþ ÎîÂËòýÃÃ’Ëù Îüý×ÃÃ ú¿MÃú±ùÏ öÂ±ø¸±1 ›¶¿îÂÂó¿MÃÃËûþ Õ±ò öÂ±ø¸±ßÁ ðÅÃÂõÇù ßÁ¿1 ÎîÂ±Ëù¼ ðÅÃÂõÇù öÂ±ø¸±ËÂõ±11 ÷±îÔÂöÂ±ø¸±-öÂ±ø¸Ï1 ÷±æÃîÂ ÛßÁöÂ±¿ø¸ßÁ ýÃÃÏò÷òÉîÂ±ËÂõ±ñ1 üÔ¿©† ýÃÃûþ¼ ÂôÂùîÂ ÛËßÁ±éÂ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ßÁ¿÷ Æá ï±ËßÁ¼ ÂõUßÁ±ùæÅÃ¿1 Õü÷Ïûþ±öÂ±ø¸Ï Îù±ßÁ1 ÷±æÃîÂ ï±ËßÒÁ±ËîÂ ï±ËßÒÒÁ±ËîÂ à±÷¿îÂüßÁù ÛËò öÂ±ÂõîÂ Õ±S±™L ÎýÃÃ±»± ÎðÃà± ÆáËåÃ¼ îÂðÅÃÂó¿1 ¿ýÃÃµÏ Õ±1n¸ ý×ÃÃÑ1±æÃÏ öÂ±ø¸±1 Â›¶¿îÂ à±÷¿îÂüßÁù1 Õ¿ñßÁ ›¶Ï¿îÂËûþ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±1 ¿ÂõßÁ±úîÂ Âõ±ñ± ¿ðÃËåÃ¼ üÅùöÂ ðÓÃ1ðÃúÇò1 ÂõÉ»¦š± Õ±1n¸ ðÓÃ1ðÃúÇò1 ÂóðÇÃ±îÂ ÕýÃÃ1ýÃÃ ¿ýÃÃµÏ ÷Ëò±1?òñ÷ÇÏ ÕòÅ‡Â±òËÂõ±1 ëÂ×ÂóËöÂ±á ßÁË1Ò±ËîÂ ü±ñ±1í æÃòáËí ¿òËæÃ á÷ Îò±ËÂó±»±ÍßÁËûþ ¿ýÃÃµÏ öÂ±ø¸±ËéÂ± Õ±ûþQ ßÁ¿1 ùûþ¼ â11 Âó1± Âõ±¿ýÃÃ1Íù Ýù±Ëûþ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ËßÁ Îüý×ÃÃ öÂ±ø¸± ›¶Ëûþ±á ßÁË1 1âÓ÷ù±1 ðÃË1 Âõ±¿ìÂÿ ÕýÃÃ± ¿ýÃÃµÏöÂ±ø¸Ï ü÷±æÃàò1 ùáîÂ¼ Õ¿îÂ¿1MÃöÂ±ËÂõ Ûý×ÃÃ ¿ýÃÃµÏ ßÁ’Âõ Âó1± ÕýÇÃÃîÂ±ËéÂ± ÎîÂÝÒËù±ËßÁ ÷ûÇ±ðÃ±üÓäÂßÁ ¿äÂý (status symbol) ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ßÁ1± ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ðÔÃúÉ ò±÷äÂ±ý×ÃÃ1 à±÷¿îÂ ü÷±æÃîÂ ÎÂõ¿åÃÍßÁ ÎðÃà± ÎÂó±»± û±ûþ¼ Õü÷îÂ ïßÁ± Õò±-Õü÷Ïûþ±öÂ±ø¸ÏüßÁËù ÛßÁ Õ¿öÂ÷±ò1 Âõú»îÂÇÏ ÆýÃÝÃ Õü÷Ïûþ±1 Âó¿1»ËîÃÃÇ ¿ýÃÃµÏ ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù Õ±¢¶ýÃÃÏ ÎýÃÃ±»± ÎðÃà± ÆáËåÃ¼ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 Õ™L1îÂ üÔ©† Ûý×ÃÃ Õ¿öÂ÷±òËÂõ±1 ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ, 1±æÃÍò¿îÂßÁ Î›¶ŽÂ±ÂóéÂîÂ üÔ©†¼ Ûý×ÃÃ¿Âõø¸ûþ1 Õ±Ëù±äÂò±-¿ÂõËù±äÂò± ÛßÁ áöÂÏ1 Õ±1n¸ ÂóÔïßÁ ¿Âõø¸ûþ¼ öÂ±¿ø¸ßÁ ù±öÂ±ù±öÂ1 ðÔÃ¿©†Ë1 äÂ±Ëù Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±ý×ÃÃ Õò± Õü÷Ïûþ± ïùÅ»± öÂ±ø¸±ßÁ Âõ±ðÃ ¿ðÃ ¿ÂõßÁ±ú ù±öÂ ßÁ¿1Âõ ¿ûðÃË1 Îò±»±Ë1 Îüý×ÃÃðÃË1 Îüý×ÃÃ öÂ±ø¸±ü÷ÓËýÃÃÝ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±ßÁ Õ±ù÷ ßÁ¿1 òù’Ëù ¿ÂõßÁ±ú ü±ñò ßÁ¿1Âõ Îò±»±¿1Âõ¼ ý×ÃÃûþ±1 ÕËùà ßÁ±1í1 ¿öÂîÂ1îÂ ÕòÉîÂ÷ ÛéÂ± ßÁ±1í ýÃÃ’ù Õ±ûÇ÷ÓùÏûþ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±ËéÂ±1 æÒÃßÁ±ËéÂ±ËýÃÃ Õ±ûÇöÂ±ø¸±, îÂ±1 ü÷ÓýÃÃ ÎîÂæÃ-÷±Ñü Õò±-Õ±ûÇ ïùÅ»± öÂ±ø¸±1 Âó1± ÕýÃÃ±¼ ÕïÇ±È Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ùáîÂ Õü÷ Õ±1n¸ ý×ÃÃûþ±1 äÅÂÂõÅ1Ïûþ± ïùÅ»± öÂ±ø¸±ËÂõ±11 ÎîÂæÃ ÷ãÃÃýÃÃ1 ü¥¤g¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ü¥¤g ¿ýÃÃµÏ Âõ± Õ±ò ÎßÁ±Ëò± öÂ±ø¸±1 ùáîÂ ýÃÃ’Âõ Îò±»±Ë1¼ ÛËßÁðÃË1 ú¿îÂßÁ± ú¿îÂßÁ± æÅÃ¿1 äÅÂÂõÅ1Ïûþ± ÆýÃÃ ïßÁ± Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ÕËùà ëÂ×Âó±ðÃ±ò Ûý×ÃÃ öÂ±ø¸±ËÂõ±1îÂ ¿äÂ¿òÂõ Îò±»±1±ÍßÁ Îü±÷±ý×ÃÃ Âó¿1ËåÃ¼ ÛËîÂËßÁ Âó1¦ó11 ¿ÂõßÁ±ú1 Âõ±ËÂõ Õü÷Ïûþ± Õ±1n¸ Õò±-Õü÷Ïûþ± ïùÅ»± öÂ±ø¸±ËÂõ±Ë1 ü¿÷ù¿÷ËùË1 Õ±áÂõ±¿ìÂÿ á’ËùËýÃÃ öÂ±¿ø¸ßÁ ¿ÂõßÁ±ú üy» ýÃÃ’Âõ¼ Õü÷Ïûþ± Õ±1n¸ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±1 ÎŽÂSËéÂ± Ûý×ÃÃ ßÁï± ›¶Ëû±æÃÉ¼ Âõ¿ëÇÂÑ ¦Å¨ù1 ÂõUöÂ±¿ø¸ßÁ Âó¿1¿¦š¿îÂ Õ±1n¸ îÂ±1 Õ±áËîÂ Õ¿öÂöÂ±»ËßÁ Âõ¿ëÇÂÑ ¦Å¨ù1 Âõ±ËÂõ ßÁË1±»± ›¶d¿îÂ -Ûý×ÃÃ ðÅÃËûþ±éÂ±ËîÂ ÷±îÔÂöÂ±ø¸Ï1 ÝäÂ1îÂ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±ËéÂ± Ûù±¿á ÆýÃÃ ÂóË1¼ ¦Å¨ùÏûþ± Âó¿1Ë»úîÂ öÂ±Âõ ›¶ßÁ±ú1 ÕüÅ¿Âõñ±îÂ òÂó¿1Âõ1 Âõ±ËÂõ Õ¿öÂöÂ±»ËßÁ ü1n¸Ë1 Âó1±ý×ÃÃ ü™L±òßÁ ü±÷ïÇ ÕòÅû±ûþÏ ¿ýÃÃµÏ ÕïÂõ± ý×ÃÃÑ1±æÃÏË1 Âõd Õ±1n¸ öÂ±Âõ1 Âó¿1äÂûþ âËéÂ±»±ûþ¼ Îüý×ÃÃ öÂ±ø¸±1 ëÂ±ù Âó±ËîÂË1ý×ÃÃ ¿úqýÒÃÃîÂ ¿ßÁËú±1 ýÃÃûþ, ›¶±5Âõûþ¦¨ ýÃÃûþ¼ îÂ±1 ôÂùîÂ æÃ±¿îÂËûþ ÷±îÔÂöÂ±ø¸Ï1 üÑàÉ± ÎýÃÃ1n¸»±ý×ÃÃËåÃ¼ ¿Âõ«1 ŽÅÂ^ ŽÅÂ^ öÂ±ø¸±ËÂõ±11 Õ»ùÅ¿51 Õ±ò ÛßÁ ßÁ±1í æÃÏ¿»ßÁ±1 ÕËi¤ø¸í1 Âõ±ËÂõ ý×ÃÃ üýÃÃ±ûþßÁ Îò±ËýÃÃ±»±ËéÂ±¼ æÃÏ¿»ßÁ± Õ±æÇÃò1 ÎŽÂSîÂ öÂ±ø¸± ÛéÂ±1 &1n¸Q ï±¿ßÁËù ÷±òÅËýÃÃ îÂ±ßÁ ¿ú¿ßÁÂõÍù Õ±¢¶ýÃÃ ßÁË1¼ Õü÷-Õ1ní±äÂù1 öÂ±¿ø¸ßÁ Âó¿1Ë»úîÂ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±ý×ÃÃ æÃÏ¿»ßÁ± ÕËi¤øíîÂ üýÃÃ±ûþ òßÁË1¼ ÛËîÂËßÁ æÃ±¿îÂËûþ ÷±îÔÂöÂ±ø¸Ï1 üÑàÉ± ÎýÃÃ1n¸»±ý×ÃÃËåÃ¼ Â

62  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Õ¿™¦Q1 üÑßÁéÂîÂ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸± à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸± üÅ1 ›¶ñ±ò öÂ±ø¸±¼ ÎüËûþËýÃÃ Æúú»ËîÂ Õ±ûþQ òßÁ¿1Ëù ó1»îÂÇÏ ü÷ûþîÂ ¿ú¿ßÁÂõÍù ¿ÂõäÂ±¿1ËùÝ öÂ±ø¸±ËéÂ± ¿úßÁ±îÂ ÕüÅ¿Âõñ± ÂýÃÃûþ¼ üÅ11 ¿ò¿ðÇÃ©† îÂ±òîÂ Âõ±ßÄÁûLa Âó±ßÁ Îò±Ëà±»± ýÃÃûþ¼ ßÁï±ËéÂ± ëÂ×ðÃ±ýÃÃ1í1 ÆüËîÂ ÛËòðÃË1 ßÁ’Âõ Âó±¿1– Õü÷Ïûþ± Õ±ûÇöÂ±ø¸Ï ÂõUËù±ËßÁ ‘ü’ Õ±1n¸ ‘ýÃÃ’1 ëÂ×2äÂ±1í Âó±ïÇßÁÉ ¦ó©†ÍßÁ ßÁ¿1Âõ Îò±»±Ë1¼ îÂ±1 ßÁ±1í ü1n¸ËîÂ ü¿êÂßÁ ÕöÂÉ±ü òßÁ1±¼ æÃòüÑàÉ± ý}ÃÃ±ü Õ±1n¸ áëÂÿ Õ±ûþÅ ý}ÃÃ±ËüÝ à±÷¿îÂöÂ±ø¸Ï1 üÑàÉ± ßÁ÷±ý×ÃÃËåÃ¼ îÂ±ýÃÃ±¿òËîÂ ßÁ±¿ò Âõ1¿ÂõýÃÃ1 ßÁÂõùîÂ Âó1± æÃ±¿îÂËéÂ± Û¿îÂûþ±Ý îÂ±1 Âó1± ÷ÅMÃ ýÃÃ’Âõ Âó1± ò±ý×ÃÃ¼ ÂõîÂÃÇ÷±ò ü÷ûþîÂ öÂ±Ñ, E±áäÂ1 ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±Ë1 ûÅ»äÂ±÷ßÁ ¿ò©¨÷Ç± Õ±1n¸ ÕŠ±ûþÅ ßÁ¿1 îÅÂ¿ùËåÃ¼ ôÂùîÂ æÃòüÑàÉ± ßÁ¿÷ËåÃ¼ öÂ±¿ø¸ßÁ üÑàÉ±ùâÓ Âó¿1Ë»úîÂ Õ±ò öÂ±ø¸±Ë1 ßÁ±÷-ßÁ±æÃ äÂù±ÂõÍù ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ Âõ±ñÉ ÆýÃÃ Âó¿1ËåÃ¼ Õ±ò öÂ±ø¸Ï1 ›¶¿îÂ üËµýÃÃ, üÑËßÁ±äÂ Õ±1n¸ öÂ±¿ø¸ßÁ ýÃÃÏò÷òÉîÂ±ËÂõ±ñ1 Âõ±ËÂõ ÷±îÔÂöÂ±ø¸±-öÂ±ø¸ÏËûþ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±ËéÂ± ›¶±Ëûþ &5 öÂ±ø¸± ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ßÁË1¼ öÂ±ø¸±1 &ÂóÅîÂîÂ± îÂ±1 ÷ÔîÅÂÉ1 ðÅÃ»±1÷Åà ¦¤1+Âó¼ ü÷îÂù Õü÷1 Âó1± öÂ±Ëù¿à¿ò à±÷¿îÂöÂ±ø¸ÏËù±ßÁ Õ1n¸í±äÂù1 ÂÂóÂõÇîÂÏûþ± êÂ±ý×ÃÃÍù ›¶ÂõèæÃò ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ öÂ±¿ø¸ßÁ ¿ÂõßÁ±ú1 Âõ±ËÂõ û±îÂ±ûþîÂ Õ±1n¸ Îû±á±Ëû±á1 ¿û üÅäÂù Âó¿1Ë»ú ü÷îÂù Õü÷îÂ Õ±¿åÃù Îüûþ± ÎîÂÝÒËù±ËßÁ ÂóÂõÇîÂÏûþ± Õ1n¸í±äÂùîÂ ÎÂó±»± ò±ý×ÃÃ¼ îÂðÅÃÂó¿1 Õ±¿ïÇßÁ ëÂ×i§¿îÂ1 ÛßÁ ÷¿1äÂÏßÁ± Îà¿ðÃ Õ1ní±äÂùîÂ Îü±Ë÷±»± Õ¿ñßÁ±Ñú à±÷¿îÂöÂ±ø¸Ï Îù±ßÁË1 Õ±¿ïÇßÁ Õ»¦š± ÂóÓÂõÇîÂÍßÁ ðÅÃÂõÇù ýÃÃ’ù¼ Õi§, Âõ¦a, Âõ±ü¦š±ò1 ü÷üÉ±îÂ öÅÂ¿á ïßÁ± Ûý×ÃÃ à±÷¿îÂüßÁËù ü±Ñ¦Ô¨¿îÂßÁ ¿ÂõßÁ±úîÂ ÛËßÁ± Âõ1ãÃÃ¿í Õ±áÂõìÂÿ±Âõ Âó1± ò±ý×ÃÃ¼ öÂ±ø¸±Ý ÛßÁ ü±Ñ¦Ô¨¿îÂßÁ ßÁ±ûÇ¼ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 öÂ±ø¸± äÂäÇÂ± Âó±¿ù ñ÷ÇÂóÅ¿ï1 ›¶¿îÂ¿ù¿Âó ›¶dîÂ ßÁ1±1 ÷±æÃËîÂý×ÃÃ üÏ÷±ÂõX ÆýÃÃ Õ±ËåÃ¼ à±÷¿îÂöÂ±ø¸Ï Îù±ßÁ1 æÃÏ»ò Õ¿îÂ÷±S± ñ÷ÇËßÁ¿fßÁ¼ æÃÏ»òîÂ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ËßÁ ¿ûßÁí Õ»ü1 Âó±ûþ Îüûþ± ñ÷ÇÂóÅ¿ï òßÁù ßÁ1± ßÁ±÷ËîÂ ÂõÉûþ ßÁË1¼ ñ÷ÇÂóÅ¿ï òßÁù ßÁ¿1 ÷êÂîÂ ðÃ±ò ßÁ1±ËîÂ± à±÷¿îÂüßÁËù ÛßÁ Âó¿»S ßÁîÇÂÂõÉ ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó áíÉ ßÁ1±1 ùáËîÂ Îüûþ± ›¶¿îÂæÃò Îù±ßÁË1 ÛßÁ ñ÷ÇÏûþ îÂï± ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ ðÃ±ûþÂõXîÂ± ÂõÅ¿ùÝ öÂÂõ± ýÃÃûþ¼ ôÂùîÂ ÷±òÅËýÃÃ Õ±ò ÎßÁ±Ëò± ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ üÔ¿©† ßÁ1±1 Î›¶1í± ò±Âó±ûþ¼ ›¶¿îÂ¿ù¿Âó ßÁ1±ËîÂ± äÂ±ý×ÃÃ äÂ±ý×ÃÃ åÃ¿Âõ ÕÒßÁ±1 ðÃË1 ÛßÁ ßÁ±ûÇ¼ ý×ÃÃ ÎßÁ±Ëò± ñ1ËíË1 öÂ±¿ø¸ßÁ ¿ÂõßÁ±ú ü±ñò òßÁË1¼ Õ±òÅ‡Â±¿òßÁ ¿úŽÂ±îÂ à±÷¿îÂ ¿ù¿Âó ¿úßÁ±1 üÅ¿Âõñ± òïßÁ±îÂ ¿ù¿àîÂ 1+ÂóîÂ öÂ±ø¸±ËéÂ±1 ¿ÂõßÁ±ú ÛËßÁÂõ±Ë1 ÎýÃÃ±»± ò±ý×ÃÃ¼ ¿ù¿ÂóýÃÃÏò öÂ±ø¸± Î÷Ì¿àßÁ ™¦1ËîÂ Æ1 û±ûþ¼ ôÂùîÂ ÕËùà öÂ±¿ø¸ßÁ ëÂ×Âó±ðÃ±ò ßÁ±ù1 ÎüÒ±îÂîÂ ÎýÃÃ1±ý×ÃÃ û±ûþ Õ±1n¸ öÂ±ø¸±ËéÂ±1 ¿ÂõßÁ±ú Âõ±ñ±¢¶™¦ ýÃÃûþ¼

4.  ÷ÔîÅÂÉÂóï1 û±SÏ ÎýÃÃ±»±1 Âó1± à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±ßÁ 1ŽÂ± ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù Õ±¿÷ ÛËòñ1í1 ÂõÉ»¦š± ù’Âõ Âó±Ë1Ò±– [1] à±÷¿îÂüßÁù1 ÷±æÃîÂ æÃ±îÂÏûþ Ü¿îÂýÃÃÉ1 ›¶¿îÂ üËäÂîÂòîÂ± Õ±1n¸ ÷±îÔÂöÂ±ø¸±1 ›¶¿îÂ |X± ÂõÔ¿X ßÁ1±¼ îÂ±ËßÁ ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 ›¶±äÂÏò ÎúÌûÇ-ÂõÏûÇ1 ¿Âõø¸Ëûþ òîÅÂò ÂóÅ1n¸ø¸ßÁ æÃò±Âõ ù±¿áÂõ¼ æÃ±îÂÏûþ ÂõÏ1üßÁù1 æÃÏ»ò ÂõÔMÃÃ ›¶äÂ±1 ßÁ¿1Âõ ù±¿áÂõ¼ æÃ±¿îÂ1 Ü¿îÂýÃÃÉ ü¥óËßÇÁ üËäÂîÂò ýÃÃ’Ëù ÎîÂÝÒËù±ËßÁ Õ±ËÂó±ò±- Õ±ÂóÅ¿ò öÂ±ø¸±1 ›¶¿îÂÝ Õ±ßÁøÇí ÕòÅöÂ» ßÁ¿Â1Âõ¼ [2] ¿òäÂ±ûÅMÃ ^ÂõÉ Îü»ò1 Âó1± ÕÒ±îÂ1îÂ ï±¿ßÁ æÃòüÑàÉ± üÂõù ßÁ¿1 1à±¼ Ûý×ÃÃËŽÂSîÂ ÎßÁý×ÃÃéÂ±÷±ò Ûò.¿æÃ.Õ (NGO) ý×ÃÃ ßÁ±÷ ßÁ¿1 Õ±ËåÃ û¿ðÃÝ Îüûþ± ÂóûÇ±5 òýÃÃûþ¼ äÂ1ßÁ±1Ï üýÃÃ±ûþ1 ùáËîÂ E±áäÂ ü1Âõ1±ýÃÃßÁ±1Ï1 ¿Âõ1n¸ËX ßÁËêÂ±1îÂ÷ Õ±ý×ÃÃò1 ›¶Ëûþ±ËáË1ËýÃÃ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁßÁ ¿òäÂ± Îü»ò1 Âó1± ÕÒ±îÂ1îÂ 1à± üy» ýÃÃ’Âõ¼

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  63 áÏîÂ±?¿ù ýÃÃ±æÃ¿1ßÁ± ¿ßÁËú±1 Õ±1n¸ ûÅ»äÂ±÷ßÁ Îàù-Îñ÷±¿ù1 ›¶¿îÂ Õ±ßÁ¿ø¸ÇîÂ ßÁ1±1 ÂõÉ»¦š± ßÁ¿1ËùÝ à±÷¿îÂüßÁù1 ÷±æÃîÂ ¿òäÂ±ûÅMÃ ^ÂõÉ1 ›¶äÂùò ßÁ÷ ýÃÃ’Âõ¼ [3] ›¶±ï¿÷ßÁ Õ±1n¸ ÷±ñÉ¿÷ßÁ ¿úŽÂ±îÂ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±1 Õ™LöÓÇÂM ßÁ¿1 à±÷¿îÂ ÕñÅÉ¿ø¸îÂ Õ=ùîÂ äÂ1ßÁ±1Ï äÂ±ßÁ¿11 ÎŽÂSîÂ Ûý×ÃÃ öÂ±ø¸±1 :±ò ÂïßÁ±ËîÂ± õ±ñÉîÂ±÷ÓùßÁ ßÁ1±¼ [ 4] à±÷¿îÂöÂ±ø¸ÏüßÁËù ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 ÂõÉ¿MÃáîÂ Õ±1n¸ ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ ÕòÅ‡Â±òîÂ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±1 ›¶Ëûþ±á ßÁ¿1Ëù ¿òæÃöÂ±ø¸Ï1 ÷±æÃîÂ îÂ±1 äÂäÇÂ± ÂõìÂÿ±1 ùáËîÂ Õ±ò öÂ±ø¸Ï1 Îù±ËßÁ± ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 öÂ±ø¸±1 ›¶¿îÂ Õ±ßÁ¿ø¸ÇîÂ ýÃÃ’Âõ, ßÁ±1í ÕòÅ‡Â±ËòËÂõ±1 ýÃÃ’ù ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 ü÷±á÷ âéÂ±1 ëÂ×ÈßÔÁ©† êÂ±ý×ÃÃ¼ [5] Õü÷ Õ±1n¸ Õ1n¸í±äÂùîÂ à±÷¿îÂüßÁù1 ÛéÂ± ýÃÃ’ËùÝ ëÂ×Èü» ÕòÅ‡Â±ò äÂ1ßÁ±1ÏöÂ±Ë» Îüý×ÃÃ öÂ±ø¸±Ë1ý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ðÄÃû±Âóò ßÁ¿1Âõ ù±Ëá¼ Õ™LîÂÐ à±÷¿îÂöÂ±ø¸Ï Îù±ßÁ ïßÁ± êÂ±ý×ÃÃîÂ Ûûþ± ßÁ¿1Âõý×ÃÃ ù±Ëá¼ [6] à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±Ë1 áÏîÂ Õ±1n¸ ßÁï±åÃ¿Âõ ¿ò÷Ç±í ßÁ¿1, ¦š±òÏûþ ðÓÃ1ðÃúÇòîÂ îÂ±1 ›¶äÂ±11 ÂõÉ»¦š± ßÁ¿1 òîÅÂò ›¶æÃijßÁ ÂóË1±ŽÂöÂ±ËÂõ Îüý×ÃÃ öÂ±ø¸±1 Âó±êÂ ¿úßÁ±Âõ Âó±¿1¼ Ûý×ÃÃËŽÂSîÂ Î¦¤26±Ëü»Ï ÕòÅ‡Â±ò Õ±1n¸ äÂ1ßÁ±1Ï ü±ýÃÃ±ûÇ Õ±»úÉßÁÏûþ¼ [7] ÎßÁ»ù ñ÷ÇÂóÅ¿ï1 ›¶¿îÂ¿ù¿Âó ßÁ1±ËîÂ ÂõÉ™¦ ò±ï±¿ßÁ ¿ú¿ŽÂîÂ à±÷¿îÂüßÁËù Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ üÔ¿©†1 ›¶¿îÂÝ ÷Ëò±¿òË»ú ßÁ¿1Âõ Âù±Ëá¼ äÅÂÂõÅ1Ïûþ± Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸± îÂï± ¿Âõ«1 äÂýÃÃßÁÏ öÂ±ø¸±ËÂõ±11 Âó1± ÂóÅ¿ï ÕòÅÂõ±ðÃ ßÁ¿1Âõ ù±Ëá¼ æÃòáíßÁ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ üÔ¿©†1 ›¶¿îÂ Õ±¢¶ýÃÃÏ ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù äÂ1ßÁ±1Ï Õ±1n¸ Õ±ò ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ ÕòÅ‡Â±ò1 ÁZ±1± ÂóÅ1¦¨±1 Îâ±ø¸í± ßÁ¿1Âõ ù±Ëá¼ [8] ÛêÂ±ý×ÃÃ1 Âó1± Õ±òêÂ±ý×ÃÃÍù ÎýÃÃ±»± ›¶ÂõèæÃò Î1±ñ ßÁ¿1Âõ ù±Ëá¼ ›¶ÂõèæÃËò öÂ±¿ø¸ßÁ ¿Âõ¿26i§îÂ±Ý Õ±Ëò¼ [9] à±÷¿îÂ ÕñÅÉ¿ø¸îÂ Õ=ùîÂ ¿úŽÂ± Õ±1n¸ äÂ1ßÁ±1Ï ßÁ±÷-ßÁÃ±æÃîÂ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±1 ›¶äÂùò ßÁ¿1Ëù öÂ±ø¸±ËéÂ± ÷ÔîÅÂÉ1 ðÅÃ»±1ëÂ¿ù1 Âó1± ëÂ×ù¿éÂ Õ±¿ýÃÃÂõ¼ ›¶Ëûþ±æÃËò ¿òËæÃ öÂ±ø¸± ¿úßÁ±ûþ¼ ÛËîÂËßÁ ›¶Ëûþ±æÃò üÔ¿©† ßÁ¿1 ýÃÃ’ËùÝ öÂ±ø¸±ßÁ 1ŽÂ± ßÁ¿1Âõ ù±Ëá¼ [10] ÂóÔïßÁöÂ±ø¸Ï ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 ùáîÂ ¿Âõûþ±-Âõ±1n¸îÂ Âõ¿ýÃÃËùÝ ÂóÅ1n¸ø¸-ò±1Ï ¿ò¿ÂõÇËúËø¸ ÷±îÔÂöÂ±ø¸±1 äÂäÇÂ± ÕÂõÉ±ýÃÃîÂ 1à± ëÂ×¿äÂîÂ¼ ›¶ËîÂÉßÁË1 ÷±îÔÂöÂ±ø¸± ÷±ò» :±ò Õ±1n¸ ÂõÅ¿X÷MÃÃ±1 ÛËßÁ± ÛËßÁ±éÂ± ¿òðÃúÇò¼ ÛËîÂËßÁ ÕòÉ öÂ±ø¸± äÂäÂÇ± ßÁ¿1ËùÝ ¿òæÃ ÷±îÔÂöÂ±ø¸±ßÁ üßÁËù±Ë» ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ßÁ¿1 û±Âõ ù±Ëá¼

5.  à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±1 ÝÂó1îÂ ßÁ1± Ûý×ÃÃ ü÷±æÃ öÂ±ø¸±îÂ±¿NßÁ ÕñÉûþËò ÛËßÁ Âó¿1¿¦š¿îÂîÂ Âó1± ÂóÔ¿ï»Ï1 Õ±ò öÂ±ø¸±ËÂõ±11 ÂÕ»¦š±1 ¿Âõø¸ËûþÝ ü÷ÉßÁ Õ±öÂ±ü ðÃ±¿ãÃÃ ñ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1Âõ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ÕñÉûþËò ÷±îÔÂöÂ±ø¸± 1ŽÂ± Õ±Ëµ±ùòîÂ ¿ßÁ¿=îÂ ýÃÃ’ËùÝ Õ¿1ýÃÃí± Õ±áÂõìÂÿ±Âõ¼ ¿ÂõËúø¸ÍßÁ ›¶±ûþ ÛËßÁ ÎöÂÌËá±¿ùßÁ Õ±1n¸ ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ Âó±¿1Âó±¿«ÇßÁîÂ±îÂ ïßÁ± ëÂ×MÃÃ1 ÂóÓÂõÇ±=ù1 öÂ±ø¸±ü÷ÓýÃÃ1 Õ¿™¦Q1 üÑßÁéÂ1 ¿Âõø¸Ëûþ æÃ±¿òÂõÍù Ûý×ÃÃ ÕñÉûþò ¿ÂõËúø¸öÂ±Ë» üýÃÃ±ûþßÁ¼ üÅðÃÏâÇ ßÁ±ù Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ¿òßÁéÂ ü¥óßÇÁîÂ ïßÁ± öÂ±ø¸± ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 áêÂò, ëÂ×¾Ã», ü÷Ô¿X Õ±1n¸ ¿ÂõßÁ±ú1 ÝÂó1ËîÂ± ÛËò ÕñÉûþËò ÛßÁ òîÅÂò ¿äÂ™L± Õ±¿ò ¿ðÃÂõ¼ Ûý×Ã ¿Âõø¸ûþ1 Õ¿ñßÁ ÕñÉûþËò Õü÷1 ý×ÃÃ¿îÂýÃÃ±ü, òÔËá±‡ÂÏûþ ü÷üÉ± ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ ¿ðÃúËîÂ± òîÅÂò ¿äÂ™L±1 ¿ðú ëÂ×Ëij±¿äÂîÂ ßÁ¿1 ü÷±æÃßÁ Õ±1n¸ ÛËà±æÃ Õ±áÂõìÂÿ±ý×ÃÃ ¿òûþ±îÂ üýÃÃ±ûþ ßÁ¿1Âõ ÂõÅ¿ù Õ±¿÷ ¿ò¿(î¼

64  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Õ¿™¦Q1 üÑßÁéÂîÂ à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±  1¼ J. Roland, J. L. Breton : Atlas of the languages & Ethnic communities of South Asia, Sage publication, 1947, ISBN: 8039-9367-6, p.188 2¼ G. A. Greirson, Linguistic Survey of India, vol.ii, p.59 3¼ Visit Taikhamti website 4¼ Õü÷ ÂõÅ1?Ï, ù„Ï ÎðÃ»Ï, ÂóÔÐ 320 5¼ ›¶ÂõÏò úý×ÃÃßÁÏûþ± Ê. à±÷¿îÂ öÂ±ø¸±1 ñÃõ¿òîÂN, 1+ÂóîÂN Õ±1n¸ Âõ±ßÁÉîÂNÊ. Û¿éÂ ÂóûÇÉ±Ëù±äÂò±, Õü÷Ïûþ± Õ±1n¸ Õü÷1 öÂ±ø¸± [ü¥ó±.], Õ±ÒßÁ-Âõ±ßÁ, 2010, ISBN : 978-93-80454-30-6, ÂóÔÐ 311 6¼ Visit Taikhamti website 7¼ Sir Edward Gait : History of Assam, p. 214 8¼ B. K. Kakati : Assamese Its Formation and Development, 4th ed., L. B. S Publication, 1987 9¼ visit www.linguisticsociety.org 10¼ Mosely Christopher (ed.), 2010: Atlas of the world language in danger, Unnesco publishing, ISBN: 978-92-3-104096-2 11¼ Tanseng Khankeu: Khamti-Ethnic groups of North East India, ed. by Mantu Hazarika, Kasturi prakasan, ISBN: 978-93-5104-156-6, 2014 12¼ Census of India 1961-71, vol.iii, part (v) A 13¼ Ahom Buranji-from the earliest time till the end of Ahom rule, Translated and edited by G. C. Boruah, Calcutta, 1930. 14¼ Dinamoni Saikia: Anglo Khamti Relation (Ph.d thesis), Dibrugarh University 15 Chaukhak Manpung: San-mau-tai, Namsai.

 õ1n¸»±, öÂÏ÷ßÁ±™L (1984) Ð öÂ±ø¸±1 ý×ÃÃ¿îÂÂõÔMÃÃ, Õü÷1 öÂ±ø¸±, Â¿ëÂÂõèn¸áëÂÿ, õòùîÂ± ðÃ±ü, ¿Âõ«¿æÃîÂ Õ±1n¸ ÂõüÅ÷îÂ±1Ï, ôÅÂßÁò äÂf[ü¥ó±.]ð(2010)ðÐ Õü÷Ïûþ± Õ±1n¸ Õü÷1 öÂ±ø¸± [ü¥ó±.], &»±ýÃÃ±éÂÏ, Õ±ÒßÁ-Âõ±ßÁ Thomason, Sarah G (2015): Endangered Languages, London, Cambridge University Press.

Manuscript received on 30/03/2018 Reviewed Paper received on 01/08/2018 Revised Paper received on 14/08/2018 Research Paper accepted on 24/08/2018

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  65 PRAG CONSILIENCE: ISSN 2456-6861, RNI No. ASSMUL/2016/70132 A Multi-lingual Peer-reviewed Annual Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Commerce Vol. 3, No. 1 (2018), pp. 66-75

            NEGATIVE VERB FORM IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF ASSAMESE LANGUAGE AND SINO-TIBETAN LANGUAGE OF THE NORTH EASTERN REGION . *

Abstract: In this research paper, a study on the negative verb form in structural design of Assamese Language and Sino-Tibetan language of the North Eastern Region has been discussed. Instead of the influence of one language over the other, a linguistic diffusion has been marked in case of both these languages. This kind of linguistic diffusion can be observed not only on the languages of the same family, but also outside of it. Keywords: Negative Verb Form, Assamese Language, Linguistic Diffusion

1.0  ¿Sûþ±1 òÛžïÇßÁ 1+Âó üßÁËù± öÂ±ø¸±1 ÛßÁ Õ±Ëù±äÂÉ ¿Âõø¸ûþ¼ ÆðÃò¿µò æÃÏ»òîÂ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ¿Âõø¸ûþîÂ öÂ±Âõ ¿Âõ¿ò÷ûþ ßÁË1±ÒËîÂ ÕïÂõ± ßÁï±-ÂõîÂ1± Âó±ËîÂ±ÒËîÂ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ü÷ûþîÂ òÛžïÇßÁ öÂ±Âõ ›¶ßÁ±ú ßÁ1± ýÃÃûþ¼ òÛžïÇßÁ öÂ±» ü±ñ±1íËîÂ Âõ±ßÁÉ1 ™¦1ËîÂ ›¶ßÁ±¿úîÂ ýÃÃûþ¼ Âõ±ßÁÉ1 ›¶ñ±ò ëÂ×Âó±ðÃ±ò ¿îÂ¿òéÂ± Ð ëÂ×ËVúÉ, ßÁ÷Ç Õ±1n¸ ¿Sûþ±¼1 ý×ÃÃûþ±1 ¿öÂîÂ1îÂ ü±ñ±1íËîÂ ¿Sûþ± ÂóðÃàG1 ò±ò± ëÂ×Âó±ËûþË1 ü±ùüù¿ò ßÁ¿1 òÛžïÇßÁ öÂ±Âõ ›¶ßÁ±ú ßÁ1± ýÃÃûþ¼ ÕïÇ±È òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ¿Sûþ±àG1 ¿öÂîÂ1n¸»± ¿Âõø¸ûþ¼2 ÛËò ßÁ±1íËîÂ öÂ±ø¸±1 ¿Sûþ±1+Âó1 Õ±Ëù±äÂò±îÂ ý×ÃÃûþ±ßÁ òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ± ò±Ë÷Ë1 Õ¿öÂ¿ýÃÃîÂ ßÁ1± ýÃÃûþ¼ ý×ÃÃËG± ý×ÃÃëÂ×Ë1±ÂóÏûþ öÂ±ø¸±Ëá±‡ÂÏ1 üîÂ÷Ä ÂõáÇ1 Õ™LáÇîÂ ý×ÃÃËG± ý×ÃÃ1±íÏûþ ú±à±1 öÂ±1îÂÏûþ Õ±ûÇ Û¿éÂ ÕòÉîÂ÷ öÂ±ø¸±ÂõáÇ¼ öÂ±1îÂÏûþ Õ±ûÇ öÂ±ø¸±1 S÷¿ÂõßÁ±ú1 îÔÂîÂÏûþ ™¦1 òÂõÉöÂ±1îÂÏûþ Õ±ûÇöÂ±ø¸±1 ëÂ×MÃÃ1- ÂóÓÂõÇ±=ù1 ›¶¿îÂ¿ò¿ñ¦š±òÏûþ öÂ±ø¸± Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±¼ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 äÂ±¿1ÝôÂ±Ëù ü±á1üðÔÃú â±ý×ÃÃÍßÁ [Î÷â±ùûþ1

* Associate Professor, Department of Assamese, D K Girls’ College, Mirza, E-mail: [email protected]

66  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ± 1+Âó1 áêÂò à±äÂÏ öÂ±ø¸±1 Âõ±¿ýÃÃË1] äÂÏò±-¿îÂÂõõîÂ÷ÓùÏûþ Õ¿ñßÁ±Ñú öÂ±ø¸±Ë1 ëÂ×MÃÃ1-ÂóÓÂõÇ±=ù1 Âó±ýÃÃ±1-ÆöÂûþ±÷ ¿Âõûþ¿Âó Õ±ËåÃ¼ ÎüËûþËýÃÃ ÎßÁ±»± ýÃÃûþ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸± Õò±-Õ±ûÇ öÂ±ø¸±1 ü±á11 ÷±æÃ1 ÛéÂ± ü1n¸ÁZÏÂó¼3 Õü÷Ïûþ± Õ±1n¸ ëÂ×MÃÃ1-ÂóÓÂõÇ±=ù1 ¿ÂõËúø¸ÍßÁ äÂÏò±-¿îÂÂõõîÂ÷ÓùÏûþ öÂ±ø¸±ËÂõ±1 ÝäÂ1±-ÝäÂ¿1ÍßÁ üýÃÃ±»¦š±ò ßÁ1±1 Âõ±ËÂõ öÂ±ø¸±îÂ±¿NßÁ ðÔÃ¿©†Ë1 ÛßÁ ¿ÂõðÃÉ±ûþîÂ¿òßÁ Õ±Ëù±äÂÉ ¿Âõø¸ûþ ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó üÅðÓÃ1 ü5÷ ú¿îÂßÁ±1 Âó1± ¦š±ò Âó±ý×ÃÃ Õ±¿ýÃÃËåÃ¼4 Îüý×ÃÃËÂõ±11 ¿öÂîÂ1îÂ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 Õ±1n¸ äÂÏò±-¿îÂÂõõîÂ÷ÓùÏûþ öÂ±ø¸±1 òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ±1+Âó1 áêÂò ÛßÁ¸ ÷ò ßÁ¿1ÂõùáÏûþ± ¿Âõø¸ûþ¼ äÂÏò±-¿îÂÂõõîÂÏûþ ú±à±1 ü1ýÃÃüÑàÉßÁ öÂ±ø¸±Ë1 ¿Sûþ±1 ðÅÃ÷ÅàÏûþ± ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±11 ›¶ßÔÁ¿îÂ ÕòÅñ±»ò ßÁ¿15 îÂï± Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ± 1+Âó1 áêÂò ›¶ßÔÁ¿îÂ ¿ÂõäÂ±1 ßÁ¿1 ëÂ0 Âõ±íÏßÁ±™L ßÁ±ßÁ¿îÂËûþ ÎîÂËàîÂ1 áË»ø¸í±÷ÓùßÁ ¢¶Lš1 [AFD] ‘ü±÷1¿í’÷ÓùßÁ ÕñÉ±ûþ1 ‘¿üX±™L’ [Conclusion]î Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ±ßÁ ‘üy»Âó1 Õò±ûÇ ›¶öÂ±»1 ¿Âõ™¦Ô¿îÂ’1 [The extent of probable Non-Aryan influences] Õ™LöÅÂÇMÃ ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼6 ëÂ×¿1ûþ± öÂ±ø¸±îÂ òÛžïÇßÁ ‘ò’1 Õ»¦š±ò üýÃÃ±ûþßÁ±1Ï ¿Sûþ±1 Õ±áîÂ ïßÁ±Íù äÂ±ý×ÃÃ Õ±ûÇÂõ¿ýÃÃöÓÂÇîÂ [Extra Aryan] ëÂ×Âó±ðÃ±ò òÅÂõÅ¿ù ý×ÃÃûþ±ßÁ Õ±ûÇ-Õò±ûÇ ›¶í±ùÏ1 üÑá÷ [Aryan-Non Aryan Practices] ÂõÅ¿ù Õ¿öÂ¿ýÃÃîÂ ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼7 ëÂ0 Âõ±íÏßÁ±™L ßÁ±ßÁ¿îÂ1 Âó1»îÇÂÏ ßÁ±ùîÂ ëÂ×ËÂófò±ï Îá±¦¤±÷Ï,8 ëÂ0 òËáò êÂ±ßÅÁ1,9 ëÂ0 1Ë÷ú Âó±êÂßÁ,10 Õ±¿ðÃËûþ äÂÏò±-¿îÂÂõõîÂÂõ÷ÇÏ öÂ±ø¸±1 ¿ßÁåÅÃ÷±ò öÂ±ø¸±îÂ ñ±îÅÂ1 ›¶ï÷ ¦¤1ñÃõ¿ò ÕòÅû±ûþÏ òÛžïÇßÁ1 ü÷ÏöÂ»ò ÕïÂõ± ¿öÂi§ ëÂ×Âó±ßÔÁ¿îÂ [Allomorph] ÎýÃÃ±»± ßÁï± öÂ±ø¸±îÂ±¿NßÁ áË»ø¸í±Ë1 ÎÂó±ýÃÃ1Íù Õ±Ëò¼ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±îÂ ñ±îÅÂ1 ›¶ï÷ ¦¤1ñÃõ¿ò ÕòÅû±ûþÏ òÛžïÇßÁ ÂóÓÂõÇüáÇ1 ¿öÂi§ ëÂ×Âó±ßÔÁ¿îÂ1 ›¶Ëûþ±á ÕïÂõ± ü÷ÏöÂ»ò ÎýÃÃ±»± ßÁï± òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ±1 ÕòÉîÂ÷ ÆÂõ¿ú©†É¼ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 Âõ±¿ýÃÃË1 Õ±ò Õ±ûÇ÷ÓùÏûþ òÂõÉ öÂ±1îÂÏûþ öÂ±ø¸±îÂ ý×ÃÃ ¿Âõ1ù¼ ¿Sûþ±1 ñ±îÅÂîÂ Îò¿îÂÂõ±äÂßÁ ÂóÓÂõÇüáÇÏßÁ1í ›¶±äÂÉ1 Õ±ûÇ öÂ±ø¸±ËÂõ±11 ü±¿ñîÂ ñ±îÅÂ1 ÕàG ÕÑú ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸± ÛßÁßÁ¼11 ¿ßÁc üýÃÃ±ûþßÁ±1Ï ¿Sûþ±îÂ ëÂ×¿1ûþ± öÂ±ø¸±îÂ òÛžïÇßÁ ‘ò’ ÂóÓÂõÇüáÇ ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ýÃÃûþ¼ Õü÷Ïûþ± Õ±1n¸ äÂÏò± ¿îÂÂõõîÂ÷ÓùÏûþ öÂ±ø¸±1 ñ±îÅÂ1 Âõ± ¿Sûþ±1 Õ±áîÂ òÛžïÇßÁ ÂóÓÂõÇüáÇ1 Õ»¦š±ò Õ±1n¸ ü÷ÏöÂ»òáîÂ ü±ðÔÃúÉßÁ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ÝÂó1îÂ ›¶öÂ±», Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±îÂ Õò±ûÇ ëÂ×Âó±ðÃ±ò Õ±¿ðÃË1 ¿äÂ¿ýîÂ ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ ý×ÃÃûþ±1 Âõ±¿ýÃÃË1Ý ÎúýÃÃîÂÏûþ±öÂ±ËÂõ ó±1¦ó¿1ßÁ öÂ±ø¸±áîÂ üýÃÃ±»¦š±Ëò üÔ¿©† ßÁ1± öÂ±ø¸±áîÂ Âó¿1ÂõÉ±¿51 [Linguistics diffusion] ôÂù¦¤1+ËÂó ù±öÂ ßÁ1± öÂ±ø¸±áîÂ ÎŽÂS1 [Linguistics area] ëÂ×Í÷ýÃÃîÂÏûþ± ëÂ×Âó±ðÃ±ò ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó ¿ÂõðÃÉ±ûþîÂ¿òßÁ äÂäÇÂ± ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ öÂ±ø¸±áîÂ ÆÂõ¿ú©†É ÛéÂ± ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ Îá±‡ÂÏ1Âó1± Õ±ò ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ Îá±‡ÂÏÍù û±S± ßÁ1±ËßÁ ü÷±æÃ öÂ±ø¸± ÆÂõ:±¿òßÁ Âó¿1ÂõÉ±¿5 ÎÂõ±Ëù¼ ¿êÂßÁ ÎîÂËòðÃË1 ÎßÁ±Ëò± ÛéÂ± öÂ±ø¸±1 Âó1± Õ±ò ÛéÂ± öÂ±ø¸±Íù ÎßÁ±Ëò± öÂ±ø¸±áîÂ ÆÂõ¿ú©†É á¿îÂ ßÁ¿1Ëù îÂ±ßÁ öÂ±ø¸±áîÂ Âó¿1ÂõÉ±¿5 ÎýÃÃ±»± ÂõÅ¿ù ÎßÁ±»± ýÃÃûþ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ öÂ±ø¸±áîÂ Âó¿1ÂõÉ±¿5 ÎöÂÌËá±¿ùßÁ ÎŽÂS1 ¿öÂîÂ1îÂ ÂõÉ»ýÃ+îÂ öÂ±ø¸±ü÷ÓýÃÃ1 ÷±æÃîÂ ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ ý×ÃÃ ÛËßÁ Âó¿1ûþ±ù1 Õ™LöÅÂÇMÃ Îò±ËýÃÃ±»± öÂ±ø¸±ü÷ÓýÃÃ1 ÷±æÃËîÂ± ùŽÂÉ ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1¼ òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ±1+Âó1 öÂ±ø¸±ü÷ÓýÃÃ1 ÷±æÃîÂ ïßÁ± áêÂò1 ›¶ßÔÁ¿îÂÍù äÂ±ý×ÃÃ, ÕïÂõ± ÆÂõ¿ú©†ÉßÁ ÎßÁf ßÁ¿1 ëÂ×MÃÃ1- ÂóÓÂõÇ±=ùËßÁ± ÛßÁ öÂ±ø¸±áîÂ ÎŽÂS ÂõÅ¿ùÂõ Âó±¿1¼ ÛËò ›¶ûþ±Ëü Ûý×ÃÃ áË»ø¸í±÷ÓùßÁ ßÁ÷Ç1 ÷Óù ßÁï±¼

2.0  Õ±ûÇ÷ÓùÏûþ Õü÷Ïûþ± Õ±1n¸ äÂÏò±-¿îÂÂõõîÂ÷ÓùÏûþ öÂ±ø¸±1 òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ± 1+Âó1 îÅÂùò±÷ÓùßÁ ¿ÂõäÂ±11

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  67 æÃái§±ï Âõ÷Çò Õ±ñ±1îÂ öÂ±ø¸±áîÂ Âó¿1ü1îÂ Õ±»X ßÁ¿1 Îüûþ± Îû ëÂ×MÃÃ1-ÂóÓÂõÇ±=ù1 öÂ±ø¸±1 ëÂ×Í÷ýÃÃîÂÏûþ± ÆÂõ¿ú©†É îÂ±ßÁ ›¶¿îÂ‡Â± ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù ûP ßÁ1± ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ Âó¿1ßÁ¿ŠîÂöÂ±ËÂõ Õü÷Ïûþ± Õ±1n¸ Õ±ûÇ÷ÓùÏûþ± òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ±1 áêÂò, ÆÂõ¿ú©†É, äÂÏò±-¿îÂÂõõîÂ-÷ÓùÏûþ öÂ±ø¸±1 òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ±1 1+Âó1 áêÂò, ÆÂõ¿ú©†É Õ±1n¸ îÅÂùò±1 Õ™LîÂ ëÂ×Í÷ýÃÃîÂÏûþ± ÆÂõ¿ú©†É ðÃ±¿ãÃÃ ñ¿1ÂõÍù ÎäÂ©†± ßÁ1± ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼

3.0 Â    áË»ø¸í±÷ÓùßÁ ÕñÉûþò¿éÂ1 ÎŽÂSîÂ îÂï± ÂóSà¿ò ›¶dîÂ ßÁ1±1 ü÷ûþîÂ â±ý×ÃÃÍßÁ îÅÂùò±÷ÓùßÁ ÂóX¿îÂ ›¶Ëûþ±á ßÁ1± ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ ÎßÁ±Ëò± ÎßÁ±Ëò± ÎŽÂSîÂ Ü¿îÂýÃÃ±¿üßÁ Õ±1n¸ ÂõíÇò±÷ÓùßÁ ÂóX¿îÂË1± üýÃÃ±ûþ Îù±»± ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ ›¶±ï¿÷ßÁ ëÂ×Èü ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó Õò±-Õ±ûÇ äÂÏò±-¿îÂÂõõîÂ÷ÓùÏûþ± ëÂ×MÃÃ1-ÂóÓÂõÇ±=ù1 ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ öÂ±ø¸±1 üÓäÂßÁ1 Âó1± ÎéÂ¿ùËôÂ±¿òßÁ Õ±1n¸ ÂõÉ¿MÃáîÂöÂ±ËÂõ îÂïÉ üÑ¢¶ýÃÃ ßÁ1± ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ ÎáÌí ëÂ×Èü ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó ¿Âõø¸ûþ1 ÆüËîÂ ü¥óßÇÁ ïßÁ± ÕËòßÁ áË»ø¸í±÷ÓùßÁ ÂóÅ¿ï Õ±1n¸ Õ±Ëù±äÂòÏ, ÂóS Õ±¿ðÃ1 üýÃÃ±ûþ Îù±»± ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ Â›¶üÑáüÓS Õ±1n¸ ¢¶LšÂó?ÏîÂ Îüý×ÃÃËÂõ±11 ò±÷ ëÂ×Ë~à ßÁ1± ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼

4.0  4.1 Õü÷Ïûþ±, üÑ¦Ô¨îÂ Õ±¿ðÃ öÂ±ø¸± öÂ±1îÂÏûþ Õ±ûÇ öÂ±ø¸± ò±Ë÷Ë1 Âó¿1¿äÂîÂ¼ üÑ¦Ô¨îÂ öÂ±1îÂÏûþ Õ±ûÇöÂ±ø¸±1 S÷¿ÂõßÁ±ú1 ›¶ï÷™¦11 öÂ±ø¸±¼ üÑ¦Ô¨îÂ öÂ±ø¸±îÂ òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ±1 1+Âó ò±ý×ÃÃ¼ òÛžïÇßÁ ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó ‘÷±’ ‘ò’1 ›¶Ëûþ±á Õ±ËåÃ¼ ¿ßÁc ý×ÃÃ ñ±îÅÂ Âõ± ¿Sûþ±1 Õ±áîÂ üðÃ±ûþ ùá ù±¿á ò±ï±¿ßÁÂõ Âó±Ë1¼ ûï± Ð [1] ò ÂõÔï± üÂóïÑ ßÅÁûÇ±È¼ [ÂõÔï± úÂóîÂ à±Âõ ò±ù±Ëá¼] [2] ò¿ýÃÃ üÂõÇÐ üÂõÇÑ æÃ±ò±¿îÂ¼ [üßÁËù± æÃò±ý×ÃÃ æÃò± òýÃÃûþ¼] [3] û¿ðÃ QÑ ñòÏ Õ¿öÂ»üÉÐ ÛîÂÈ ò ßÁðÃ±¿Âó öÂË»È¼ [û¿ðÃ ñòÏ ýÃÃ’Âõ ¿ÂõäÂ1± ÛËòðÃË1 òýÃÃûþ¼] [4] ¿úŽÂßÁÐ ò ßÁðÃ±¿Âó üÅúÏùÑ Âõ±ùßÁÑ SÅñÉ¿îÂ¼ [öÂ±ù åÃ±SßÁ ¿úŽÂËßÁ ÎßÁ¿îÂûþ±Ý àÑ òßÁË1¼] ëÂ×XÔîÂ ëÂ×ðÃ±ýÃÃ1íîÂ ¿Sûþ±1 Õ±áîÂ òÛžïÇßÁ ‘ò’ ÂõýÃÃ± ò±ý×ÃÃ¼ ÕïÇ±È ò öÂ»±÷, ò ÂõîÇÂËîÂ, ÷± ßÅÁ1n¸Ñ, ÷± ÆöÂø¸Ï, ò ÂõðÃ¿™L Õ±¿ðÃ1 ¿ò¿äÂò±ÍßÁ ùá ù±¿á ïßÁ± ò±ý×ÃÃ¼ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ü÷Ëá±SÏûþ ÂõãÃÃ±ùÏ öÂ±ø¸±îÂ òÛžïÇßÁ ‘ò±’ ý×ÃÃ ñ±îÅÂ1 ¿Sûþ±1 ÕòÅü1í ßÁË1¼ ÕïÇ±È ßÁË1± ò±, ÎûËûþ± ò±, à±ËÂõò±, ÎäÂÝò±, Î1Ëà±ò± Õ±¿ðÃ1 ¿ÂóåÃîÂ òÛžïÇßÁ ‘ò±’ Îû±á ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ 4.2 ÷±áñÏ1Âó1± ¿ÂõßÁ±ú›¶±5 ëÂ×¿1ûþ± öÂ±ø¸±îÂ òÛžïÇßÁ ‘ò’ ñ±îÅÂ1 Õ±áîÂ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ðÃË1 ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ýÃÃûþ¼ ÎûËò Ð ý×ÃÃ26Ã± ò ¿ïËù [ý×ÃÃ26Ã± ò±ï±¿ßÁËù], ÛüÂõÅ ßÁ±÷ üýÃÃæÃ òÅËýÃÃ [Ûý×ÃÃËÂõ±1 ßÁ±÷ üýÃÃæÃ òýÃÃûþ], ÷¿ýÃÃ¿ø¸ßÁ Âó±à ò û±» ñÃò±ý×ÃÃ [ñò±ý×ÃÃ ÷¿ýÃÃø¸1 ßÁ±ø¸Íù ò±û±Âõ±], ýÃÃ¿1í ò ¿ðÃ Û ñ1± [ýÃÃ¿1Ëí ñ1± ¿ò¿ðÃËûþ], ëÂ×êÂ ëÂ×êÂ ÷êÂ ò ßÁ1 Õ±ëÂ× [ëÂ×êÂ± ëÂ×êÂ± Õ±1n¸ ÎðÃ¿1 òßÁ¿1Âõ±]¼ òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ±1+Âó1 Âõ±Ñù± äÂ¿ùîÂ öÂ±ø¸±1 ÆüËîÂ ÷Óù Âó±ïÇßÁÉËéÂ± ýÃÃ’ù ëÂ×¿1ûþ± öÂ±ø¸±îÂ òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ±1 Õ±áîÂ ÂõËýÃÃ¼13 ÛËò ÎŽÂSîÂ ëÂ×¿1ûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ÆüËîÂ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ¿÷ù Õ±ËåÃ¼ Õ±òËÂõ±1 ÎŽÂSîÂ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ÆüËîÂ ëÂ×¿1ûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 Âó±ïÇßÁÉ Õ±ËåÃ¼ ÎûËò– ÷ÅÒ ßÁËùæÃ ¿û¿Âõ ò±¿ýÃÃ, Îü âË1 ò±¿ýÃÃ¼ ëÂ×XÔîÂ±Ñú1 ›¶ï÷ Âõ±ßÁÉ¿éÂ1 ùáîÂ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 Âó±ïÇßÁÉ Õ±ËåÃ, ‘¿û¿Âõ’ ¿Sûþ±1 Õ±áîÂ òÛžïÇßÁ ÂõýÃÃ± ò±ý×ÃÃ¼ ¿ÁZîÂÏûþËîÂ ëÂ×¿1ûþ± öÂ±ø¸±îÂ Õ±áîÂËýÃÃ Âõ¿ýÃÃËåÃ ü÷ÏöÂ»ò ÎýÃÃ±»± ò±ý×ÃÃ¼

68  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ± 1+Âó1 áêÂò 4.3 Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ±1 áêÂò Õ±1n¸ ÆÂõ¿ú©†É1 Âó¿1¿ñ üÅ¿Âõú±ù¼ üÑ¦Ô¨îÂ, ÂõãÃÃ±ùÏ Âõ± ëÂ×¿1ûþ± öÂ±ø¸±îÂÍßÁ Õü÷Ïûþ± ¿Sûþ±1 òÛžïÇßÁ Õ¿ñßÁ ÆÂõ¿äÂSÉ÷ûþ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ¿Âõ¿äÂSîÂ± Âõ±ßÁÉ1 Âó1± úsÍù Âó¿1ÂõÉ±5¼ ÛËò ¿ðÃú1 ›¶¿îÂ ùŽÂÉ 1±¿à ëÂ0 Îá±Ëù±ßÁ äÂf Îá±¦¤±÷Ï, ëÂ0 ôÂíÏf ò±1±ûþí ðÃMÃÃ, ëÂ0 ëÂ×ËÂóò 1±öÂ± ýÃÃ±ßÁ±äÂ±÷ Õ±¿ðÃËûþ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ±1 ¿Âõø¸Ëûþ ûËï©† Âó¿1÷±Ëí áË»ø¸í± ›¶üÓîÂ Õ±Ëù±äÂò± Õ±áÂõìÂÿ±ý×ÃÃËåÃ¼ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±îÂ ëÂ0 ëÂ×ËÂóò 1±öÂ± ýÃÃ±ßÁ±äÂ±Ë÷ ¿îÂ¿òéÂ± ëÂ×Âó±ËûþË1 òÛžïÇßÁ üÓËäÂ±»± ßÁï± ÆßÁËåÃ¼ Îüý×ÃÃ ¿îÂ¿òéÂ± ëÂ×Âó±ûþ ýÃÃ’ùÐ [ßÁ] 1+ÂóáîÂöÂ±Ë» [morphological] ÕïÇ±È ÂóÓÂõüáÇËû±Ëá, [à] Âõ±ßÁÉáîÂöÂ±Ë» ÕïÇ±È üÑûÅMÃ ñ±îÅÂ Âõ± ÕòÅÂóðÃËû±Ëá Õ±1n¸ [á] úsáîÂöÂ±Ë» ÕïÇ±È – ¿òîÂÉ òÛžïÇßÁ Âõ±äÂßÁ ús1 Îû±ËáË1¼ ùáËîÂ ßÁï± ÎßÁ±»±1 ùûþ, üÅ1, üÅ1 ùýÃÃ1 Õ±¿ðÃ1 Îû±ËáË1Ý òÛžïÇßÁ öÂ±Âõ ›¶ßÁ±ú ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1 ÂõÅ¿ù ÆßÁËåÃ¼14 Õ±òýÃÃ±ËîÂ 1+ÂóîÂ±¿QßÁ ðÔÃ¿©†ËßÁ±í1 Âó1± ëÂ0 ôÂíÏf ò±1±ûþí ðÃMÃÃ Âõ1n¸»±ý×ÃÃ òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ±1+Âó ¿îÂ¿ò ›¶ßÁ±Ë1 ýÃÃûþ ÂõÅ¿ù ¿ò¥§¿ù¿àîÂ ñ1Ëí ÎðÃàÅ»±ý×ÃÃËåÃ¼15 [ßÁ] ü¥óÓ1ßÁ ÂóðÃ1 ›¶Ëûþ±á [supplementation] [à] ¿Sûþ±ÂóðÃîÂ òÛžïÇßÁ ÂóÓÂõÇ ›¶îÂÉûþ1 üÑËû±á [prefixation] [á] ¿Sûþ±1 ÷Óù ÕïÇ±È ñ±îÅÂîÂ [Õ±] ›¶îÂÉûþ Îû±á ¿ðÃ îÂ±1 ùáîÂ ü¥óÓ1ßÁ ÂóðÃ1 üÑËû±á¼ ÝÂó11 ßÁï±1 ÝÂó1îÂ ¿öÂ¿MÃÃ ßÁ¿1 Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ±1 áêÂò Õ±1n¸ ÆÂõ¿ú©†ÉßÁ ¿ò¥§ ¿ù¿àîÂ ñ1Ëí Õ±Ëù±äÂò± ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1¼ 4.3.1ð ¿Sûþ±ÂóðÃîÂ òÛžïÇßÁ ÂóÓÂõÇ ›¶îÂÉûþ1 üÑËû±á1ÁZ±1± Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±îÂ ü±ñ±1í, ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò, ÕîÂÏîÂ, öÂ¿»ø¸ÉÈ ¿Sûþ±1 òÛžïÇßÁ 1+Âó áêÂò ßÁ¿1Âõ ù±¿áËù ¿Sûþ±ÂóðÃ1 Õ±áîÂ òÛžïÇßÁ ÂõX1+Âó [Negative bound morpheme] ‘ò’ üÑËû±á ßÁ¿1Âõ ù±Ëá¼ ñ±îÅÂ Âõ± ¿Sûþ±1 ›¶ï÷ ¦¤1 ÕòÅû±ûþÏ {ò}1 ÎßÁý×ÃÃÂõ±éÂ±Ý ëÂ×Âó1+Âó Âõ± ëÂ×Âó±ßÔÁ¿îÂ [Allomorph] Âó¿1ðÔÃ©† ýÃÃûþ¼ ÎûËò Ð ò-ßÁË1 Ô òßÁË1, ò-ëÂ×ËêÂ Ô òÅËêÂ, ò-¿ùËà Ô ¿ò¿ùËà, ò-à±ûþ Ô ò±à±ûþ, ò-á’ù Ô òá’ù, ò-ÎðÃËà Ô ÎòËðÃËà ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ð Õ»ËúÉ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ¿Sûþ±ÂóðÃ1 Ûý×ÃÃ òÛžïÇßÁ 1+Âó üÓ„öÂ±Ë» ¿ÂõäÂ±1 ßÁ¿1Ëù ñ±îÅÂ1 ›¶ï÷ ñÃõ¿ò ÕòÅû±ûþÏ ý×ÃÃûþ±1 ðÅÃéÂ± 1+Âó ÎðÃà± û±ûþ Ð û¿ðÃ Â›¶ï÷ ñÃõ¿òËéÂ± ¦¤1ñÃõ¿ò ýÃÃûþ òÛžïÇßÁ ‘òÄ ’ÂÂõÉ?ò±™L ýÃÃûþ, ý×ÃÃ ÎßÁ»ù ñ±îÅÂ1 Õ±áîÂ ùá ù±Ëá¼ ÕïÇ±È ý×ÃÃ¿îÂÂõ±äÂßÁ ‘Õ±ËýÃÃ’ ¿Sûþ±ÂóðÃ1 Õ±áîÂ ÎßÁ»ù òÄ ›¶±ßÔÁ¿îÂ Îû±á ýÃÃ’Âõ, ‘ò’ ¦¤1±™L Îû±á òýÃÃûþ¼ ÎûËò òÄ ÙÂ Õ±ËýÃÃ Ô ‘ò±ËýÃÃ’ ýÃÃ’Âõ ¿ßÁc òÄÕ ÙÂ Õ±ËýÃÃ òýÃÃ’Âõ¼ ¿ÁZîÂÏûþËîÂ, ›¶ï÷ ñÃõ¿òËéÂ± û¿ðÃ ÂõÉ?ò±™L ýÃÃûþ ÎîÂ¿îÂûþ± ‘ò’ ¦¤1±™L ýÃÃ’Âõ Õ±1n¸ ñ±îÅÂ1 ›¶ï÷ ¦¤1 ÕòÅû±ûþÏ ¿öÂi§ ëÂ×Âó±ßÔÁ¿îÂ ÎÂó±»± û±Âõ¼ ÕïÇ±È ëÂòÿ ëÂò’ÿ ëÂò±ÿ, ëÂ¿òÿ, ëÂòÅÿ, ëÎòÿ, ëÎò±ÿ Õ±¿ðÃ ÎÂó±»± û±Âõ, îÂï± ›¶ï÷ ¦¤1 ÕòÅû±ûþÏ ü÷ÏöÂ»ò ýÃÃ’Âõ¼ ¿ßÁc ‘ò±’ òÛžïÇßÁ ÂóÓÂõÇüáÇ1 ¿ÂõßÁËŠ ‘Îò’ ›¶Ëûþ±á ýÃÃûþ, ¿ßÁc ‘Îò’1 ¿ÂõßÁŠ ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó ÎßÁ¿îÂûþ±Ý ‘ò±’ òýÃÃûþ¼ ý×ÃÃ ÛßÁ ñÃõ¿ò ›¶ÂõÔ¿MÃÃ [Tendency], ñÃõ¿ò ¿òûþ÷ [Phonetic Law] òýÃÃûþ¼ ÕïÇ±È ‘ÎòËðÃà±’ ÎßÁ¿îÂûþ±Ý ‘ò±ËðÃà±’ òýÃÃûþ¼ üÑûÅMÃ ¿Sûþ± Âõ± ¿ÁZ1n¸¿MÃÂõ±äÂßÁ ¿Sûþ±1 ùáîÂ ¿ßÁåÅÃ÷±ò òÛžïÇßÁ1 ¿ÂóåÃîÂ, ¿ßÁåÅÃ÷±òîÂ ¿ûËßÁ±Ëò± ÛéÂ±îÂ, Õ±1n¸ ûÅ1Ïûþ± úsîÂ ðÅÃËûþ±éÂ±ËîÂ òÛžïÇßÁ ›¶±ßÔÁ¿îÂ1 Îû±á ýÃÃûþ¼ ÎûËò Ð [ßÁ] ¿ÂóåÃ1 1+ÂóîÂ Ð ÎßÁ1Ë÷1 òßÁ1, à±ý×ÃÃ ÎòËÂóù±Ëù [à] ¿ûËßÁ±Ëò± ÛéÂ±îÂ Ð òÅßÅÁùÄßÅÁù±ûþ ~ ßÅÁùÄòÅßÅÁù±ûþ, Îò±ËéÂ±1ÄËéÂ±1±ûþ ~ ÎéÂ±1Ä Îò±ËéÂ±1±ûþ

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  69 æÃái§±ï Âõ÷Çò [á] ðÅÃËûþ±éÂ±ËîÂ Ð òßÁË1Ò±ËîÂ òßÁË1Ò±ËîÂ 4.3.2 ‘Õ±åÄÃ’ ñ±îÅÂ1 Âó1± á¿êÂîÂ üßÁËù± ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò ßÁ±ù1 òÛžïÇßÁ ›¶ßÁ±ú ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù ‘Õ±ËåÃ’116 üù¿ò ‘ò±ý×ÃÃ’ ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ßÁ1± ýÃÃûþ¼ ÕïÇ±È Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±îÂ ‘Õ±ËåÃ’ ¿Sûþ±1 òÛžïÇßÁ 1+Âó ‘ò±ý×ÃÃ’¼ ý×ÃÃ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ÛßÁ÷±S Î÷Ì¿ùßÁ òÛžïÇßÁ¼ ý×ÃÃ Õ¿òûþ¿÷îÂ ¿Sûþ±¼ ÕÂõÉûþ1ðÃË1 ý×ÃÃ üßÁËù± ÂóÅ1n¸ø¸ËîÂ ÛËßÁ 1+ÂóîÂ ï±ËßÁ¼ ÎûËò– ÷ý×ÃÃ &»±ýÃÃ±éÂÏîÂ ò±ý×ÃÃ, îÅÂ¿÷ &»±ýÃÃ±éÂÏîÂ ò±ý×ÃÃ¼ Õ¿òûþ¿÷îÂ ñ±îÅÂ ‘Õ±åÄ’ ÎýÃÃ±»± ÎýÃÃîÅÂ ‘ò±ý×ÃÃ’1 ÕîÂÏîÂ, öÂ¿»ø¸ÉîÂ ßÁ±ù1 ¿Sûþ±1 1+Âó ßÁ¿1Âõ Îò±»±¿1¼ Õ»ËúÉ ÂóÅò1±ÂõÔ¿MÃÃ âéÂ± ›¶ŸÂõ±äÂßÁ Âõ±ßÁÉîÂ üßÁËù± ßÁ±ùîÂ ¿ÂõßÁŠ 1+ÂóîÂ ‘ò±ý×ÃÃ’1 ›¶Ëûþ±á ßÁ1± ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ ÕïÇ±È ‘÷ý×ÃÃ à±ËùÒ± Îò ò±à±ËùÒ±’1 êÂ±ý×ÃÃîÂ ‘ò±ý×ÃÃ’1 ÕïÂõ± ‘Õ±ÂóÅ¿ò à±Âõ Îò ò±à±Âõ’1 êÂ±ý×ÃÃîÂ ‘ò±ý×ÃÃ’1 ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 Õ±ËåÃ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ áêÂò ÂóX¿îÂËßÁ ü¥óÓ1ßÁ ÂóðÃ1 ›¶Ëûþ±á ÂõÅ¿ù ÎßÁ±»± ýÃÃûþ¼17 4.3.3 üßÁËù± öÂ±ø¸±ËîÂ ¿ßÁåÅÃ÷±ò òÛžïÇßÁ ús Õ±ËåÃ, ¿û ÎßÁ»ù Îò¿îÂÂõ±äÂßÁ Âõ±ßÁÉîÂ ›¶Ëûþ±á ýÃÃûþ¼ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ‘ò±’, ‘ÎòÌ’, ‘òÅý×’ÃÃ ÛËò 1+Âó¼ ÛËòËÂõ±1 úsßÁ ¿òîÂÉ òÛžïÇßÁ Âõ±äÂßÁ ús ÎÂõ±Ëù¼18 æÃîÅÂ»± ›¶Ëûþ±áîÂ ü±ñ±1í ¿ÁZ1n¸¿MÃîÂ ‘ò±’, òÛžïÇßÁ ‘ò±’1 ðÃË1 ‘òÅý×’ÃÃ ¿Sûþ±1 Õ±áîÂ Õ±1n¸ ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò ßÁ±ùÏò ßÔÁðÃ™L1 Õ±áîÂ ‘ÎòÌ’ 1+Âó Îû±á ýÃÃûþ¼ ÎûËò– [ßÁ] ò± Õ±ËåÃ ñÃò Âò± Õ±ËåÃ æÃò, ò± öÂ±îÂ Õ±ËåÃ ò± Âó±òÏ Õ±ËåÃ¼ [à] ßÁï±ËéÂ± ¿ü ÎÂó±Ëòý×ÃÃ òÅý×ÃÃ ßÁ¿1Ëù, ßÁï±ËéÂ± q¿òËûþý×ÃÃ òÅý×ÃÃ ßÁ¿1Ëù¼ ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ¼ 4.3.4 ¿ÁZQ òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ±1 ›¶Ëûþ±á, òÛžïÇßÁ1ÁZ±1± üðÃïÇßÁ ›¶ßÁ±ú, Õü÷±¿ÂóßÁ± ¿Sûþ±1 1+Âó1 òÛžïÇßÁ, ßÔÁðÃ™L 1+Âó1 òÛžïÇßÁîÂ±, üðÃïÇßÁ òÛžïÇßÁ1 ¿ÂõßÁËŠ ¿ÂõÂó1ÏîÂ ús1 ›¶Ëûþ±áÊ, Âõ±ßÁÉ1 üÅ1 ùýÃÃ1 Âó¿1ÂõîÇÂò ßÁ¿1 òÛžïÇßÁ öÂ±» ›¶ßÁ±ú, ÕòÅ:±îÂ òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ±1 áêÂò Õ±¿ðÃ ëÂ×Ë~àËû±áÉ¼ îÂùîÂ ÎßÁ»ù ¿ÂõËú¡ø¸í òßÁ¿1 Ûý×ÃÃËÂõ±11 ÎßÁ»ù ëÂ×ðÃ±ýÃÃ1í ¿ðÃûþ± ÆýÃÃËåÃ19 – [ßÁ] òæÃò± òýÃÃûþ, òýÃÃ±ÍßÁ ò±ï±¿ßÁÂõ±, Îò±ËýÃÃ±»±-òýÃÃûþ¼ [à] ¿û ¿ßÁ òßÁË1Ò± ÎîÂ±ßÁ ¿ßÁûþ· ÎîÂÝÒ òßÁ¿1Âõ æÃ±Ëò±· [á] äÂ±ßÁ¿1 òßÁ¿1 ÂõÉ»ü±ûþîÂ ñ¿1Ëù¼ îÅÂ¿÷ ò±à±Ëù ÷ý×ÃÃ ÂÎÂõûþ± Âó±÷¼ [â] Âõ±â ò-÷Ë1Ò±ËîÂý×ÃÃ åÃ±ù ßÁ±ËìÂÿ¼ ò±¿ýÃÃù Âõ’ýÃÃ±á¼ [ãÃÃ] ÎÂõûþ±, éÂ±ò Õ±¿ðÃË1 öÂ±ù òýÃÃûþ, üýÃÃæÃ òýÃÃûþ-1 öÂ±Âõ ›¶ßÁ±ú ßÁË1¼ [äÂ] öÂ±îÂ à±÷ æÃ±Ëò±· [ò±à±ûþ]¼ Î÷±1 ùáîÂ ù±¿áÂõÍù Õ±¿ýÃÃÂõ· [ò±ËýÃÃ] [åÃ] [üðÃïÇßÁ] îÅÂ¿÷ Îû±»±¼ [òÛžïÇßÁ] îÅÂ¿÷ ò±û±Âõ±¼ [üðÃïÇßÁ] îÅÂ¿÷ ÷Ëò ÷Ëò ï±ßÁ±¼ [òÛžïÇßÁ] îÂý×ÃÃ ÷Ëò ÷Ëò ò±ï±¿ßÁ¿Âõ¼ 4.4 äÂÏò±-¿îÂÂõõîÂÏûþ öÂ±ø¸±Ëá±‡ÂÏßÁ Âó¿GîÂüßÁËù öÂ±ø¸±îÂ±¿QßÁ ðÔÃ¿©†ËßÁ±í1Âó1± ðÅÃéÂ± ú±à±îÂ ¿ÂõöÂMÃ ßÁ¿1ËåÃÐ ¿îÂÂõõîÂÂõ÷¹ Õ±1n¸ úÉ±÷-äÂÏòÏûþ¼ ¿îÂÂõõîÂÂõ÷¹ öÂ±ø¸±ßÁ æÃæÇÃ Õ±Âõè±ýÃÃ±÷ ¢¶Ïûþ±äÇÂËò ûï±SË÷ ¿îÂÂõõîÂÂõ÷ÇÏ, ¿ýÃÃ÷±ùûþÏ, Õü÷Âõ÷ÇÏ, Õ±1n¸ ëÂ×MÃÃ1 Õü÷Âõ÷ÇÏ ò±Ë÷Ë1 äÂ±¿1éÂ± öÂ±áîÂ öÂ±á ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ ¿ýÃÃ÷±ùûþÏ ú±à±1 ¿ù¥¤Å, Îò»±¿1, &1n¸Ñ, îÂ±÷±Ñ Õ±1n¸ ¿îÂÂõõîÂÏûþ ú±à±1 öÂáòÏûþ±üßÁù1 ðÅÃý×ÃÃ-ÛßÁ öÂ±ø¸± ëÂ×MÃÃ1-ÂóÓÂõÇ±=ù1 Õü÷ËßÁ ñ¿1 ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ êÂ±ý×ÃÃîÂ ¿üÒäÂ1¿îÂ ÆýÃÃ Õ±ËåÃ¼ â±ý×ÃÃÍßÁ Õü÷Âõ÷ÇÏ Õ±1n¸ ëÂ×MÃÃ1 Õü÷Âõ÷ÇÏ ú±à±1 öÂ±ø¸±ý×ÃÃ Õü÷ËßÁ ñ¿1 ëÂ×MÃÃ1-ÂóÓÂõÇ±=ùîÂ ÂõÉ±¿Âó Õ±ËåÃ¼ ÂõËëÂÿ±, òá±, ßÅÁßÁÏ äÂÏò, Õü÷Âõ÷¹1 ëÂ×Âóú±à±¼ Õ±òýÃÃ±ËîÂ ëÂ×MÃÃ1

70  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ± 1+Âó1 áêÂò Õü÷Âõ÷ÇÏ ú±à±1 Õ™LáÇîÂ ¿÷¿äÂÑ, á±ùÑ, Õ±Âó±éÂ±¿ò, éÂ±ÑäÂ± Õ±¿ðÃ öÂ±ø¸±¼ Ûý×ÃÃËÂõ±11 ¿÷¿äÂÑ öÂ±ø¸±1 Âõ±¿ýÃÃË1Ý ¿äÂÑËôÂÌ, á±ùÑ, éÂ±ÑäÂ± Õ±¿ðÃ öÂ±ø¸± ëÂ×æÃ¿ò Õü÷1 ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ¿æÃù±îÂ Õ±ËåÃ¼ úÉ±÷äÂÏòÏûþ ú±à±1 éÂ±ý×ÃÃ ú±à±1 Õ™LáÇîÂ éÂ±ý×ÃÃ Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷, à±÷¿éÂ, ôÂ±ËßÁ, Õ±ý×ÃÃîÂò, îÅÂ1n¸Ñ, à±÷±ûþÑ Õ±¿ðÃ öÂ±ø¸±Ë1 Âó¿1ÂóÓíÇ¼ ëÂ×MÃÃ1 ÂóÓÂõÇ±=ù ÝÂó1îÂ ëÂ×Ë~à ßÁ1± â±ý×ÃÃÍßÁ äÂÏò±-¿îÂÂõõîÂ÷ÓùÏûþ1 ú±à±, ëÂ×Âó-ú±à±1 öÂ±ø¸±Ë1 Âó¿1ÂóÓíÇ¼ 4.4.1 òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ±1+Âó1 ÎŽÂSîÂ ¿îÂÂõõîÂÂõ÷ÇÏ ú±à±1 Õ±™LáÇîÂ öÂ±ø¸±1 ðÅÃ÷ÅàÏûþ± ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±11 ßÁï± ›¶™¦±»ò± ¿úîÂ±òîÂ ëÂ×Ë~à ßÁ1± ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ ü±ñ±1í ñ±îÅÂîÂ Âó1 ›¶îÂÉËûþË1 Õ±1n¸ ÕòÅ:±îÂ ÂóÓÂõÇ ›¶îÂÉËûþË1 òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ±1 1+Âó áêÂò ßÁ1± ýÃÃûþ¼ ¿îÂÂõõîÂÂõ÷ÇÏ ú±à±1 ÂõËëÂÿ± ÂõáÇÏûþ ú±à±1 öÂ±ø¸±îÂ Ûý×ÃÃ ÆÂõ¿ú©†É ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ ÕòÅ:±îÂ ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ÎýÃÃ±»± ÂóÓÂõÇüáÇ ÎßÁ»ù ùáËýÃÃ ù±Ëá, ñ±îÅÂ1 ›¶ï÷ ¦¤1ñÃõ¿ò ÕòÅû±ûþÏ ¿öÂi§ ëÂ×Âó±ßÔÁ¿îÂ ÎÂó±»± ò±û±ûþ, ÕïÂõ± ü÷ÏöÂ»ò òýÃÃûþ¼ îÂùîÂ ÛËò öÂ±ø¸±1 Âó1± ÝÂó11 ßÁï±1 ¿öÂ¿MÃÃîÂ ëÂ×ðÃ±ýÃÃ1í ðÃ±¿ãÃÃ ñ1± ýÃÃ’ù Ð ÂõË1± Ð [ÂóÓÂõÇ ›¶îÂÉûþ ‘ðÃ±’ ÕòÅ:±îÂ ü±ñ±1í ñ±îÅÂîÂ ‘Õ±’ Õ±1n¸ ‘Õ±’1 Âõ¿ñÇîÂ 1+Âó ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ýÃÃûþ¼] ï±Ñ [û±Âõ±] ðÃ±-ï±Ñ [ò±û±Âõ±] æÃ± [à±Âõ±] ðÃ±-æÃ± [ò±à±Âõ±] } [ÕòÅ:±] ÆôÂ [Õ±ËýÃÃ] ÆôÂûþ± [ò±ËýÃÃ] ï±Ñ [û±ûþ] ï±ãÃÃ± ¿ùûþ± [ò±û±ûþ] }[ü±ñ±1í ñ±îÅÂ] 1±öÂ± Ð à±1 [ßÁ1] îÂ±à±1 [òßÁ¿1Âõ±] Î1Ñ [à±Âõ±] îÂ±Ë1Ñ [ò±à±Âõ±] } [ÕòÅ:±] ôÅÂðÃ± [ò±ËäÂ] ôÅÂðÃ±äÂ± [ò±ò±ËäÂ] ðÃ±àÅ [Îà±»±] ðÃ±àÅäÂ± [Îà±»± ò±ý×ÃÃ] } [ü±ñ±1í ñ±îÅÂ] ÎðÃëÂ×1Ï Ð ÎßÁ [à±Âõ±] ðÃ±ËßÁ [ò±à±Âõ±] ðÅÃðÅÃËÂõ [ÂõýÃÃ±] ðÃ± ðÅÃðÅÃËÂõ [òÂõ¿ýÃÃÂõ±] } [ÕòÅ:±] ýÃÃ± [à±Âõ± Âó±ûþ] ýÃÃ±-æÃ± [à±Âõ± ò±Âó±ûþ] ÕîÂý×ÃÃ [ÎäÂ±»±] ÕîÂûþ± [Îò±ËäÂ±»±] } [ü±ñ±1í ñ±îÅÂ] ¿ëÂ÷±äÂ± Ð îÂ±Ñ [à±¿Âõ] ðÃ±îÂ±Ñ [ò±à±¿Âõ] [ÕòÅ:±] ¿æÃ [à±ÝÒ] ¿æÃûþ± [ò±à±ÝÒ] [ü±ñ±1í ñ±îÅÂ] ¿îÂÂóÄ1± Ð äÂ±¿ðÃ [ò±û±Âõ±] îÂ± äÂ±¿ðÃ ôÂ±ý×ÃÃ¿ðÃ [ò±¿ýÃÃÂõ±] îÂ± ôÂ±ý×ÃÃ¿ðÃ } [ÕòÅ:±] äÂ± [à±ûþ] äÂ±ûþ± [ò±à±ûþ] ôÂ±ý×ÃÃ [Õ±ËýÃÃ] ôÂ±ý×ÃÃûþ± [ò±ËýÃÃ] } [ü±ñ±1í ñ±îÅÂ] 4.4.2 ßÁ±¿ÂõÇ öÂ±ø¸±îÂ ÂóÓÂõÇüáÇ ò±ý×ÃÃ¼ Âó1üáÇ ‘¿1’Ë1 ÕòÅ:± Õ±1n¸ ñ±îÅÂËéÂ±1 ¿ÁZ1n¸¿MÃ ßÁ¿1 ü±ñ±1í ñ±îÅÂ1 öÂ±Âõ ›¶ßÁ±ú ßÁ1± ýÃÃûþ¼ ÎûËò– ÕòÅ:±îÂ Ð ¿òÑËæÃ [ßÁ¿Âõ] ¿òÑËæÃ-¿1 [òßÁ’¿Âõ] ÷Ñ [UÂó±] ÷Ñ-¿1 [òÅUÂó±]

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  71 æÃái§±ï Âõ÷Çò ÎßvÁ÷ [ßÁ¿1¿Âõ] ÎßvÁ÷-¿1 [òßÁ¿1¿Âõ] ü±ñ±1í ñ±îÅÂ Ð ßvÁ÷ [ßÁË1] ÎßvÁ÷-ÎßvÁ [òßÁË1] äÂ’ [à±ûþ] äÂ’-ÎäÂ [ò±à±ûþ] ÎïÑ [÷±1] ÎïÑ-Îï [ò±÷±1] ÂÎ1Ñ [Âõ±ËäÂ] Î1Ñ-Î1 [ò±Âõ±ËäÂ] ü±ñ±1í ñ±îÅÂ ÂóÓíÇ 1+ÂóîÂ ¿ÁZ1n¸¿MÃ òýÃÃûþÊ, Îò±ËýÃÃ±»± ÕïÇ ÂõÅæÃ±ÂõÍù ñ±îÅÂ1 ›¶ï÷ ÂõíÇ1 Õ±à1 Õ±1n¸ Û- ßÁ±1 Îû±á, ÎúýÃÃîÂ ÕòÅ¦¤1 ‘Ñ’ ïßÁ± úsîÂ ‘Ñ’ Îù±Âó Âó±ûþ¼20 4.4.3 ëÂ×MÃÃ1 Õü÷Âõ÷ÇÏ ëÂ×Âóú±à±1 Õ™LáÇîÂ ¿÷¿äÂÑ, Õ±Âó±îÂ±¿ò, á±ùÑ Õ±¿ðÃ öÂ±ø¸±îÂ òÛžïÇßÁ ÷±ËS Âó1üáÇ æÃ±îÂ¼ òÛžïÇßÁ ›¶±ßÔÁ¿îÂ ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó ‘÷±’ Õ±1n¸ ‘ûþ±’ Îû±á ýÃÃûþ¼ ÎûËò Ð Õ±Âó±îÂ±òÏ Ð ãÃÃ Õ±Âó±îÂ±òÏ ¿2äÂ ÷± [÷ý×ÃÃ Õ±ÂóîÂ±òÏ ò±æÃ±ËòÒ±¼] á±ùÑ Ð ãÃÃ Õ±¿äÂò ðÃ’ ÷± [÷ý×ÃÃ öÂ±îÂ ò±à±ÝÒ] ÷ÅòÅ ÛÕ± ¿îÂ îÂ’ ÷± [¿üýÒÃÃËîÂ äÂ±ýÃÃ ò±à±ûþ¼] ¿÷¿äÂÑ Ð ãÃÃ ý×ÃÃ ÷± [÷ý×ÃÃ òßÁË1Ò±], ò ðÃ ÷± [îÅÂ¿÷ Îò±Ëà±»±], ÂõÅ îÂÔ ÷± [¿ü ¿Âó Îà±»± ò±ý×ÃÃ] 4.4.4 úÉ±÷Ïûþ ú±à±1 Õ™LáÇîÂ éÂ±ý×ÃÃ ëÂ×Âóú±à±1 à±÷¿îÂ, Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷, à±÷ûþ±Ñ, éÂ±ý×ÃÃôÂ±ËßÁ, éÅÂ1Ñ Õ±¿ðÃ öÂ±ø¸±îÂ òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ±1 1+Âó ÷ò ßÁ¿1ÂõùáÏûþ±¼ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 òÛžïÇßÁ ‘ò’ ›¶±ßÔÁ¿îÂ ü÷ÏöÂ»ò ÎýÃÃ±»±1 ðÃË1 Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷ Õ±¿ðÃ öÂ±ø¸±ËîÂ± ÛËßÁðÃË1 ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ ¿ßÁåÅÃ÷±òîÂ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ¦¤1ñÃõ¿òË1 Õ±1y ÎýÃÃ±»± ñ±îÅÂîÂ òÛžïÇßÁ ‘òÄ’ ÂõÉ?ò±™L ÎûËòðÃË1 ùá ù±Ëá ¿êÂßÁ ÎîÂËò1+ÂóîÂ ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ýÃÃûþ¼ éÂ±ý×ÃÃ Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷ öÂ±ø¸±îÂ ¿Sûþ±ÂóðÃ1 Õ±áîÂ òÛžïÇßÁ 1+Âó ‘Âõ±Ý’ Õ±1n¸ ‘÷±Ý’û‘Î÷Ì’ ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ýÃÃûþ¼ ÎûËòÐ ßÁ±» Âõ±Ý ¿ßÁò à±Ý [÷ý×ÃÃ öÂ±îÂ ò±à±ÝÒ]¼ ‘Âõ±Ý’ Õ±1n¸ ‘÷±Ý’ ¿ÂõßÁËŠ ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ýÃÃûþ¼ ‘÷±Ý’ 1+ÂóËéÂ±1 Âó±åÃîÂ üÑËû±á ÎýÃÃ±»± ¿Sûþ±ÂóðÃËéÂ±1 Õ±ðÃÉ¦¤11 ›¶öÂ±»îÂ ‘÷±Ý’ 1+Âó1 ¿öÂi§ ëÂ×Âó±ßÔÁ¿îÂ ÎÂó±»± û±ûþ¼ ÎûËò – ÷±Ý - ¿ßÁò Ô ¿÷¿ßÁò [ò±à±ÝÒ]Ê, ÷±Ý - ùÅßÁ Ô ÷ÅùÅßÁ [òÅËêÂÒ±]Ê, ÷±Ý - 1+Âó Ô ÷Å-1n¸ Âó [ò±æÃ±ËòÒ±]21 ÕòÅ:± 1+ÂóîÂ ñ±îÅÂ1 Õ±áîÂ ‘û±’ òÛžïÇßÁ ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ýÃÃûþ¼22 ÎûËò– û± Âó±ý×ÃÃ ¿îÂò ï±ò [îÂ±Íù ò±û±Âõ±]Ê, û± ÷± ¿îÂò ï±ý×ÃÃ [ý×ÃÃûþ±Íù ò±¿ýÃÃÂõ±] îÅÂ1Ñ öÂ±ø¸±îÂ òÛžïÇßÁ ‘òÄ’ 1+Âó ñ±îÅÂ1 Õ±áîÂ ùá ù±Ëá ¿öÂi§ ëÂ×Âó±ßÔÁ¿îÂ ÎÂó±»± ò±û±ûþ, ÕïÂõ± ü÷ÏöÂ»ò òýÃÃûþ¼ ÎûËò– ãÃÃ±ý×ÃÃ òäÂ±ý×ÃÃýÃÃ± [÷ý×ÃÃ æÃò± ò±¿åÃËùÒ±]Ê, ¿ôÂËôÂý×ÃÃ òÄ¿÷îÂË1±Âó [ÎîÂ±ßÁ Õ±¿÷ ¿Âõ«±ü òßÁË1Ò±]Ê, ò±Ñ òÄäÂ±Âõ±ý×ÃÃ [îÅÂ¿÷ ò±à±Âõ±] 4.4.5 ÂõËëÂÿ±ÂõáÇÏûþ1 Õ™LáÇîÂ òá± ú±à±1 Õ±Ý òá± öÂ±ø¸±îÂ ÕòÅ:± üÓäÂßÁ òÛžïÇßÁ 1+Âó ‘îÂ±’ Õ±1n¸ ü±ñ±1í ñ±îÅÂîÂ ‘÷±’ 1+Âó ñ±îÅÂ1 Õ±áîÂ Îû±á ýÃÃûþ¼ ðÅÃËûþ±éÂ± ñ±îÅÂ1 ›¶ï÷ ¦¤1 ÕòÅû±ûþÏ ¿öÂi§ ëÂ×Âó±ßÔÁ¿îÂ1 [Allomroph] 1+Âó ùûþ Âõ± ü÷ÏöÂ»ò ýÃÃûþ¼23 ÎûËò– ÕòÅ:±îÂ Ð îÂ± - Õ±ÂóÅ - îÂ±ÂóÅ [òÂõæÃ±Âõ±] îÂ± - ý×ÃÃ÷Äù± - ¿îÂ÷Äù± [Õ±ú± òßÁ¿1Âõ±] îÂ± - ëÂ×îÂ±ò - îÅÂ ëÂ×îÂ±ò [òÅæÅÃ¿àÂõ±]

72  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ± 1+Âó1 áêÂò ü±ñ±1í ñ±îÅÂ Ð ÷± - Õ±ÂóÅ - ÷±ÂóÅ [òÂõæÃ±Âõ±]Ê, ÷± - ý×ÃÃ÷Äù± - ¿÷÷Äù± [Õ±ú± òßÁ¿1Âõ±]Ê, ÷± - ëÂ×îÂ±ò - ÷Å ëÂ×îÂ±ò [òÅæÅÃ¿àÂõ±] òÛžïÇßÁ 1+ÂóîÂ òýÃÃ’ËùÝ ÂõËëÂÿ±ÂõáÇ1 ÂõË1± öÂ±ø¸±îÂ ñ±îÅÂîÂ ïßÁ± ›¶ï÷ ¦¤1ñÃõ¿ò ÕòÅû±ûþÏ ÂóÓÂõ üáÇÏßÁ1íîÂ ü÷ÏöÂ»ò ÎýÃÃ±»± ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ ÎûËò – ÎðÃ1 - ÎôÂËðÃ1 [ëÂ±ãÃÃ1 ßÁ1Ä]Ê, ÷ò - ÂôÂ÷ò [ÂóËßÁ±»±] ýÃÃ±÷ - ôÂ±ýÃÃ±÷ [Î÷1±÷¿îÂ ßÁ1]Ê, ÎæÃ± - ÎôÂ±ËæÃ± [ÂõUÝ»±]

5.0   ¿Sûþ±1 áêÂò Õ±1n¸ ÆÂõ¿ú©†É1 îÅÂùò±÷ÓùßÁ Õ±Ëù±äÂò± ëÂ×Ë~à ßÁ1± ëÂ×ðÃ±ýÃÃ1í1 ÝÂó1ËîÂ ¿öÂ¿MÃÃ ßÁ¿1Âõ Îò±»±¿1¼ ¿Âõø¸÷ ÂõáÇÏûþ öÂ±ø¸±1 îÅÂùò± ÕîÂÉ™L æÃ¿éÂù¼ ¿ßÁåÅÃ÷±ò öÂ±ø¸±1 ò±÷÷±SËýÃÃ ÕñÉûþò ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ îÂï±¿Âó, ëÂ×MÃÃ1-ÂóÓÂõÇ±=ù1 äÂÏò±-¿îÂÂõõîÂÏûþ öÂ±ø¸±ü÷ÓýÃÃ1 òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ±1 áêÂò Õ±1n¸ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ±1 áêÂò1 ÎŽÂSîÂ ûËï©† ü±ðÔÃúÉ ÎðÃà± ÆáËåÃ¼ Îüý×ÃÃËÂõ±11 ¿öÂîÂ1îÂ ¿ò¥§¿ù¿àîÂ ü±ðÔÃúÉËßÁý×ÃÃéÂ±ÃÃ ëÂ×Ë~à ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1– ßÁ] òÛžïÇßÁ 1+Âó ñ±îÅÂ Âõ± ¿Sûþ±1 Õ±áîÂ ÂóÓÂõÇüáÇ ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó Îû±á ÆýÃÃ ¿Sûþ±1 1+Âó ü±ñò ýÃÃûþ¼ à] òÛžïÇßÁ1 ¿öÂi§ ›¶üÑáîÂ üÅßÁÏûþ± 1+Âó ÕïÇ±È Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ðÃË1 ‘òÄ’, ‘ò’, ‘ò±’, ‘òÅ’, ‘ÎòÌ’, ‘ò±ý×Ã’Ã1 ðÃË1 ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ýÃÃûþ¼ á] ¿ÂõÂó1ÏîÂ ús1ÁZ±1± òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ±1 öÂ±Âõ ›¶ßÁ±ú ÕïÇ±È ‘àÂõ1 öÂ±ù òýÃÃûþ’ ßÁï±ËéÂ±ËßÁ ‘àÂõ1 ÎÂõûþ±’Ë1 ›¶ßÁ±ú ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1¼ ÂõË1±, 1±öÂ± öÂ±ø¸± Õ±¿ðÃËîÂ± ÛËò ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ ÎûËò Ð ï±ãÃÃ± [¿òæÃÏ], ‘æÃÕ±’1 [òÂõýÃÃ] öÂ±Âõ ûï±SË÷ ¿ÂõÂó1ÏîÂ ús ‘Íï’ [÷1], ‘áåÃÑ’ [ëÂ×êÂ] Õ±¿ðÃË1 ›¶ßÁ±ú ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1¼ â] ñ±îÅÂ1 ›¶ï÷ ¦¤1 ÕòÅû±ûþÏ ü÷ÏöÂ»ò Âõ± òÛžïÇßÁ1 ¿öÂi§ ëÂ×Âó±ßÔÁ¿îÂ1 ›¶Ëûþ±á ýÃÃûþ¼ ÛËò ¿üX±™L1 Âõ±¿ýÃÃË1Ý ÕËòßÁ ¿üX±™L ïßÁ±ËîÂ± ¿ò¿(îÂ¼ ¿ßÁc ëÂ×MÃÃ1-ÂóÓÂõÇ±=ù1 Õü÷Ïûþ± Õ±1n¸ äÂÏò±-¿îÂÂõõîÂÏûþ öÂ±ø¸±1 òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ±1 1+Âó1 áêÂò ›¶ßÔÁ¿îÂ ÕòÅñ±»ò ßÁ¿1Ëù Ûý×ÃÃËßÁý×ÃÃéÂ± ùŽÂí ÷ÅàÉÍßÁ ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ ÛËò ü±ðÔÃúÉ1 Âõ±¿ýÃÃË1Ý ÕËòßÁ ü±ðÔÃúÉ ïßÁ±ËîÂ± ¿ò¿(îÂ¼ ü±ðÔÃúÉËßÁ ëÂ×Í÷ýÃîÂÏûþ± ÆÂõ¿ú©†É ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó öÂ±ø¸±áîÂ ÎŽÂS1 Âó¿1ü1îÂ ¿òíÇûþ ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1¼ ý×ÃÃûþ±ßÁ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ÝÂó1îÂ ›¶öÂ±» ÕïÂõ± Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±îÂ Õò±ûÇ ëÂ×Âó±ðÃ±ò ÂõÅ¿ù ¿äÂ¿ýîÂ ßÁ¿1 ÕýÃÃ± ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ ¿ßÁc ÛËò ëÂ×Âó±ðÃ±ò öÂ±ø¸±ü÷ÓýÃÃ1 ÷±æÃîÂ Âó±1¦ó¿1ßÁ üýÃÃ±»¦š±ò1 ôÂù¦¤1+ËÂó öÂ±ø¸±áîÂ ÎŽÂS á¿ìÂÿ ëÂ×ËêÂ±ËîÂý×ÃÃ Õ±ýÃÃ¿1îÂ ßÁ1± ýÃÃ’Âõ Âó±Ë1¼ ÛËò ÛßÁ üy±»ò±1 ÝÂó1îÂ ¿öÂ¿MÃÃ ßÁ¿1 ëÂ0 ðÃÏÂó‚1 ÷1Ëù ðÃ™L÷ÓùÏûþ ñÃõ¿ò, Âó(îÂ±ùÂõÉ ò±¿üßÁÉ ‘ãÃÃ’ ñÃõ¿ò, ¿ò¿ðÇÃ©†Âõ±äÂßÁ1 ùáîÂ üÑàÉ±ÂóðÃ1 ›¶Ëûþ±á Õ±¿ðÃßÁ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±ËßÁ ñ¿1 ëÂ×MÃÃ1-ÂóÓÂõÇ±=ù1 äÂÏò±-¿îÂÂõõîÂÏûþ öÂ±ø¸±1 ëÂ×Í÷ýÃÃîÂÏûþ± ÆÂõ¿ú©†É ÂõÅ¿ù ¿òíÇûþ ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼24 ÛËò ÛßÁ ñ±1í±1 á±ËîÂ Õ±ëÂ×¿æÃ ëÂ0 ëÂ×ËÂóò 1±öÂ± ýÃÃ±ßÁ±äÂ±Ë÷ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ±1+Âó1 Õ±ðÃÉ Õ»¦š±òîÂ ›¶Ëûþ±á îÂï± Âó1»îÇÂÏ ñÃõ¿ò1 ›¶öÂ±»îÂ ÂóÓÂõÇÂõîÇÂÏ ‘ò’1 ¿öÂi§ ëÂ×Âó±ßÔÁ¿îÂ ÕïÂõ± ü÷ÏöÂ»òßÁ ‘öÂ±ø¸±áîÂ ÎŽÂS1 Âó¿1ü1îÂ Õ±ÂõX ßÁ¿1 ÂõÉ±àÉ± ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó1± ëÂ×Âó±ðÃ±ò’25 ÂõÅ¿ù ÷îÂ Õ±áÂõìÂÿ±ý×ÃÃËåÃ¼ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ¿Sûþ±1 òÛžïÇßÁ 1+Âó1 ›¶Ëûþ±á òÂõÉöÂ±1îÂÏûþ Õ±ûÇ öÂ±ø¸±ü÷ÓýÃÃ1 Âó1±

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  73 æÃái§±ï Âõ÷Çò ÂóÔïßÁ ÕïÂõ± Õ±ËÂó¿ŽÂßÁöÂ±Ë» ¿Âõ™¦Ô¿îÂ üÅ¿Âõú±ù îÂï± ûËï©† ü±ðÔÃúÉ Õ±ËåÃ¼ ÛËò ßÁï±ý×ÃÃ ý×ÃÃûþ±ËßÁ ›¶÷±í ßÁË1 Îû ëÂ×MÃÃ1-ÂóÓÂõÇ±=ù1 Õ±ûÇ, Õü÷Ïûþ±, äÂÏò±-¿îÂÂõõîÂÏûþ öÂ±ø¸±1 ¿Sûþ±1 òÛžïÇßÁ 1+Âó1 áêÂò1 ÛßÁ ëÂ×Í÷ýÃÃîÂÏûþ± ÆÂõ¿ú©†É Õ±ËåÃ, ¿ûËûþ öÂ±1îÂ1 öÂ±ø¸±ü÷ÓýÃÃ1 Âó1± Ûý×ÃÃËŽÂSîÂ ëÂ×MÃÃ1-ÂÂóÓÂõÇ±=ù1 öÂ±ø¸±ßÁ óÔïßÁ ÷±S± ðÃ±ò ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼

 1¼ ôÂíÏf ò±1±ûþí ðÃMÃÃ Ð ‘›¶Ëûþ±á öÂ±ø¸± ¿Âõ:±ò1 1+ÂóË1à±’ – 1÷ ›¶ßÁ±ú, 2006, ÂõòùîÂ±, ¿ëÂÂõèn¸áëÂÿ¼ ÂóÔÐ 114 2¼ ëÂ×ËÂóò 1±öÂ± ýÃÃ±ßÁ±äÂ±÷ Ð ‘Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ± Õ±1n¸ òÛžïÇßÁîÂ±’, ‘á1ÏûþüÏ’, ÷±äÇÂ 2005, ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ ›¶ßÁ±ú, ÂóÔÐ 24-31 3¼ Âõ±íÏßÁ±™L ßÁ±ßÁ¿îÂ, ‘Assamese – its Formation and Development’ äÂîÅÂïÇ ›¶ßÁ±ú, 1987 äÂò, ÂóÔÐ 380 4¼ ‘ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 öÂ±ø¸±ËéÂ± ÷ñÉ öÂ±ø¸±îÂÍßÁ ÕùÂó ÎÂõËùá’ ÂõÅ¿ù ¿ýÃÃëÂ×Ë»ò äÂ±ËãÃÃ ÷îÂ ›¶ßÁ±ú ßÁ¿1¿åÃù¼ 5¼ Âõ±íÏßÁ±™L ßÁ±ßÁ¿îÂ, AFD ÂóÔÐ 380 6¼ ›¶±&MÃ ÂóÔ Ð 383 7¼ ›¶±&MÃ ÂóÔ Ð 383 8¼ ëÂ×ËÂóf ò±ï Îá±¦¤±÷ÏËûþ ‘Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 1+Âó ßÁï±’îÂ ëÂ×Ë~à ßÁ¿1ËåÃ, 49ðÂóÔÐ, 1981ðäÂò¼ 9¼ òËáò êÂ±ßÅÁË1 ÆúËùò öÂ1±ùÏ ü¥ó±¿ðÃîÂ ‘Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸± ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ-üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ ¢¶Lš1 ‘Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 áêÂòîÂ ïùÅ»± öÂ±ø¸±ü÷ÓýÃÃ1 ëÂ×Âó±ðÃ±ò’ úÏø¸ÇßÁ ›¶ÂõgîÂ ëÂ×Ë~à ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ 10¼ 1Ë÷ú Âó±êÂËßÁ ‘öÂ±ø¸± ¿Âõ:±ò1 öÓÂ¿÷ßÁ±’îÂ ¢¶Lš1 Âó¿1¿ú©†îÂ ëÂ×Ë~à ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ 11¼ Âõ±íÏßÁ±™L ßÁ±ßÁ¿îÂ, AFD ÂóÔÐ 383, 1987ðäÂò¼ 12¼ Îá±Ëù±ßÁ äÂf Îá±¦¤±÷Ï, ‘Õü÷Ïûþ± ÂõÉ±ßÁ1í1 Î÷Ì¿ùßÁ ¿ÂõäÂ±1’, ¿ÁZîÂÏûþ ›¶ßÁ±ú, 1990 äÂò, ÂóÔÐ 35¼ 13¼ ¿ò¿àËùú ÂóÅ1ßÁ±ý×ÃÃîÂ ‘Âõ±Ñù± Õü÷Ïûþ± Ý Ý¿ëÂÿûþ±1 ëÂ×ÂóöÂ±ø¸±1 ÎöÂÌá¿ùßÁ æÃ1ÏÂó’, ›¶ï÷ ›¶ßÁ±ú, 1988, ÂóÔÐ 145¼ 14¼ ëÂ×ËÂóò 1±öÂ± ýÃÃ±ßÁ±äÂ±÷, ‘á1ÏûþüÏ’, 2005, ÂóÔ Ð 24¼ 15¼ ôÂíÏf ò±1±ûþí ðÃMÃÃ ‘›¶Ëûþ±á öÂ±ø¸± ¿Âõ:±ò1 1+ÂóË1à±’ ÂóÔÐ 115,ð2006ðäÂò¼ 16¼ Îá±Ëù±ßÁ äÂf Îá±¦¤±÷Ï, ‘Õü÷Ïûþ± ÂõÉ±ßÁ1í1 Î÷Ì¿ùßÁ ¿ÂõäÂ±1’, ÂóÔÐ196, 1990ðäÂò¼ 17¼ ôÂíÏf ò±1±ûþí ðÃMÃÃ, ‘›¶Ëûþ±á öÂ±ø¸± ¿Âõ:±ò1 1+ÂóË1à±’, ÂóÔÐ 115, 2006ðäÂò¼ 18¼ ëÂ×ËÂóò 1±öÂ± ýÃÃ±ßÁ±äÂ±÷, ‘á1ÏûþüÏ’, 2005,Ã ÂóÔÐ 25¼ 19¼ ëÂ×ðÃ±ýÃÃ1íËÂõ±1 ëÂ×ËÂóò 1±öÂ± ýÃÃ±ßÁ±äÂ±÷1 ‘Õü÷Ïûþ± Õ±1n¸ Õü÷1 ¿îÂÂõõîÂÂõ÷ÇÏ öÂ±ø¸±’ äÂîÅÂïÇ ›¶ßÁ±ú, 2013 Âó1± Îù±»± ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ 20¼ ùÑ1±÷ ÎéÂ1í, ßÁ±¿ÂõÇ öÂ±ø¸± Âó¿1äÂûþ, Õü÷ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ üöÂ±, 1994 äÂò, ÂóÔÐ 40-41¼ 21¼ ëÂ×ËÂóf ò±ï Îá±¦¤±÷Ï, Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 1+ÂóßÁï±, ¿ÁZîÂÏûþ ›¶ßÁ±ú, ÂóÔÐ 50, 1981ðäÂò¼ 22¼ öÂ1±ùÏ, ¿ÂõöÂ± Õ±1n¸ äÂS»îÇÂÏ, Âõò±òÏ [ü¥ó±¿ðÃîÂ] Ð Â‘Õü÷1 öÂ±ø¸±’, ›¶ï÷ ›¶ßÁ±ú, 2013ðäÂò¼ 23¼ ëÂ×ËÂóf ò±ï Îá±¦¤±÷Ï, ‘Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 1+ÂóßÁï±’, ÂóÔÐ 50, 1981ðäÂò¼ 24¼ ðÃÏÂó‚1 ÷1ù, ‘ëÂ×ÂóöÂ±ø¸± ¿Âõ:±ò’ 1÷ ›¶ßÁ±ú, 1991, ÂóÔÐ 74-82¼ 25¼ ëÂ×ËÂóò 1±öÂ± ýÃÃ±ßÁ±äÂ±÷, ‘Õü÷Ïûþ± Õ±1n¸ Õü÷1 ¿îÂÂõõîÂÂõ÷ÇÏ öÂ±ø¸±’ 5÷ ›¶ßÁ±ú, 2013 äÂò, ÂóÔÐ 197¼

74  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 òÛžïÇßÁ ¿Sûþ± 1+Âó1 áêÂò  1¼ ÎßÒÁ±»1, ÕÂóíÇ± Ð ‘Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸± ¿äÂ™Lò’, òîÅÂò ÂõæÃ±1 ¿ëÂÂõèn¸áëÂÿ, 1÷ ›¶ßÁ±ú, 2016 2¼ öÂA±äÂ±ûÇÉ, ›¶Ë÷±ðÃ äÂf [ü¥ó±¿ðÃîÂ] Ð ‘Õü÷1 öÂ±ø¸± Âó¿1äÂûþ’, Îû±1ýÃÃ±éÂ, Õü÷ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉðüöÂ±, 1÷ ›¶ßÁ±ú, 2015 äÂò¼ 3¼ Âõ1n¸»±, öÂÏ÷ßÁ±™L Ð ‘Õü÷1 öÂ±ø¸±’, ¿ëÂÂõèn¸áëÂÿ, ©†ÅËëÂ°I×äÄÂ Û¥ó’¿1ûþ±÷, 3ûþ ›¶ßÁ±ú, 1996ðäÂò¼ 4¼ ÂõËëÂÿ±, ÷ñÅ1±÷ Ð ‘ÂõËëÂÿ± öÂ±ø¸±1 áêÂò’, ýÃÃ±ËæÃ±, ¿›¶ûþ¿ðÃòÏ ›¶ßÁ±ú, ›¶ï÷ ›¶ßÁ±ú 1995ðäÂò¼ 5¼ Bhattacharya, Promod Chandra : ‘Aspect of North East Indian Language’, Guwahati, ABILAC, 1st Edition, 2003. 6¼ Kakati, Banikanta : ‘Assamese its Formation and Development’, Guwahati LBS Pub- lication, 4th Edition,1987. 7¼ Ramaswami, N.: ‘Common Linguistic Feature in Indian Language : Phonetics’ Mysore, Central Institute of Indian Language, 1st Edition, 1999.

Manuscript received on 22/03/2018 Reviewed Paper received on 01/08/2018 Revised Paper received on 20/08/2018 Research Paper accepted on 24/08/2018

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  75 PRAG CONSILIENCE: ISSN 2456-6861, RNI No. ASSMUL/2016/70132 A Multi-lingual Peer-reviewed Annual Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Commerce Vol. 3, No. 1 (2018), pp. 76-89

 LITERARY BEAUTY OF ‘AXOMAR PADYA BURANJI’: AN ANALYSIS

*

Abstract : ‘Axomor Padya Buranji’, the treasure of Assamese chronicles is an excellent union of historical information and poetic expressions. Some events of Ahom’s dynasty, described in ‘Axomor Padya Buranji’ , consisted of two metrical chronicles composed by Dutiram Hazarika’s ‘Kalibharat’ and Bisweswar Vaidyadhipa’s ‘Belimarar Buranji’. Generally, the language of chronicles at that time were in oral prose. But composing cronicals in poetic language/poetry when prose was the most common trend of composing chronicles was the reason behind the popularity of rhythmically explained folktales and devotion of Vaishnava poetry, which inspired both the poets to create such works . Hence, it is very important to evaluate the historical and the literary value of such chronicles. Chronicals composed in poetic verse are also an important part of Assamese literature. In the commandment of King Purander Singha, Dutiram Hazarika was inspired to compose the events happened under the reign of Ahom prince Kamaleswar Singha. On the otherhand, Bisweswar Vaidyadhipa compiled as per the royal commandment from the king Purandar Singha. Both the chronicles are partial and depicted the events of Ahom dynesty. Both the historians beyond their personal interest, expressed their neutral opinion with the help of rhythmical expression. Keywords: Chronicles, Rhythm, Expression

1.  ðÅÃ¿îÂ1±÷ ýÃÃ±æÃ¿1ßÁ±1 ‘ßÁ¿ùöÂ±1îÂ’ Õ±1n¸ ¿ÂõË««1 ÆÂõðÃÉ±¿ñÂó ¿Âõ1¿äÂîÂ ‘ËÂõ¿ù÷±11 ÂõÅ1?Ï’ 1 ü÷¿©† * Associate Professor, Department of Assamese, Kamakhyaram Baruah College, Fatashil, Guwahati, E-mail : [email protected]

76  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 ‘Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï’îÂ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÎüÌµûÇ ‘Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï’1 Õü÷Ïûþ± ÂõÅ1?Ï ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÛßÁ Õ±ÂóÅ1n¸áÏûþ± ü¥óðÃ¼ Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷1±æÃ äÅÂßÁ±ôÂ± ¦¤áÇËðÃË» ›¶±äÂÏò ßÁ±÷1+Âó1 ËüÌ÷±1ÂóÏêÂîÂ ëÂ×Âó¿¦šîÂ ÍýÃÃ ›¶±îÂÉ¿ýÃÃßÁ æÃÏ»ò1 üßÁËù± âéÂò± ¿ù¿ÂóÂõX ßÁ¿1 1±¿àÂõÍù Ë÷±ýÃÃò-Âõ±ý×ÃÃùÅãÃÃßÁ ¿ðÃûþ± ¿òËVÇú Âó±ùò ßÁ1±1 Â¿òûþË÷Ë1 Õü÷îÂ ÂõÅ1?Ï [ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ]1 Âó1¥ó1±1 üÔ¿©† ÍýÃÃ¿åÃù¼ Ëüý×ÃÃ¿ðÃò ñ¿1 Øò¿ÂõÑú ú¿îÂßÁ±1 ÷±æÃöÂ±áÍùËßÁ Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷ 1±æÃÂõÑúý×ÃÃ ßÁ¿1 Ëû±»± ¿òûþ÷÷ËîÂ ñ±1±Âõ±¿ýÃÃßÁöÂ±Ë» ÂõÅ1?Ï ¿ùà±2 ¿òûþ÷ äÂ¿ù Õ±¿ýÃÃËåÃ ¼ ÕòÅ÷±ò ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1 Ëû Ûý×ÃÃ ÂõÅ1?Ï ¿ùà± ›¶ï±ËéÂ± Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷üßÁù1 æÃ±¿îÂáîÂ ›¶ï± Õ±¿åÃù Õ±1n¸ üy»îÂ Õ±¿ðÃ Âõ±ü¦š±ò ï±ý×ÃÃËùG1 Âó1±ý×ÃÃ ßÁ¿ìÂÿûþ±ý×ÃÃ Õ±¿ò¿åÃù¼3 Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷üßÁËù Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±ßÁ ÷±îÔÂöÂ±ø¸±1+ËÂó ¢¶ýÃÃí ßÁ1±1 Õ±áËîÂ Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷ öÂ±ø¸±îÂ ÂõÅ1?Ï 1äÂò± ÍýÃÃ¿åÃù¼ ¿ßÁc Ëû¿îÂûþ±1Âó1± ßÁïÉöÂ±ø¸±1+ËÂó Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷öÂ±ø¸±1 ›¶Ëûþ±á ßÁ¿÷ Õ±¿ýÃÃù Õ±1n¸ 1±æÃðÃ1Âõ±1îÂ Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷öÂ±ø¸±1 êÂ±ý×ÃÃîÂ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø±¸ý×ÃÃ ¦š±ò ßÁ¿1 ùËù ËîÂ¿îÂûþ±1Âó1± Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±ËîÂ± ÂõÅ1?Ï 1äÂò± ýÃÃ’ÂõÍù ñ¿1Ëù¼ ü±ñ±1íËîÂ ÂõÅ1?Ïü÷ÓýÃÃ ßÁ¿ïîÂöÂ±ø¸±îÂ 1¿äÂîÂ ÍýÃÃ¿åÃù, ËüËûþ áðÃÉîÂ ¿ùà± ÂõÅ1?Ï1 üÑàÉ± ËÂõ¿åÃ¼ Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷ ûÅáîÂ ¿ßÁ÷±ò üÑàÉßÁ ÂõÅ1?Ï ¿ùà± ÍýÃÃ¿åÃù îÂ±ßÁ æÃ±¿òÂõ1 ëÂ×Âó±ûþ ò±ý×ÃÃ¼ ¿ßÁûþËò± ßÁÏ¿îÇÂäÂf Âõ1Âõ1n¸»±1 ÂõÅ1?ÏðÃ±ýÃÃ, Ë÷±»±÷1Ïûþ± ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃ, ÷±ò1 ÕîÂÉ±äÂ±1 Õ±1n¸ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ›¶±ßÔÁ¿îÂßÁ Õ±1n¸ 1±æÃÍò¿îÂßÁ ðÅÃËû±ÇáîÂ ÂõUËîÂ±ÂóÅ¿ï[üÒ±¿äÂÂóîÂÏûþ±] ò©† ËýÃÃ±»±1 ëÂ×Âó¿1Ý, ÂõU ÂõÅ1?ÏÂóÅ¿ï Û¿îÂûþ±ÍùËßÁ ëÂ×X±1 ËýÃÃ±»± ò±ý×ÃÃ¼4ðáðÃÉ1 ùáËîÂ ÂóðÃÉËîÂ± ÂõÅ1?Ï ¿ù¿àÂõÍù Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷1æÃ±üßÁËù ›¶öÓÂîÂ Õ¿1ýÃÃí± Ëû±á±ý×ÃÃ¿åÃù¼ ¿ÂõË««1 ÆÂõðÃÉ±¿ñÂó1 ‘ËÂõ¿ù÷±11 ÂõÅ1?Ï’ Õ±1n¸ ðÅÃ¿îÂ1±÷1 ‘ßÁ¿ùöÂ±1îÂ’ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 Ü¿îÂýÃÃ±¿üßÁ Õ±1n¸ ü±¿ýÃÃ¿îÂÉßÁ ÷ÓùÉ Ûý×ÃÃ ›¶üÑáîÂ ëÂ×Ë~àòÏûþ¼5 Õü÷Ïûþ± ÂõÅ1?Ïü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ¿Âõø¸Ëûþ åÃ±1 ¿æ. ¢¶Ïûþ±ÇåÃËò Õ±1n¸ Õ±òµ1±÷ ËìÂ¿ßÁûþ±ù ôÅÂßÁËòÝ ÷™LÂõÉ ßÁ¿1Ëå¼Ã6,7 áðÃÉ1 ðÃË1 ÂóðÃÉîÂ ¿ùà± ÂõÅ1?ÏËÂõ±Ë1± Õü÷Ïûþ± ÂõÅ1?Ï ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÛéÂ± ›¶ñ±ò Õe¼ ÂóðÃÉîÂ ¿ùà± ÂõÅ1?Ï1 Âó1¥ó1± Õ±1y ÍýÃÃ¿åÃù ðÃ1e1 1æÃ± ü÷Å^ò±1±ûþí1 Õ±:±îÂ üÓûÇà1Ï ÍðÃ»:ý×ÃÃ ¿ùà± ËßÒÁ±äÂ1æÃ±üßÁù1 ý×ÃÃ¿îÂÂõÔMÃÃ ‘ðÃ1Ñ 1±æÃÂõÑú±»ùÏ’, 1¿îÂßÁ±™L ¿ÁZæÃ ›¶íÏîÂ ðÃ1e1 ÂõÅ1?Ï ïßÁ± ‘1±æÃÂõÑú±»ùÏ’, üÓûÇËðÃ» ¿ÁZæÃý×ÃÃ ¿ùà± ‘1±æÃÂõÑú±»ùÏ’ Õ±¿ðÃ ÂóðÃÉîÂ ¿ùà± ÂõÅ1?ÏÂóÅ¿ïË1¼ ý×ÃÃûþ±1 Âõ±¿ýÃÃË1Ý üSÏûþ± ÂõÅ1?Ï Õ±1n¸ äÂ¿1îÂ ÂóÅ¿ï Õ±¿ðÃËîÂ± ÂóðÃîÂ ¿ùà± ÂõÅ1?Ï1 ÂõU ßÁï± ËÂó±»± û±ûþ¼ Ëüý×ÃÃðÃË1 ËÂõù±ëÂ, ÷±¿ùîÂ± Õ±¿ðÃËîÂ± Õü÷ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 ÂõU ßÁï±- ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ ùÅßÁ±ý×ÃÃ Õ±ËåÃ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ Õ±éÂ±ý×ÃÃ¿Âõù±ËßÁ ÂóðÃîÂ 1¿äÂîÂ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ1 æÃò¿›¶ûþîÂ±1 ßÁï±ËßÁ ›¶÷±í ßÁË1¼ ßÁ¿Âõ ðÅÃ¿îÂ1±÷ Õ±1n¸ ¿ÂõË««Ë1 Ûý×ÃÃ æÃò¿›¶ûþîÂ±ßÁ ùŽÂÉ ßÁ¿1 Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷ 1±æÃQ ßÁ±ù1 ÂõÅ1?Ï [ÕÑú¿ÂõËúø¸] ÂóðÃÉîÂ ¿ù¿àÂõÍù ëÂ×Èü±ýÃÃ ËÂó±»±ËéÂ± üýÃÃËæÃ ÕòÅ÷±ò ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó1± û±ûþ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ÎùàßÁ ÁZËûþ ÂóðÃÉîÂ Õü÷1 ÂõÅ1?Ï ›¶íûþò ßÁ¿1 Õü÷Ïûþ± ÂõÅ1?Ïü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉÍù ÛßÁ Õ±ÂóÅ1n¸áÏûþ± Âõ1ãÃÃ¿í Õ±áÂõìÂÿ±ý×ÃÃËåÃ¼ ‘Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï’ 1 1äÂò±ßÁ±1 ðÅÃ¿îÂ1±÷ ýÃÃ±æÃ¿1ßÁ± Õ±1n¸ ¿ÂõË««1 ÆÂõðÃÉ±¿ñÂóÃ1 ü¥óËßÇÁ Âõ1 ¿ÂõËúø¸ æÃ±¿òÂõ Âó1± ò±û±ûþ¼ ðÅÃ¿îÂ1±÷ ¿ðÃ¿ýÃÃÑ üS±¿ñßÁ±11 ¿úø¸É Õ±¿åÃù Õ±1n¸ öÂßÁîÂÏûþ± üßÁËù± &ËíË1 ¿ÂõöÓÂ¿ø¸îÂ Õ±¿åÃù¼ ¦¤áÇËðÃëÂ× ÂóÅ1µ1 ¿üÑýÃÃ1 Õ±:± ÕòÅü±Ë1 ûÅ»1±æÃ ßÁ±Ë÷«1 ¿üÑýÃÃý×ÃÃ ËîÂÝÒßÁ Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 Õ™LáÇîÂ ÕîÂÏîÂ âéÂò±ËÂõ±1 öÂ±¿ãÃÃ-Âó±¿îÂ ÍßÁ¿åÃù¼Â öÓÂÛž±ËðÃË» ûï±ûï ûÅ¿MÃ ›¶ðÃúÇËòË1 ËîÂÝÒßÁ ÂóÅ1µ1 ¿üÑýÃÃ1 1±æÃ¿Âõø¸ûþ± ÂõÅ¿ù ËðÃàÅ»±ý×ÃÃËåÃ ¼8,9 ûÅ»1±æÃ1 Õ±ËðÃú÷±ù± ¿ú1îÂ Íù ðÅÃ¿îÂ1±Ë÷ Õü÷1 ÂõÅ1?Ï ¿ùà±1 ßÁ±÷îÂ Õ±áÂõ±¿ìÂÿ¿åÃù¼ Õ±òýÃÃ±ËîÂ ¿ÂõË««1 ÍÂõðÃÉ±¿ñÂó ÍðÃ»: Âõ± üÓûÇ¿Âõ›¶ßÅÁùîÂ æÃij ù±öÂ ßÁ1± ÍÂõðÃÉ Âõ1n¸»±1 ò±¿îÂËûþßÁ Õ±¿åÃù¼ Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷ 1æÃ±1 îÂùîÂ ¿ÂõË««Ë1 ÍÂõðÃÉ±¿ñÂó ¿Âõø¸ûþ à±ý×ÃÃ¿åÃù Õ±1n¸ ÂóÅ1µ1 ¿üÑýÃÃ [öÓÂÛž± ËðÃ»1 ÷ËîÂ] ¦¤áÇËðÃëÂ×1 1±æÃÕ±:±Ë1 ËîÂÝÒ ÂõÅ1?Ï üÑßÁùò ßÁ¿1¿åÃù¼10

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  77 ÷?ÅÀ öÂA±äÂ±ûÇÏ 2.  Ûý×ÃÃ áË»ø¸í± ÂóS1 ÕñÉûþò1 ëÂ×ËVúÉ ÆýÃÃËåÃ Õü÷Ïûþ± ÂõÅ1?Ï ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÛéÂ± ú±à± ÂóðÃÉîÂ ¿ùà± ÂõÅ1?Ï ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó ‘Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï’ 1 &1n¸Q ¿ÂõäÂ±1 ßÁ1±¼ ‘Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï’ 1 Õ™L1±ùîÂ ¿ò¿ýÃÃîÂ ïßÁ± ßÁ¿ÂõÁZûþ1 üÓ„-ðÔÃ¿©†, öÂ±»-ÕòÅöÓÂ¿îÂ Õ±1n¸ Õ±ù‚±¿1ßÁ ›¶ßÁ±ú1 ÍÂõ¿ú©†É ¿ÂõäÂ±1 ßÁ1±¼ öÂ±ø¸± öÂ±»1 Âõ±ýÃÃò¼ ËîÂËòËŽÂSîÂ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 qßÁ±ò ýÃÃ±ëÂÿ-åÃ±ù 1+ÂóÏ âéÂò±îÂ öÂ±»1 1ü-âòîÂ±ý×ÃÃ ËßÁËò ËüÌµûÇ ÂõXÇò ßÁË1 îÂ±ßÁ Õ±Ëù±äÂò± ßÁ1±1 ëÂ×ËVúÉ Õ±1n¸ ›¶ËäÂ©†± Ûý×ÃÃ Õ±Ëù±äÂò±-ÂóS ÂàòîÂ ¿ò¿ýÃÃîÂ Õ±ËåÃ¼ Âó¿SßÁ±àò ›¶dîÂ ßÁË1Ò±ËîÂ ü¥óÓíÇ ÂõíÇò±ñ÷ÇÏ Õ±1n¸ ¿ÂõËú¡ø¸í±RßÁ ÂóX¿îÂ Õ»ù¥¤ò ßÁ1± ÍýÃÃËåÃ¼

3.  ‘Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï’îÂ Õ™LÇöÅÂM ðÅÃ¿îÂ1±÷ ýÃÃ±æÃ¿1ßÁ±1 ‘ßÁ¿ùöÂ±1îÂ ÂõÅ1?Ï’ Õ±1n¸ ¿ÂõË««1 ÆÂõðÃÉ±¿ñÂó ¿Âõ1¿äÂîÂ ‘ËÂõ¿ù÷±11 ÂõÅ1?Ï’ ðÅÃËûþ±àËòý×ÃÃ à¿GîÂ ÂõÅ1?Ï¼ Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷ 1±æÃÂõÑú1 Õ±Ñ¿úßÁ âéÂò±ËýÃÃ ý×ÃÃûþ±1 ÷±ËæÃË1 Âõ¿íÇîÂ ÍýÃÃËåÃ¼ ‘ßÁ¿ùöÂ±1îÂ ÂõÅ1?Ï’îÂ îÅÂÑàÅãÃÃÏûþ± ÍôÂðÃ1 ù1±1æÃ± äÅÂ¿ùßÁÄôÂ±1 ÕîÂÉ±äÂ±11 Âó1± 1ŽÂ± Âó±ÂõÍù ËßÁËòðÃË1 ù±¿e áðÃ±Âó±òÏËûþ åÃ½ËÂõËúË1 ÂõËò-æÃeËù Âóù±ý×ÃÃ ôÅÂ¿1 Ëúø¸îÂ ËßÁËòÍßÁ 1æÃ± ÍýÃÃ¿åÃù îÂ±1 ¿ÂõÂõ1ËíË1 ÂõÅ1?Ïàò Õ±1y ÍýÃÃËåÃ¼ ¦¤áÇËðÃëÂ× áðÃ±ñ1 ¿üÑýÃÃ1 æÃÏ»ò1 ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ëÂ×O±ò-ÂóîÂò1 ùáËîÂ ¦¤áÇËðÃ» 1n¸^¿üÑýÃÃ, ¦¤áÇËðÃ» ¿ú»¿üÑýÃÃ, ¦¤áÇËðÃ» ›¶÷MÃÃ ¿üÑýÃÃ, ¦¤áÇËðÃ» 1±ËæÃ«1 ¿üÑýÃÃ, ¦¤áÇËðÃ» ùŽÂÏ¿üÑýÃÃ, ¦¤áÇËðÃ» ËáÌ1Ïò±ï ¿üÑýÃÃ, ¦¤áÇËðÃ» ßÁ÷Ëù«1 ¿üÑýÃÃ, ¦¤áÇËðÃ» äÂfßÁ±™L ¿üÑýÃÃ, ¦¤áÇËðÃ» ÂóÅ1µ1 ¿üÑýÃÃ, ¦¤áÇËðÃ» Ëû±Ëá«1 ¿üÑýÃÃ ÍùËßÁ Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷ 1±æÃÂõÑú1 ðÃýÃÃ á1±ßÁÏ 1æÃ±1 æÃÏ»òßÁ±ù1 ¿Âõ»1í1 ùáËîÂ ÷±í-÷1±í1 Õ±S÷í, ý×ÃÃÑ1±æÃ1 Õ±á÷í Õ±1n¸ ËßÁ±¥ó±òÏ1 ú±üò1 üÓäÂò±– ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ¿ðÃú ÂóðÃÉ±ßÁ±Ë1 Âõ¿íÇîÂ ÍýÃÃËåÃ¼ Õ±òýÃÃ±ËîÂ ¿ÂõË««1 ÆÂõðÃÉ±¿ñÂó ¿Âõ1¿äÂîÂ ‘ËÂõ¿ù÷±11 ÂõÅ1?Ï’îÂ Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷ 1±æÃQßÁ±ù1 ÛËßÁÂõ±Ë1 Ëúø¸ ËåÃ±»±1 ü÷ûþ1 âéÂò± Õ¿îÂ üÑ¿ŽÂ5 1+ÂóîÂ [÷±S ¿îÂ¿òéÂ± ÕñÉ±ûþ1 ÷±ËæÃË1] ¿ÂõËúø¸ÍßÁ ¦¤áÇËðÃ» ËáÌ1Ïò±ï ¿üÑýÃÃ, ¦¤áÇËðÃ» ßÁ÷Ëù«1 ¿üÑýÃÃ, ¦¤áÇËðÃ» äÂfßÁ±™L ¿üÑýÃÃ [¿ÁZîÂÏûþÂõ±11 1±æÃQßÁ±ùÍùËßÁ]1 ¿ðÃò1 âéÂò± ¿ÂõËúø¸ÍßÁ ËáÌ1Ïò±ï ¿üÑýÃÃý×ÃÃ ÷éÂßÁ-÷1±í1 ëÂ×ÈÂó±îÂîÂ ¿îÂ¿‡ÂÂõ Ëò±»±¿1 1ÑÂóÅ1 Û¿1 &»±ýÃÃ±éÂÏÍù Ëû±»±1 Âó1± ÷±ò1 ¿ÁZîÂÏûþ Õ±S÷íÍùËßÁ ÕïÇ±È 1792-1819ðÍùËßÁ ßÁ±ùËåÃ±»±1 âéÂò± ÂóðÃÉîÂ ÂõíÇò± ßÁ1± ÍýÃÃËåÃ¼ Õ»ËúÉ ëÂ0 öÓÂÛž±ý×ÃÃ ¿ÂõË««1 ÍÂõðÃÉ±¿ñÂó1 ‘ËÂõ¿ù÷±11 ÂõÅ1?Ï’ àò1 Õü¥óÓíÇ Õ±1n¸ Âó¿ìÂÿÂõ Ëò±»±1± ÕÑú¿à¿ò ¿òËæÃ ÂóÓ1±ý×ÃÃ Âó±êÂßÁ1 ëÂ×ÂóËöÂ±á1 Ëû±áÉ ßÁ¿1 îÅÂ¿ùËåÃ¼ áðÃÉîÂ ¿ùà± ÂõÅ1?Ï1 ÂõUù ›¶äÂ±11 ßÁ±ùîÂ ßÁ¿ÂõËûþ ¿ßÁûþ ÂóðÃÉîÂ ÂõÅ1?Ï ¿ù¿àÂõÍù ›¶ûþ±ü ßÁ¿1¿åÃù îÂ±1 ßÁ±1í ßÁ¿ÂõËûþ ëÂ×Ë~à ßÁ1± ò±ý×ÃÃ û¿ðÃÝ ÕòÅ÷±ò ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1 Ëû ÂóÓÂõÇË1 Âó1± ›¶äÂ¿ùîÂ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏü÷ÓýÃÃ1 ùûþáîÂ ›¶ßÁ±ú1 æÃò¿›¶ûþîÂ± Õ±1n¸ ÍÂõøž» ßÁ¿Âõ üßÁù1 ßÁ±ÂõÉ1 ›¶¿îÂ ïßÁ± ÕòÅ1±Ëáý×ÃÃ ßÁ¿ÂõÁZûþßÁ ÛËò ßÁ÷ÇîÂ ÕòÅË›¶1í± Ëû±á±ý×ÃÃ¿åÃù¼ ËüËûþ ‘ÂóÅ1±îÂò ßÁï± q¿òÂõ±ßÁ Ëû±áÉ’Â ßÁ¿1 óðÃÉîÂ 1äÂò± ßÁ¿1ËùÝ ËîÂËàîÂ1 ÷ÅàÉ ëÂ×ËVúÉ Õ±¿åÃù ÂõÅ1?Ï1 âéÂò±ü÷ÓýÃÃ1 îÂïÉü÷ÔX ÂõíÇò± ðÃ±¿ãÃÃ ñ1±¼ á¿îÂËßÁ ËùàËßÁ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ËüÌµûÇ1 Â›¶¿îÂ Âõ1 ËÂõ¿åÃ &1n¸Q ¿ðÃ¿åÃù ÂõÅ¿ù ßÁÂõ Âó1± ò±û±ûþÂ¼ ëÂ0ðöÓÂÛž±1 ÷ËîÂ ÂõÅ1?ÏàòîÂ Verses are defective in many places and the rhyme endings are usually unsatisfactory.10 ëÂ0ðöÓÂÛž±ý×ÃÃ ÕòÅ÷±ò ßÁ1± ÷ËîÂ Õ±äÂùËîÂ ßÁ±¿ÂõÉßÁ ¿ÂõüÑá¿îÂ1 ÷ÓùËîÂý×ÃÃ Õ±¿åÃù ›¶ï÷ËîÂ ðÅÃËûþ± Õ±¿åÃù ÂõÅ1?Ï¿ÂõðÃ, ¿ÂóåÃîÂËýÃÃ ßÁ¿Âõ¼ ëÂ0

78  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 ‘Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï’îÂ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÎüÌµûÇ ÷ËýÃÃ«1 ËòÝá1 ÷™LÂõÉËîÂ± ËîÂËò ßÁï±ý×ÃÃ ¦ó©† ¼11ðßÁ±ÂõÉ ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó ÂõÅ1?Ï ¢¶Lšàò ÛËßÁÂõ±Ë1 ÝÂó1 à±Âó1 òýÃÃËùÝ ÂóðÃÉîÂ 1äÂò± ßÁ1±1 ùáËîÂ Õ™LöÇÂÅMÃ ËýÃÃ±»± ÂõU÷ÓùÏûþ± ÂõÅ1?Ï1 ü÷Ëù ¢¶Lšàò1 ÷ÓùÉ ûËï©† ÂõÔ¿X ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ ëÂ0ðüÓûÇßÅÁ÷±1 öÓÂÛž±ý×ÃÃ ËßÁ±»±1 ðÃË1 ÂõÅ1?Ï1 òÏ1ü Ü¿îÂýÃÃ±¿üßÁ âéÂò±1 ñ±1±Âõ±¿ýÃÃßÁ ¿Âõ»1í, ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ü÷ù1 ü÷±Ë»ú Õ±1n¸ Õ±Ë»á-ÕòÅöÓÂ¿îÂ1 ËüÌ1öÂ1 ¿÷ùËò ¢¶Lšà¿òßÁ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 ùáËîÂ Õü÷Ïûþ± ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 Û¿éÂ Õ÷ÓùÉ ü¥ó¿MÃÃ ßÁ¿1 îÅÂ¿ùËåÃ¼ ðÅÃËûþ±á1±ßÁÏ ÂõÅ1?Ï¿ÂõËðÃý×ÃÃ ÍÂõøž»±ðúÇ1 ÁZ±1± ›¶öÂ±»±¿i¤îÂ ßÁ¿Âõ Õ±¿åÃù¼ ÷±ËæÃ ÷±ËæÃ ›¶ßÁ±ú ËÂó±»± ü±Ñü±¿1ßÁ ðÅÃà1 Õ¿òîÂÉîÂ± ›¶ßÁ±úßÁ ÂóðÃ Õ±1n¸ ýÃÃ¿1 ò±÷îÂ Õ±|ûþ ù’ÂõÍù ¿ðÃûþ± ëÂ×ÂóËðÃúÂóÓíÇ ßÁï±1 ü÷±Ë»Ëú ÛßÁ ÂõdÂõ±ðÃÏ Âõ± ËöÂ±áÂõ±ðÃÏ ¿Âõø¸ûþ1 ùáîÂ Õ±ñÉ±¿RßÁ ¿Âõø¸ûþ1 üÑû±á á¿ìÂÿ îÅÂ¿ùËåÃ¼ ü±Ñü±¿1ßÁ æÃÏ»ò1 Õü±1îÂ± ü¥óËßÇÁ Õ¿öÂ: ßÁ¿ÂõËûþ ÍÂõøž» &1n¸1 ¿úßÁ¿ò Âó±ýÃÃ¿1 Ëû±»± ò±ý×ÃÃ¼ “îÅÂ¿÷ æÃáîÂ1 Öú îÅÂ¿÷ æÃáæÃÏ»” [ÂóÔÐ 8ð] Õ±òýÃÃ±ËîÂ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 Âó±îÂîÂ 1æÃ±-÷ýÃÃ±1æÃ±1 ¿Âõø¸ûþ-Âõ±üò±ÂóÓíÇ æÃÏ»ò1 ËßÁ±ù±ýÃÃù, ñò Õ±1n¸ ŽÂ÷îÂ±1 Õ¿1ûþ±Õ¿1 Õ±1n¸ Âõ±™¦»1 ßÁËêÂ±1 üîÂÉ1 ÷Åà±÷Å¿à ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 æÃÏ»™L 1+Âó- -Ûý×ÃÃ ðÅÃý×ÃÃ öÂ±»1 ùáîÂ Õ±ñÉ±¿RßÁîÂ±1 üÑ¿÷|í1 æÃ¿1ûþËîÂ Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷ ûÅá1 [ÕÑúßÁ±ùÏò] ÂõÅ1?Ï 1äÂò±îÂ ßÁ¿ÂõËûþ ÷Ëò±ñ÷ÇÏ ßÁ±ÂõÉ Õ±1n¸ ÂõdÂõ±ðÃÏ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 ¿÷ùò âéÂ±ý×ÃÃËåÃ¼ ÍÂõø¸¿ûþßÁ ¿Âõø¸ûþ1 ùáîÂ ÕñÉ±RÂõ±ðÃÏ öÂ±»ñ±1±1 üÑ¿÷|ËíË1 ßÁ¿ÂõÁZËûþ Õü÷1 ÂõÅ1?Ï ÂóðÃÉ1 Õ±ßÁ±Ë1 1äÂò± ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 ¿Âõø¸ûþ1 ùáîÂ ú±¦aÏûþ ðÃ±úÇ¿òßÁ îÂN1 ü¥¤g ò±ý×ÃÃ¼ ¿ßÁc ‘Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï’ ý×ÃÃûþ±1 ÂõÉ¿îÂS÷¼ ÂõÅ1?ÏßÁ±11 ëÂ×ËVúÉ Õ±¿åÃù ËöÂ±áÂõ±ðÃÏ Âõ± æÃëÂÿÂõ±ðÃÏ ¿Âõø¸ûþÂõd1 ÍüËîÂ Õ±ñÉ±¿RßÁîÂ±1 üÑËû±á ü±ñò ßÁ¿1 æÃÏ»ò1 Õü±1îÂ± ü¥óËßÇÁ üæÃ±á ßÁ¿1 ËîÂ±ù±¼ ËüËûþ Âó1÷ ¿ÂõøÅžöÂMÃ ßÁ¿ÂõÁZûþ1 Õ™L1îÂ ›¶Âõ±¿ýÃÃîÂ ÍýÃÃ ïßÁ± ÍÂõøž» Õ±ðÃúÇ Âõ± öÂ±1îÂÏûþ Õ±ñÉ±¿RßÁîÂ±1 :±Ëò üÅ1n¸ãÃÃ± Âó±Ëùý×ÃÃ ›¶ßÁ±ú Âó±ý×ÃÃ ëÂ×¿êÂËåÃ¼ ¿ÂõËúø¸ÍßÁ ÍÂõøž» ßÁ±ÂõÉ±ðÃúÇ1 ÕòÅßÁ1íîÂ 1äÂò± ßÁ1± Âõ±ËÂõ ‘ßÁ¿ùöÂ±1îÂ ÂõÅ1?Ï’1 ›¶¿îÂËéÂ± ÕñÉ±ûþ1 Õ±1y¿òËîÂ üÔ¿©†ßÁîÇÂ±1 Âõµò± Õ±1n¸ Ëúø¸îÂ üÔ¿©†ßÁîÇÂ±1 ÕÑú±»îÂ±1 ýÃÃ¿1, ßÔÁøž, 1±÷1 ÷±ýÃÃ±RÉË1 ¢¶Lšà¿ò1 ü±÷1¿í ÷1± ËðÃà± û±ûþ¼ “ æÃûþ æÃûþ ßÔÁøž ›¶öÅÂ îÅÂ¿÷ Õ±¿ðÃ ËðÃ»¼ îÅÂ¿÷ Âó1÷Ä ÂõèpÁ ýÃÃ¿1 îÅÂ¿÷ üðÃ±¿ú»”¼¼ [ ÂóÔÐ1] “ßÁ1n¸í± ßÁ¿1ËÂõ ýÃÃ¿1 Ë÷±1 ðÃ±ü ÂõÅ¿ù¼ 1±÷ 1±÷ ÂõÅ¿ù ÍÂõßÅÁËF ûÿ±ý×ÃÃÂõ± äÂ¿ù¼¼” [ÂóÔÐ 212] Õ±òýÃÃ±ËîÂ ËÂõ¿ù÷±11 ÂõÅ1?ÏîÂ ¿êÂßÁ ÕòÅ1+Âó ËðÃà± òáËùÝ ÷±ËæÃ ÷±ËæÃ Âõ± ÕñÉ±ûþ1 Õ™LîÂ 1±÷, ßÔÁøž, ÷±ñ»1 äÂ1í ¿äÂ™L±Ë1 ÕñÉ±ûþ1 ü÷±¿5 â¿éÂËåÃ¼ “ËýÃÃò æÃ±¿ò ßÔÁøž1 äÂ1Ëí ¿ðÃûþ± ¿äÂMÃÃ¼ ý×ÃÃýÃÃ Âó1Ëù±ßÁ ÷±ñ»1 ò±Ë÷ ¿ÂõMÃÃ¼¼” [ÂóÔÐ 216] “ËýÃÃò æÃ±¿ò ü±ñÅüËÂõ ËîÂæÃ± Õ±ò ßÁ±÷¼ Âó±îÂßÁ åÃ±Ë1±ßÁ ëÂ±¿ßÁ ËÂõ±ù± 1±÷ 1±÷¼¼” [ÂóÔÐ 217]

4.  ÂõÅ1?Ï 1äÂò±îÂ ðÅÃéÂ± ¿ðÃú ü±ñ±1íËîÂ ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò---¿Sûþ±RßÁ Õ±1n¸ ßÁ±¿ÂõÉßÁ¼ ßÁ±¿ÂõÉßÁ ¿ðÃúËéÂ±1 Âõ±ËÂõý×ÃÃ ÂõÅ1?Ïü÷ÓýÃÃßÁ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ú±1ÏîÂ ¦š±ò ¿ðÃÂõ Âó±¿1¼ ËüËûþ ÂõÅ1?ÏîÂ ËßÁ±»± ÍýÃÃËåÃ --“ ÷ý×ÃÃ ßÁ±êÂ1 áëÂÿ Âõ±¿g÷ Âó¿äÂÂõ, ÷±¿éÂ1 áëÂÿ Âõ±¿g÷ à¿ýÃÃÂõ, ÷ý×ÃÃ ßÁï±1 áëÂÿ Âõ±¿g ¿ðÃËå± ›¶±í Âó¿1ËöÂ±áÏ ýÃÃÂõ¼”11 ÂõÅ1?Ï Õ±1n¸ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÕÂóÓÂõÇ üe÷ Ûý×ÃÃ ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 ÷±æÃËîÂ± Âó¿1ðÔÃ©† ýÃÃûþ¼¼ ßÁ±ÂõÉ Âõ± ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÷Óù ëÂ×ËVúÉ ÍýÃÃËåÃ Õ±òµ ›¶ðÃ±ò ¼ Âõd¢¶±ýÃÃÉ ¿Âõø¸ûþßÁ 1ü ü÷ÔX ßÁ¿1 Âó±êÂßÁ1 ýÃ+ðÃûþ1 ÝäÂ1 äÂÂó±ÂõÍù ü÷ïÇ ýÃÃËù Ëüý×ÃÃ ßÁ±ÂõÉ Âõ± ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ üÂõÇü±ñ±1í1 ¢¶ýÃÃíËû±áÉ ýÃÃûþ¼ ÂóÓÂõÇË1 Âó1± ›¶äÂ¿ùîÂ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 Âó±¿ïÇ» Âõ±üò± æÃæÇÃ¿1îÂ ¿Âõø¸ûþÂõdßÁ ßÁ±ÂõÉ1 üÅËßÁ±÷ù öÂ±» Õ±1n¸ åÃµ-Õù‚±11 ü±÷?üÉîÂ±Ë1 ›¶ßÁ±ú ßÁ¿1Ëù ËîÂËò òÏ1ü ÂõdÝ 1üü÷ÔX ÍýÃÃ ÂëÂ×ËêÂ¼ Õ±÷±1 ÂõÅ1?ÏßÁ±1

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  79 ÷?ÅÀ öÂA±äÂ±ûÇÏ ðÅÃæÃËòÝ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 ¿Âõø¸ûþÂõdßÁ 1ü¢¶±ýÃÃÏ Õ±1n¸ Õ±ßÁøÇ¸íÏûþ ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù ßÁ±ÂõÉ1 ëÂ×Âó±ðÃ±ËòË1 ÕùÑßÔÁîÂ ßÁ1±1 ûï±ü±ñÉ ›¶ËäÂ©†± ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ Âõ¿íÇîÂ âéÂò±1 üýÃÃæÃ-ü1ù ÕïäÂ üÑûîÂ ÂõíÇò±ý×ÃÃ ÂõÅ1?Ï ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 Ë|‡ÂQ ›¶¿îÂÂói§ ßÁË1¼ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 ¿Âõø¸ûþÂõd ýÃÃ’ù ý×ÃÃýÃÃËùÌ¿ßÁßÁ, üýÃÃæÃ, ü1ù äÂßÅÁË1 ËðÃà± ßÁï±1 ûï±ûï ÂõíÇò± ßÁ1±1 ËäÂ©†±¼ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 âéÂò±ËÂõ±1 ËùËàÒ±ËîÂ ËùàßÁ ûËï©†öÂ±Ë» Õò±üMÃ ï±¿ßÁÂõ1 ËäÂ©†± ßÁ¿1ËùÝ ÕËòßÁ êÂ±ý×ÃÃîÂ ÕæÃ±¿òîÂöÂ±Ë» ËùàßÁ Õ±Ë»á-ÕòÅöÓÂ¿îÂ üÑÂóÔMÃ ÍýÃÃ ÂóË1¼ Õ±äÂùËîÂ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 üîÂÉ âéÂò±îÂ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÕòÅöÓÂ¿îÂ Õ±1n¸ ßÁŠò±1 1Ñ äÂ¿1Ëù îÂ±îÂ Âõ±™¦» âéÂò±ý×ÃÃ ÂóÓíÇ1+ËÂó ›¶ßÁ±ú ËÂó±»±îÂ Âõ±ñ±›¶±5 ýÃÃûþ¼ ¿Âõø¸ûþÂõd1 ëÂ×O±Âóò ËßÁÌúù, ò±ò± ÕùÑßÁ±1ÂóÓíÇ öÂ±ø¸±, Õ±ßÁøÇ¸íÏûþ 1äÂò±-1Ï¿îÂ Õ±¿ðÃËûþ Õ±÷±1 ÂõÅ1?Ïü÷ÓýÃÃßÁ ü±¿ýÃÃÃ¿îÂÉßÁ ÷û±ÇðÃ± Õ±1n¸ ËüÌµûÇ ›¶ðÃ±ò ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ âéÂò±1 ÷±ËæÃ ÷±ËæÃ ü÷±ËÂõ¿úîÂ ËýÃÃ±»± ëÂ×ÂóßÁï±1 Õ™LÇöÅÂ¿MÃËûþ 1ü üÔ¿©†1 ËŽÂSîÂ üýÃÃ±ûþ ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ ëÂ0ðöÓÂÛž±ËðÃË» Âó±ðÃúÉ±ýÃÃ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 ËŽÂSîÂ ßÁ1± ÷™LÂõÉ ¿à¿ò ‘Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï1’ ËŽÂSËîÂ± ›¶Ëû±æÃÉ¼ ËîÂËàËîÂ ¿ù¿àËåÃ–“ÂõÅ1?Ï1 ßÁï± qßÁ±ò ýÃÃ±ëÂÿ-åÃ±ù ÷±S òýÃÃûþ, îÂ±îÂ öÂ±»1 ü÷±Ë»ú Õ±1n¸ Õ±Ë»á1 ËüÌ1öÂ ùŽÂÉ ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1¼ Ëüý×ÃÃËðÃ¿à Ûý×ÃÃ ÂõÅ1?Ïü÷ÓÓýÃÃßÁ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 ú±1Ï1 Âó1± ¿ÂõqX ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÕeÏöÓÂîÂ ßÁ1± ÍýÃÃËåÃ”¼12ð¿ßÁc Ûý×ÃÃ ËŽÂSîÂ ðÅÃ¿îÂ1±÷1 ¿ÂõËúø¸ ÍÂõ¿ú©†É ÛËûþ Ëû ËîÂÝÒ1 ýÃÃ±îÂîÂ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 üîÂÉ âéÂò±ý×ÃÃ ßÁ±ÂõÉ1üîÂ Õ»á±ýÃÃí ßÁ¿1 æÃòü±ñ±1í1 ¿äÂMÃÃßÁ Õ±ßÁøÇ¸í ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1ËåÃ¼ ¿ÂõË««11 ÂõÅ1?ÏËîÂ± âéÂò± Õ±1n¸ öÂ±»1 ü÷±Ë»ú Õ¿îÂ ¿ÂõäÂŽÂíîÂ±Ë1 ›¶ßÁ±ú Âó±ý×ÃÃËåÃ¼ 4.1  Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?ÏîÂ ÂõÅ1?ÏßÁ±Ë1 Õ¿îÂ ¿ÂõäÂŽÂíîÂ±Ë1 ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ Õù‚±11 ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ 1±æÃÂó¿1ûþ±ù1 â1n¸»± ÂõÔMÃÃ±™L ïßÁ± îÂïÉü÷ÓýÃÃ1 öÂ±»›¶»í Õ±1n¸ Õù‚1í ›¶Ëûþ±ËáË1 ÂõdÂõ±ðÃÏ Ü¿ýÃÃÉßÁ æÃáîÂ1 ¿Âõø¸ûþÂõdßÁ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ëÂ×ÂóËöÂ±áÉüÅùöÂ ßÁ¿1 îÅÂ¿ùËåÃ¼ ¿ÂõËúø¸ÍßÁ ëÂ×Âó÷±, 1+ÂóßÁ, ¦¤öÂ±Ë»±¿MÃ, ëÂ×Ë~à, ÕòÅ›¶±ü, ¿ÂõË1±ñ Õ±¿ðÃ ßÁ±¿ÂõÉßÁ Õù‚±11 ûï±Ëû±áÉ¦š±òîÂ ›¶Ëûþ±Ëá ¿Âõø¸ûþÂõd Õ±1n¸ äÂ¿1S1 Õ±òÅöÓÂ¿îÂßÁ ›¶ßÁ±úßÁ Õ¿ñßÁ ÂõÉ?ò±÷ûþ ßÁ1±îÂ üýÃÃ±ûþ ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ 4.1.1  ßÁ±ÂõÉ1 ¿Âõø¸ûþÂõdßÁ ëÂ×Âó÷±ý×ÃÃ Õ¿ñßÁ ¦ó©†îÂ1 ßÁ¿1 ËîÂ±Ëù¼ ðÅÃ¿îÂ1±÷1 ëÂ×Âó÷±1 üÒæÅÃ¿ùËÂõ±1 ÛËßÁÂõ±Ë1 â1n¸»± êÒÂ±äÂ1 ¼13 â1n¸»± ëÂ×Âó÷±ò Õ±1n¸ ëÂ×ÂóË÷ûþË1 ËîÂÝÒ ¿Âõø¸ûþÂõd1 ü±ðÔÃúÉ ›¶ðÃúÇò ßÁ¿1 ¿Âõø¸ûþÂõdßÁ Õ¿ñßÁ ¦ó©† ßÁ¿1 îÅÂ¿ùËåÃ ¼ ëÂ×ðÃ±ýÃÃ1í ¦¤1+ËÂó îÂùîÂ ËßÁý×ÃÃéÂ±÷±ò ¿òðÃúÇò ðÃ±¿ãÃÃ ñ1± ýÃÃ’ù– ßÁ] Ëûò ËßÁ±Ëò± ¿á¿1 ËéÂËßÁ¿ùîÂ ðÅÃ* öÂ¿1 ¼ ¿ëÂ¿eîÂ ùá±ûþ± Âõ±Ëg éÂ÷±ù1 æÃ1Ï¼¼ [ÂóÔÐ 31] à] ¿ÂõæÅÃ¿ù äÂéÂßÁ Ëûò æÃÏ»ò Õ¿ï1 ¼ ËýÃÃò æÃ±¿ò öÂ¿æÃËûþ±ßÁ äÂ1í ßÔÁøž1¼¼ [ÂóÔÐ 40] ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ¼ Õ±ËßÁÌ ¿ÂõË««1 ÍÂõðÃÉ±¿ñËÂó± Ëùà¿òËîÂ± ëÂ×Âó÷± Õù‚±Ë1 ýÃ+ðÃûþ¢¶±ýÃÃÏöÂ±Ë» ›¶ßÁ±ú Âó±ý×ÃÃËåÃ¼ ëÂ×ðÃ±ýÃÃ1í ¦¤1+ËÂó– ÷1±í-ý×ÃÃÑ1±æÃ1 ûÅXîÂ ý×ÃÃÑ1±æÃ1 &ùÏîÂ ÷1±í1 ¿û Õ»¦š± ÍýÃÃ¿åÃù îÂ±1 ÂõíÇò± ßÁ±ÂõÉîÂÂ¿ðÃËåÃ ÛËòðÃË1– ßÁ] ßÁ±Ë1± ëÂ×1n¸ ¿ú1 üË» ßÁ‚±ù öÂ±¿áù¼ êÂ±ý×ÃÃ êÂ±ý×ÃÃ ÷¿1 üË» ËðÃÌù±-ËðÃÌù ÍöÂù ¼¼ ›¶äÂG ÂõîÂ±Ëü Ëûò ÂóßÁ± îÂ±ù ôÂù¼ ÷ÔîÂËßÁ ìÂ±¿ßÁù üËÂõ ñ1íÏ÷Gù¼¼ [ÂóÔÐ 225] à] ÂóÓ¿íÇ÷±1 äÂf Ëûò 1±UË» ¢¶±¿üù±¼ Ëü¿ýÃÃ÷ËîÂ ¿ôÂ¿1¿eßÁ ËÂõ¿ìÂÿûþ± ñ¿1ù±¼¼ [ÂóÔÐ 223]ðý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ¼ ëÂ×Âó÷± Õù‚±11 ûï±Ëû±áÉ¦š±òîÂ ›¶Ëûþ±Ëá ¿Âõø¸ûþÂõdßÁ Õ¿ñßÁ Â¿äÂS÷ûþ ßÁ1±îÂ üýÃÃ±ûþ ßÁ¿1ËåÃ ¼ ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1

80  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 ‘Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï’îÂ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÎüÌµûÇ ßÁ1± ëÂ×Âó÷±ü÷ÓýÃÃ1 Âó1± ßÁ¿ÂõÁZûþ1 üÓ„ðÔÃ¿©†, ËüÌµûÇËÂõ±ñ, ú±¦a:±ò, ËùÌ¿ßÁßÁ :±ò Õ±¿ðÃ1 ßÁï±Ý öÂ±ùÍßÁ ÂõÅ¿æÃÂõ Âó±¿1¼ ü±ñ±1í ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 :±ò1 Âó¿1ü11 ¿öÂîÂ1îÂ ïßÁ± ëÂ×Âó÷±1 ÂõUù ›¶Ëûþ±ËáË1 ßÁ¿ÂõËûþ ðÅÃý×ÃÃ ÛéÂ± Õ¿îÂ ÷Ëò±1÷ Õ±1n¸ Õ±ßÁøÇ¸íÏûþ ¿äÂS ÕÒ±¿ßÁ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 öÂ±Ë»± ÕÂõÉ±ýÃÃîÂ 1±¿àËåÃ¼ ÛËò ñ1í1 ÂõíÇò± ñèn¸ÂóðÃÏ ßÁ¿Âõ1 ßÁ¿ÂõîÂ±îÂ ¿ÂõËúø¸ÍßÁ ÍÂõøž» ûÅá1 1äÂò±1 ›¶öÂ±»îÂ ËýÃÃ±»± Ëûò ù±Ëá¼ 4.1.2 Ð ßÁ]÷ýÃÃ±ú±™L ðÃ±îÂ±»™L &í»™L Âõ1¼ ¦¤öÂ±»îÂ Ëûò Ë÷1n¸ áyÏË1 ü±á1¼¼ à±éÂ ËäÂ±1 ëÂßÁ±ý×ÃÃîÂ1 ßÁ±ù û÷ Ëûò¼ ü™LüßÁùßÁ öÂ±Ëù ßÁ1±ýÃÃ± Âó±ùò¼¼ [ÂóÔÐ 73] 4.1.3 ÕòÅ›¶±ü1 üÅü÷ ›¶Ëûþ±Ëá ßÁ±ÂõÉ1 ÂõÉMÃÂõÉ ¿Âõø¸ûþ ¿ÂõËúø¸öÂ±Ë» ÕòÅ1¿íîÂ ËýÃÃ±»± ÕòÅöÂ» ýÃÃûþ¼ ßÁ] ¿îÂ¿òæÃËò ¿îÂ¿ò Õ±¿ù Âõ±g ßÁ¿1 öÂ±ù ¼ ¿îÂ¿ò ò±Ë÷ ¿îÂ¿ò Õ±¿ù Í1ËÂõ üÂõÇßÁ±ù¼¼ [ÂóÔÐ 75ð] à] ò±Ë÷± ¿äÂßÁí &1n¸ Ëû ¿äÂßÁí ¿äÂßÁí îÂûÅ äÂ¿1S¼ [ÂóÔÐ 84] 4.1.4 ßÁ] ßÁ±ù1 Õ±áîÂ ¿ßÁÂõ± äÂ±Ë» ÂõÅìÂÿ± ËëÂßÁ± ¼ ËßÁäÂ± ôÂù ü¿1 û±ûþ ëÂ±Ëù 1ËýÃÃ ÂóßÁ±¼¼ [Ü, ÂóÔÐ 115] à] ôÂ±µßÁ òäÂ±Ë» ÂóŽÂÏ Õ±ýÃÃ±1 Ëù±öÂîÂ¼ Âó1n¸»±ßÁ à±ÝÒ ÂõÅ¿ù ÂóË1 ¿ü ëÂ±ùîÂ¼¼ òÂó±Ë» à±ý×ÃÃÂõ±ßÁ ëÂ±ù à¿üûþ± Âó1ûþ¼ ËàËßÁ1n¸ ëÂ×ôÂ¿1 ôÂ±µ ËêÂeîÂ ù±áûþ¼¼ Û1±ý×ÃÃËîÂ òÂó±Ë1 ï±ËßÁ ¿äÂëÂ×-¿äÂëÂ× ßÁ¿1 ¼ Ëü¿ýÃÃ÷ËîÂ ÂõµÏ U»± Õ±ËåÒÃ± Õ±¿÷ Âó¿1 [ÂóÔÐ 186] 4.1.5  ëÂ×Ë~à ÕùÑßÁ±11 æÃ¿1ûþËîÂ ßÁ¿ÂõËûþ ÂõU&í ü¥ói§ ÂõÉ¿MÃ1 &í ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ æÃò1 ÷ÅËàË1 ¿Âõ¿öÂi§öÂ±Ë» ÂõÉMÃ ßÁ¿1 äÂ¿1S ¿äÂSí üôÂù ßÁ¿1 îÅÂ¿ù¿åÃù¼ ÍÂõðÃÉ±¿ñËÂó ¿òæÃ Âó¿1äÂûþ ›¶üÑáîÂ ›¶Ëûþ±á ßÁ1± ÛËò Õù‚±11 ¿òðÃúÇò ýÃÃ’ù– üÓûÇ¿Âõ›¶ ßÅÁËù æÃ±îÂ ¼ ¿ÂõË««1 ò±Ë÷ àÉ±îÂ ¼¼ ËîÂËýÒÃÃ ÂóðÃ ¿Âõ1¿äÂù¼ ¦¤áÇËðÃË» Õ±:± ¿ðÃù¼¼ ÍÂõðÃÉ Âõ1n¸»±1 ò±¿îÂ¼ Âó1÷ Õ:±òÏ Õ±¿îÂ ¼¼ òà±¿éÂûþ± Õ±¿åÃËùßÁ ¼ ÍÂõðÃÉ±¿ñÂó Âó±¿îÂËùßÁ¼¼ [ÂóÔÐ 217-18] 4.1.6  ¿Âõ«ßÁË÷Ç ¿ò¿¥œÇù™L îÂù±îÂù ò±÷ ¼ ÕüÑàÉ±îÂ ÁZ±1ü» ¿ò¿÷Çûþ± Õ±åÃûþ¼¼ Âó¿úËù ÷±SËßÁ Ýù±ý×ÃÃÂõ±ßÁ Âó±ü1ûþ¼ Ë«îÂ äÂfîÂ±ÂóüÂõ éÂ±¿òûþ± Õ±åÃûþ ¼¼ ÷Å1±¿1 ÷ÅßÅÁîÂ±÷¿í îÂ±ËîÂ ¿Âõ1±æÃûþ¼¼ ¿üÑýÃÃ±üòüÂõ îÂ±îÂ ËðÃ¿à 1P÷ûþ¼ ðÅÃ*-ËôÂò ü÷ îÅÂùÏ Âó±¿1ûþ± Õ±åÃûþ-ðÃÏâÇ üË1±Âõ1 ¼ ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ¼¼ [ÂóÔÐ 220] 4.1.7  åÃ±á1 Âõ±â1 ¿ßÁÂõ± Õ±åÃûþ Ëñ÷±¿ù¼ ¿Âõ1±ù1 Õ±Ëá ÷Óø¸ßÁ1ßÅÁ¿÷÷±¿ù¼ð[ÂóÔÐ 24] 4.1.8  ßÁ] ËðÃà± ËðÃà± ßÁ±ù1 ÍöÂÃÃËùßÁ ËßÁò á¿îÂ¼ ÛßÁ 1±æÃ± ï±ËßÁ Õ±ëÂ×1 Âó±ËîÂ ò1Âó¿îÂ¼¼ [ÂóÔÐ 25] à] Õ±ò1 öÂ±ûÇ±ßÁ Õ±ò æÃËò ßÁË1 æÃ±ûþ±¼ ÕòÉ1 ñòßÁ ÕËòÉ à±»ûþ Âõ¿üûþ±¼¼ [ÂóÔÐ 70] 4.1.9  ÍßÁ1 ËßÁ±ò Ëù±ßÁ Õ±Ëü ÛËýÃÃ1-ËîÂËýÃÃ1¼ ¿üËûþ± Ë÷±îÂ ßÁï± ßÁËýÃÃ ËêÂËýÃÃ1-ËêÂËýÃÃ1¼¼ [ÂóÔÐ 15]

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  81 ÷?ÅÀ öÂA±äÂ±ûÇÏ 4.2  ßÁ±ÂõÉ1 ¿ÂõËúø¸Q îÂ±1 á¿îÂúÏùîÂ±îÂ¼ åÃµý×ÃÃ ßÁ±ÂõÉßÁ Ûý×ÃÃ á¿îÂúÏùþîÂ± ›¶ðÃ±ò ßÁË1¼ ùáËîÂ åÃµ1 üËij±ýÃÃòÏ ú¿MÃËûþ ßÁ¿Âõ Õ±1n¸ Âó±êÂßÁ1 ÷±æÃîÂ ›¶öÂ±» ¿Âõ™¦±1 ßÁ¿1 ¿Âõø¸ûþÂõd1 1ü±¦¤±ðÃò ßÁ1±1 ËŽÂSîÂ Âó±êÂßÁ1 ÷òßÁ ›¶dîÂ ßÁ¿1 ËîÂ±Ëù¼ ÍðÃò¿µò æÃÏ»ò1 ßÁ±ûÇßÁù±ÂóîÂ ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ËýÃÃ±»± öÂ±ø¸±ý×ÃÃ åÃµ ÕïÇ±È ¿òûþ¿÷îÂ ùûþûÅMÃ ñÃõ¿ò¿ÂõòÉ±ËüË1 ÛßÁ ¿Âõ¿ú©† ¿úŠ1+Âó ¿ò÷Ç±í ßÁË1 ¼ ôÂù¦¤1+ËÂó ÍðÃò¿µò æÃÏ»ò1 ßÁ±ûÇßÁù±ËÂó± |n¸¿îÂ÷ñÅ1 Õ±1n¸ ßÁ±ÂõÉ÷ûþ ÍýÃÃ ÂóË1¼ ÂõÅ1?Ï ðÅÃàòîÂ åÃµ1 ûï±Ëû±áÉ ëÂ×Ë~à Õ±1n¸ ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±Ë1 ßÁ¿ÂõÁZûþ1 åÃµ:±ò1 Õ±öÂ±ü ¿ðÃËûþ¼ ‘ËÂõ¿ù÷±11 ÂõÅ1?Ï’1 åÃµ ü¥óËßÇÁ ëÂ0ðüËîÂÉfò±ï ú÷Ç±ËðÃË» ‘Õü÷Ïûþ± ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ý×ÃÃ¿îÂÂõÔMÃÃ’îÂ Ûý×ÃÃðÃË1 ¿ù¿àËåÃ– “¿ÂõË««Ë1 ÂóÅ1¿í ßÁ±ÂõÉ1 1Ï¿îÂîÂ ÂóðÃ, ðÅÃùëÂÿÏ, åÃ¿Âõ, ËùåÃ±1Ï, çÅÂ÷Å1± åÃµîÂ ÂõÅ1?Ïàò ›¶íûþò ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ ÂõÅ1?ÏàòîÂ ËáÌ1Ïò±ï ¿üÑýÃÃ1 Âó1± äÂfßÁ±™L ¿üÑýÃÃ1 ¿ðÃòÍùËßÁ âéÂ± Ü¿îÂýÃÃ±¿üßÁ âéÂò± Âó1¥ó1±1 Õ¿ÂõßÔÁîÂ ÕïäÂ ßÁ±ÂõÉüÅùöÂ 1ü±ù ¿ÂõÂõ1í Õ±ËåÃ”¼14ðËîÂËòðÃË1 ðÅÃ¿îÂ1±÷ ýÃÃ±æÃ¿1ßÁ±ý×ÃÃ ËîÂËàîÂ1 ‘ßÁ¿ùöÂ±1îÂ ÂõÅ1?Ï’îÂ Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷1 1±æÃQßÁ±ù1 Ëúø¸ ËåÃ±»±1 Ü¿îÂýÃÃ±¿üßÁ ¿Âõ»1í ÂóðÃ, ðÅÃùëÂÿÏ Õ±¿ðÃ åÃµîÂ ›¶ßÁ±ú ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ åÃµ1 ùûþûÅMÃ ñÃõ¿ò ¿ÂõòÉ±Ëü ÍðÃò¿µò æÃÏ»ò1 ßÁ±ûÇßÁù±Âó1 ÂõíÇò±ËßÁ± |n¸¿îÂ÷ñÅ1 Õ±1n¸ ßÁ±ÂõÉ÷ûþ ßÁ¿1 ËîÂ±Ëù¼ ¿ÂõËúø¸ÍßÁ ËûÌ¿áßÁ åÃµ1Ï¿îÂ1 ûï±Ëû±áÉ ›¶Ëûþ±á Õ±÷±1 öÂ±ø¸±1 ü±ñ±1í ëÂ×2äÂ±1í1 Õ»ù¥¤òîÂ Ë|‡Â Âõ±ýÃÃò¼ ËûÌ¿áßÁ 1Ï¿îÂ1 åÃµ ÂóðÃ, ðÅÃùëÂÿÏ, åÃ¿Âõ, ËùåÃ±¿1 Õ±¿ðÃ1 ›¶Ëûþ±á ÂõíÇò±1 Âõ±ËÂõ ¿ÂõËúø¸ ëÂ×ÂóËû±áÏ åÃµ ü7ÁÁÂ±¼ “¿ßÁûþËò± ËûÌ¿áßÁ 1Ï¿îÂ1 ùáîÂ Õ±÷±1 ü±ñ±1í ëÂ×2äÂ±1í ÂóX¿îÂ1 ü±÷?üÉ Õ±òËÂõ±1 1Ï¿îÂîÂ ÍßÁ Õ¿ñßÁ¼ á¿îÂËßÁ ý×ÃÃûþ±ßÁ ›¶Ëûþ±æÃò ü±ËÂóËŽÂ ËßÁ±÷ù Õ±1n¸ îÂ1ù ßÁ¿1 îÅÂ¿ùÂõÝ Âó±¿1 ÕïÂõ± áyÏ1 ús ¿ÂõòÉ±ËüË1 &1n¸áyÏ1 ßÁ¿1ÂõÝ Âó±¿1”15 4.2.1  ÍäÂñÉ Õ±à1Ïûþ± [÷±S±] ÂóðÃ åÃµ1 ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?ÏîÂ ¿ÂõËúø¸öÂ±Ë» ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ßÁ1± ÍýÃÃËåÃ¼ 8+6ð=14ð÷±S± Õ±1n¸ äÂ1í±¿™LßÁ ñÃõ¿ò ¿÷ùûÅMÃ ÂóðÃ åÃµ1 ›¶Ëûþ±á1 ðÅÃéÂ±÷±ò ¿òðÃúÇò ðÃ±¿ãÃÃ ñ1± ýÃÃ’ù – ßÁ] ¿îÂ¿òÝ &í1 ›¶öÅÂ Õ±ÂóÅ¿ò Ö«1 ¿Âõ¿ýÃÃ Õ±åÃ± öÂMÃ1 ßÅÁúù ðÃ±Ë÷±ðÃ1 ¼¼ [ÂóÔÐ 1ð] à] ÂóÅò1¿Âó ßÁËýÒÃÃ± ÷ý×ÃÃ ßÁï± q¿òËûþ±ßÁ ßÁ¿íÇù äÂ±ýÃÃ±Âõ U»± ¿û ßÁ¿1ù± îÂ±ßÁ ¼¼ [ÂóÔÐ 190] ËîÂËòðÃË1 16ð÷±S± Õ±1n¸ ð15ð÷±S±1 Â äÂ1í±¿™LßÁ ñÃõ¿ò ¿÷ùûÅMÃ ÂóðÃ Âõ± ðÃÏâÇ Âóûþ±1 åÃµ ü7ÁÁÂ±1 ò÷Åò±Ý ËÂó±»± û±ûþ¼ ëÂ×ðÃ±ýÃÃ1í ¦¤1+ËÂó – ßÁ] ÷±ñ1±÷ Âõ1Ëá±ýÒÃÃ±ý×ÃÃ ÍöÂù± îÂ¿äÂùðÃ±1Ï¼ Âõ1ôÅÂßÁòßÁ ßÁ±5±òÏ &äÂ±ý×ÃÃ Õ¿ñßÁ±1Ï ¼¼ [8+ð8ð=16, ÂóÔÐ 191] à] á±» öÂ±ù ÍöÂËù Ë÷±1 û±ý×ÃÃËîÂ ù±Ëá öÂûþ¼ q¿ò ò1Âó¿îÂ ùËá éÂ±eò ñ1± ËðÃûþ¼¼ [8+ð7ð=15, ÂóÔÐ 79] 4.2.2 ›¶¿îÂ äÂ1íîÂ ¿îÂ¿ò ÂóÂõÇ ûÅMÃ, ÕŽÂ1 üÑàÉ± 6+ð6ð+8ð=ð20ðÕ±1n¸ äÂ1í±¿™LßÁ ¿÷ùûÅMÃ Õ±1n¸ ›¶ËîÂÉßÁ äÂ1í1 Ëúø¸1 ñÃõ¿ò ÕòÅ›¶±¿üîÂ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ åÃµü7ÁÁÂ±1 ›¶Ëûþ±á ÂõÅ1?Ï1 Âó±S-Âó±SÏ1 ÷Ëò±æÃáîÂ1 öÂ±» ÂõíÇò±îÂ ¿ÂõËúø¸öÂ±Ë» ›¶Ëûþ±á ÍýÃÃËåÃ¼ ËûËò, ðÅÃ¿îÂ1±÷1 ÂõÅ1?ÏîÂ --- áðÃ±Âó±¿í1 Õ±ËŽÂÂó, öÂ1¿ï1 Õ±Ë÷±ùîÂ ›¶æÃ±1 ¿ÂõÍù ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃîÂ ðÅÃùëÂ/ÿðÅÃù¿1 /ðÅÃù1Ï åÃµ1 ›¶Ëûþ±á ÍýÃÃËåÃ¼ ËûËò– áðÃ±1 â¿1íÏ ÷ýÃÃ± ¿ÂõÍäÂŽÂíÏ îÂ±ýÃÃ±ßÁ ðÓÃËîÂ ÷±¿1ù¼

82  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 ‘Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï’îÂ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÎüÌµûÇ Õ±¿åÃËùßÁ äÂ±ý×ÃÃ ¿ßÁ ßÁ¿1ËÂõÒ± ÷ý×ÃÃ ÍöÂù Õ±ÂóðÃ1 ßÁ±ù¼¼ [6ð+6+ð8ð=ð20] [ÂóÔÐ 17] 4.2.3  äÂ±¿1 ÂóÂõÇ ûÅMÃ,ð10ð+10+ð8+ð6ð=ð34ðÕŽÂ1 ¿Âõ¿ú©† Ûý×ÃÃ åÃµ ü7ÁÁÂ±1 ›¶Ëûþ±á äÂ¿1S1 ÷ÅàîÂ ¿Âõù±Âó Õ±¿ðÃ1 ËŽÂSîÂ ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ÍýÃÃËåÃ ¼ ËûËò– Õ1ËíÉ Âó¿úûþ± ßÁ±Ëµ Õ±¿îÂ ýÃ+ðÃûþËîÂ âËò ýÃÃ±Ëò ÷Å¿‡Â Ëú±ßÁ±ßÅÁù Uûþ± ÷±¿éÂîÂ ôÅÂË1 Âõ±á¿1¼ òûþò1 æÃù ñ±Ë1 Âõûþ ñÓù±Ëûþ ñÓü1 Uûþ± ßÁ±ûþ ýÃÃ± ¿Âõ¿ñ Ë÷±ßÁ ¿ò¿òûþ± ¿ßÁüßÁ ÷±¿1¼¼ (ÂóÔÐ 18) 4.2.4 8ð+ð8ð+10ð+ð5ð=ð31 ÕŽÂ1ûÅM, Õ™LÉÂóÂõÇ, ÛßÁ ¿ÂõËúø¸ ¿÷ùûÅMÃ Ûý×ÃÃ Ë|íÏ1 ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ßÁ¿1ËåÃ ßÁ¿ÂõÁZËûþ ¿Âõù±Âó, Ëú±ßÁ Õ±¿ðÃ1 ÂõíÇò±îÂ--- Ëû¿îÂŽÂËí òË1«1 Ýù±ý×ÃÃ Õ±ý×ÃÃù ÕöÂÉ±™L1 ÂóÅ1Âõ±üÏ ûîÂ ò±1Ï Õ±ËåÃ, ¿ßÁ 1±÷ 1±÷¼ Õ±ëÂ×ù-æÃ±ëÂ×ù ßÁ¿1 ËßÁú Ëûò Âõ±îÅÂù1 ËÂõú ëÂ×¿÷Ç ßÁ¿1 ßÁ±¿µù™L Âó±ËäÂ, ¿ßÁ 1±÷ 1±÷¼¼ (ÂóÔÐ 243) 4.2.5  ¿îÂ¿òÂóÂõÇûÅMÃ ðÅÃéÂ± äÂ1ËíË1 ÂóÓíÇËýÃÃ±»± ™¦»ßÁîÂ Õ™LÉñÃõ¿ò1 ¿÷ËùË1 üÔ¿©† ËýÃÃ±»± åÃ¿» åÃµË1± ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ßÁ¿1ËåÃ ßÁ¿ÂõËûþ ¿Âõù±Âó Õ±¿ðÃ1 ËŽÂSî – ÂóÅò1¿Âó ßÁËýÒÃÃ± ÷ý×ÃÃ qò± üöÂ±üðÃäÂûþ òÔÂó¿îÂ1 ßÁËýÒÃÃ± ÷ý×ÃÃ ßÁï± ßÁéÂßÁüßÁù Íùý×ÃÃ Íáù± 1±æÃ± öÂéÂÏûþ±ý×ÃÃ îÂ±îÂ Âó±ËäÂ ¿û ÍöÂù± ÂõÉ»¦š± ¼¼ [ÂÂóÔÐ 53] 4.2.6  ÂóÅ1¿í Õü÷Ïûþ±îÂ çÅÂ÷Å1Ï, çÅÂ÷Å1± ò±Ë÷Ë1 Âó¿1¿äÂîÂ ðÅÃéÂ± äÂ1íûÅMÃ, ›¶¿îÂ äÂ1íîÂ ðÅÃéÂ±ÍßÁ ÂóÂõÇ ïßÁ±, Õ™LÉ±òÅ›¶±ü ñÃõ¿òîÂ ËýÃÃ±»± ÛËò åÃµ ü7ÁÁÂ±Ë1 ßÁ¿ÂõËûþ 1±æÃÕ¿öÂËø¸ßÁ, ÷eù±äÂ1í, Âó¿1äÂûþ Õ±¿ðÃ ¿Âõø¸ûþ ÂõÉMÃ ßÁ1±1 ùËá ùËá Ëú±ßÁ›¶ßÁ±ú, ëÂ×ÂóËðÃú ›¶ðÃ±ò Õ±¿ðÃËîÂ± ›¶Ëûþ±á ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ ÂõÅ1?ÏàòîÂ ›¶±5 ÛËò åÃµ1 ¿òðÃúÇò ÍýÃÃËåÃ – äÂfßÁ±™L ÷ýÃÃ±1±æÃ±¼ äÂf1 ü÷±ò ËîÂæÃ±¼¼ ò±÷ äÂfßÁ±™L ßÁûþ¼ äÂf Ëûò ›¶ßÁ±úûþ¼¼ [ÂóÔÐ 147] 4.2.7  ›¶ËîÂÉßÁ äÂ1íîÂ ÂóÂõÇ åÃéÂ±, ÷±S± üÑËßÁîÂ ýÃÃ’ù 6+6+6+6+6+8ð=38ð÷±S±Ë1 ü¿7ÁÁÂîÂ16 ÛËò åÃµü7ÁÁÂ±Ë1 ßÁ¿ÂõËûþ ðÅÃà, Ëú±ßÁ Õ±¿ðÃ1 ÂõíÇò± ¿ðÃËåÃ¼ ýÃÃ± ýÃÃ± ýÃÃ¿1 ¦¤±÷Ï Íáù ÷¿1 Õ±ý×ÃÃËù±Ò 1±æÃÉ Û¿1 Âó±ý×ÃÃËùÒ± ßÁ±÷ÂóÅ1Ï Û ñò-æÃò Âõ±1Ï üßÁËù± ÍîÂËîÂ ï±¿ßÁù± ¼ ËîÂ±÷±1 ü÷±ò ÷LaÏ ò±¿ýÃÃ Õ±ò úSn¸ ¦š±Ëò ¦š±ò ßÁ¿1ù± ¿òûÇ±ò Û ÕßÁKI×± ßÁ¿1 ü÷Ë™¦ öÓÂ¿÷ Âó±¿ùù±¼¼ [ÂÂóÔÐ 240]

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  83 ÷?ÅÀ öÂA±äÂ±ûÇÏ 4.3  ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ öÂ±»1 Õ¿öÂÂõÉ¿MÃ Õ±1n¸ 1ü1 ü=±1í1 ËýÃÃîÅÂ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ús1 ›¶Ëûþ±á ÂõÅ1?Ïàò1 ÕòÉîÂ÷ ÍÂõ¿ú©†É¼ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ öÂ±» Õ±1n¸ Õ±òÅø¸¿eßÁ 1ü1 Õ»îÂ±1í±Ë1 ßÁ¿ÂõËûþ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 qßÁ±ò âéÂò±ßÁ Õ¿ñßÁ üæÃÏ» Õ±1n¸ ÷Ëò±¢¶±ýÃÃÏ ßÁ¿1 îÅÂ¿ùËåÃ¼ ÛËò ÂõU ÂõíÇò± Õ±ËåÃ û’îÂ ßÁ¿ÂõËûþ 1ü1 Õ»îÂ±1í± ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù ËßÁ±Ëò± üÅ¿Âõñ± Û1± ò±ý×ÃÃ¼ û’ËîÂý×ÃÃ üÅ¿Âõñ± Âó±ý×ÃÃËåÃ ßÁ¿ÂõËûþ 1ü1 Õ»îÂ±1í±Ë1 ÂõíÇòÏûþ âéÂò±ßÁ Õ¿ñßÁ üÑËÂõðÃòúÏù ßÁ¿1 îÅÂ¿ùËåÃ¼ Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?ÂÏîÂ ÕòÅöÓÂîÂ ËýÃÃ±»± ›¶ñ±ò 1üü÷ÓýÃÃ ËßÁËòðÃË1 ›¶ßÁ±ú Âó±ý×ÃÃËåÃ îÂùîÂ ëÂ×Ë~à ßÁ1± ýÃÃ’ù----- 4.3.1  Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?ÏîÂ Âõ¿íÇîÂ ûÅX1 æÃÏ»™L ÂõíÇò±îÂ ÂõÏ1 1ü1 ëÂ×Ë^ßÁ ÍýÃÃËåÃ¼ ßÁ¿ÂõËûþ ¿òæÃ¦¤ ÂõíÇò± ú¿MÃË1 ûÅX1 öÂûþ±ÂõýÃÃîÂ±1 üÅµ1 ÂõíÇò± ¿ðÃËåÃ¼ ëÂ×ðÃ±ýÃÃ1í ¦¤1+ËÂó -- ÷éÂËßÁ ËÂõ±ùûþ ËÂõéÂ±----ßÁ±¿µù™L [ÂóÔÐ 224] ¿êÂßÁ Ëüý×ÃÃðÃË1 ÷1±í1 ù¥£Â-æÃ¥£Â , Õ±¦£Â±ùò Õ±1n¸ ðÃ±¿yßÁîÂ±ÂóÓíÇ ›¶¿îÂ¿Sûþ± üôÂù Ëò±ËýÃÃ±»±îÂ Õ±1n¸ ÷1±í1 ýÃÃ±îÂîÂ ÷ÔîÅÂÉ ËýÃÃ±»±1 öÂûþîÂ ¦¤áÇËðÃ»1 ï1ýÃÃ¿1 ßÁ¥óò Õ±1n¸ Õ±ßÅÁù Õ±îÇÂò±ðÃ1 äÂ¿1S Õ‚ò1 ÷±ËæÃË1 ÂõÏ1 1ü±öÂ±ü1 ëÂ×÷±ò ËÂó±»± û±ûþ¼ îÂùîÂ îÂ±Ë1ý×ÃÃ ¿òðÃúÇò ðÃ±¿ãÃÃ ñ1± ýÃÃ’ù-- ýÃÃ± ýÃÃ¿1 Ë÷±1 ÍðÃ» ¿Âõ¿ñ ¿ôÂ¿1¿e Õ±¿òÝ ò±Âó±Ý ¿ü¿X ÷éÂßÁ-ü±áË1 ü÷ÓùË= îÂù ÍáËùÒ± 1±æÃÉ ü¥ó¿MÃÃËßÁ± ýÃÃ1n¸»±ý×ÃÃËÂõ± ÷ýÃÃ±öÂËûþ &»±ýÃÃ±éÂÏ Âó±ý×ÃÃËùÒ± ------äÂ¿ù û±ý×ÃÃÂõ¼ [ÂóÔÐ 224-25] 4.3.2  ßÁ1n¸í 1ü1 ÂõíÇò±îÂ ßÁ¿Âõ1 üÅËßÁÌúù ›¶ËäÂ©†± ÕîÂÏÂõ ›¶úÑüòÏûþ¼ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ›¶üÑáîÂ ßÁ1n¸í 1ü¿üMÃ äÂ¿1S1 ÷Ëò±ËÂõðÃò± Õ±1n¸ Õ±¿îÇÂ ßÁ¿ÂõËûþ ßÁ±ÂõÉüÅùöÂ Õ¿öÂÂõÉ?ò±Ë1 ›¶ßÁéÂ ßÁ1±1 ËäÂ©†± ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ 1±ËæÃ«1 ¿üÑýÃÃ1 ÷ÔîÅÂÉîÂ Âó¿1ûþ±ù1 Ëù±ËßÁ ¿û ÕòÅîÂ±Âó ßÁ¿1ËåÃ ËîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 ÷ò1 ðÅÃà ÂõÅ1?ÏàòîÂ ›¶ßÁ±ú Âó±ý×ÃÃËåÃ ÛËòðÃË1------ýÃÃ± òË1«1 ËîÂ¿æÃù± Õ±÷±¿1 ßÁË1 ËßÁ±Ëò ›¶¿îÂÂó±ù¼ Õò±ï ßÁ¿1ûþ± ÍßÁßÁ Û¿1 Ëû±»± ý×ÃÃËýÃÃò ¿Âõ¿ñ ¿ù¿àù¼¼------&í á±ý×ÃÃ¼¼ [ÂóÔÐ 89] ßÁ1n¸í öÂ±» Õ±1n¸ 1ü±¦¤±ðÃ1 ËŽÂSîÂ ßÁ¿ÂõÁZûþ1 ›¶ßÁ±ú ÍúùÏ1 Ë|‡ÂîÂ± ›¶¿îÂÂói§ ÍýÃÃËåÃ ÷ÅMÃ±»ùÏ Õ±1n¸ ¿ÂõðÃ* ËùäÂ±1Ï ÃåÃµûÅMÃ ¿Âõù±Âó1 ÂõíÇò±îÂ¼ ÂóÓíÇ±òµ1 ÷ÔîÅÂÉÂ ÂóPÏüßÁù1 Ëú±ßÁ ›¶ßÁ±ú Âó±ý×ÃÃËåÃ ÛËòðÃË1– ýÃÃ± ýÃÃ¿1 ýÃÃ¿1 ¦¤±÷Ï Íáù ÷¿1 Õ±ý×ÃÃËùÒ± 1±æÃÉ Û¿1 Âó±ý×ÃÃËùÒ± ßÁ±÷ÂóÅ1Ï Û, ---Ëù¿àù±¼¼ [ÂóÔÐ 240-41] 4.3.3  Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ïî ÷±ËæÃ ÷±ËæÃ ýÃÃ±üÉ 1ËüÝ ëÂ×ßÁ÷ÅßÁ±ý×ÃÃ ëÂ×êÂ± ËðÃà± û±ûþ¼ Õ»ËúÉ öÂßÁîÂÏûþ± üÑ¦¨±Ë1 îÂ±ßÁ Âõ±¿ýÃÃ1Íù Ýù±ý×ÃÃ ÕýÃÃ±îÂ Âõ±ñ± ›¶ðÃ±ò ßÁ¿1ËùÝ Õ’îÂ îÂ’îÂ îÂ±1 ¿äÂ¿éÂßÁ¿ò òÂó1±ÍßÁ ïßÁ± ò±ý×ÃÃ¼ ¿ÂõËúø¸ÍßÁ áðÃ±ñ1 ¿üÑýÃÃ1 ËöÂ±æÃò 1¿üßÁ ¿ðÃúËéÂ± ÂÂõÅ1?ÏßÁ±11 ýÃÃ±îÂîÂ ýÃÃ±üÉ1ü1 ëÂ×Ë^ßÁ ËýÃÃ±»±ÍßÁ ›¶ßÁ±ú Âó±ý×ÃÃËåÃ ÛËòðÃË1– ÂõßÁ±üÅË1 Õ±¿üûþ± ÍöÂËùßÁ áðÃ±ñ1¼ öÂŽÂ±öÂ¿ŽÂ ÛËßÁ± îÂ±1 ò±¿ýÃÃËßÁ ¿ÂõäÂ±1¼¼ Ëá±-÷¿ýÃÃø¸-Âõ1±ýÃÃËßÁ± Õ±¿ðÃ ßÁ¿1¼ ¿ûüÂõ öÅÂ¿?Ëù îÂ±ßÁ ßÁ¿ýÃÃËîÂ òÂó±¿1¼¼------Õ±îÂ¼¼ [ÂóÔÐ 38] ÛËò ÂõíÇò±ý×ÃÃ ÍÂõøž» ûÅáÏûþ ÂõñßÁ±ÂõÉ ‘öÂÏ÷ äÂ¿1îÂ’1 öÂÏ÷1 ËöÂ±æÃò ¢¶ýÃÃí1 ðÔÃúÉÍù ÷òîÂ ËÂóù±ý×ÃÃ ¿ðÃËûþ¼ [ÂóÔÐ 34]Â

84  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 ‘Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï’îÂ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÎüÌµûÇ 4.3.4  áðÃ±ñ1 ¿üÑýÃÃ1 ò1÷±ÑüÍù ý×ÃÃ26Ã±1 ›¶üÑáîÂ ÂõÏöÂÈü 1ü1 Õ±öÂ±ü Õ±ËåÃ¼---- ÷òÅø¸É1 ÷±ÑËü Õ±ú± Õ±¿åÃËùßÁ ÷Ëò¼ äÂ±e÷±ý×ÃÃ-Âõ1n¸»±îÂ ßÁ¿ýÃÃù± Ëá±ÂóËò¼¼ q¿ò äÂ±e÷±ý×ÃÃ ÍßÁù± ÷LaÏ1 Õ±áîÂ ¼ Ëü¿ýÃÃ ßÁï± q¿ò ÷LaÏ ÷ÅËG ¿ðÃù± ýÃÃ±îÂ¼¼------Ëáù¼¼ [ÂóÔÐ 38] 4.3.5  áðÃ±ñ1 ¿üÑýÃÃ1 äÂ±Ñ÷±ý×ÃÃßÁ 1±Ëg±ò1 ëÂ×ÂóËðÃú ¿ðÃûþ± ›¶üÑáîÂ Õ¾³îÂ 1ü1 Õ±öÂ±ü ËÂó±»± û±ûþ– Âó±ù¿éÂûþ± û±ûþ ¿üËéÂ± äÂ±e÷±ý×ÃÃ ú±Ëù¼ Âõ±Ë1 ßÁêÂ±÷±ò äÂ±ëÂ×ù öÂ±îÂßÁ 1±¿gËù¼¼---- ðÃ÷±ý×ÃÃ¼¼ [ÂóÔÐ 36] 4.3.6  Õ±¿ðÃ 1ü Âõ± úÔe±11 ›¶Ëûþ±á ò±ï±¿ßÁËùÝ ðÃ±¥óîÂÉ Ë›¶÷1 Õ±öÂ±ü ïßÁ± ÂóðÃ1 ÷±ËæÃË1 Ë›¶÷1 ›¶ßÔÁîÂ ëÂ×ËVúÉ Õ±1n¸ áöÂÏ1îÂ± ›¶ßÁ±ú Âó±ý×ÃÃËåÃ¼ Ë›¶÷ Ëû ËßÁ»ù ÍðÃ¿ýÃÃßÁ ¿÷ùò1 Õ±ËÂõðÃò òýÃÃûþ, ý×ÃÃûþ±1 Õ™LÇ¿ò¿ýÃÃîÂ Õ±¿RßÁ áöÂÏ1îÂ±ý×ÃÃ ËýÃÃ ËðÃýÃÃæÃ Ë›¶÷ßÁ ¦¤áÇÏûþ 1+Âó ›¶ðÃ±ò ßÁË1 îÂ±1 ëÂ×Ë~à ÂõÅ1?Ï àòîÂ ¦ó©† ÍýÃÃ ñ1± ¿ðÃËåÃ¼ 4.3.7 ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ öÂ±» Õ±1n¸ 1ü1 ü÷±ýÃÃ±Ë1 Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?ÏßÁ ü÷ÔX ßÁ¿1ËùÝ ÍÂõøž» öÂ±»±ðÃúËÇ1 ›¶öÂ±»ÂóÅ‡Â ÂõÅ1?ÏßÁ±1ÁZûþ1 ýÃÃ±îÂîÂ ú±™L 1ü1 ÕòÅöÓÂ¿îÂËûþ Õ¿™L÷ 1+Âó ù±öÂ ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ ¿Âõø¸ûþ ÍÂõöÂ»1 Õ¿òîÂÉîÂ±, ÕÂó±¿ïÇ» ñÉ±ò-ñ±1í±1 ¿ÂõÂó1ÏËîÂ 1±æÃÍò¿îÂßÁ æÃÏ»ò1 ùáîÂ æÃ¿ëÂÿîÂ Âó±¿ïÇ» ¿Âõø¸ûþ ¿äÂ™L±1 ›¶¿îÂ ðÔÃ¿©† 1±¿à æÃÏ»ò1 Õ¿òîÂÉîÂ± Õ±1n¸ öÂá»±ò1 äÂ1í-¿äÂ™L±1 ÷±ËæÃË1 ÷Å¿MÃ1 ëÂ×Âó±ûþ ¿ÂõäÂ1±1 ÷±æÃîÂ ú±™L 1ü1 Õ±¦¤±ðÃò ßÁË1±»±1 ›¶ËäÂ©†± ùŽÂÉ ÂßÁ1± û±ûþ¼ 4.4  õÅ1?Ïü÷ÓýÃÃ â±ý×ÃÃÍßÁ ßÁ¿ïîÂ áðÃÉîÂ ËýÃÃ 1äÂò± ÍýÃÃ¿åÃù¼ Õ±òýÃÃ±ËîÂ ‘Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï’ Ëüý×ÃÃ áîÂ±òÅá¿îÂßÁîÂ±1 Âó1± ¿öÂi§¼ ý×ÃÃûþ±1 öÂ±ø¸± ßÁ±¿ÂõÉßÁ åÃËµ±÷ûþÏ öÂ±ø¸±¼ öÂ±ø¸±1 ›¶ßÁ±¿úßÁ± ú¿MÃ ÂõÔ¿X ßÁË1 úsý×Ã¼ ús÷±ù±1 ðÔÃ¿©†Ë1 äÂ±Ëù ‘Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï’îÂ ús1 ÍÂõ¿äÂSÉ÷ûþ ›¶Ëûþ±á ÷òßÁ¿1ÂõùáÏûþ± ÍÂõ¿ú©†É¼ ûÅ1Ïûþ± ús, ÕòÅ1+Âó ús1 ›¶Ëûþ±á1 ëÂ×Âó¿1Ý üÑ¦Ô¨îÂ, ËðÃúÏ, â1n¸»± Õ±1n¸ ¿ÂõËðÃúÏ ús1 ÕÂóÓÂõÇ ü÷±ýÃÃ±Ë1 ¿Âõø¸ûþÂõd Õ±1n¸ äÂ¿1S-Âó¿1ËÂõúßÁ Õ¿ñßÁ ›¶±í¦óúÇÏ ßÁ¿1 îÅÂ¿ùËåÃ¼ ÂõÅ1?ÏðÅÃàòîÂ ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ËýÃÃ±»± ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ús1 ›¶Ëûþ±Ëá öÂ±» ›¶ßÁ±ú ßÁ1±ËîÂ± üôÂù ÍýÃÃËåÃ¼ ÛËò ús-ÍÂõ¿äÂSÉ1 ¿ßÁåÅÃ ò÷Åò± îÂùîÂ ëÂ×Ë~à ßÁ1± ýÃÃ’ù¼ ßÁ] ûÅ1Ïûþ± úsÐ ðÃù-ËðÃ±Âó± [ÂóÔÐ 56], ¦¤ßÁÏ-¦¤ßÁÏ [ÂóÔÐ 61], ÷±1-÷±1 [ÂóÔÐ 61], á±Ë»-á±Ë» [80], ÕŠ-ÕŠ [84], ðÃË™L-ðÃ™L, êÂßÁ-êÂ¿ßÁ [87], äÂ±¿ù-äÓÂí, Âó±í-äÂ±¿ù [12], ûÓËï-ûÓËï [257] ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ¼ ] à] ÕòÅ1+Âó úsÐ ¿ôÂ¿1-ôÅÂ¿1, ùÅ¿1-ÂóÅ¿1, Õ±ëÂ×ù-æÃ±ëÂ×ù, ÛËýÃÃ1 ËîÂËýÃÃ1, æÃ±ËßÁ æÃ±ßÁ, ËêÂËýÃÃ1 ËêÂËýÃÃ1, ßÁ±ÝÒ-Âõ±ÝÒ, ÎðÃÌù±-ÎðÃÌù Õ±¿ðÃ ús1 ›¶Ëûþ±Ëá ü÷ü±÷¿ûþßÁ ßÁïÉ öÂ±ø¸±1 ý×ÃÃ¿eîÂ ÂõýÃÃò ßÁË1¼ á] üÑ¦Ô¨îÂ úsÐ ÂõÅ1?ÏàòîÂ 1±æÃÂõµò±, ›¶™¦±»ò±, ëÂ×Âó±üÉæÃò1 ëÂ×Âó±üò± ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃîÂ üÑ¦Ô¨îÂ1 ›¶Ëûþ±á ÷ò ßÁ¿1ÂõùáÏûþ±¼ ËîÂËò¿ßÁåÅÃ ›¶Ëûþ±á1 ¿òðÃúÇò ýÃÃ’ù ÛËòñ1í1-- öÂ±îÔÂ, ýÃÃ™¦Ï, ÷ýÃÃÏø¸, ðÃ™L±ù, ýÃÃ™¦Ï¿ò ðÃ™L, ¢¶±÷É ¿ò÷Çù, Âõ±ùÉ-SÏëÂÿ±, áöÇÂ, ú±ðÇÃÅù, ßÅÁ¿ŽÂ, ßÁùe, ðÅÃ*, ÷ÈüÉ Õ±¿ðÃ¼ Ûý×ÃÃËÂõ±11 ûï±ïÇ ›¶Ëûþ±ËáÝ 1äÂò±ÍúùÏîÂ ÛßÁ üÅßÁÏûþ± á±yÏûÇ Õ±¿ò ¿ðÃËåÃ¼ âÃÃ] ËðÃúÏ úsÐ ü±ôÂù, Âõ±ü±â1, ÷ýÃÃîÂ, Ëü±Âóò, ûÅñ, ¿ÂõýÃÃ±, æÃ±ËKI×, Õ±ù±ü, ÂõäÂ±ËäÂëÂ×òÏ ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ¼ ãÃÃ] â1n¸»± úsÐ 1±», äÂ»±ù, Âõ¿ýÃÃòÏ, äÂ±»±, q¿îÂ, ðÃÏâù±, Âó±¿=ù±, ü±Ë?, ÂóÅýÃÃ±ý×ÃÃËùßÁ ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ¼ äÂ] à±äÂ Õü÷Ïûþ± ús Ð ¿òýÃÃù, Õ±Âõùà, ¿ëÂe1±, ËàËßÁ1n¸, éÂßÁ±¿ù, àË1Ëà±»± ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ¼ åÃ] ¿÷| ús Ð ËÂõÑ, ¿÷÷±, ËôÂûþ±, Ëà¿÷ûþ±, ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ¼ [ ÷±ò Õ±1n¸ ËðÃ±»òÏûþ±ý×ÃÃ ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ßÁ1± öÂ±ø¸±] æÃ] ¿ÂõËðÃúÏ ús Ð üÓûÇßÅÁ÷±1 öÓÂÛž±ý×ÃÃ ÃÃ“Õ©†±ðÃú ú¿îÂßÁ±1 Ëúø¸öÂ±áîÂ Õ±1n¸ Øò¿ÂõÑú ú¿îÂßÁ±1 Õ±¿ðÃ ËåÃ±»±îÂ ¿ùà± ÂõÅ1?Ï1 öÂ±ø¸± ¿òöÒÂ±æÃ Õü÷Ïûþ±, îÂ±îÂ ¿ÂõËðÃúÏ ús1 ü÷±Ë»ú ò±ý×ÃÃ”Â õÅ¿ù ËßÁ±Ëò± ËßÁ±Ëò±

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  85 ÷?ÅÀ öÂA±äÂ±ûÇÏ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 ËŽÂSîÂ ëÂ×Ë~à ßÁ¿1ËùÝ Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?ÏîÂ ýÃÃËù ¿ÂõËðÃúÏ úsË1± ›¶Ëûþ±á ËýÃÃ±»± ËðÃ¿àÂõÍù Âó±ÝÒ¼17 ËûËò-- ßÁËù”Ã1Ï, ôÂüÉù±ò¿Âõü, ¿Âóûþù, ßÁ±5±ò-ßÁ±ÂóéÂ±ò [119], äÅÂÂó±ðÃ±1, ëÂÂõù, ¿ìÂäÂ¿÷äÂ, á1ýÃÃ±¿æÃ1, ¿ëÂ¿ßÁ¿1, ý×ÃÃ©†±¥¤, ¿éÂ¿ßÁéÂ, Ëù±éÂ, äÂ÷ò, Õ±¿æÇÃ, ÷ýÃÃ1Ï, ¿Âóûþ±ðÃ± ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ¼ çÂÃ] îÂÈü÷ ús Ð ðÃ¿1úò, ¿Âõûþ±ßÅÁù, ðÔÃ¿Âó¿îÂ, ü±àÏ, ¿ßÁ¿1¿ø¸ Ûž] Õ›¶äÂ¿ùîÂ ús Ð Ëá¿1 Âó±¿1 [ÂóÔÐ 244], ýÃÃ±ù ýÃÃ±ù ßÁ¿1 [ÂóÔÐ 251], ûÓËï ûÓËï [ÂóÔÐ 257], ðÅÃâÇéÂ [ÂóÔÐ 270], êÂ±îÂ êÂÃ±îÂ ßÁ¿1 [ÂóÔÐ 277]ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ¼ Ëû±æÃò±-ÂóéÂ™L1, æÃîÅÂ»±-êÒÂ±äÂ, ›¶Âõ±ðÃ-›¶»äÂò, àG Âõ±ßÁÉ Õ±¿ðÃ1 ›¶Ëûþ±á Ð öÂ±ø¸±ßÁ 1ü±¦¤±ðÃÏ ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù Ëû±æÃò±-ÂóéÂ™L1, æÃîÅÂ»±-êÒÂ±äÂ, ›¶Âõ±ðÃ-›¶»äÂò, àG Âõ±ßÁÉ, òÏ¿îÂ ßÁï± Õ±¿ðÃ1 ûï±ûï ›¶Ëûþ±á1 ¿ÂõËúø¸ &1n¸Q Õ±ËåÃ¼ ¿ÂõËúø¸ÍßÁ äÅÂ¿éÂ, ü±1áöÇÂ, Âó¿1¿¦š¿îÂ ¿ÂõËúø¸îÂ ûÅMÃ ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó1±, ëÂ×ÂóËðÃú÷ÓùßÁ ÛËò üÑËû±æÃò±ý×ÃÃ ¿Âõø¸ûþÂõdßÁ 1ü±ù ßÁ1±1 ùáËîÂ æÃ±îÂÏûþ æÃÏ»ò1 ÍÂõ¿ú©†ÉÝ ðÃ±¿ãÃÃ ñË1¼ ËÂõíÅñ1 ú÷Ç±1 öÂ±ø¸±Ë1 “Âõ1ø¸Åí ¿ÂõËò ßÁ±ðÃ¿¥¤òÏ1 ¿û 1+Âó, ÂóéÂ™L1 ¿ÂõËò ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉË1± Ëüý×ÃÃ 1+Âó”¼ Ëû±æÃò±ßÁ ÂóéÂ™L1, ðÔÃ©†±™L, ôÂßÁ1±, ›¶»äÂò Õ±¿ðÃ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ò±Ë÷Ë1 æÃò± áËùÝ ›¶ËîÂÉßÁË1 ¿ßÁåÅÃ ¿ßÁåÅÃ ¿òæÃ¦¤ ÍÂõ¿ú©†ÉÝ Ëò±ËýÃÃ±»± òýÃÃûþ¼ð‘Õü÷1 ÂÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï’îÂ ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ËýÃÃ±»± ÛËò ÕüÑàÉ ›¶Ëûþ±á1 ¿ßÁåÅÃ ëÂ×ðÃ±ýÃÃ1í ðÃ±¿ãÃÃ ñ1± ýÃÃ’ù---- 4.5  ‘üÓûÇßÁ ü÷ÅËà úÔá±ËùÝ 1±» ßÁË1’¼ [ÂóÔÐ 277], ‘÷¿ýÃÃø¸Ï1 áËöÇÂ ú±VÅÇù1 äÂ±»± ÍöÂù ’[ÂóÔÐ 278] ‘Âõ±üÅßÁÏ üÂóÇßÁ Ëûò ù±¿ï ÷±¿1 ËæÃ±‚±»ü’ [ÂóÔÐ 224],‘›¶ùûþ Õ¿¢ŸßÁ ËÂõéÂ± Õ±=Ëù Âõ±¿gÂõ Ëà±æÃ’[ÂóÔÐ 224], ‘Ëò&1 ßÁ±¿éÂûþ± ÂõÉâè Ë÷¿ùËùÒ± ËäÂ±eîÂ [ÂóÔÐ 9] ›¶Âõ±ðÃ Âõ±ßÁÉ Âõ± ›¶»äÂò1 ›¶Ëûþ±ËáÝ ÂõÅ1?ÏàòßÁ ¿ÂõËúø¸ îÂ±ÈÂóûÇÂóÓíÇ ßÁ¿1 îÅÂ¿ùËåÃ¼ ¿ÂõËúø¸ÍßÁ ›¶Âõ±ðÃ Âõ±ßÁÉîÂ ÂõÉ»ýÃ+îÂ ¿Âõø¸ûþËÂõ±Ë1 ü÷±æÃ1 ÷Óù á¿îÂñ±1±îÂ ¿ò¿ýÃÃîÂ ÍýÃÃ ïßÁ± æÃÏ»ò-ðÃúÇòË1± ý×ÃÃ¿eîÂ ¿ðÃËûþ¼ ‘ðÃýÃÃ1 :±ò ÛßÁ1 Âõ±íÏ’ ¦¤1+Âó Ûý×ÃÃ ›¶Âõ±ðÃ Âõ±ßÁÉ Âõ± ›¶ÂõäÂòËÂõ±1 æÃòü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉË1± ëÂ×Ë~àËû±áÉ ¿òðÃúÇò¼ Ûý×ÃÃ¿Âõù±ßÁ1 ÕñÉûþËò ›¶±äÂÏò Õü÷1 Õ±ïÇ-ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ-üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ1 Õ±1n¸ ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±¿1ßÁ æÃÏ»ò1 ÂõUËîÂ± ÷ÓùÉ»±ò îÂïÉ1 üËyðÃ ¿ðÃËûþ¼ ‘Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï’îÂ ÛËò ÂõU ›¶Âõ±ðÃ Âõ±ßÁÉ1 ÂÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ÍýÃÃËåÃ¼ ËûËò, ‘ÂóÓ¿íÇ÷±1 äÂf Ëûò 1±UË» ¢¶±¿üù±’ [ÂóÔÐ 223], ‘ûÅÂõ± ßÁòÉ± Âó±ý×ÃÃËù ÂõÔËX ¿ò¿äÂ™Lûþ Õ±ò [ÂóÔÐ 249]’, ‘ßÁ±ßÁ1 ÷±æÃîÂ ËðÃËà± Âõ&¿ù ËûËýÃÃò’ [ÂóÔÐ 83], ‘û¿ðÃÂõ± ú±¥¤ÅßÁ ýÃÃË™L ÷±¿íßÁßÁ Âó±ûþ’ [ÂóÔÐ 3] ËÂó±ßÁ1îÂ ¿ðÃËÂõ ù±Ëá ú±ù¼ [ÂóÔÐ 33], ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ ÂõÅ1?ÏàòîÂ ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ËýÃÃ±»± àG Âõ±ßÁÉ1 ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±Ë1Ý ÂõÅ1?Ïàò1 ü±¿ýÃÃ¿îÂÉßÁ ËüÌµûÇ ÂõÔ¿X ßÁ¿1ËåÃ ¼ îÂ±Ë1 ¿ßÁåÅÃ ¿òðÃúÇò ýÃÃ’ù ÛËòñ1í1-- Õ±ëÂ×ù-æÃ±ëÂ×ù, ¿Âõ¿ñ ¿Âõ1¿¥¤Ëù, ßÁ±ù1 ¿ÂõSË÷, ÷ýÃÃ± ¿ÂõäÂ±éÂ, ñ±îÅÂ û±ý×ÃÃ, ò¿ù ßÁéÂ± ÂóêÂ± Ëûò, ðÃ±™L ¿òËßÁ±éÂ±ý×ÃÃ Âó¿1, ÂõÅ¿XîÂ üÅæÃ±ò, áöÇÂ Õ±ËåÃ Ëá¿ù, ñ±îÅÂ ò±ý×ÃÃ, ñÅßÁ±ý×ÃÃ û±ûþ, ¿Âõ¿ñ1 ¿ùàò, á±Ë» ò±¿ýÃÃ îÂîÄÂ¼ 4.6  ¦¤±÷Ï1 ËòÝäÂ¿ò, îÂËù Ëû ÂóÅîÂù, ‘¿Âõ¿ñ ÂõS ÍöÂù, Ëò&1 ßÁéÂ± Âõ±â, ¿ÂóîÔÂ1 ðÃ±ýÃÃò ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ òÏ¿îÂ ßÁï± “åÃ±á1 Âõ±â1 ¿ßÁÂõ± Õ±åÃûþ Ëñ÷±¿ù¼ ¿Âõ1±ù1 Õ±Ëá ÷Ó¿ø¸ßÁ1 ßÅÁ¿÷÷±¿ù¼¼” [ÂóÔÐ 24] Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 öÂ±ø¸±ý×ÃÃ îÂÈßÁ±ùÏò ›¶äÂ¿ùîÂ ßÁïÉ öÂ±ø¸±1 öÂ±¿ø¸ßÁ ÍÂõ¿ú©†ÉßÁ ëÂ×ðÃãÃÃ±ý×ÃÃ ñ1±1 ùáËîÂ ¿Âõø¸ûþÂõdßÁ ü±¿ýÃÃ¿îÂÉßÁ ËüÌµËûÇË1 öÓÂ¿ø¸îÂ ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼¼ ËûËò-- ßÁ] ñÃõ¿ò Âó¿1ÂõîÇÂò Ð ÍÂõú±á>ÍÂõú±à ,ú1Ï1<ú1Ïù à] äÂf ¿ÂõµÅ1 üâò ›¶Ëûþ±á Ð òû±ý×ÃÃËÂõÒ±, ¿ò¿Âó¿gËÂõÒ±, òäÅÂ»±ý×ÃÃËÂõÒ±, Âó±ý×ÃÃËùÒ±

86  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 ‘Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï’îÂ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÎüÌµûÇ á] ÂõUÂõäÂò±RßÁ ›¶îÂÉûþ Ð üËÂõ, ÂõU, üßÁËù±, üÂÂõÇ, ÕËòßÁ â] ¿ÁZÂõäÂò1 ›¶Ëûþ±á Ð ðÅÃ&¿éÂ, ðÅÃý×ÃÃýÃÃ±ò, ðÅÃý×ÃÃæÃòÏ ãÃÃ] ¿ò¿ðÇÃ©†îÂ±Âõ±äÂßÁ ›¶îÂÉûþ Ð æÃò, ËæÃ±Ëò±, æÃò± äÂ] Õ ¿ò¿ðÇÃ©†îÂ±Âõ±äÂßÁ ›¶îÂÉûþ Ð ËßÁ±ò, ËßÁò, ËßÁ±Ëò±, ûîÂ, ÍßÁßÁ, ¿ûÂõ±, ¿ßÁåÅÃ, ¿û¿ðÃò±, ý×ÃÃüÂõ1, ý×ÃÃËýÃÃò åÃÃ] ßÁ±ù ÕòÅü¿1 ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ¿Sûþ±1 ›¶Ëûþ±á Ð Õ±ùäÂ ßÁ¿1 Õ±ËåÃ, Õ™L¿1ûþ± û±ý×ÃÃ, ï±¿ßÁù± ùÅßÁ±ý×ÃÃ, ÷±¿1ù±, Âó±¿îÂù± ñ¿1 ¿òËÂõ± æÃ] ›¶±äÂÏò Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ¿Sûþ±1 ›¶Ëûþ±áÐ ñ¿1ù™L , ßÁ±¿éÂù™L , ÷Å¿ýÃÃù™L , ÍöÂù™L çÂ] åÃµ1 ¿÷ù1 Âõ±ËÂõ ús1 üÑËßÁ±äÂò Ð ÂõôÇÂÅßÁò, ÂõÂõÇ1n¸»± ÂõËá±ÇýÒÃÃ±ý×ÃÃ Ûž] ÂõèæÃ±»ùÏ öÂ±ø¸±1 Â›¶Ëûþ±á Ð Uý×ÃÃËÂõßÁ, òÍýÃÃÂõ±ýÃÃ±, Íùûþ±, ËîÂËÂõËü, ýÃÃË™L, Âó±Ë= Õ±¿ðÃ¼ ÕñÉÂ±ÂóßÁ Ëùà±1n¸1 öÂ±ø¸±îÂ “ßÁ±ÂõÉ1 ÂóÓíÇîÂ±1 ßÁ±1Ëí Õ™LÇðÔÃ¿©†1 üÓ„îÂ±1 ¿ûðÃË1 Õ±»úÉßÁ Ëüý×ÃÃðÃË1 Âõ±ýÃÃÉ¦¤1+Âó1 ¿ò1ÏŽÂí Õ±1n¸ ›¶îÂÏŽÂßÁ1íË1± ¿ÂõËúø¸ Õ±»úÉßÁ”¼ ëÂ0ðöÓÂÛž±1 ÷ËîÂ ¿ÂõË««11 Â¢¶LšîÂ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 âéÂò± Õ±1n¸ Ëüý×ÃÃ âéÂò± ›¶Ëí±¿ðÃîÂ öÂ±»1 ¿ÂõäÂŽÂí ü÷±Ë»ú ËðÃà± û±ûþ ¼ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 “âéÂò± ÍýÃÃËåÃ qßÁ±ò ýÃÃ±ëÂÿ-åÃ±ù, Ëüý×ÃÃ âéÂò±1 ßÁï± ëÂ×Ë~à ßÁË1Ò±ËîÂ ÷Ëò±1±æÃÉîÂ ¿ûËÂõ±1 öÂ±»1 ëÂ×ðÃûþ ýÃÃûþ ËüËûþ ÍýÃÃËåÃ ÷eýÃÃ-ËîÂæÃ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ðÅÃËûþ±Ë1 üÑËû±áîÂËýÃÃ ËßÁ±Ëò± âéÂò±1 ¿äÂSý×ÃÃ üËîÂæÃ-æÃÏ»™L Õ±ßÁ±1 ñ±1í ßÁË1 Õ±1n¸ îÂ±1 ôÂùîÂËýÃÃ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 Õ±àÉ±ò ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ú±1ÏÍù ëÂ×i§ÏîÂ ýÃÃûþ¼”18 ¿ÂõË««Ë1 ÍÂõøž» ßÁ±ÂõÉ1 Õ±¿ýÇÃÃîÂ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 qßÁ±ò âéÂò±îÂ 1ü±ûþò1 ›¶ËäÂ©†± ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ 1±æÃñ±òÏ1 ÂõíÇò±, ûÅX1 ÂõíÇò±, Ëû±X±üßÁù1 ¦óñÇ±Âõ±íÏ, ßÁ1n¸í Âó¿1¿¦š¿îÂ1 ü±»ùÏù ÂõíÇò± Âó¿ìÂÿËù ëÂ×MÃ ßÁï±1 ü±ïÇßÁîÂ± ÕòÅöÂ» ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1¼ ðÅÃ¿îÂ1±÷ ýÃÃ±æÃ¿1ßÁ±1 ‘ßÁ¿ùöÂ±1îÂ’ 1 ¿Âõø¸ûþËîÂ± ÛËßÁý×ÃÃ ÷™LÂõÉ ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1¼ ÂõÅ1?ÏËÂõ±1 1æÃ±â1Ïûþ± ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ¼ áðÃÉîÂ 1¿äÂîÂ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 ðÃË1 ¿Âõø¸ûþÂõd ÂõíÇò±îÂ ÂóðÃÉîÂ ¿ùà± ÂõÅ1?Ï1 ¦¤±ñÏòîÂ± ò±ý×ÃÃ ¼ 1±æÃòÏ¿îÂ1 ¿Âõ¿Âõñ Õ±Ëù±äÂò±, ûÅX-¿Âõ¢¶ýÃÃ1 ÂõíÇò±, æÃûþ-Âó1±æÃûþ1 Âõ±îÂ¿1, ò±ò± ü¿g-Õ¿öÂü¿g1 ßÁï± ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ áðÃÉîÂ ¿ùà±ËéÂ± ¿û÷±ò üýÃÃæÃ, ÂóðÃÉîÂ ¿ùà±ËéÂ± ¿ü÷±ò üýÃÃæÃ òýÃÃûþ¼ îÂÈ¦¤ËQÝ Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?ÏîÂ 1æÃ±â1Ïûþ± ò±ò± ëÂ×Èü»-ÕòÅ‡Â±ò, Ëàù-Ëñ÷±¿ù, 1æÃ±â1Ïûþ± Õ±äÂ±1-ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 , ¿òûþ÷- ßÁ±òÅò, ü±÷¿1ßÁ- Õü±÷¿1ßÁ ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ ¿Âõø¸ûþßÁ ßÁï±-ÂõîÂ1± , 1±æÃòÉ ¿Âõø¸ûþ±ÂõáÇ1 ÷±æÃîÂ ËýÃÃ±»± Õ±ù±Âó-Õ±Ëù±äÂò±, 1±æÃßÁÏûþ ßÁï±1 Õ±ðÃ»-ßÁ±ûþðÃ± Õ¿îÂ ÂõÅ¿XðÃÏ5öÂ±Ë» ü¿i§¿Âõ©† ÍýÃÃËåÃ¼ Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?ÏîÂ ËîÂËò ¿ðÃú¿Âõù±ßÁ ›¶ßÁ±ú ËÂó±»± ¿ßÁåÅÃ ¿òðÃúÇò ëÂ×Ë~à ßÁ1± ýÃÃ’ù ---- ßÁ] 1±æÃ Õ¿öÂËø¸ßÁ Ð üñ»± ÕÂõù± ò±1Ï¼ ëÂ×1n¸¿ù ËæÃ±ßÁ±1 ßÁ¿1¼¼ ¿ü=ûþý×ÃÃ âéÂ1 æÃù¼ ÷±Ëï ü¿1ûþýÃÃ ôÅÂù¼¼ Û¿ýÃÃ ÂõÅ¿ù ëÂ×2äÂ ßÁ¿1¼ ýÃÃ±ËîÂ ßÁ÷GùÅ ñ¿1¼¼ ìÂ±ùûþ îÂ±ýÃÃ±Ë1 æÃù¼ 1±æÃÉ Âó±ëÂ×ßÁ Õ¿ÂõßÁù¼¼ ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ [ÂóÔÐ 26] à] ýÃÃ±îÂÏ-ûÅæÒÃ1 ÂõíÇò±Ð öÂ±ù öÂ±ù Âõ1 ðÃ™L ïÓù™L1 ßÁ±ûþ¼ ¿üüÂõ ðÃ™L±ù ûÅû±ý×ÃÃÂõ±ßÁ Âõ±¿äÂ ùûþ¼¼ ÷ðÃ æÃù Âõ±¿ýÃÃ1 ËýÃÃ±»ûþ ¿û ËÂõù±îÂ¼ ßÁ1±»ûþ ÷ðÃÉ Âó±ò ËýÃÃ±»ûþ ›¶÷MÃÃ¼¼ Ë÷¿ù ¿ðÃËûþ ðÅÃý×ÃÃ ýÃÃ™¦Ï ÷±UîÂ ëÂ×ÂóË1¼ ýÃÃ¿™¦òÏßÁ ËðÃà±»ûþ îÂ±ýÃÃ±1 ÝäÂË1¼¼ ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ [ÂóÔÐ 51] á] ËðÃú-æÃûþ1 Õ±Ëûþ±æÃòÐ ÷±ò±ýÃÃ±ËßÁ üÏ÷± ßÁ¿1ËùßÁ ¿ÂóîÔÂ åÃËù¼ ÷ý×ÃÃ áe± üÏ÷± ßÁ¿1ËÂõÒ±Ëý± Âõ±UÂõËù¼¼ üßÁËù± ßÁéÂßÁ 1±æÃ± Íùûþ± ü±æÅÃ ßÁ¿1¼ äÂ±¿1 ËýÃÃæÃ±Ë1ßÁ ÷±Ëò ËßÒÁ±»1-¿ýÃÃÍùðÃ±1Ï¼¼ ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ [ÂóÔÐ 52] â] òá1, ðÃ’ù-ËðÃ»±ùûþ Õ±¿ðÃ1 ÂÂõíÇò± Ð áëÂÿáÒ±Ý òá11 ðÅÃ»±11 â1¼¼ ßÁ1±ý×ÃÃËùßÁ ÂóßÁ± ßÁ¿1 ý×ÃÃéÂ±-Âó±ï11 ¼ ËîÂËÂõËü òá1à±ò ÍöÂù± æÃ±¿îÂßÁ±1¼¼ 1ÑÂóÅË1 1Ñâ1 ßÁ1±ý×ÃÃù Ëû÷ò¼ ßÁ±êÂË1 Âõ±ýÒÃÃË1 ÍöÂËù òÂó±Ë1 ý×ÃÃËîÂò¼¼ ý×ÃÃéÂ±Ë1Ëü áÔýÃÃ ßÁ¿1 1e Õ±ËåÃ ìÂ±¿ù¼

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  87 ÷?ÅÀ öÂA±äÂ±ûÇÏ ËðÃ¿àËîÂ ðÔÃ¿Âó¿îÂ Õ±¿æÃ ýÃÃË™L Õ±ËåÃ æÃ¿ù¼¼ [ÂóÔ-71] ãÃÃ] ûÅX1 ÂõíÇò±Ð ÷1±í1 Ëüò± åÃ±¿ò Õ±Ëü Âóï±1îÂ¼ Ëâ±1 ûÅX ÍöÂù± Âó±ËäÂ ¿ú»ü±á1îÂ¼¼ ðÓÃ1 ýÃÃË™L ¿ôÂ¿1¿eßÁ ÷éÂËßÁ ËðÃ¿àù¼ ¿üÑýÃÃò±ðÃ ßÁ¿1 üËÂõ ËÂõ¿ìÂÿûþ± ñ¿1ù¼¼ [ÂóÔÐ 223] ÂõÅ1?Ï1 ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ1 ùáîÂ ú±¦aÏûþ-ðÃ±úÇ¿òßÁ îÂN1 ü¥¤g ò±ý×ÃÃ¼ ¿ßÁc ‘Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï’ ý×ÃÃûþ±1 ÂõÉ¿îÂS÷¼ ¿ÂõøÅžöÂ¿MÃ Âõ± ÍÂõøž»Ï ›¶öÂ±» ßÁ¿ÂõÁZûþ1 Õ™L1îÂ ›¶Âõ±¿ýÃÃîÂ ÍýÃÃ ïßÁ± ßÁ±1Ëí üÅ1n¸ãÃÃ± Âó±Ëùý×ÃÃ ÂõÅ1?ÏßÁ±11 ßÁù÷îÂ æÃÏ»ò1 Õü±1îÂ± Õ±1n¸ ÷Å¿MÃ1 ëÂ×Âó±ûþ1 æÃ¿1ûþËîÂ ¿ÂõøÅž1 ÷±ýÃÃ±RÉ ›¶ßÁ±ú Âó±ý×ÃÃ ëÂ×¿êÂËåÃ¼ ËðÃýÃÃ¿ÂõäÂ±11 áÏîÂ1 ›¶öÂ±Ë»± Ûý×ÃÃ ËŽÂSîÂ ¿ÂõËúø¸ ëÂ×Ë~àËû±áÉ¼ ÂõÅ1?ÏàòîÂ ›¶ßÁ±ú ËÂó±»± ðÅÃéÂ±÷±ò ¿ÃòðÃúÇò ëÂ×ðÃ±ýÃÃ1í ¦¤1+ËÂó ðÃ±¿ãÃÃ ñ1± ýÃÃ’ù – ßÁ] ËðÃà± ËðÃà± ËßÁËò ý×ÃÃËéÂ± ¿Âõø¸ûþ æÃ?±ù¼ 1±æÃÉ ñòËîÂËü Õ±Ëü òÔÂó¿îÂ Õ±ßÅÁù¼¼ ßÁ±Ëù äÂ±¿ÂóËùßÁ Âó±ú îÂ±ßÁ ËòËðÃàûþ¼ Ë÷±1 ÂóÅS öÂ±ûÇÉ± ñò ÂõÅ¿ùûþ± ËÂõìÂÿ±ûþ¼¼ [ÂóÔÐ 53] à] ËðÃà± ËðÃà± ËßÁËò ý×ÃÃËéÂ± ßÁ±ù1 ÷ýÃÃîÂ¼ ¿äÂ1ßÁ±Ëù ËßÁ±Ëò öÅÂ¿?ËÂõßÁ ÂóÔ¿ïÂõÏîÂ¼¼ æÃÏ»ò äÂ=ù Ëûò Âó½ÂóS-òÏ1¼ ÍßÁîÂ ËßÁ¿îÂŽÂËí ÂóË1 ÷òÅø¸É ú1Ï1¼¼ [ÂóÔÐ 112] Õ»ËúÉ öÂ±1îÂÏûþ Õ±ðÃúÇ1 ÷Óù áÏîÂ±-ëÂ×Âó¿òø¸ðÃ1 ›¶öÂ±» ËßÁ»ù ËðÃýÃÃ¿ÂõäÂ±11 áÏîÂËîÂý×ÃÃ òýÃÃûþ, ÍÂõøž» ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉËîÂ± ¿ÂõðÃÉ÷±ò¼ ËüËûþ Ü¿ýÃÃßÁ æÃÏ»ò1 Âõ±™¦»ñ÷ÇÏ âéÂò± ›¶ßÁ±ú ßÁË1Ò±ËîÂ ÍÂõøž» Õ±ðÃúÇ1 ÁZ±1± ›¶öÂ±¿»îÂ ßÁ¿ÂõÁZËûþ ÷±ËæÃ ÷±ËæÃ ü±Ñü±¿1ß ÁüÅÃà1 Õ¿òîÂÉîÂ± ËðÃàÅ»±ý×ÃÃ ýÃÃ¿1ò±÷îÂ Õ±|ûþ ùÂõÍù ëÂ×ÂóËðÃú ¿ðÃËåÃ¼

5.  ü±÷1¿íîÂ ý×ÃÃûþ±ËßÁ ßÁ’Âõ Âó1± û±ûþ Ëû ðÃ1±äÂùËîÂ ‘Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï’ Ü¿îÂýÃÃ±¿üßÁ îÂïÉ Õ±1n¸ ßÁ±¿ÂõÉßÁ ÕòÅöÓÂ¿îÂ1 ÕÂóÓÂõÇ ¿÷ùò¼ ÛËò üýÃÃ±»¦š±Ëò 1±æÃÂó¿1ûþ±ù1 â1n¸»± ÂõÔMÃÃ±™L ïßÁ± ÂõdÂõ±ðÃÏ Ü¿ýÃÃßÁ æÃáîÂ1 ¿Âõø¸ûþÂõdßÁ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ëÂ×ÂóËöÂ±áÉüÅùöÂ ßÁ¿1 îÅÂ¿ù ü±¿ýÃÃ¿îÂÉßÁ ËüÌµûÇ ÕéÅÂéÂ 1±¿àËåÃ ÂõÅ¿ù ËßÁ±»±îÂ ÕüÅ¿Âõñ± ï±¿ßÁÂõ Ëò±»±Ë1¼ ÂõÅ1?ÏßÁ±1ÁZËûþ ÂõÉ¿MÃáîÂ 1n¸¿äÂ-Õ¿öÂ1n¸¿äÂ-Õ±ü¿MÃ1 ëÂ×XÇîÂ ï±¿ßÁ ¿ò1ËÂóŽÂ ðÔÃ¿©†öÂeÏË1 ÂõÅ1?Ï1 âéÂò±ü÷ÓýÃÃßÁ ÂõÉMÃ ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù üýÃÃ±ûþ Ëù±»± ÂóðÃ-ù±¿ùîÂÉ1 åÃËµ±÷ûþ ›¶ßÁ±úöÂeÏ, ¿äÂSñ÷ÇÏ ÷Ëò±1÷ ÂõíÇò±, Ëù±ßÁæÃÏ»ò1 ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ¿ðÃú Õ±1n¸ ús-÷±ñÅûÇý×ÃÃ ÂõÅ1?ÏàòßÁ Ü¿îÂýÃÃ±¿üßÁ âéÂò±1 òÏ1ü ÂõíÇò± ßÁ¿1 ò±1±¿à ÂõÅ1?Ï1 ú±1Ï1 Âó1± ¿ÂõqX ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ú±1ÏÍù ëÂ×i§ÏîÂ ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ üýÃÃæÃ-ü1ù öÂ±ø¸±, Âõ±UùÉîÂ±Âõ¿æÇÃîÂ ßÁŠò±1 ü÷±Ë»ú, öÂ±»1 ËüÌ1öÂ, ýÃ+ðÃûþ¢¶±ýÃÃÏ Õ±1n¸ ËüÌ‡Â»ÂóÓíÇ ÂõíÇò±öÂeÏËûþ Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?ÏßÁ Õü÷Ïûþ± ÂõÅ1?Ï ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÛßÁ Õ÷ÓùÉ ü¥óð 1+ËÂó Âó¿1á¿íîÂ ËýÃÃ±»±îÂ üýÃÃ±ûþ ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ ÷ÅêÂËîÂ áðÃÉË1 1¿äÂîÂ ÂõÅ1?Ï1 öÂ1ÂóßÁ ü÷ûþ1 ›¶îÂÉ±ý3ÃÃ±ò ¦¤1+Âó Õ±1n¸ Õü÷Ïûþ± ÂõÅ1?Ï ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÕòÅÂó÷ ¦¤±ŽÂ1 ‘Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï’1 Ü¿îÂýÃÃ±¿üßÁ Õ±1n¸ ü±¿ýÃÃ¿îÂÉßÁ ÷ÓùÉ ÕÂó¿1üÏ÷ ÂõÅ¿ù ÛËßÁ Õ±ø¸±Ë1 ßÁÂõ Âó1± û±ûþ¼

88  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 ‘Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂõÅ1?Ï’îÂ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÎüÌµûÇ  1] Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂÂõÅ1?Ï, üÓûÇßÅÁ÷±1 öÓÂÛž± [ü¥ó±Ð], Õü÷ äÂ1ßÁ±1 -ÂõÅ1?Ï Õ±1n¸ ÂóÅ1±îÂQ ¿ÂõöÂ±á, &»±ýÃÃ±éÂÏ, îÔÂîÂÏûþ üÑ¦¨1í,ð2008 2] “¿û ÷Ë1, û±ßÁ Âó±ÝÒ, Âõ±éÂîÂ ¿û ßÁï± ýÃÃûþ, Âó¿GËîÂ ¿ù¿à ïÂõ”, ü±îÂü1Ï Õü÷ ÂõÅ1?Ï, üÓûÇßÅÁ÷±1 öÓÂÛž± [ü¥ó±Ð] , îÔÂîÂÏûþ üÑ¦¨1í,ð1969ð, ÂóÔÐ 3 3ð] ú÷Ç±, ðüËîÂÉfò±ï, Õü÷Ïûþ± ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ü÷ÏŽÂ±RßÁ ý×ÃÃ¿îÂÂõÔMÃÃ ,ð1996ð, ¿1ýÃÃ±Âõ±1Ï, ÂóÔÐ 183 4] ú÷Ç±ðÃÍù , ðýÃÃ¿1ò±ï ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ Õ±1n¸ üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ, ÂõÏí± ù±ý×ÃÃËÂõè1Ï , &»±ýÃÃ±éÂÏ ,ð1996ð, ÂóÔ Ð 140 5] Âó±êÂßÁ, ðëÂ×MÃÃ÷ äÂf ,Õü÷Ïûþ± ÂõÅ1?Ï ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ¿ÂõËú¡ø¸í±RßÁ ÕñÉûþò , ßÁ÷ù± ›¶ßÁ±ú,Â Âó±êÂú±ù±,ð2006ð, ÂóÔÐ 60 6] Linguistic Servey of India , Vol-1, ëÂ×XÔîÂ --Ü, ú÷Ç±ðÃÍù, ÂóÔÐ 141 7] A Few Remarks on Assamese Language , ëÂ×XÔîÂ --Ü ¼ 8] ëÂ×ðÃ±ýÃÃ1í ü÷ÓýÃÃ ‘Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂÂõÅ1?Ï’1 Âó1± ¿ðÃûþ± ÍýÃÃÂËåÃ¼ ÂóÔÐ 16-17 9] Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂÂõÅ1?Ï, Ü, ÂóÔÐ 2 10] Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂÂõÅ1?Ï , intro-xvii 11] ËòÝá, ð÷ËýÃÃ«1 , Õü÷Ïûþ± ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 1+ÂóË1à±,ð1986ð, ÂóÔÐ 220 12] Âó±ðÃúÉ±ýÃÃ ÂõÅ1?Ï, ëÂ×XÔîÂ –Ü –, ú÷Ç±ðÃÍù , ÂóÔÐ 146 13] Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂÂõÅ1?Ï, –Ü–, Âó±îÂ¿ò , ÂóÔÐ 8 14] –Ü –,ú÷Ç±, ðüËîÂÉfò±ï , ÂóÔÐ 249 15] Âõ1n¸»±, ò»ßÁ±™L , Õü÷Ïûþ± åÃµ¿úŠ1 öÓÂ¿÷ßÁ±, Õü÷ ÂõÅßÁ ¿ëÂËÂó±, ßÁ¿ùßÁîÂ±, 1984ð, ÂóÔÐ 37 16] –Ü –, ÂóÔÐ 48 17] üÓûÇßÅÁ÷±1 öÓÂÛž±, ü¥ó±Ð ßÁ±÷1+Âó1 ÂõÅ1?Ï, ÂÂó±îÂ¿ò , ÂóÔÐ 12, 1930 18] Õü÷1 ÂóðÃÉ ÂÂõÅ1?Ï, –Ü–, Âó±îÂ¿ò, ÂóÔÐ 17

Manuscript received on 06/04/2018 Reviewed Paper received on 01/08/2018 Revised Paper received on 10/08/2018 Research Paper accepted on 14/08/2018

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  89 PRAG CONSILIENCE: ISSN 2456-6861, RNI No. ASSMUL/2016/70132 A Multi-lingual Peer-reviewed Annual Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Commerce Vol. 3, No. 1 (2018), pp. 90-97

  MYSTICISM AND TAGORERN STRAIN IN THE POETRY OF PARVATI PRASAD BARUVA

*

Abstract: Parvati Prashad Baruva has established a new dimension in the field of Assamese lyrical poetry, through his own poetic style. In his writings, the inanimate nature were presented as living. Personification is one of the special characteristics of his poem. The fragrance of the soil of his own land is also specific elements in his lyrics. The ingredients of mysticism, spiritualism and profound love of his country have been enriched in his poetic thoughts. The great and genius artists, poets and philosophers always have influenced and given inspirations to the contemporary or new generations through their extraordinary ideas. The romantic poets of Assam were influenced by the western poets of nineteen century in all their poetic thoughts and ideas. Parvati Prashad Baruva and most of the romantic poets of Assam like Lakshminath Bezbarua, Chandrakumar Agarwala, Jatindranath Duwara, Nalinibala Devi, Ratnakanta Barkakoti,Ganesh Gogoi were influenced by the Great Indian poet Kabiguru Rabindra Nath Tagore. Specific characteristics of Rabindra Nath Tagore’s mysticism are profoundly found in the poems of Parvati Prashad Baruva. This paper attempts to discuss how far Parvati Prashad Baruva has influenced and got inspired by Rabindra Nath Tagore’s mysticism.

Keywords: Personification, Fragrance, Ingredient, Mysticism

*Associate Professor, Department of Assamese, Pragjyotish College, Guwahati-9, E-mail: [email protected]

90  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 ó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Âõ1n¸»±1 áÏîÂ1 1ýÃÃüÉÂõ±ðÃ Õ±1n¸ 1±ÂõÏ¿fßÁ ÎäÂîÂò± 1.  ÷±ò» üöÂÉîÂ±-üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ1 ëÂ×O±ò1 ùËá ùËá áÏ¿îÂ-ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ëÂ×Ëijø¸1 ÎáÌ1»÷ûþ ý×ÃÃ¿îÂýÃÃ±ü æÃ¿ëÂÿîÂ ÍýÃÃ Õ±ËåÃ¼ üöÂÉîÂ±1 ›¶±ï¿÷ßÁ ™¦1ËîÂý×ÃÃ ýÃÃûþËîÂ± ÎðÃú-æÃ±¿îÂ- ü¥xðÃ±ûþ ñ±1í±1 Õ±áËîÂý×ÃÃ üßÁËù± Îù±ßÁ1 ÷±æÃËîÂý×ÃÃ áÏ¿îÂ-ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÂõÏæÃ ÕÑßÅÁ¿1îÂ ÆýÃÃ¿åÃù¼ ›¶ËîÂÉßÁ ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 Õ™L1ËîÂ ï±ËßÁ Õ±R›¶ßÁ±ú1 ÛßÁ Õ¿òÇÂõäÂòÏûþ ÎýÃÒÂó±ýÃ ¼ Õ±R›¶ßÁ±ú1 Îüý×ÃÃ ýÃ±¿Âõûþ±ü Âõ±™¦»±¿ûþîÂ ýÃÃûþ ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 ßÁËFË1 ¿òá¿1îÂ ús Õ±1n¸ üÅ11 ÷±ñÉ÷îÂ¼ÃÃ ÕòÅöÂÓ¿îÂ›¶»í ÂõÉ¿MÃ¿ÂõËúø¸1 Õ™L1 æÃáîÂ1 Âó1± Ýù±ý×ÃÃ ÕýÃÃ± ýÃÃ+ðÃûþ üÑËÂõðÃÏ úsý×ÃÃ ¿òæÃ1 ùáËîÂ Õ±òË1± ýÃÃ+ðÃûþ Õ±ÃÃ±¿ðÃîÂ ßÁË1¼ ÛËò Õ±òµ÷ûþ öÂ±»±ËÂõËá Õ±ßÁ±ú, ÂõîÂ±ýÃÃ, ÷Åà¿1îÂ ßÁ¿1 ÎîÂ±Ëù Õ±1n¸ ‘‘Îüý×ÃÃ öÂ±»ËéÂ± Îûò Õ±òËßÁ± ÆßÁ ¿ðÃ÷, Õ±ò ÛæÃòËßÁ± Îûò Îüý×ÃÃ Õ±òµ1 ÛËôÂ¿1 öÂ±á ¿ðÃ÷, Ûý×ÃÃ Õ±ú±1 ëÂ×ij±ðÃò±ÃÃ ÛéÂ±ý×ÃÃ ÂõÅßÅÁàò ÎýÃÃÒäÂ± ÷±¿1 ñË1¼ Ûý×ÃÃËû Õ±R-›¶ßÁ±ú Õ±1n¸ Õ±R-›¶ü±11 ÎýÃÃÒÂó±ýÃÃËéÂ±, ¿üËûþý×ÃÃ ßÁ±ÂõÉ1 Õ±1yíÏ áÏ¿îÂßÁ±’’ [ÎòÝá, óÔÐ 1]¼ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉý×ÃÃ ¿ù¿àîÂ Âó1¥ó1± ù±öÂ ßÁ1±1 Â¿ÂóåÃîÂ, Î÷Ì¿àßÁ Âó1¥ó1±Ë1 ûÅá Âõ±á¿1 ÕýÃÃ± Âõ±åÃßÁÂõòÏûþ± áÏîÂ1 ÕÑúËÂõ±Ë1ËýÃÃ áÏ¿îÂ-ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó Âó¿1¿äÂ¿îÂ ù±öÂ ßÁ¿1Ëù¼ ÎðÃú ßÁ±ù ÕÂõ¿ñ áÏ¿îÂ-ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ¿ßÁåÅÃ÷±ò ü±ÂõÇæÃòÏò ùŽÂí ðÔÃ¿©†Ëá±äÂ1 ýÃÃûþÃ¼ üßÁËù± áÏ¿îÂ-ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉË1 ÷±æÃîÂ ÛßÁ ü1ù 1+ÂóöÂeÏ ¿ÂõðÃÉ÷±ò¼ öÂ±»-ÕòÅöÂÓ¿îÂ ÕòÅû±ûþÏ 1äÂò± ›¶í±ùÏ1 ü1ùîÂ±ý×ÃÃ ÆýÃÃËåÃ áÏ¿îÂ-ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÕòÉîÂ÷ ›¶ñ±ò ùŽÂí¼ ‘‘ü±ñ±1í ÂóŽÂîÂ ÎðÃà± û±ûþ Îû, Ûý×ÃÃ áÏîÂ-÷±îÂËÂõ±11 ùáîÂ üöÂÉîÂ±1 öÂÏø¸í úSn¸îÂ±¼ û’îÂ üöÂÉîÂ±ý×ÃÃ á± ßÁ¿1 ëÂ×¿êÂËåÃ, îÂ±ËîÂ ÂóÅ1¿í áÏîÂ-÷±îÂ1 òîÅÂò üÔ¿©†1ËîÂ± ÷ÅðÃ± ÷¿1ËåÃý×ÃÃ, Õ±á1 Õ¿™¦QÝ ÕîÂÏîÂ ÆýÃÃ Âó1± ü1ùîÂ±Ý ûÅá1 ùáËîÂ Îù±Âó Âó±ÂõÍù ëÂ×ÂóS÷ ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ ßÁ±ÂõÉ1 [literary poetry] ùáËîÂ± üýÃÃæÃîÂ±-ü1ùîÂ±1 ÆÂõ¿ú©†É1 Âõ±ËÂõý×ÃÃ áÏ¿îÂ-ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 Õ¿÷ù¼ áÏ¿îÂ-ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ æÃ±¿òÂõ± ýÃÃ±¿Âõ-Âõò¿ò1 ÂõòôÅÂùÊ, Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ ßÁ±ÂõÉ Õ±ËßÁÌ ¿òËîÂÌ ßÔÁ¿S÷îÂ±1 ýÃÃ±îÂ1 Âó1ú ÎÂó±»± ôÅÂù¿ò1 ôÅÂù” [ÎòÝá, ÂóÔÐ 2]¼ Î÷Ì¿àßÁ ÂõäÂòöÂeÏ1 ÷±ËæÃË1 Õ±1y ÎýÃÃ±»± Õü÷Ïûþ± áÏ¿îÂ-ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÛßÁ ÎáÌ1»÷ûþ ý×ÃÃ¿îÂýÃÃ±ü Õ±ËåÃ¼ Î÷Ì¿àß Âó1¥ó1±1 Âó1± ¿ù¿àîÂ 1+Âó Âó¿1¢¶ýÃÃí ßÁ¿1 ÂõUæÃò ÷±òÉ ßÁ¿Âõ ü±¿ýÃÃ¿îÂÉßÁ1 ÕòÂõðÃÉ Õ»ðÃ±ËòË1 Âó¿1ÂóÅ©† Íý Õü÷Ïûþ± áÏ¿îÂ-ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉý×Ã Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ 1+Âó ù±öÂ ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ Õü÷Ïûþ± Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ áÏ¿îÂ-ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÎüÒ±îÂ¿éÂßÁ Õ¿ñßÁ æÃÏÂó±ù Õ±1n¸ ÎßÁ±Âõ±ù ßÁ¿1 ÎîÂ±Ëù ó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ õ1n¸»±1 áÏ¿îÂ-1äÂò±ü÷ÓËýÃÃ¼ Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Âõ1n¸»±ý×ÃÃ ÎîÂÝÒ1 áÏîÂËÂõ±1îÂ Õü÷1 ïùÅ»± Îù±ßÁáÏîÂ, Õ±ý×ÃÃò±÷, ñ±ý×ÃÃò±÷, ¿Âõûþ±ò±÷, ÎéÂ±ßÁ±1Ï áÏîÂ, ¿ÂõUáÏîÂ1 üÅ1, îÂ±ù, ùûþ Õ±¿ðÃ üÑËû±æÃò ßÁ¿1 ÎæÉ±¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Õ±á1»±ù±ý×ÃÃ üÓäÂò± ßÁ¿1 Îû±»± Õü÷Ïûþ± üeÏîÂ1 òîÅÂò ñ±1±ËéÂ±1 Âõ¿ù‡Â 1+Âó ¿ðÃËù¼ Õü÷1 ÷Ëò±Ë÷±ýÃÃ± ›¶±ßÔÁ¿îÂßÁ ÎüÌµûÇý×ÃÃ ßÁ¿ÂõßÁ Õ¿îÂúûþ Î÷±¿ýÃÃîÂ ßÁ¿1¿åÃù¼ Õü÷1 Õ±ßÁ±ú-ÂõîÂ±ýÃÃ Õ±1n¸ ›¶ßÔÁ¿îÂ1 ÕÂó1+Âó 1+Âó-ù±»íÉ üßÁËù±Ë1 ÷±æÃîÂ ßÁ¿ÂõËûþ ÕüÏ÷ 1ýÃÃüÉ1 üg±ò îÂï± ÷ýÃÃ±æÃÏ»ò1 Õ±ýÃÃõ±ò q¿ò¿åÃù Õ±1n¸ Îüý×ÃÃ ñõ¿ò q¿ò ßÁ¿Âõ ýÃÃ+ðûþ ÆýÃÃ Âó¿1¿åÃù ëÂ×ðÃ±ü Õ±ßÅÁù¼ ›¶ßÔÁ¿îÂ1 üßÁËù±ËîÂ ÎüÌµûÇ÷ûþ 1+Âó ›¶îÂÉŽÂ ßÁ¿1 Õ±òµî Â¿ÂõËöÂ±1 ÆýÃÃ áÏîÂÂ 1äÂò± ßÁ¿1¿åÃù ¿òöÂÒ±æÃ ¿òàÅîÂ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±îÂ¼ ›¶¿îÂöÂ±ú±ùÏ ¿úŠÏ, ßÁ¿Âõ, ðÃ±úÇ¿òßÁ1 ›¶:±1 Õ±Ëù±ßÁË1 ðÃÏ5 ¿äÂ™L±, öÂ±»ò± Õ±1n¸ Õ±ðÃúÇý×ÃÃ ü÷»îÇÂÏ îÂï± ëÂ×MÃ1Ã»îÇÂÏ ÎùàßÁßÁ ›¶öÂ±¿»îÂ, ÕòÅ›¶±¿íîÂ ßÁË1¼ ÛËò ÂóéÂöÂÓ¿÷ËîÂý×ÃÃ Øò¿ÂõÑú ú¿îÂßÁ±1 Âó±(±îÂÉ Î1±÷±¿KI×ßÁ ßÁ¿ÂõüßÁù1 öÂ±» Õ±1n¸ Õ±ðÃúÇ1 ÁÁZ±1± Õü÷Ïûþ± Î1±÷±¿KI×ßÁ ßÁ¿ÂõüßÁù1 ßÁ¿Âõ÷±òü ¿ò¿÷ÇîÂ ÍýÃÃ¿åÃù¼ ý×ÃÃûþ±1 ùáËîÂ öÂ±1îÂÏûþ ðÃúÇò Õ±1n¸ ÷òËòÝ ßÁ¿ÂõüßÁù1 ÂßÁ±ÂõÉ Âó¿1S÷±1 á¿îÂ Âóï ¿òíÇûþ ßÁ¿1 ¿ðÃ¿åÃù¼ ¿ÂõÑú

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  91 ÆÂõßÅÁ_ 1±æÃÂõÑúÏ ú¿îÂßÁ±1 Õ±áËëÂ±à1îÂ 1ÂõÏfò±ï1 öÂ±1îÂÏûþ ðÃúÇò, Ü¿îÂýÃÃÉ, ¿äÂ™L±-ÎäÂîÂò±Ë1 ü÷ÔX ÂßÁ¿ÂõîÂ±1 öÂ±», Õ±Ñ¿áßÁ 1+ËÂó-1Ëü Õü÷Ïûþ± ßÁ¿ÂõîÂ±ßÁ ÛßÁ òîÅÂò ÂõÉ±¿5 ¿ðÃ¿åÃù¼ ÕßÁù Õü÷Ïûþ± ßÁ¿Âõî±ý×ÃÃ òýÃÃûþ, Õ±ò Õ±ò ›¶±ËðÃ¿úßÁ öÂ±1îÂÏûþ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉËÂõ±Ë1± öÂ±», öÂ±ø¸± Õ±1n¸ Õ±ñÉ±¿RßÁ ÎäÂîÂò± áêÂòîÂ 1ÂõÏfò±ï1 ÁZ±1± ›¶öÂ±¿»îÂ ÍýÃÃ¿åÃù [ú÷Ç±, óÔÐ 156] ù„Ïò±ï ÎÂõæÃÂõ1n¸»±, äÂfßÅÁ÷±1 Õ±á1»ù±, Âó½ò±ï Îá±ýÃÃ±¿Ûž Âõ1n¸»±, Õ¿¥¤ßÁ±¿á¿1 1±ûþËäÂÌñÅ1Ï, ûîÂÏfò±ï ðÅÃ»±1±, ò¿ùòÏÂõ±ù± ÎðÃÂõÏ, 1PßÁ±™L Âõ1ßÁ±ßÁîÂÏ, áËòú áÍá, Õ±¿ðÃ ßÁ¿ÂõüßÁùßÁ 1ÂõÏfò±ï1 ßÁ±¿ÂõÉßÁ ÎäÂîÂò±ý×ÃÃ ›¶öÂ±¿»îÂ ßÁ1±1 ðÃË1 Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Âõ1n¸»±1 ßÁ¿Âõ÷±òËü± ¿ÂõËìÂÌîÂ ÍýÃÃ¿åÃù¼ Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Âõ1n¸»±1 ßÁ¿ÂõîÂ±1 öÂ±», öÂ±ø¸±, 1ýÃÃüÉÂõ±ðÃÏ îÂï± Õ±ñÉ±¿RßÁ ÕòÅöÂ»îÂ 1ÂõÏfò±ï1 öÂ±»ò±1 ÕòÅßÔÁ¿îÂËûþ ¿ßÁöÂ±Ë» ›¶öÂ±Âõ ¿Âõ™¦±1 ßÁ¿1¿åÃù Õ±1n¸ ý×ÃÃûþ±1 ÁZ±1± ßÁ¿Âõá1±ßÁÏ1 ¿ò¿÷ÇÇ¿îÂ ÆÂõ¿ú©†ÂóÓíÇöÂ±ËÂõ ¿ßÁ÷±ò ü÷Ô¿Xú±ùÏ ÂýÃÃ’ù îÂ±ßÁ ¿ÂõäÂ±1 ßÁ¿1 ÎäÂ±»±1 ëÂ×ËVËúÉ Ûý×ÃÃ Õ±Ëù±äÂò±1 Âó±îÂ¿ò Î÷ù± ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼

2.  1ýÃÃüÉÂõ±ðÃ1 ÕòÅöÂÓ¿îÂË1 ¿üMÃ Î1±÷±¿KI×ßÁ ßÁ¿ÂõüßÁù1 1äÂò±1±¿æÃ1 ÛßÁ ¦¤ßÁÏûþ üÅø¸÷± ›¶îÂÏûþ÷±ò ÂýÃÃûþ¼ öÂ±1îÂÏûþ ðÃúÇò1 Õ±R± Âó1÷±R±1 ÍÁZîÂ ¦¤1+Âó ¿òíÇûþ Õ±1n¸ ðÅÃËûþ±Ë1 ¿÷ùòîÂËýÃÃ æÃÏ»1 Âó1÷ ›¶±¿5 âËéÂ- ÛËò ¦óÔýÃÃ±ý×ÃÃ öÂ±1îÂÏûþ 1ýÃÃüÉÂõ±ðÏ ßÁ¿ÂõüßÁùßÁ üîÂËîÂ üËäÂîÂò ßÁ¿1 1±¿à¿åÃù¼ 1ýÃÃüÉÂõ±ðÃÏ ¿äÂ™LòîÂ òæÃò± ¿ò¿äÂò± ÕüÏ÷ Õò™L1 ›¶¿îÂ ßÁ¿Âõ üßÁËù îÂÏÂõè Õ±ßÁø¸Çí ÕòÅöÂ» ßÁË1¼ ÕüÏ÷1 1ýÃÃüÉ÷ûþ üMÃÃ±ßÁ ÕòÅöÂ»1 æÃ¿1ûþËîÂ üüÏ÷1 ÷±æÃîÂ ÷±æÃîÂ ¦š±Âóò ßÁ¿1 îÂ±1 ùáîÂ ¿÷¿ùîÂ ÎýÃÃ±»±1 Âõ±ËÂõ Õ±ßÅÁù ÍýÃÃ ÂóË1¼ äÂ1±äÂ1 æÃ±á¿îÂßÁ Âó¿1S÷±1 ¿û ÷ýÃÃ±ú¿MÃ îÂ±ßÁ 1ýÃÃüÉÂõ±ðÃÏ ßÁ¿ÂõüßÁËù üÅ11 ÷±ñÉË÷Ë1Ý ÕòÅöÂ» ßÁË1¼ öÂ±1îÂÏûþ 1ýÃÃüÉÂõ±ðÃÏ ñ±1í±1 ÛËò ¦¤îÂLa ¦¤1+Âó 1ýÃÃüÉÂõ±ðÃÏ üÅ1 1ÂõÏf ÂßÁ±ÂõÉ1 ÂõýÃÃù±ÑúËîÂ Âó¿1ÂõÉ±5 ÍýÃÃ Õ±ËåÃ¼ üüÏ÷ Õ±1n¸ ÕüÏ÷ Ûý×ÃÃ ðÅÃý×ÃÃ ¿¦š¿îÂ1 ùÏù±RßÁ Õ¿öÂÂõÉ¿MÃ 1ÂõÏfßÁ±ÂõÉîÂ ¿ÂõòÉ™¦1+ÂóîÂ ÎÂó±»± û±ûþ¼ Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Âõ1n¸»±1 1ýÃÃüÉÂõ±ðÃÏ ¿äÂ™L± 1±ÂõÏ¿fßÁ üÅ11 ÷±ËæÃË1ý×ÃÃ ñÃõ¿òîÂ ÍýÃÃËåÃ¼ 1ÂõÏfò±ï1 ðÃË1 Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶±ü±ðÃ Âõ1n¸»±1 ðÔÃ¿©†ËîÂ± Âó1÷æÃò ýÃÃ’ù ÎîÂÝÒ1 Î›¶÷±¦óðÃ Õ±1n¸ Îüý×ÃÃ Î›¶÷±¦óðÃ1 ÝäÂ1îÂ ¿òæÃËßÁ ü÷ÂóÇí ßÁË1,Õ±1n¸ Âó1÷æÃËòÝ Îûò ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 ›¶¿îÂ ÛËßÁý×ÃÃ Õ±ßÁø¸Çí ÕòÅöÂ» ßÁË1¼ ßÁ¿ÂõÁZËûþ öÂ±ËÂõ-¿÷ùòîÂËýÃÃ Îüý×ÃÃ Î›¶÷1 Âó¿1í¿îÂ âËéÂ¼ Îüý×ÃÃÂõ±ËÂõý×ÃÃ ¿÷ùò1 Îüý×ÃÃ ÷ËýÃÃf ŽÂí¿éÂÍù ÕñÏ1 Õ±ßÅÁùöÂ±Ë» ÕËÂóŽÂ± ßÁË1¼ ÕËÂóŽÂ±ßÔÁîÂ Õ±ßÅÁùîÂ±ßÁ 1ÂõÏfò±Ëï ›¶ßÁ±ú ßÁ¿1ËåÃ Ûý×ÃÃ 1+ÂóîÂ--- ýÃÃ+ðÃûþ Õ±÷±Âõþ ò±ËäÂ ËÂõþ Õ±¿æÃËßÁ ÷ûþÅËÂõþ ÷ËîÂ± ò±ËäÂ ËÂõþ úîÂ ÂõÂõþËòÂõþ öÂ±Âõ ëÂ×263Ã±ü ßÁÂù±ËÂóÂõþ ÷ËîÂ± ßÁËÂõþËåÃ ¿ÂõßÁ±ú, Õ±ßÅÁù ÂóÂõþ±ò Õ±ßÁ±Ëú äÂ±¿ýÃÃûþ± ëÂ×~±Ëü ßÁ±ËÂõþ û±ËäÂ ËÂõþ¼¼ [›¶ßÔÁ¿îÂ, Âõø¸Ç±, 113, áÏîÂ¿ÂõîÂ±ò] ü÷ ÕòÅöÂ» Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶±üðÃ Âõ1n¸»±1 ßÁ¿ÂõîÂ±îÂ ÷ÓMÇÃÃ ÍýÃÃ ëÂ×¿êÂËåÃ ÛËòðÃË1-- ÎîÂ±÷±1 ¿ýÃÃûþ±îÂ ¿û üÅ1 Âõ±ËæÃ îÂ±1 ßÒÁÂó¿òîÂ Âó1±í ßÒÁ¿Âó æÃ±¿áËåÃ áÏîÂ ëÂ×ËêÂ üÅ11 Î1±ù îÅÂ¿÷Ëûþ ÷Ëûþ Ëà¿ù÷ Õ±¿æÃ ÎðÃ±ù¼ [÷ûþ±ÂóÏ- òÑ-7]

92  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 ó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Âõ1n¸»±1 áÏîÂ1 1ýÃÃüÉÂõ±ðÃ Õ±1n¸ 1±ÂõÏ¿fßÁ ÎäÂîÂò± ÷ýÃÃ±æÃ±á¿îÂßÁ ú¿MÃ1 Õ±öÂ±ü Õ±1n¸ Õ»¿¦š¿îÂ ÕòÅöÂ» ßÁ¿1 ßÁ¿Âõ 1ÂõÏfò±ï1 ýÃÃ+ðÃûþ ÕæÃ±ò ÂóÅùËßÁË1 öÂ¿1 ÂóË1¼ Õò™L 1ýÃÃüÉ1 üËyðÃ ¿û÷±Ëòý×ÃÃ ò±Âó±ûþ ¿ü÷±Ëòý×ÃÃ îÂ±ßÁ æÃò±1 Õ±¢¶ËýÃÃ ßÁ¿ÂõßÁ Õ±ßÅÁù ßÁË1¼ Âó1÷ 1ýÃÃüÉý×ÃÃ ßÁ¿Âõ1 :±ò Õ±1n¸ ðÔÃ¿©†1 Âó1± ¿û÷±Ëò Õ±ÒîÂ¿1 û±ûþ, ÕæÃò± Îüý×ÃÃ 1ýÃÃüÉ1 ›¶¿îÂ ßÁ¿Âõ1 Õ±¢¶ýÃÃ Õ±1n¸ Õ±ßÁø¸Çí ¿ü÷±Ëò Âõ±¿ìÂÿ û±ûþ¼ æÃáîÂ ›¶Âó=ßÁ Õ±»¿1 ïßÁ± ÷±ûþ±÷ûþ üMÃÃ±ßÁ ßÁ¿ÂõËûþ æÃ±¿òÂõ ÂõÅ¿æÃÂõ Îò±»±¿1ËùÝ Îüý×ÃÃ üMÃÃ±1 ›¶¿îÂ ßÁ¿Âõ1 Õ±¢¶ýÃÃ öÂ±ù ÎÂó±»±1 Õ™L ò±ý×ÃÃ– ûîÂ Õ™L ò±¿ýÃÃ Âó±ý×ÃÃ îÂîÂ æÃ±Ëá ÷Ëò ÷ýÃÃ±Âó Âõþ±¿ú îÂîÂ ÎÂõËëÂÿ û±ý×ÃÃ Î›¶÷ ûîÂ Âó±ý×ÃÃ ÂõÉïÉ± ûîÂ ßÁ±¿ðÃ ýÃÃ±¿ü¼ ûîÂ îÅÂý×ÃÃ ðÓÃËÂõþ û±ü îÂîÂ ›¶±Ëí ù±Ëá ôÂ±Òü ûîÂ ÎîÂ±ËÂÂõþ ò±¿ýÃÃ ÂÂõÅ¿æÃÂ îÂîÂ öÂ±ùÂõ±¿ü¼ [›¶ßÔÁ¿îÂÂõþ Â›¶¿îÂ, ÷±òüÏ] Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Âõ1n¸»±1 ßÁ¿Âõ÷±òËü± ¿äÂ1 1ýÃÃüÉ÷ûþîÂ±1 Õ¿™¦Q1 ÕËi¤ø¸íîÂ ÂõÉ±ßÅÁù ýÃÃûþ¼ ßÁ¿Âõ1 ÷±òüËù±ßÁîÂ ðÔÃ¿©† Îá±äÂ1 ÎýÃÃ±»± Âó1÷ 1ýÃÃüÉ÷ûþ üMÃÃ±ý×ÃÃ ðÓÃË1 ðÓË1 ËðÃà± ¿ðÃÂÂóùßÁËîÂ Õ±ÒîÂ¿1 û±ûþ-- ðÓÃË1 ðÓÃË1 öÂÓ÷Å¿ßÁ ÷±¿1 Õ±ÒîÂ¿1 ÎîÂÝÒ û±ûþ äÂßÁ± ÷ßÁ± ÎðÃà±îÂ Î÷±1 ÎýÒÃÃÂó±ýÃÃ òÂóù±ûþ¼ [qßÅÁù± ëÂ±»1 Ü ßÁU»± ôÅÂù] ó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ1 Õ™L1 Õ±R±ý×ÃÃ Âó1÷ 1ýÃÃüÉ÷ûþîÂ±ßÁ ÎßÁ¿îÂûþ±Âõ± ñÅòÏûþ±, üÅµ1, ÷1¿÷ûþ±ù, ¿äÂ1üÅµ1,ýÃÃ¿1, ÎßÁ¿îÂûþ±Âõ± Î÷±ýÃÃò Âõ±ýÃÃÏ, ÂõÏíÂõ1±áÏ, &¿1ûþ±ùßÁ±ý×ÃÃ Õ±¿ðÃ ÕËòßÁ 1+ÂóîÂ Õ±¿Âõ©¨±1 ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ 1ÂõÏfò±ï1 ßÁ¿Âõ÷±òüËîÂ± 1ýÃÃüÉ÷ûþ ú¿MÃËéÂ±Ë» üÅµ11 1+ÂóîÂ Õ±¿ÂõÇöÂ±» ÍýÃÃËåÃ¼ ßÁ¿Âõ 1ÂõÏfò±Ëï ÕòÅöÂ» ßÁ¿1¿åÃù Îüý×ÃÃ üÅµ11+ÂóÏ 1ýÃÃüÉ÷ûþ ÎîÂÝÒ1 ÝäÂ1Íù Õ±¿ýÃÃ¿åÃù¼ ¿ßÁc ßÁ¿Âõ ¿ò^±1îÂ ÕÂõ¦š±îÂ Õ±¿åÃù Âõ±ËÂõ ÎîÂÝÒ1 ðÃúÇò1 Âó1± ßÁ¿Âõ Âõ¿=îÂ Âý’ÃÃÂõ ùá± ýÃÃ’ù– üÅµÂõþ, îÅÂ¿÷ ÛËü¿åÃËù Õ±æÃ ›¶±ËîÂ ÕíÂõÂõþò Âó±¿ÂõþæÃ±îÂ ùËûþ ýÃÃ±ËîÂ ¿ò¿^îÂ ÂóÅÂõþÏ, Âó¿ïßÁ ¿åÃù ò± ÂóËï ÛßÁ± äÂ¿ù ÎáËù ÎîÂ±÷±Âõþ Îü±ò±Âõþ ÂÂõþËï¼ [áÏîÂ±?¿ù- áÏîÂ òÑ 67] 1ÂõÏfò±ï1 ðÃË1 Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ1 ÕòÅöÂ»îÂ ÷ÓMÇÃÃ ÍýÃÃ ëÂ×¿êÂËåÃ Îû ¿äÂ1 1ýÃÃüÉ÷Ëûþ ÂõÏí Âõ1±áÏ1 1+ÂóîÂ ÎîÂÝÒ1 ÝäÂ1Íù Õ±¿ýÃÃ¿åÃù, ¿ßÁc ßÁ¿Âõ ÎéÂ±Âó¿òîÂ ïßÁ±1 Âõ±ËÂõ Îüý×ÃÃ ÂõÏíÂõ1±áÏ1 ü±ŽÂ±È ÎîÂÝÒ ò±Âó±Ëù--- âÅ÷¿éÂ æÃ±ùîÂ Õ±¿åÃËù± qý×ÃÃ ›¶±íîÂ Âó¿úù üÅ11 æÅÃý×ÃÃ, ü±1 Âó±ý×ÃÃ ëÂ×¿êÂ ÂõÏí Âõ1±áÏ1 ÛËßÁ±ËßÁ ò±Âó±ËùÒ± ¿äÂò¼ [&ò&ò¿ò]

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  93 ÆÂõßÅÁ_ 1±æÃÂõÑúÏ ßÁ¿Âõ 1ÂõÏfò±ï Õ±1n¸ Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Âõ1n¸»± ðÅÃËûþ±á1±ßÁÏ ßÁ¿ÂõËûþ ÕæÃò± Õ¿äÂò± Î›¶÷±¦óðÃ1 Õ±á÷ò ßÁ±÷ò± ßÁ¿1 ýÃÃ+ðÃûþîÂ Îüý×ÃÃ ÕËÂóŽÂ±1îÂ æÃò1 Õ±á÷ò1 ý×ÃÃÑ¿áîÂ 1+ËÂó òÓÂóÅ11 ñÃõ¿ò q¿òÂõÍù Âó±ûþ- 1ÂõÏfò±ï--- ÎßÁ±ï±ûþ Îü±ò±Âõþ òÓÂóÅÂõþ Âõ±ËæÃ ÂõÅ¿æÃ Õ±÷±Âõþ ¿ýÃÃûþ±Âõþ ÷±ËæÃ, üßÁù öÂ±ËÂõ üßÁù ßÁ±ËæÃ Âó±ø¸±í-áù± üÅñ± ÎìÂËù- òûþò-öÂÅù±Ëò± ÛËù¼ [áÏîÂ±?¿ù-áÏîÂ òÑ 13] Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Âõ1n¸»±--- Î÷±1 ýÃÃ+ðÃûþ1 ÷±ËæÃ ÷±ËæÃ ÷¿?1± Âõ±ËæÃ ¿1í ¿1í ¿1í òîÅÂò ôÂ±&ò ¿ðÃò¼ [ ùÅý×ÃÃîÂÏ] ßÁ¿Âõ 1ÂõÏfò±ï1 ðÔÃ¿©†îÂ öÂá»±ò1 1ýÃÃüÉ÷ûþ Õ»¿¦š¿îÂ ùÏù±÷ûþÏ¼ Âó1÷ üÅµ11 ¿äÂ1 äÂ=ù 1+Âó¿éÂ ßÁ¿ÂõËûþ ÂõÉMÃ ßÁ¿1ËåÃ Ûý×ÃÃðÃË1– Õ=ù ñ¿ÂõþËîÂ ÎáËù Âó±ù±Ý äÂ=ù ßÁù ßÁË_ ýÃÃ±¿ü, ÕüÏ÷ Õ±ßÁ±ÑŽÂ±Âõþ±¿ú æÃá±ý×ÃÃûþ± ›¶±Ëí ^nîÂÂóËðÃ ëÂ×ÂóýÃÃ±¿ü ¿÷ù±ý×ÃÃûþ± û±Ý òËöÂ±òÏ¿ù÷±Âõþ ÷±ËæÃ¼ [÷±òü üÅµ1Ï, Îü±ò±Âõþ îÂÂõþÏ] 1ÂõÏfò±ï1 ðÃË1 Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Âõ1n¸»±1 ðÔÃ¿©†ËîÂ± ¿äÂ1 1ýÃÃüÉ÷ûþ1 äÂ=ù 1+Âó¿éÂ ›¶¿îÂöÂ±îÂ ÍýÃÃËåÃ-- åûþ±÷ûþ± äÂßÅÁ1 Õ±áîÂ àË™LßÁËîÂ ßÁË1¿ýÃÃ ¿ÂõýÃÃ±1¼ [1+Âó ÎæÃëÂ×¿îÂ] òæÃò± ¿ò¿äÂò± ý’ÃÃËùÝ ÷ýÃÃ±1ýÃÃüÉ1 Õ¿™¦Q 1ýÃÃüÉÂõ±ðÃÏ üßÁù1 Âõ±ËÂõ Õ¿îÂËßÁ Õ±ËÂó±ò¼ ßÁ¿Âõ 1ÂõÏfò±Ëï ÛßÁ±™L Õ±RÏûþ 1ýÃÃüÉ÷ûþ üMÃÃ±ßÁ Õ±ßÁ±Ëú ÂõîÂ±ËýÃÃ ¿ÂõÃÃäÂ±¿1 ýÃÃ±ýÒÃÃ±ßÁ±1 ßÁË1 ¼ ðÓÃÍ11 Îüý×ÃÃ ÷ýÃÃ±1ýÃÃüÉßÁ æÃò±1 ¿ò1»¿ñ üg±ò 1±ÂõÏ¿fßÁ ßÁ±ÂõÉ1 Ü«ûÇ÷ûþ ¿ðÃú– Âõ±ü±ýÃÃ±Âõþ Î÷±Âõþ ÷ò îÂ±Âõþ±Âõþ Õ±Ëù±ËîÂ ÎßÁ±ò ÕñÂõþ±ËßÁ ßÁËÂõþ ÕËi¤ø¸í ÂóËï ÂóËï ðÓÃËÂõþÂõþ æÃáËîÂ¼ [ðÓÃËÂõþÂõþ á±ò, ü±ò±ý×ÃÃ] ßÁ¿Âõ Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Âõ1n»±1 ßÁ±ÂõÉöÂ±»ò±ËîÂ± ü÷Ëá±SÏûþ ¿äÂ™Lò Âó¿1ðÔÃ©† ýÃÃûþ¼ ßÁ¿Âõ1 îÔÂø¸±îÇÂ ýÃÃ+ðÃËûþ ÷ýÃÃ±1ýÃÃüÉ1 ëÂ×Èü ¿ÂõäÂ±¿1 ¿ÂõäÂ±¿1 îÂ±1 ÷±æÃËîÂý×ÃÃ ßÁ¿Âõ ¿ÂõùÏò ÍýÃÃ û±ûþ– Õ™L ¿ÂõäÂ±¿1 ÷ýÃÃ± úÓý×ÃÃòîÂ âÓ¿1 âÓ¿1 ÎýÃÃ1n¸»±Ý Âóï Õ±ËÂó±ò ÎüÒ±îÂîÂ ÝÂó¿ãÃÃ ùÏò ÍýÃÃ ÷ý×ÃÃ ÂõÅË1±Ò¼ [qßÅÁù± ëÂ±»1 Ü ßÁU»± ôÅÂù]

94  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 ó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Âõ1n¸»±1 áÏîÂ1 1ýÃÃüÉÂõ±ðÃ Õ±1n¸ 1±ÂõÏ¿fßÁ ÎäÂîÂò± ßÁ¿Âõ 1ÂõÏfò±Ëï ÕòÅöÂ» ßÁ¿1¿åÃù Îû Îû¿îÂûþ± æÃáîÂ Îâ±1 ¿ò^±±îÂ ëÅÂÂõ Íá ï±ËßÁ ÎîÂ¿îÂûþ±ý×ÃÃ ÎßÁ±Ëò±Âõ±æÃËò Õ±¿ýÃÃ ßÁ¿Âõ1 ýÃÃ+ðÃûþ ÂõÏí±îÂ üÅ11 ùýÃÃ1 ÎîÂ±Ëù¼ Îüý×ÃÃ ÷±ûþ±ÂõÏ üÅ11 Õ±Ë»Ëú ßÁ¿Âõ1 ¿ò^± ýÃÃ1í ßÁË1¼ ü÷1+ÂóîÂ ÎßÁ±Ëò± ÕæÃò±1 üÅ11 ÷Ó26ÇÃò±ý×ÃÃ Âó1±í ú±ÒîÂ ßÁ1± ÕòÅöÂÓ¿îÂ Âó±»¿îÇÂ›¶ü±ðÃ1 ýÃÃ+ðÃûþËîÂ± ÕòÅöÂÓîÂ ÍýÃÃËåÃ¼ ùŽÂÉíÏûþ öÂ±ËÂõ ¿›¶ûþæÃò1 Õ±á÷ò1 ÕËÂóŽÂ±ý×ÃÃ ðÅÃËûþ±á1±ßÁÏ ßÁ¿ÂõË1 âÅ÷Å¿éÂ ýÃÃ1í ßÁ¿1Ëå¼ 1ÂõÏfò±ï– ÂóÂõþ±í üà± ÂõgÅ ÎýÃÃ Õ±÷±Âõþ Õ±ßÁ±ú ßÒÁ±ËðÃ ýÃÃîÂ±ú ÷÷ ò±ý×ÃÃ Îû âÅ÷ òûþËò ÷÷ ðÅÃ»±Âõþ àÅ¿ù, ÎýÃÃ ¿›¶ûþîÂ÷, äÂ±ý×ÃÃ Îû Âõ±ËÂõþ Âõ±ËÂõþ¼ [áÏîÂ±?¿ù, áÏîÂ òÑ-20] Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Âõ1n¸»±– ¿›¶ûþîÂ÷, ÝË1 1±¿îÂ ëÂ×æÃ±áË1 ÎîÂ±÷±1 ¿Âõ1ËýÃÃ ›¶±í ¿Âõûþ±ßÅÁù ßÁË1¼ [÷ûþ±ÂóÏ-6] ¿äÂ1 1ýÃÃüÉ÷ûþ öÂá»±ò1 ÷ýÃÃ± üÑáÏîÂ1 ÎüÒ±îÂîÂ ëÂ×¿éÂ û±ÂõÍù ßÁ¿Âõ 1ÂõÏfò±Ëï ¿û ñ1Ëí ÎîÂÝÒßÁ ¿÷ò¿îÂ æÃò±ý×ÃÃËåÃ– á±ËòÂõþ æÃÂõþò±îÂù±ûþ îÅÂ¿÷ üÒ±ËæÃÂõþ ÎÂõù±ûþ ÛËù ðÃ±Ý Õ±÷±Âõþ Îü±ò±Âõþ ÂõÂõþò üÅËÂõþÂõþ ñ±Âõþ± ÎìÂËù Îû üÅÂõþ Îá±Âóò &ýÃÃ± ýÃÃËîÂ åÅÃËéÂ Õ±Ëü Õ±ßÅÁù Î¦Ú±ËîÂ, ßÁ±i§±ü±áÂõþ-Âó±Ëò Îû û±ûþ ÂõÅËßÁÂõþ Âó±ïÂõþ ÎêÂËù¼ [ÂóÓæÃ±, 30, áÏîÂ¿ÂõîÂ±ò] 1ÂõÏfò±ï1 üÅ1ËîÂ Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ËðÃÝ ÍßÁËå– æÃÏ»ò1 üÅñ±1Ëü öÂ1± üÑáÏîÂ1 ¿òæÃ1±1 ñ±1 ýÃÃ+ðÃûþ1 ¿úù± ËöÂðÃ ßÁ¿1 Î÷±ßÁù±ý×ÃÃ ¿ðÃûþ± Ûý×ÃÃÂõ±1¼ [÷ûþ±ÂóÏ--10] ßÁ¿Âõ 1ÂõÏfò±Ëï ÷±ò» æÃÏ»ò Âó¿1S÷±ßÁ Ëàù1 1+ÂóîÂ Õ±¿Âõ©¨±1 ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ öÂá»™L ýÃÃ’ù æÃÏ»ò Îàù1 Âó¿1äÂ±ùßÁ Õ±1n¸ ÷±òÅýÃÃ ýÃÃ’ù ¿òûþ¿îÂ1 ÁZ±1± Âó¿1äÂ±¿ùîÂ Îàù1 ÛËßÁ±á1±ßÁÏ ÎàùÅÍ»¼ 1ÂõÏfò±ï1 Îüý×ÃÃ öÂ±»ò± Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ1 ßÁ¿ÂõîÂ±1 ÷±æÃËîÂ± ÂõÉ¿?îÂ ÍýÃÃËåÃ¼ 1ÂõÏfò±ï– Õ±æÃ Îàù±-öÂ±ãÃÃ±Âõþ Îàù± Îàù¿Âõ Õ±ûþ¼ üÅËàÂõþ Âõ±ü± ÎöÂËãÃÃ ËôÂù¿Âõ Õ±ûþ¼ [Âó¿Âõþ¿ú©†-1, ›¶¦š±ò,áÏîÂ¿ÂõîÂ±ò] Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ð– ëÂ×»±, ßÁ±¿µåÃ± ¿ßÁûþ· Îàù öÂãÃÃ± Îàù ÎýÃÃ Îà¿ùËåÒÃ± Õ±¿÷¼ [Îàù öÂãÃÃ± Îàù]

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  95 ÆÂõßÅÁ_ 1±æÃÂõÑúÏ ßÁ¿Âõ 1ÂõÏfò±Ëï ðÅÃà÷ûþ æÃÏ»òßÁ ¢¶ýÃÃí ßÁ¿1 ÍùËåÃ¼ öÂá»±ò1 Îü»±îÂ æÃÏ»ò1 ðÅÃà1±¿úßÁ ÷Óù ëÂ×ÂóäÂ±11+ËÂó ¿òËÂõðÃò ßÁ¿1 îÂ±1 æÃ¿1ûþËîÂ ü±ïÇßÁî± ù¿öÂÂõ ÂõÅ¿ù Õ±ú± ›¶ßÁ±ú ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ ÛËßÁðÃË1 Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Âõ1n¸»±ý×ÃÃÝ áöÂÏ1 ›¶îÂÉ±ú±1 Õ™LîÂ öÂá»±ò1 Ë›¶÷1 1ËüË1 æÃÏ»ò ¿üMÃ ÍýÃÃ ëÂ×¿êÂÂõ ÂõÅ¿ù ›¶îÂÉûþ ù¿öÂËåÃ- 1ÂõÏfò±ï– ÎßÁ±ò qöÂ›¶±ËîÂ ðÒÃ±ëÂÿ±ËÂõ ýÃÃ+¿ðÃ÷±ËæÃ, öÂÅ¿ùÂõ üÂõ ðÅÃÐà üÅà ëÅÂ¿Âõûþ± Õ±òµòÏËÂõþ¼ [ÂóÓæÃ±.399, áÏîÂ¿ÂõîÂ±ò] Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Âõ1n¸»±– ÎßÁ±ò üÅ-ËàòîÂ ÎîÂ±÷±1 ›¶±íîÂ ¿÷ùò ÂýÃÃ’Âõ Î÷±1 ÎîÂ±÷±1 Î›¶÷1 Î÷Ì 1ËüË1 æÃÏ»ò ýÃÃ’Âõ ÂóÅ1¼ [äÂßÅÁ1 Âó±òÏ1 Âõ±ò] ßÁ¿Âõ 1ÂõÏfò±Ëï æÃÏ»ò1 Âõ±™¦» üîÂÉ ëÂ×Âóù¿t ßÁ¿1 ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 æÃÏ»òîÂ ‘ðÅÃÐà üÅËà1 ÂõÒ±ñò üÂõý×ÃÃ ¿÷ËåÃ’ ÂõÅ¿ù ÎßÁ±»±1 ðÃË1 Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ËðÃÝ ÷±ò» æÃÏ»ò1 üÅà ðÅÃà Õ¿îÂ îÅÂ26Ã :±ò ßÁ¿1 ÍßÁËåÃ– üÑü±11 üÅà ¿÷åÃ± ðÅÃà ¿÷åÃ±, ü1n¸ Âõ1 Õ¿îÂ ¿÷åÃ± ßÁï±¼ [öÂãÃÃ±ÎéÂ±ßÁ±1Ï1 üÅ1] Îüý×ÃÃ ÕïÇËîÂý×ÃÃ æÃÏ»ò1 üÅà ðÅÃà1 üÏ÷ò±îÂ ëÂ×ÂóòÏîÂ ÍýÃÃ ðÅÃËûþ±á1±ßÁÏ ßÁ¿ÂõËûþ á¿îÂúÏùîÂ±1 ÷±ËæÃË1Á æÃÏ»ò1 ÂóÓíÇîÂ± ëÂ×Âóù¿t ßÁ¿1ËåÃ– 1ÂõÏfò±ï– û±SÏ Õ±¿÷ ÝËÂõþ äÂùËîÂ ÂóËï á±ò á±ý×ÃÃ Â›¶±í öÂËÂõþ¼ [áÏîÂ±?¿ù] Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ– Âõ±ý×ÃÃ û±¿Âõ ÎîÂ±1 öÂãÃÃ±ÎéÂ±ßÁ±1Ï1 üÅ1 æÃÏ»ò1 ÷eù ÷ñÅ1¼ [öÂãÃÃ±ÎéÂ±ßÁ±1Ï1 üÅ1] 3.  Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Âõ1n¸»±ý×ÃÃ Õ±ñÉ±¿RßÁ Õ±1n¸ 1ýÃÃüÉÂõ±ðÃÏ ñÉ±ò-ñ±1í± 1ÂõÏfò±ï1 Âó1±ý×ÃÃ ›¶ñ±ò öÂ±ËÂõ ¢¶ýÃÃí ßÁ¿1¿åÃù¼ Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Âõ1n¸»±1 1ýÃÃüÉÂõ±ðÃÏ ñ±1í± 1ÂõÏfò±ï1 ÂßÁ±ÂõÉ ÎäÂîÂò±1 ÁZ±1± Âó¿1ÂóÅ©† Õ±1n¸ Ûý×ÃÃ ÂöÂ±Âõò± ÂõýÃÃò ßÁ1± áÏîÂ¿à¿ò Õü÷Ïûþ± 1ýÃÃüÉÂõ±ðÃÏ ßÁ±ÂõÉñ±1±Æù ÕòÂõðÃÉ üÑËû±æÃò ÂõÅ¿ù Õ¿öÂ¿ýÃÃîÂ ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1¼ ÕßÁù 1ýÃÃüÉÂõ±ðÃ1 ÎŽSËîÂ òýÃÃûþ, ÎüÌµûÇ ÎäÂîÂò±, ÷ÔîÅÂÉ ÎäÂîÂò±, ú±1ðÃÏûþ ÕòÅöÂ» Õ±¿ðÃ öÂ±Ëù÷±ò ¿Âõø¸ûþîÂ Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Âõ1n¸»± 1ÂõÏfò±ï1 ßÁ¿Âõ÷±òü1 ÝäÂ1îÂ ÙÂíÏ¼ Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Âõ1n¸»±1 1ýÃÃüÉÂõ±ðÃÏ ñÉ±ò-ñ±1í±1 ßÁ±¿ÂõÉßÁ Âó¿1÷Gù ÷ÓùîÂÐ 1ÂõÏfò±ï1 ßÁ±ÂõÉ ËäÂîÂò±Ë1 Õ±»¿MÇÃÃîÂ ýÃÃ’ËùÝ îÂ±1 ÷±æÃËîÂ ßÁ¿Âõá1±ßÁÏ1 ¦¤ßÁÏûþ ¿äÂ™Lò Õ±1n¸ ÷òò îÂï± ßÁ±¿ÂõÉßÁ Â›¶¿îÂöÂ±1 Â¦£ÂÅ1í â¿éÂËåÃ¼

96  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 ó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Âõ1n¸»±1 áÏîÂ1 1ýÃÃüÉÂõ±ðÃ Õ±1n¸ 1±ÂõÏ¿fßÁ ÎäÂîÂò±  1¼ ÎòÝá, ÷ËýÃÃ«1, Õü÷Ïûþ± áÏ¿îÂ-ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ, äÂf ›¶ßÁ±ú, îÔÂîÂÏûþ ›¶ßÁ±ú, ¿ëÂËäÂ¥¤1, 1987, ÂóÔÐ 1, ¿éÂU, Õü÷¼ 2¼ ÎòÝá, ÷ËýÃÃ«1, Õü÷Ïûþ± áÏ¿îÂ-ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ, äÂf ›¶ßÁ±ú, îÔÂîÂÏûþ ›¶ßÁ±ú, ¿ëÂËäÂ¥¤1, 1987, ÂóÔÐ 2, ¿éÂU, Õü÷¼ 3¼ ú÷Ç±, ûË:«1, ‘1ÂõÏfò±ï Õ±1n¸ Õü÷Ïûþ± ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ’, Õü÷ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ üöÂ± Âó¿SßÁ±, 1884 úßÁ, ÛßÁ¿ÂõÑú ÂõåÃ1, 2ûþ üÑàÉ±, [ü¥ó±Ð] ûîÂÏfò±ï Îá±¦¤±÷Ï, ÂóÔÐ 156

 ÎßÒÁ±»1, Âó1±òò [ü¥ó±Ð]¼ áÏ¿îÂßÁ¿Âõ Âó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Ð æÃÏ»ò Õ±1n¸ üÔ¿©†1 ÷ÓùÉ±ûþò¼ ¿ú»ü±á1Ð áÏ¿îÂßÁ¿Âõ ó±»Ç¿îÂ›¶ü±ðÃ Âõ1n¸»± æÃij úîÂÂõø¸Ç ëÂ×ðÄÃû±Âóò ü¿÷¿î, ›¶ï÷ ›¶ßÁ±ú,ð2004¼ð›¶ßÁ±¿úî ¼Â îÂ±ùÅßÁðÃ±1, òµ¼ ßÁ¿Âõ Õ±1n¸ ßÁ¿ÂõîÂ±¼ ¿ëÂÂõèn¸áëÂ Ð ÂõòùîÂ±, ¿ÁZîÂÏûþ ›¶ßÁ±ú, æÃ±òÅ»±1Ï, 1988¼ ›¶ßÁ±¿úîÂ¼ ÎòÝá, ¿ÂõöÂ± ðÃMÃ¼Âó±»Ç¿îÂ ›¶ü±ðÃ1 æÃÏ»ò ðÃúÇò Õ±1n¸ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ¼ &»±ýÃÃ±éÂÏ Ð Õü÷ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ üöÂ±, ›¶ï÷ ›¶ßÁ±ú, 18 ÎôÂÂõèn¸»±1Ï, 2005¼ ›¶ßÁ±¿úîÂ¼ ÎòÝá, ÷ËýÃÃ«1¼ Õü÷Ïûþ± áÏ¿îÂ-ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ¼ ¿éÂU Ð Õü÷¼ äÂf ›¶ßÁ±ú, îÔÂîÂÏûþ ›¶ßÁ±ú, ¿ëÂËäÂ¥¤1, 1987¼ ›¶ßÁ±¿úîÂ, ÂóÔÐ 1 Õ±1n¸ 2¼ Âõ1ðÃÍù, ¿ò¥œÇù›¶öÂ±¼ 1ÂõÏfò±ï1 áÏîÂ Õ±1n¸ ßÁ¿ÂõîÂ±¼ ßÁ¿ùßÁîÂ± Ð À öÓÂ¿÷ ó±Âõ¿ù¿äÂÑ ÎßÁ±¥ó±òÏ, ›¶ï÷ ›¶ßÁ±ú, ¿ëÂËäÂ¥¤1¼ ›¶ßÁ±¿úîÂ¼ õ1n¸»±, ›¶ÃÃ±ðÃ ßÅÁ÷±1¼ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ Õü÷Ïûþ± ßÁ¿ÂõîÂ±1 á¿îÂ ÆÂõ¿äÂSÉ¼ ¿ëÂÂõèn¸áëÂ Ð ÂõòùîÂ±,1986¼ ›¶ßÁ±¿úîÂ¼ ÂõÅæÃ1Âõ1n¸»±, Âó~»Ï ÎëÂßÁ±¼ 1ÂõÏf ¿äÂ™L± Õ±1n¸ öÂ±1îÂÏûþ ü±¿ýÃîÂÉ ¿Âõ¿äÂS±¼ ¿ëÂÂõèn¸áëÂ Ð ÂõòùîÂ±, ›¶ï÷ ›¶ßÁ±ú, Î÷’ 2003¼ ›¶ßÁ±¿úîÂ¼ Îá±¦¤±÷Ï,ûîÂÏfò±ï¼ [ü¥ó±.] Õü÷ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ üöÂ± Âó¿SßÁ±¼ ÛßÁ¿ÂõÑú ÂõåÃ1, ¿ÁZîÂÏûþ üÑàÉ±, öÂ±ðÃ-Õ±Ëâ±í¼1884 úßÁ, ›¶ßÁ±¿úîÂ¼ ú÷Ç±, ûË:«1, ‘1ÂõÏfò±ï Õ±1n¸ Õü÷Ïûþ± ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ’, Õü÷ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ üöÂ± Âó¿SßÁ±, 1884 úßÁ, ÛßÁ¿ÂõÑú ÂõåÃ1, 2ûþ üÑàÉ±, [ü¥ó±Ð] ûîÂÏfò±ï Îá±¦¤±÷Ï, ÂóÔÐ 156 Baldick, Chris. Literary Terms. Indian Edition. YMCA Library Building, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi-110001. Third impression 2006. Published. Bowra, C.C. The Romantic Imagination.London E.C.4, Oxford University Press, Amen House, 1964 (1950). Published. äÂËA±Âó±ñÉ±ûþ, ßÅÁ™Lù¼ ü±¿ýÃÃËîÂÉÂõþ Âõþ+Âó-ÂõþÏ¿îÂ Ý ÕòÉ±òÉ ›¶üe¼ ßÁùßÁ±îÂ±Ð õþP±ÂõùÏ, ›¶ï÷ ›¶ßÁ±ú, Õ±á©† 1995, îÔÂîÂÏûþ ÷Å^íÐ ¿ëÂËü¥¤Âõþ,ð2006¼ð›¶ßÁ±¿úîÂ¼ êÂ±ßÅÁ1, 1ÂõÏfò±ï¼ áÏîÂ±?¿ù ¼ ßÁùßÁîÂ± Ð ÂóÓæÃ± 1±ûþ, ›¶ï÷ ›¶ßÁ±ú, Âõý×ÃÃË÷ù±,ð2002¼ ›¶ßÁ±¿úîÂ¼ êÂ±ßÅÁ1, 1ÂõÏfò±ï¼ áÏî ¿ÂõîÂ±ò¼ ßÁùßÁîÂ± Ð ¿Âõ«öÂ±1îÏ¼ ›¶ßÁ±¿úîÂ¼ ¿SÂó±êÂÏ, ðÃÏ¿5¼ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ Âõ±Ñù± ßÁ±ÂõÉ Âó¿ÂõþäÂûþ¼ ¿ëÂÂõèn¸áëÂ Ð ÂõòùîÂ±, ÂóÅò÷ÅÇ^í Ð ¿ëÂËü¥¤Âõþ, 2007¼ ›¶ßÁ±¿úîÂ¼

Manuscript received on 22/03/2018 Reviewed Paper received on 25/06/2018 Revised Paper received on 26/07/2018 Research Paper accepted on 14/08/2018

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  97 PRAG CONSILIENCE: ISSN 2456-6861, RNI No. ASSMUL/2016/70132 A Multi-lingual Peer-reviewed Annual Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Commerce Vol. 3, No. 1 (2018), pp. 98-109

 RABHA FOLK LITERATURE: PRESERVATION AND CHANGE

*

Abstract: Folk literature includes all the oral literatures which were paned down from one generation to another generation. Assam is a state that includes different tribes and castes including Bodo, Rabha, Missing, Dimacha, Hajong, Sonowal etc. In this paper, the investigator tries to focus on Rabha Folk literature, one of the important tribes of Assam and focus on the points to preserve the same in the light of modernity as it is rapidly changing due to the influence of modern culture and literature, as well as, the process of assimilation with the mainstream Assamese people. Preservation is a special requirement for the culture and literature of different ethnic tribes and as such, changes in Folk literature becomes essential due to modernity, assimilation and acculturation. In this paper, emphasis has highly been given to preservation and change and as such analytical method has been followed. Keywords: Preservation, Assimilation, Modernity, Mainstream

1. Îù±ßÁæÃÏ»ò1 ûÅá±™LßÁ±1Ï Õ¿ÃöÂ:îÂ± Õ±1n¸ :±ò1 Âõ¿ýÃÃÐ›¶ßÁ±Ëúý×ÃÃ ýÃÃ’ù Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ¼ ÷±ò» æÃÏ»ò1 üÅà-ðÅÃà, ýÃÃø¸Ç-¿Âõø¸±ðÃ, Õ±ú±-Õ±ßÁ±ÑŽÂ± Õ±¿ðÃ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ÕòÅöÂÓ¿îÂ, ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ ¿äÂS Õ±1n¸ ›¶ßÔÁ¿îÂ1 ¿Âõ¿äÂS 1+Âó Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÷±ËæÃ¿ðÃ ›¶ßÁ±ú Âó±ûþÃ¼ ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 ¦œÔ¿îÂËûþý×ÃÃ ýÃÃ’ù Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 öÂÒëÂÿ±ù¼ ¿ù¿àîÂ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ üÔ¿©†1 ÂõUßÁ±ù Õ±áË1Âó1± äÂýÃÃ± Îù±ßÁ1 ÷ÅËà ÷ÅËà 1¿äÂîÂ Õ±1n¸ ›¶äÂ¿ùîÂ ò±ò± áÏîÂ-ÂóðÃ, ü±ñÅßÁï±, ›¶Âõ±ðÃ-›¶ÂõäÂò,

* Assistant Professor (Contractual), Department of Assamese, Pragjyotish College, Guwahati, E-mail: [email protected]

98  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 1±öÂ± Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ Ð Âó¿1»îÇÂò Õ±1n¸ üÑ1ŽÂí ÷La, ü±Òï1 Õ±¿ðÃ Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ëÂ×Âó±ðÃ±òËÂõ±11 ›¶äÂùò ÆýÃÃ Õ±¿ýÃÃ¿åÃù¼ Õ±Ë»á ÕòÅöÂÓ¿îÂ1 ›¶±ÂõùÉ, ¿Âõø¸ûþÂõd1 ü1ù Õ±1n¸ ÕßÔÁ¿S÷ ›¶ßÁ±ú, ûÅá-¿ò1ËÂóŽÂîÂ±, Õ¿îÂ1?ò ÂõíÇò±, üÑáÏîÂ÷ûþîÂ±, ¿Âõ«æÃòÏòîÂ± Õ±¿ðÃ ÆÂõ¿ú©†É1 ÁZ±1± Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ ü÷ÔX¼ Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ðÃ±ËÂó±íîÂ Îù±ßÁüÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ1 ›¶ßÔÁîÂ 1+Âó ›¶¿îÂ¿Âõ¿¥¤îÂ ýÃÃûþ¼ äÂ=ù ¿òæÃ1± üðÔÃú Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ ü÷ûþ1 Õ±ËäÒÂ±1îÂ Õ¿ñßÁ ›¶±?ù ÆýÃÃ ÂóË1¼ ›¶ßÔÁ¿îÂ1 Âõ±Ë11ýÃÃòÏûþ± ÎüÌµûÇÉý×ÃÃ Õ±¿ðÃ÷ ÕòÅöÂÓ¿îÂ›¶»í ÷±ò»1 ÷òîÂ üÔ¿©† ßÁ1± ÕòÅöÂÓ¿îÂËûþ ÎßÁîÂËÂõ±1 ÆÂõ¿ú©†ÉÂóÓíÇ áÏîÂ-÷±îÂ, Î™¦±S-÷La1 æÃij ¿ðÃÃ¿åÃù¼ Âõ±¿ýÃÃ11 üöÂÉîÂ±- üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂËûþ ¦óúÇ ßÁ¿1Âõ Îò±»±1± ¿ò1ŽÂ1 æÃòü±ñ±1í1 ÷±æÃîÂ ü?Ï¿»îÂ Õ±1n¸ ›¶äÂ¿ùîÂ ÆýÃÃ ÕýÃÃ± áÏîÂ-ÂóðÃ, Îû±ÒæÃò±-ÂóéÂ™L1, ðÔÃ©†±™L, ü±ñÅ Õ±¿ðÃ1 ÷±ËæÃ¿ðÃ Îù±ßÁ¿Âõ«±ü, ñ÷ÇÏûþ Õ±1n¸ ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ Õ±äÂ±1-ÕòÅ‡Â±ò Õ±1n¸ üÑ¦¨±11 ëÂ×Âó¿1Ý Îù±ßÁ¿úŠË1± ¦ó©† Õ±öÂ±ü ÎÂó±»± û±ûþ¼ Ûý×ÃÃñ1Ëí ÂóÓÂõÇ±Âó1öÂ±Ë» æÃòü±ñ±1í1 ÷Åà Âõ±á¿1 ›¶äÂ¿ùîÂ ÆýÃÃ ÕýÃÃ± ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉý×ÃÃ ýÃÃ’ù Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ¼ Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ Õ¿öÂñ±¿éÂßÁ ÂõÅæÃ±ÂõÍù ÂõUËßÁý×ÃÃéÂ± ús ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ+îÂ ÆýÃÃ Õ±¿ýÃÃËåÃ¼ ëÂ×ý×ÃÃ¿ùûþ±÷ ¿1äÂ±ëÇÂ ÎÂõåÃßÁËò Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉßÁ ÂõÅæÃ±ÂõÍù Õ¿ù¿àîÂ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ, æÃò¿›¶ûþ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ, æÃòü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ, Õ±¿ðÃ÷ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ, Î÷Ì¿àßÁ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ Õ±¿ð ús ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ßÁ¿1¿åÃù [W.R. Bascon : Contributions to Folkloristics, p. 67]Ã¼ Îù±ßÁü÷±ËæÃý×ÃÃ ýÃÃ’ù Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 üÔ¿©†, ü÷Ô¿X Õ±1n¸ ¿ÂõßÁ±ú1 ÂóéÂöÂÓ¿÷¼ ÛéÂ± æÃ±¿îÂ1 æÃ±îÂÏûþ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÷±ËæÃË1 Îüý×ÃÃ æÃ±¿îÂËéÂ±1 üßÁËù± Î|íÏ1 Îù±ßÁ1 üÅà-ðÅÃà, Õ±ú±-¿ò1±ú±, ýÃÃ±-U÷Å¿òûþ±ýÃÃ, ÕöÂ±»-Õ¿öÂËû±á, Î›¶÷-¿Âõ1ýÃÃ ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ1 Âó¿1äÂûþ ÎÂó±»± û±ûþ¼ Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 öÂ±ø¸± Õ±1n¸ ›¶ßÁ±úöÂÑáÏ ÎÂó±òÂóéÂÏûþ±¼ Îù±ßÁ ü÷±æÃàò1 ùáËîÂ ›¶ßÔÁ¿îÂ1 ò±ò± ëÂ×Âó±ðÃ±ò ÎûËò, Æò-¿òæÃ1±, ôÅÂù-ôÂù, áåÃ-áåÃ¿ò, Âó±ýÃÃ±1-ÆöÂûþ±÷, äÂ1±ý×ÃÃ- ¿äÂ¿1ßÁ¿îÂ Õ±¿ðÃ1 ÂõíÇò±Ë1 Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ ü÷Å8ù¼ 1.1  ÛéÂ± æÃ±¿îÂ1 ›¶ßÔÁîÂ Âó¿1äÂûþ ÎÂó±»± û±ûþ Îüý×ÃÃ æÃ±¿îÂËéÂ±1 Îù±ßÁ-ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÷±ËæÃË1¼ Îù±ßÁ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÎŽÂSîÂ 1±öÂ±üßÁù Õ¿îÂ äÂýÃÃßÁÏ¼ Õ¿îÂ ›¶±äÂÏò ßÁ±ùË1 Âó1± äÂýÃÃ± 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 ÷ÅËà ÷ÅËà Îù±ßÁ—ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ü÷ù ü÷ÓýÃÃ1 ›¶äÂ±1 Õ±1n¸ ›¶ü±1 ÆýÃÃ Õ±¿ýÃÃËåÃ û¿ðÃÝ áË»ø¸í± Âõ± ÕñÉûþò1 ÕöÂ±»îÂ ý×ÃÃûþ±Ë1 ÂõU ü÷ù ÎýÃÃ1±ý×ÃÃ û±ÂõÍù ëÂ×ÂóS÷ ÎýÃÃ±»± ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ ý×ÃÃûþ±Ë1±Âó¿1 ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò ü÷ûþîÂ Ûý×ÃÃËÂõ±11 üÑ1ŽÂí1 Õ¿îÂ ›¶Ëûþ±æÃò Õ±¿ýÃÃ Âó¿1ËåÃ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ËVúÉ Õ±áîÂ 1±¿à Õ±÷±1 Õ±Ëù±äÂò±¿éÂ ›¶dîÂ ßÁ1± ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ 1.2  ÕñÉûþò1 üÏ÷±ÂõXîÂ±1 Âõ±ËÂõ Õ±÷±1 Õ±Ëù±äÂò±îÂ 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 Û¿éÂ äÂ÷Å Âó¿1äÂûþ ¿ðûþ±1 ùáËîÂ ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò ¿ßÁ ¿ßÁ ßÁ±1ËßÁ ÛÝÒËù±ßÁ1 ü÷±æÃ üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂîÂ ›¶öÂ±» ÎÂóù±ý×ÃÃËåÃ Õ±1n¸ Ûý×ÃÃ ÎŽÂSîÂ ù’ÂõùáÏûþ± ü±»ñ±òîÂ±1 ¿Âõø¸Ëûþ äÂ÷ÅÍßÁ Õ±Ëù±äÂò± ßÁ1± ÆýËåÃ¼ 1.3  Õ±Ëù±äÂò±¿éÂ ›¶dîÂ ßÁË1Ò±ËîÂ Õü÷Ïûþ± Õ±1n¸ ý×ÃÃÑ1±æÃÏ öÂ±ø¸±1 ›¶±üÑ¿áßÁ ¢¶Lš1 üýÃÃ±ûþ Îù±»±1 ùáËîÂ ðÃ1Ñ, ÝðÃ±ù&¿1 Õ±1n¸ Îá±»±ùÂó±1± ¿æÃù±îÂ ¿ßÁåÅÃ ÎŽÂS¿öÂ¿MÃÃßÁ ÕñÉûþò ßÁ1± ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ ÂõíÇò±RßÁ Õ±1n¸ êÂ±Ëûþ êÂ±Ëûþ ¿ÂõËø¸í±RßÁ ÂóX¿îÂ1 üýÃÃ±ûþîÂ ü¥óÓíÇ Õ±Ëù±äÂò±¿éÂ ûÅ&îÂ ßÁ¿1 ëÂ×¿ùÝ»± ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  99 ¿äÂS 1?ò ò±ï 2.  öÂ±1îÂÏûþ üÑ¿Âõñ±ò1 ÕòÅüÓäÂÏîÂ æÃòæÃ±¿îÂ [Schedule Tribe]1 îÂ±¿ùßÁ±öÂÅMÃ 1±öÂ±üßÁù ÷ÓùîÂÐ ¿îÂÂõÃõîÂÂõ÷ÇÏ ÷Óù1¼ Ûý×ÃÃ Îù±ßÁüßÁù ›¶ñ±òÍßÁ Õü÷1 ò±÷¿ò ¿æÃù±ËßÁý×ÃÃàò Õ±1n¸ Î÷â±ùûþ1 ÂóÓ» ¿ðÃú1 á±Ë1± Âó±ýÃÃ±1 ¿æÃù±îÂ ÎßÁfÏöÂÓîÂ ÆýÃÃ ïßÁ±1 ùáËîÂ ¿ú»ü±á1, ùŽÂÏ÷ÂóÅ1, ðÃ1Ñ Õ±1n¸ Âó¿(÷ÂõÑá, ÎßÁ±äÂ¿ÂõýÃÃ±1, æÃùÂó±ý×ÃÃ&¿1 Õ=ùËîÂ± ÂõüÂõ±ü ßÁ¿1 Õ±ËåÃ¼ 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 Âó¿1ûþ±ù á±Òï¿ò Õ±áËîÂ ÷±îÔÂîÂ±¿LaßÁ Õ±¿åÃù û¿ðÃÝ ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò ü÷ûþîÂ ¿ÂóîÔÂîÂ±¿LaßÁ ÎýÃÃ±»± ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ ü¥óÓíÇ áíîÂ±¿LaßÁ ÂóX¿îÂË1 ÛÝÒËù±ßÁ1 ü÷±æÃ ÂõÉ»¦š± Âó¿1äÂ±¿ùîÂ ýÃÃûþ¼ 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 ÂóÅ1n¸ø¸-÷¿ýÃÃù± ëÂ×öÂËûþ ßÔÁ¿ø¸ßÁ±ûÇ, ÷±åÃ÷1± Õ±¿ðÃ ßÁ±÷îÂ ýÃÃ±îÂ ëÂ×æÃ±ò ¿ðÃËûþ¼ ÛÝÒËù±ßÁ ›¶ñ±òÍßÁ Õ±êÂéÂ± Îàù Âõ± ÆôÂðÃîÂ ¿ÂõöÂMÃ– 1ÑðÃ±òÏ, ÷±ûþîÂ¿1, Âó±¿îÂ, ðÃ±ýÃÃ¿1, ¿ÂõéÂùÏûþ±, ÎéÂ±éÂù±, ÎåÃ±Ñá± Õ±1n¸ ýÃÃ±÷±¼ 2.1  Õü÷1 ÆÂõ¿äÂSÉÂóÓíÇ Âõ¿íÇù üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂîÂ 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 üÅßÁÏûþ± Õ±üò Õ±ËåÃ¼ ¿ÂõËúø¸ÍßÁ Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÎŽÂSîÂ 1±öÂ±üßÁù Õ¿îÂ äÂýÃÃßÁÏ¼ Õ¿îÂ ÂóÅ1¿í ßÁ±ùË1 Âó1± ÛÝÒËù±ËßÁ Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 äÂäÇÂ± ßÁ¿1 Õ±¿ýÃÃËåÃ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ ÎßÁ±Ëò± ÂõÉ¿MÃ ¿ÂõËúø¸1 1äÂò± òýÃÃûþ û¿ðÃÝ ÛÝÒËù±ßÁ1 ¿ßÁåÃÅ÷±ò ¿ÂõËúø¸ ÂõÉ¿MÃ1 ›¶ËäÂ©†±îÂ ‘¿ÁZîÂÏûþ Õ¿™¦Q’ 1+ËÂó ›¶äÂùò1 ôÂùîÂ Ûý×ÃÃËÂõ±Ë1 ¿ßÁåÅÃ ÷üÔíîÂ± ù±öÂ ßÁ¿1ËåÃ [ëÂ×ËÂóò 1±öÂ± ýÃÃ±ßÁ±äÂ±÷ Ð 1±öÂ± Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉÐ Ü¿îÂýÃÃÉ-Âó1¥ó1± Õ±1n¸ ›¶í±ùÏÂõXßÁ1í, ÂóÔÐ 2]¼ ¿ßÁåÅÃ÷±ò äÂýÃÃ± 1±öÂ± æÃòæÃ±îÂÏûþ ›¶¿îÂöÂ±»±ò ÂõÉ¿MÃ1 ›¶¿îÂöÂ±Ë1 ¿ÂõßÁ±ú, ›¶äÂ±1 Õ±1n¸ ›¶ü±1 ù±öÂ ßÁ1±, Îù±ßÁ¦œÔ¿îÂ 1¿ŽÂîÂ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉý×ÃÃ ýÃÃ’ù 1±öÂ± Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ¼ ›¶±äÂÏò ý×ÃÃ¿îÂýÃÃ±ü ›¶¿üX ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ, ëÂ×2äÂ÷±ò ¿Âõ¿ú©† ¦¤ßÁÏûþ öÂ±ø¸± Õ±1n¸ Âó1¥ó1±áîÂöÂ±Ë» ›¶äÂ¿ùîÂ æÃij, ¿Âõ»±ýÃÃ Õ±1n¸ ÷ÔîÅÂÉ1 üÑ¦¨±1, ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ¿îÂ¿ï-ÂóÂõÇîÂ Âó±ùò ßÁ1± ëÂ×Èü»-ÕòÅ‡Â±ò, ÂóÓæÃ±-Âó±îÂù, ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ 1Ï¿îÂ-òÏ¿îÂ, Îù±ßÁ¿Âõ«±ü Õ±1n¸ æÃ±îÂÏûþ æÃÏ»ò1 â±îÂ- ›¶¿îÂâ±îÂ ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ ¿Âõø¸ûþÂõd ü÷¿i¤îÂ ÕËòßÁ Õ±àÉ±ò ÷ÓùßÁ ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ, Âõ±Ë1Âõ1òÏûþ± áÏîÂ-÷±îÂ, ôÂßÁ1±-Îû±æÃò±, ü±Òï1, Î™¦±S -÷La Õ±1n¸ ü±ñÅßÁï±ý×ÃÃ 1±öÂ± Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉßÁ ÛßÁ ¿Âõ¿ú©† Õ±üò ›¶ðÃ±ò ßÁ¿1 Õ±¿ÃÃýÃÃËåÃ¼ [÷¿ùò± 1±öÂ±Ð Îá±»±ùÂó±1± ¿æÃù±1 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 Û¿éÂ ¿ÂõËø¸í±RßÁ ÕñÉûþò, ÂóÔÐ 4]¼ 1±öÂ± Îù±ßÁü÷±ËæÃ ÂõåÃ11 ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ÙÂîÅÂ Âõ± ÷±ýÃÃîÂ ñ÷ÇÏûþ Õ±1n¸ ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ 1Ï¿îÂ-òÏ¿îÂË1 Âó±ùò ßÁ¿1 ÕýÃÃ± Îù±ßÁ ëÂ×Èü» ÕòÅ‡Â±òü÷ÓËýÃÃý×ÃÃ 1±öÂ± Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ›¶ñ±ò ëÂ×Èü¼ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ËßÁ Âó1¥ó1±áîÂöÂ±Ë» Âó±ùò ßÁ¿1 ÕýÃÃ± ëÂ×Èü» ÕòÅ‡Â±òîÂ ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ+îÂ Æò1 â±éÂ, ÎüëÂ×æÃÏûþ± ÷ÅßÁ¿ù Âóï±1, ñ±ò¿ò Âóï±1, ýÃÃ±¿Âõûþ¿ò, à±ù-¿Âõù, Âó±ýÃÃ±1-ÂóÂõÇîÂ ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ¿äÂ1™Lò ÂóéÂöÂÓ¿÷¼ 2.2  ¿Âõø¸ûþÂõd îÂï± ›¶ßÁ±ûÇ1 ÝÂó1îÂ ðÔÃ¿©† 1±¿à 1±öÂ± Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉßÁ ÛËòðÃË1 Î|íÏ¿ÂõöÂ±á ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1 – [ßÁ] Îù±ßÁáÏîÂÊ, [à] ü±ñÅßÁï±Ê, [á] ü±Òï1 [â] ›¶Âõ±ðÃ-›¶ÂõäÂò, ôÂßÁ1±-Îû±æÃò±Ê, [ãÃÃ] ÷La  Õ¿îÂ ›¶±äÂÏò ßÁ±ùË1 Âó1± 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 ÷±æÃîÂ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ñ1í1 Âó1¥ó1±áîÂ áÏîÂ1 ›¶äÂùò ÆýÃÃ Õ±¿ýÃÃËåÃ¼ Õ»ËúÉ áÏîÂËÂõ±1 ¿ò¿ðÇÃ©† ëÂ×ËVúÉ Õ±áîÂ 1±¿àËýÃÃ Âó¿1Ë»úò ßÁ1± ýÃÃûþ¼ 1±öÂ± Îù±ßÁü÷±æÃ1 ñ÷ÇÏûþ, ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ Õ±1n¸ ÂõÉ¿MÃáîÂ æÃÏ»ò1 ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ëÂ×Èü» ÕòÅ‡Â±òßÁ ÎßÁf ßÁ¿1 ¿ßÁåÅÃ÷±ò Îù±ßÁáÏîÂ Âó¿1Ë»¿úîÂ ÆýÃÃ Õ±¿ýÃÃËåÃ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ áÏîÂËÂõ±1ßÁÁ ÕòÅ‡Â±ò÷ÓùßÁ Îù±ßÁáÏîÂ ÂõÅ¿ùÂõ Âó±¿1¼ Ûý×ÃÃ áÏîÂËÂõ±11 ÎÂõ¿åÃöÂ±Ëáý×ÃÃ òÔîÂÉ1 ùáîÂ æÃ¿ëÂÿîÂ¼

100  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 1±öÂ± Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ Ð Âó¿1»îÇÂò Õ±1n¸ üÑ1ŽÂí äÂýÃÃ± 1±öÂ± Îù±ßÁü÷±ËæÃ úüÉßÁ ÎÂó±ßÁ-Âó1n¸»±, ÎÂõ÷±1-Õ±æÃ±1 Õ±¿ðÃ1 Âó1± 1ŽÂ± ßÁ¿1ÂõÍùÊ, ÎÂó±ýÃÃòÏûþ± æÃÏ»- æÃcßÁ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ÎÂõ÷±1, ÕÂó±ûþ-Õ÷Ñáù1 Âó1± Õ±ÒîÂ1±ý×ÃÃ 1±¿àÂõÍùÊ, ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 á±ÒÝàòßÁ, ü÷±æÃàòßÁ ÎßÁ±Ëò± ÷±¿1÷1ßÁ ÂõÉ±¿ñ, Î1±á Õ±¿ÃÃðÃ1 Âó1± 1ŽÂ± ßÁ¿1 ñËò-æÃËò òðÃò-ÂõðÃò ßÁ¿1 1±¿àÂõÍù ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ÎðÃ»- ÎðÃ»Ï1 ÂóÓæÃ± ÂõíÇ±ìÂÉ òÔîÂÉ-áÏËîÂË1 ü¥ó±ðÃò ßÁË1¼ Âõ±ûþàÅ ëÂ×Èü»1 åÃ±ï±1áÏîÂ, U1åÃ±ûþ áÏîÂ, Îà¿îÂ-Âõ±¿îÂ ü¥óßÇÁÏûþ ýÃÃ±åÃÑ ÂóÓæÃ±1 áÏîÂ, ¿Âõ»±ýÃÃ ü¥óßÇÁÏûþ ÎéÂ±éÂ±ßÁ±¿÷ áÏîÂ, ÷ÔîÅÂÉ Õ±1n¸ |±X-ú±¿™L ü¥óßÇÁÏûþ ôÂ±1ßÁ±¿™L Âõ± îÂ1±ÑßÁ±¿æÃ áÏîÂ, ÷±Í1 Âõ± ¿Âõø¸ýÃÃ¿1 ÂóÓæÃ±1 ÷±Ë1-áÏîÂ, îÅÂßÅÁ1±ËðÃÝ ÂóÓæÃ±1 îÅÂßÅÁ1Ïûþ± áÏîÂ, ú±1ðÃÏûþ ëÂ×Èü»1 ¢¶Ï÷ÂõÅðÃ±áÏîÂ, 1n¸íéÅÂßÁ ÂóÓæÃ±1 Uûþ÷±1n¸ áÏîÂ ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ áÏîÂËÂõ±1 ÕòÅ‡Â±ò÷ÓùßÁ Îù±ßÁáÏîÂ1 ëÂ×ðÃ±ýÃÃ1í¼ ý×ÃÃûþ±Ë1±Âó±¿1 ù¿à÷Ï Õ±ðÃ1± áÏîÂ, ÷ËýÃÃ±ËýÃÃ± Âõ± ÷ýÃÃËàðÃ± áÏîÂ, üÂóÇ ÂóÓæÃ±1 áÏîÂ, æÅÃò±áÏîÂ, Âõ±1÷±ýÃÃÏ áÏîÂ, Îù&»±¿ÂõßÁ±ûþ áÏîÂ, òîÅÂò â1 ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ßÁ1±1 Õ±áËîÂ ÂóÓæÃ±-Âó±îÂù ßÁ¿1 Îá±»± Îò±ßÁ æÅÃ’÷ßÁ±ûþ äÂ±ûþ áÏîÂ1 ùáËîÂ ÂõU1ãÃÃÏ áÏîÂ 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 ëÂ×Ë~àËû±áÉ Îù±ßÁáÏîÂ¼ åÃ±ï±1 áÏîÂ ÛôÂ±Ò¿ßÁ ëÂ×Ë~à ßÁ1± ýÃÃ’ù – öÂáÂõ±Ëò± ëÂ×¿áÇËò± ÎöÂ±á îÅÂùüÏ 1±ûþ òÅßÁÂõ±ûþ ßÁ±Ëûþ± ëÂ×¿áÇËò± åÃ±Ëù 1n¸÷±ù ôÅÂËù± 1±ûþ¼ U1äÂ±ûþ¼¼ [ÂóÅËÂõÇ±MÃ, ÂóÔÐ 16] [Õü÷Ïûþ± ÕïÇ Ð Ö«1ßÁ öÂßÁ¿îÂ ßÁ¿1÷ îÅÂùüÏ ÆòËÂõËðÃÉË1, öÂ±ùËÂó±»± æÃòßÁ öÂßÁ¿îÂ ßÁ¿1÷ ôÅÂù±÷ 1n¸÷±ËùË1¼] ÛéÂ± Õ±àÉ±ò ÕïÂõ± ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ1 Õ±ñ±1îÂ 1¿äÂîÂ Îù±ßÁáÏîÂ ü÷ÓýÃÃßÁ Õ±àÉ±ò÷ÓùßÁ Âõ± ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ÷ÓùßÁ Îù±ßÁáÏîÂ ÂõÅ¿ùÂõ Âó±¿1¼ ÕîÂÏîÂË1 Âó1± 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 ÷ÅËà ÷ÅËà äÂ¿ù ÕýÃÃ± Âõ±ò1æÃ± Õ±1n¸ ðÃðÃ±ò 1æÃ±1 ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ÷ÓùßÁ áÏîÂ, ßÁ±ìÂÿ±Âõ±ýÃÃÏ1 æÃijÂõÔMÃÃ±™L, ÂõU1ãÃÃÏ àÂó±1±ãÃÃÏ1 áÏîÂ, îÅÂßÅÁ1±ÂõÅìÂÿ±1 áÏîÂ, òÂõý×ÃÃ¿ò Õ±1n¸ ÎýÃÃ1ßÁ± ÎÂóéÂ±1 ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ÷ÓùßÁ áÏîÂ, üÔ¿©† Âó±îÂ¿ò1 áÏîÂ, Îà±ËÂó ÎòËäÂ1 ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ÷ÓùßÁ ðÃðÃ±òáÏîÂ, ¿ò1÷¿ò-¿ò1æÅÃ¿11 áÏîÂ, ù±ãÃÃ±-1±æÃ±ûÂõ±àè± Âõ±ûþ¿ò äÂ±ûþà±1 [ù±ãÃÃ±ËðÃÝ Âõ± çÁ±ßÅÁ»±ËðÃÝ1 Âó±ÒäÂ±¿ù], üðÃ±á1¿í Îá±1±ûþ Âõ±ðÃ±ÑßÁ±ûþ [Âõ¿òæÃ1 Îâ±Ò1± ÎÂõÂó±1 ü¥óßÇÁÏûþ ÷ðÃ1 Î÷ùîÂ Îâ±Ò1±1 ›¶¿îÂßÔÁ¿îÂ ÎäÂ±ÒäÂ1±ý×ÃÃ Îá±»± ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ áÏîÂ] ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ áÏîÂËÂõ±1 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 ÷±æÃîÂ ›¶äÂ¿ùîÂ ÆýÃÃ Õ±¿ýÃÃËåÃ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ áÏîÂü÷ÓËýÃÃ æÃòæÃ±¿îÂËéÂ±ßÁ ÛßÁ üÅßÁÏûþ± ÷ûÇ±ðÃ± ›¶ðÃ±ò ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ îÂùîÂ ðÃðÃ±ò 1æÃ±1 ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏáÏîÂ1 ÛôÒÂ±¿ßÁ ëÂ×Ë~à ßÁ1± ýÃÃ’ù– Õ±ËîÂ± ÎîÂ÷± ÎæÃ±1±ý×ÃÃËæÃ± äÂ±÷ËS±Ñ 1±æÃ±, Õ±ËîÂ± ÎîÂ÷± ÎæÃ±1±ý×ÃÃËæÃ± Âõ±ÑËS±Ñ 1±æÃ±¼ ëÂ×ûþ±ò ðÃðÃ±¿ò åÃ±ßÁ±ý×ÃÃ 1ÑßÁ±ý×ÃÃ ò±ý×ÃÃûþ±ò äÂ±÷ËS±Ñ 1±æÃ±, ëÂ××ÃÃûþ±ò ðÃðÃ±¿ò åÃ±ßÁ±ý×ÃÃ 1ÑßÁ±ý×ÃÃ ò±ý×ÃÃûþ±ò Âõ±ËS±Ñ 1±æÃ±¼ [ÂóÓËÂõÇ±MÃ, ÂóÔÐ 21] Âó1¥ó1±áîÂöÂ±Ë» ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 ÷ÅËà ÷ÅËà ¿ßÁ¥¤ðÃ¿™L Âõ± æÃò|n¸¿îÂ1 Õ±ñ±1îÂ ›¶äÂ¿ùîÂ ÆýÃÃ ÕýÃÃ± áÏîÂü÷ÓýÃÃßÁ ¿ßÁ¥¤ðÃ¿™L Âõ± æÃò|n¸¿îÂ÷ÓùßÁ Îù±ßÁáÏîÂÂ ÂõÅ¿ù ßÁ’Âõ Âó±¿1¼ 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 ÷±æÃËîÂ± ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ñ1í1 æÃò|n¸¿îÂ÷ÓùßÁ áÏîÂ1 ›¶äÂùò ÆýÃÃ Õ±¿ýÃÃËåÃ¼ 1µò±-äÂµò±1 áÏîÂ, òùÅ»±-äÂùÅ»±1 áÏîÂ, ÆýÃÃ÷±1n¸ áÏîÂ, Îà±ßÁ¿äÂ ÂóÓæÃ±1 ÎðÃÝñòÏ áÏîÂ ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 æÃò|n¸¿îÂ1 Õ±ñ±1îÂ 1¿äÂîÂ Õ±1n¸ ›¶äÂ¿ùîÂ áÏîÂ¼

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  101 ¿äÂS 1?ò ò±ï 1µò±-äÂµò±1 áÏîÂîÂ Õ¿îÂ ðÃÏâùÏûþ± ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏË1 ¦¤áÇ1 ÎðÃ»îÂ± Õ±1n¸ ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 ÷±æÃîÂ Îû±áüÓS ¦š±Âóò, Âóq-ÂóŽÂÏîÂ ÷±ò»Ïûþ &í Õ±Ë1±Âóò, 1±öÂ±òÔîÂÉ1 æÃij, öÂûþ Õ±1n¸ öÂ¿MÃ1ÁZ±1± ÎßÁËòÍßÁ 1±öÂ± ü÷±æÃîÂ üÂóÇËðÃ»îÂ±1 ÂóÓæÃ±1 üÔ¿©† ÆýÃÃ¿åÃù îÂ±1 ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ üÅµ1 Õ±1n¸ ü±»ùÏù öÂ±ø¸±îÂ Âõ¿íÇîÂ ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ îÂùîÂ 1µò±- äÂµò±1 áÏîÂ1 ÛôÒÂ±¿ßÁ ëÂ×Ë~à ßÁ1± ýÃÃ’ù – 1µò± Õ±1 åÃµò± öÂ±ý×ÃÃ Âõè±Ñ ÷±ûþßÁ±La±, ¿û ßÁ±La± Âõ±ò±- ¿ßÁ1±ûþ÷±Ëò Âõ±ßÄÁ ¿äÂßÁ±1 û±ûþS±ãÃÃ± Î1ãÃÃ± ¼ [ÂóÓËÂõÇ±MÃ, ÂóÔÐ 22] [Õü÷Ïûþ± ÕïÇ Ð 1µò± Õ±1n¸ äÂµò± ðÅÃý×ÃÃ öÂ±ý×ÃÃ¼ à±¿ùöÂ±îÂ, ÂõÉ?òîÂ ÛËßÁ± ò±ý×ÃÃ, ßÅÁßÅÁË1Ë1 á±ýÃÃ¿1 ¿äÂßÁ±1 ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù û±ÝÒ¼] äÂýÃÃ±Ëù±ËßÁ ßÁ±÷ ßÁË1Ò±ËîÂ |÷ ù±â» ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù, Õ±òµ-ëÂ×Èü±ýÃÃ ÂõìÂÿ±ÂõÍù ¿ßÁåÅÃ÷±ò áÏîÂ á±ûþ, ÛËò ñ1í1 áÏîÂËÂõ±1ßÁ ßÁ÷Ç¿Âõø¸ûþßÁÂ Âõ± ßÁ÷Ç÷ÓùßÁÂ Îù±ßÁáÏîÂ ÂõÅ¿ù Õ¿öÂ¿ýÃÃîÂ ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1¼ |÷ ù±â» Õ±1n¸ Õ±òµ-¿ÂõËò±ðÃËòý×ÃÃ Ûý×ÃÃ Îù±ßÁáÏîÂËÂõ±11 ›¶ñ±ò ëÂ×ËVúÉ¼ ÛËò áÏîÂËÂõ±1îÂ ü1ù-÷ñÅ1 ßÁŠò± Õ±1n¸ ÕËùÌ¿ßÁßÁîÂ± ¿ÂõðÃÉ÷±ò¼ 1±öÂ±üßÁùË1± ¢¶±÷É æÃÏ»òîÂ ¿Âõ¿ÂõñÃ ßÁ÷Ç1 ùáîÂ æÃ¿ëÂÿîÂ Îù±ßÁáÏîÂ ÎÂó±»± û±ûþ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ßÔÁ¿ø¸æÃÏ¿» äÂýÃÃ± Îù±ßÁüßÁËù ÆðÃò¿µò æÃÏ»ò1 ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ßÁ±÷1 ÷±æÃîÂ &í&í±ý×ÃÃ ïßÁ± Ûý×ÃÃ áÏîÂËÂõ±Ë1 ßÁ÷Ç- ßvÁ±¿™L ðÓÃ1 ßÁ1±1 ëÂ×Âó¿1Ý Ûý×ÃÃ áÏîÂËÂõ±11 ÷±æÃîÂ ùÅßÁ±ý×ÃÃ Õ±ËåÃ æÃ±îÂÏûþ üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ¼ ‘Âõ±ðÃ±Âõ1’ [ò±Ý, ßÁ±êÂ Õ±¿ðÃ ÎÂõýÃÃ±1 ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù Îû±»± ›¶Âõ±üÏ üßÁËù ÂóîÂ± Õ¦š±ûþÏ Âõ±ýÃÃ1]îÂ Îá±»± 1n¸Ñ îÂ±òßÁ±ûþ äÂ±ûþ Âõ± Âõ±1 ßÁ±÷ù±1 áÏîÂ, ÷±åÃ÷1± ü¥óßÇÁÏûþ ò± ÎÂõ±ßÁ±ûþ áÏîÂ, çÅÁ÷îÂùÏîÂ éÂ¿ãÃÃâ1 1ËàÒ±ËîÂ Îá±»± öÂ1Ñ ÎòßÁ±ûþ Âõ± äÅÂ¿àûþ± Î1±ßÁßÁ±ûþ äÂ±ûþ, á1àÏûþ± üßÁù1 õ±Ñ ¿ðÃûþ± Âõ± ù±à1 äÂ±ûþ, ¿äÂßÁ±1 ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù û±ÝÒËîÂ Îá±»± ÷±1±Ñ ÷±ï±Ñ Âõ± U1±ûþËäÂ±ßÁ- ÷±µ±ûþËäÂ±ßÁ, òÅà±1Ë1ÑßÁ±ûþ äÂ±ûþ [¿òäÅÂßÁ¿ò áÏîÂ]1 ùáËîÂ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ Îàù ÎàËù±ËîÂ Îá±»± áÏîÂ ÎûËò– åÅÃ»± ÎàË1ßÁ±ûþ [äÅÂ»± Îàù], ò±äÂ±1 &¿éÂ ÎàË1ßÁ±ûþ [ÎýÃÃîÂ±¿ù Îàù], ßÁËßÁ±Ë1ßÁ ßÁßÄÁ ÎàË1ßÁ±ûþ [ùÅßÁ±-öÂ±ßÅÁ Îàù], ßÁËßÁ±÷±ý×ÃÃ ÎàË1ßÁ±ý×ÃÃ [Âõ±¿ù äÂ±ÒýÃÃÏ òäÅÂ»± Îàù] ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ñ1í1 ßÁ÷Ç¿Âõø¸ûþßÁ Îù±ßÁáÏîÂ 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 ÷±æÃîÂ ÕîÂÏîÂË1 Âó1± ›¶äÂ¿ùîÂ ÆýÃÃ Õ±¿ÃýÃÃËåÃ¼ Âó±¿îÂ1±öÂ± üßÁù1 ÷±æÃËîÂ± ò±ÝËàù1 áÏîÂ, ûÒîÂ11 áÏîÂ, ò±ãÃÃù1 áÏîÂ, áåÃßÁ±éÂ±1 áÏîÂ, öÂ±ùÅßÁ ò±äÂò1 áÏîÂ, ßÁ±¿îÂÂóÓæÃ±1 áÏîÂ ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ ò±ò± áÏîÂ1 ›¶äÂùò Õ±ËåÃ¼  ü±ñÅßÁï± Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÛßÁ ëÂ×Ë~àËû±áÉ ü÷ù¼ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÂõÅ1?ÏîÂ Ûý×ÃÃËÂõ±11 Âõ1 ËÂõ¿åÃ ÷ÓùÉ ò±ï±¿ßÁËùÝ ü÷±æÃîÂQ ÕñÉûþò1 ôÂ±ùÂó1± Ûý×ÃÃËÂõ±11 ûËï©† ÷ÓùÉ Õ±ËåÃ¼ ü±ñÅËÂõ±1 ÎßÁ±Ëò± ¿ò¿ðÇÃ©† ¿¦š1 1+Âó ò±ý×ÃÃ, ü±ñÅ ßÁÝÒîÂ±ý×ÃÃ ¿òæÃ 1n¸¿äÂ ÕòÅü¿1 ÛËßÁ±éÂ± ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ ÂõíÇ±ý×ÃÃ û±ûþ¼ öÂ±Ëù÷±ò ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏîÂ üæÃ òÏ¿îÂ ¿úŽÂ± ïßÁ± Âõ±ËÂõ Ûý×ÃÃËÂõ±1 Îù±ßÁßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏßÁ ü±ñÅßÁï± ÎÂõ±ù± ýÃÃûþ¼ [ÎýÃÃ÷™L ßÅÁ÷±1 ú÷Ç± Ð Õü÷Ïûþ± ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉîÂ ðÔÃ¿©†Âó±îÂ, ÂóÔÐ 28]¼ ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 Âõ±¿ýÃÃË1Ý 1±ŽÂü, öÂÓîÂ, û¿àòÏ, ¿úûþ±ù, ßÁ±ëÂ×1Ï, ýÃÃ¿1í Õ±¿ÃðÃËûþÝ ü±ñÅßÁï±îÂ êÂ±ý×ÃÃ Âó±ý×ÃÃËåÃ¼ ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 ðÃË1ý×ÃÃ Ûý×ÃÃËÂõ±11 ÷±æÃËîÂ± ›¶Ï¿îÂ, ÕüÓûþ±, ñÓîÇÂ±ùÏ Õ±¿ðÃ ÎðÃàÅÝ»± ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 ü±ñÅßÁï±ËÂõ±11 ÷ÅàÉ Õ±ñ±1 ýÃÃ’ù æÃ±îÂÏûþ üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ¼ äÂ¿1SËÂõ±11 ò±÷ Õ±ËåÃ Õ±1n¸ ¿ßÁåÅÃ÷±ò ü±ñÅßÁï±1 ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ ¿ÂõòÉ±ü1 ñ±1±Âõ±¿ýÃÃßÁîÂ± Õ±ËåÃ¼ ¿ßÁåÅÃ÷±ò ü±ñÅ ÛËßÁËùï±¿1Ëûþ ¿îÂ¿ò¿ðÃò ¿îÂ¿ò1±¿îÂÍù ÆßÁ ï±¿ßÁËùÝ ÎýÃÃËò± Îüý×ÃÃ ü±ñÅßÁï±1 ñ±1±Âõ±¿ýÃÃßÁîÂ±1 Ý1ÂòÂóË1 [1±ËæÃò 1±öÂ± Ð 1±öÂ± ü±ñÅ, ÂóÔÐ 7]¼ üîÂÏ

102  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 1±öÂ± Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ Ð Âó¿1»îÇÂò Õ±1n¸ üÑ1ŽÂí ðÅÃÉ÷ßÄÁ¿äÂ1 ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ, ßÅÁ¥¤±ûþ-äÅÂãÃÃ’1 ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ, æÃ±¢±Ñ Î÷÷±Ñ, òùÅ»±-äÂùÅ»± Îá±g¦ÚÏ, Îï±ËÂó-ÎòËäÂ1 ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ, ÷ý×ÃÃ1±-÷ý×ÃÃ1Ï, 1µò-äÂµò1 ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ, îÂ¦Ú±ûþ 1±æÅÃ ò±ùÑ, ¿ò÷Ç±¿ù-¿òÂõ±ÇòÏ1 ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ, ¿ÂõäÂßÁ1÷ Õ±¿ùßÁ1÷ ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ, ÎéÂ±-÷±ûþËà±ò±-Îò11 ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ü±ñÅßÁï±Ë1 1±öÂ± Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ äÂýÃÃßÁÏ¼ Âó±¿îÂ1±öÂ±üßÁù1 ÷±æÃîÂ Û¿1 ßÁ±ËÂó±11 æÃij ßÁï±, ñ±ò1 æÃij ßÁï±, ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 æÃij ßÁï±, ¿ÂóêÂ± ùÅöÂÏûþ± ëÂ±ý×ÃÃòÏ ÂõÅìÂÿÏ, ÷ðÃ1 æÃij ßÁï±, ÛýÃÃ±ù ÂõÅìÂÿ±-ÂõÅìÂÿÏ Õ±1n¸ ÛéÂ± ÎöÂßÅÁùÏ, ÛéÂ± Âõ±µ1 Õ±1n¸ ÛéÂ± ¿úûþ±ù, ÎöÂßÅÁùÏ1 ÎòæÃ1 ßÁï±, äÂ1±ý×ÃÃ1 1æÃ± ÂóîÂ±1 ßÁï±, ðÃ±îÂ±-¿Âõñ±îÂ±1 Âõ±g, ÎéÂËéÂ±ò Õ±1n¸ ÷ÓàÇ ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ ü±ñÅßÁï±1 ›¶äÂùò Õ±ËåÃ¼ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 ÷±æÃîÂ ÂóÂõÇîÂ, Æò Õ±¿ðÃÃ ›¶±ßÔÁ¿îÂßÁ ü¥óðÃ ü÷ÓýÃÃ1 ëÂ×ÈÂó¿MÃÃ ü¥óËßÇÁÝ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ü±ñÅßÁï±1 ›¶äÂùò ïßÁ± ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 ¿ßÁåÅÃ÷±ò ü±ñÅ1 ¿Âõø¸ûþÂõd Âõ± ëÂ×ËVúÉ1 ùáîÂ Õò±1±öÂ± Õü÷Ïûþ±1 ùáËîÂ Õ±ò æÃòËá±‡ÂÏ1 ü±ñÅ1 ¿÷ù ïßÁ± ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ Õ»ËúÉ Õ±¿ðÃ÷ ûÅáË1 Âó1± ÂóÔ¿ï»Ï1 ÛêÂ±ý×ÃÃ1 ÷±òÅýÃÃ Õ±ò ÛêÂ±ý×ÃÃÍù Æá Âõü¿îÂ ßÁ1±1 ôÂùîÂ ò±ý×ÃÃÂõ± ÛêÂ±ý×ÃÃ1 ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 ùáîÂ Õ±ò ÛêÂ±ý×ÃÃ1 ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 öÂ±»1 Õ±ðÃ±ò-›¶ðÃ±ò ÎýÃÃ±»±1 ôÂùîÂ ü±ñÅËÂõ±1 ÎðÃú±™L1Ï ÎýÃÃ±»± Îûò ù±Ëá¼  ü±Òï1 ÆýÃÃËåÃ ÎßÁ±Ëò± Âõd1 ›¶ßÔÁîÂ ò±÷ üýÃÃËæÃ ßÁ’Âõ Îò±»±1±ÍßÁ ¿ðÃûþ± Õ±ÝÂóßÁÏûþ± ÂõíÇò±¼ Ûý×ÃÃËÂõ±11 ÷±æÃîÂ ÂõÅ¿X÷MÃÃ±1 Âó¿1äÂûþ ÎÂó±»± û±ûþ¼ ùÏù± áÍá1 öÂ±ø¸±îÂ, ›¶Ÿ q¿ò û’îÂ ü±ÒîÅÂ¿1 ÕïÇ ¿ÂõäÂ±¿1Âõ ù±Ëá, ÎüËûþ ü±Òï1 [ùÏù± áÍá Ð Õü÷Ïûþ± Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 1+ÂóË1à±, ÂóÔÐ 10]¼ ÎüËûþ ýÃÃûþËîÂ± æÃòü±ñ±1í1 Âõ±ËÂõ ü±Òï1ËÂõ±1 Âõ1 Õ±Ë÷±ðÃæÃòßÁ¼ ü÷±Ëù±äÂßÁ ÂõvÅ÷¿ôÂË‹ Õ±¿ðÃ÷ ÷±òÅËýÃÃ ÎîÂÝÒ1 Âó±¿1Âó±¿Ç«ßÁ æÃáîÂàò1 ùáîÂ ¿òæÃ1 ÷òËéÂ± à±Âó àÅ»±ý×ÃÃ ù’Âõ1 ßÁ±1Ëí ÕîÂÏîÂ1 Âó1± ßÁ¿1 ÕýÃÃ± ÎäÂÃ©†±ý×ÃÃ ü±Òï1 ÂõÅ¿ù Õ¿öÂ¿ýÃÃîÂ ßÁ¿1ËåÃ [¿Âõ¿1¿= ßÅÁ÷±1 Âõ1n¸»± Ð Õü÷1 Îù±ßÁüÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ, ÂóÔÐ 52]¼ öÂ±1îÂÏûþ ü÷±æÃîÂ ÆÂõ¿ðÃßÁ ûÅá1 Âó1±ý×ÃÃ ü±Òï11 ›¶äÂùò ïßÁ±1 ›¶÷±í ÎÂó±»± û±ûþ¼ ëÂ×Âó¿òø¸ðÃ, ÷ýÃÃ±öÂ±1îÂ1 ûÅáîÂ Õ±1n¸ îÂ±1 ¿ÂóåÃ1 ßÁ±ùËåÃ±»±ËîÂ± ü±Òï11 ÂõUù ›¶äÂùò ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ ÂõÅX æÃ±îÂßÁ ü÷ÓýÃÃËîÂ± ›¶Ÿ1+ËÂó ü±Òï1ü÷ÓýÃÃ ÎÂó±»± ÆáËåÃ [÷¿ùò± 1±öÂ± Ð ÂóÅËÂõÇ±M, ÃÂóÔÐ 29]¼ ÂóÔ¿ï»Ï1 ÕòÉ±òÉ æÃ±¿îÂ-æÃòæÃ±¿îÂ ü÷ÓýÃÃ1 ðÃË1 1±öÂ±üßÁùË1± ü±Òï11 ÂõÅ1?Ï Õ¿îÂ ›¶±äÂÏò¼ Õ¿îÂ ÂóÅ1¿í ßÁ±ùË1 Âó1±ý×ÃÃ 1±öÂ± Îù±ßÁæÃÏ»ò1 ÷ÅËà ÷ÅËà ü±Òï1 ü÷ÓýÃÃ ›¶äÂ¿ùîÂ ÆýÃÃ Õ±¿ýÃÃËåÃ¼ Âó1¥ó1±áîÂ öÂ±Ë» ›¶äÂ¿ùîÂ ÆýÃÃ ÕýÃÃ± Ûý×ÃÃ ü±Òï1ËÂõ±Ë1 üÅ¦š ü»ù 1±öÂ± æÃòæÃÏ»ò1 üÅµ1 ›¶¿îÂ26Ã¿» Ûàò ¦ó©† 1+ÂóîÂ ðÃ±¿ãÃÃ ñË1¼ îÂùîÂ ÎßÁý×ÃÃéÂ±÷±ò ü±Òï11 ëÂ×ðÃ±ýÃÃ1í ¿ðÃûþ± ýÃÃ’ù– [ßÁ] 1±æÃ±1 Âõ±1ÏîÂ ¿áùÅÑ, üÅ÷±ý×ÃÃ Ýù±Âõ± òÅ1ùÅÑ¼ [ ëÂ×MÃÃ1 Ð ÎäÂÂó±] [à] ßÅÁéÂÏîÂ éÂ±ËãÃÃ±ò, ÷±ï±îÂ ÎÂõ±æÃ±û ßÁ’îÂ û±»± îÅÂý×ÃÃ 1±ãÃÃ± ÝæÃ±¼ [ëÂ×MÃÃ1 Ð Õò±1ü] [á] Õ±¿ù Õ±¿ù û±ûþ, ÷±ï± ðÃ±¿ãÃÃ äÂ±ûþ¼ [ëÂ×MÃÃ1 Ð ÎÂõæÃÏ]  ›¶Âõ±ðÃ-›¶ÂõäÂòËÂõ±1 Îù±ßÁæÃÏ»ò1 ÂõU¿ðÃòÏûþ± Õ¿öÂ:îÂ±1 üÑ¿ŽÂ5îÂ÷ Õ¿öÂÂõÉ¿MÃ¼ Îù±ßÁ ü÷±æÃ1 ü±ñ±1í :±ò Õ±1n¸ ÂõÅ¿X1 ëÂ×Ëijø¸îÂ Ûý×ÃÃ ›¶Âõ±ðÃ-›¶ÂõäÂòËÂõ±11 üÔ¿©† Õ±1n¸ ›¶äÂ±1 ÆýÃÃ¿åÃù¼ Ûý×ÃÃËÂõ±11 ÷±ËæÃË1 ÛôÂ±Ëù 1¿üßÁîÂ± Õ±1n¸ Õ±òôÂ±Ëù ëÂ×ÂóËðÃËú± ÎÂó±»± û±ûþ¼ Õ±ËßÁÌ Îû±æÃò± Âõ± ÂóéÂ™L1îÂ ÛéÂ± ßÁï± ÂõÅæÃ±Âõ1 Âõ±ËÂõ Õ±ò ÛéÂ± ßÁï±1 ùáîÂ îÅÂùò± ßÁ1± ýÃÃûþ¼ ¿û¿Âõù±ßÁ Îû±æÃò± ÛËßÁ±éÂ± Âó±1÷±¿ïÇßÁ ÕïÇ Âõ±ýÃÃßÁ, Îüý×ÃÃËÂõ±1ßÁ öÂßÁîÂÏûþ± ôÂßÁ1± ÂõÅ¿ùÂõ Âó±¿1¼ ÛËò ôÂßÁ1±1 Âõ±¿ýÃÃÉßÁ ÕïÇ1 Õ™L1±ùîÂ ÛËßÁ±éÂ± &ìÂÿ±ïÇ ùÅßÁ±ý×ÃÃ ï±ËßÁ¼ 1±öÂ±üßÁù1

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  103 ¿äÂS 1?ò ò±ï ÷±æÃîÂ ¿Âõ¿äÂS Õ¿öÂ:îÂ± Õ±1n¸ ÷±ò¿üßÁîÂ±Ë1 Âó¿1ÂóÅ©† ÂõU ÕïÇÂõýÃÃ ôÂßÁ1±-Îû±æÃò±, ›¶Âõ±ðÃ-›¶ÂõäÂò ¦š±ò-ßÁ±ù Âó±S ¿ò1ËÂóŽÂöÂ±Ë» 1¿äÂîÂ Õ±1n¸ ›¶äÂ¿ùîÂ ÆýÃÃ Õ±¿ýÃÃËåÃ¼ ›¶Âõ±ðÃ-›¶ÂõäÂò, ôÂßÁ1±-Îû±æÃò±ËÂõ±1 ü±ñ±1íËîÂ ÂõûþüÏûþ±ù Îù±ßÁ1 ÷±æÃîÂ ÎÂõ¿åÃ ›¶äÂ¿ùîÂ ÎýÃÃ±»± ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ 1ÑðÃ±òÏ 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 ü÷±æÃîÂ Î÷±÷±ËûþßÁ1 æÃÏËûþßÁ1 ùáîÂ ¿Âõûþ± ÂóîÂ±1 ¿òûþ÷ Õ±ËåÃ, ÛËò Îû±1ßÁ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ËßÁ Âó±öÂËû±1 ÂõÅ¿ù áíÉ ßÁË1– ÷±÷±1 ÎÂõéÂÏ ßÁ±ù±ý×ÃÃ ú±ßÁ¼ îÂùîÂ ›¶ÂõäÂò, ôÂßÁ1±-Îû±æÃò± ÎßÁý×ÃÃéÂ±÷±ò ëÂ×Ë~à ßÁ1± ýÃÃ’ù–  [1] Õ±™L± ßÁ±ûþ¿ò îÂ±¿åÃ, ÎÂõËðÃ±Âõ±ËåÃ ÷±¿åÃ¼ [ÕïÇ Ð Âó11 ýÃÃ±îÂ1 ñò ÎßÁ¿îÂûþ± ÎÂó±»± û±ûþ, îÂ±1 ¿êÂßÁò± ò±ý×ÃÃ¼] Ê, [2] îÂ±ËêÂÑ îÂ±¿åÃ ßÁË¥œ éÂÑ ðÃÑ ÷±ûþ ÎÂõ±à±äÂ±¼ [ÕïÇÐ ýÃÃ±îÂ ü±»¿îÂ Âõ¿ýÃÃ ï±¿ßÁËù ÎÂóéÂ òöÂË1¼] ± û± ÂóìÂÿ±ûþ± ëÂ× ÎÂõ1±ûþ±¼ [ÕïÇ Ð ¿ûËûþ ÂóËìÂÿ, ¿üËûþ ôÅÂË1¼]  û± Îò¦œ± ¿ðÃ÷ðÃ±ûþ±ò ò±¦œ±¼ [ÕïÇ Ð ¿û öÂ±ù îÂ±ßÁ üßÁËù±Ë» ¿ÂõäÂ±Ë1¼]  ÎîÂÂóîÂ±Âó±¿ù ÎîÂÂó ÎîÂÂó Âõ±1 ï±¿ùÊ, ¿÷¿åÃ ÷±ÑåÃ± ÛßÁÑ ï±¿ù¼ [ÕïÇ Ð ÕßÁí÷±¿í éÅÂ¿ò äÂ1±ý×ÃÃ1 ÷ãÃÃýÃÃ Âõ±1ßÁ±ÒýÃÃÏ, ›¶ßÁ±G ÷’ýÃÃ ÛéÂ±1 ÷ýÃÃãÃÃ ÷±ËïÒ± ÛßÁ±ÒýÃÃÏ¼]  öÂ±1îÂÏûþ üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂîÂ ÷La ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±11 Âó1¥ó1± Õ¿îÂ ›¶±äÂÏò¼ ÆÂõ¿ðÃßÁ ûÅá1 Âó1±ý×ÃÃ öÂ±1îÂÏûþ ü÷±æÃîÂ ÂõUùöÂ±Ë» ÷La1 ›¶äÂùò ÆýÃÃ Õ±¿ÃýÃÃËåÃ¼ ›¶±äÂÏò ßÁ±ùËîÂ ëÂ×¾Ã» ÎýÃÃ±»± ÷LaËÂõ±1 Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 Û1±Âõ Îò±»±1± ü÷ù¼ ÷LaËÂõ±1 ÂõUßÁ±ù ñ¿1 ÷ÅËà ÷ÅËà ›¶äÂ¿ùîÂ ÆýÃÃ Õ±¿ýÃÃËùÝ ü÷ûþ1 Âó¿1»îÇÂò1 ùËá ùËá Îüý×ÃÃËÂõ±11 ¿ßÁc öÂ±ø¸±1 Âó¿1ÂõîÇÂò ÎýÃÃ±»± ò±ý×ÃÃ¼ Ûý×ÃÃÂõ±ËÂõ ÷LaîÂ ïßÁ± ÕïÇýÃÃÏò Îûò ùá± ßÁï±ËÂõ±1 ÂõîÇÂ÷±Ëò± ÛËßÁðÃË1ý×ÃÃ Õ±ËåÃ¼ ßÁ±¿ÂõÉßÁ ðÔÃ¿©†ËßÁ±í1 Âó1± Ûý×ÃÃËÂõ±11 ¿ÂõËúø¸ ÷ÓùÉ Õ±ËåÃ¼ ëÂ×ÂóûÅMÃ öÂ±Ë» åÃËµ±ÂõX òýÃÃ’ËùÝ ÷LaËÂõ±11 ÷±æÃîÂ åÃµ1 ù±¿ùîÂÉ ¿ÂõäÂ±¿1 ÎÂó±»± û±ûþ¼ æÒÃîÅÂ»± êÂ±äÂ Õ±1n¸ ëÂ×ÂóûÅMÃ ÕùÑßÁ±11 ›¶Ëûþ±Ëá ÷La ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ 1÷íÏûþ ßÁ¿1 îÅÂ¿ùËåÃ¼ Õü÷1 ÕòÉ±òÉ æÃ±¿îÂ îÂï± æÃòæÃ±¿îÂ1 ðÃË1 ÂóÅ1¿í ßÁ±ùË1 Âó1±ý×ÃÃ 1±öÂ± üßÁù1 ÛßÁ Î|íÏ1 ¿ÂõËúø¸ Îù±ßÁ1 ÷ÅËà ÷ÅËà ÷Laü÷ÓýÃÃ ›¶äÂ¿ùîÂ ÆýÃÃ Õ±¿ýÃÃËåÃ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ÷LaËÂõ±Ë1 ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ÎðÃ»-ÎðÃ»Ï1 Õ±¿ÂõöÂÇ±», ¿ÂõßÁ±ú Õ±1n¸ ¿Âõ™¦±11 ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ, ùáËîÂ ÂóÓæÃ±-ÕäÇÂò±1 1Ï¿îÂ-òÏ¿îÂ, Õ±äÂ±1-ÕòÅ‡Â±ò Õ±¿ðÃ1 ¿Âõø¸ËûþÝ :±ò ¿ðÃËûþ¼ îÂðÅÃÂó¿1 ÎðÃÝ-öÂÓîÂ, ÷±¿1÷1ßÁ ÂõÉ±¿ñ, Âõò1Ïûþ± æÃÏ»-æÃc1 Âó1± Âó¿1S±í, ÎÂó±ßÁ-Âó1n¸»±1 Âó1± Îà¿îÂ 1ŽÂ± ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ üßÁËù± ›¶ßÁ±11 ÕÂó±ûþ Õ÷eù ðÓÃ1 ßÁ1±1 Âõ±ËÂõ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ÎðÃ»îÂ±1 ßÔÁÂó± ¿ÂõäÂ±¿1 Âó±êÂ ßÁ1± ÷Laü÷ÓýÃÃ1 ÷±ËæÃ¿ðÃ 1±öÂ± Îù±ßÁü÷±æÃ1 üýÃÃæÃ-ü1ù ÕïäÂ üÅ¦š ü»ù ÷ò1 Âó¿1äÂûþ ÎÂó±»± û±ûþ¼ 2.3 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ÆôÂðÃ1 ›¶±äÂÏò Õ±1n¸ ÕÂõ±äÇÂÏò ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ü÷ËùË1 1±öÂ± Ëù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ Âó¿1ÂóÅ©† Õ±1n¸ ¿ÂõßÁ¿úîÂ¼ Õ±÷±1 Ûý×ÃÃ Õ±Ëù±äÂò±îÂ 1±öÂ±1 ü÷±æÃ üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂßÁÂ ›¶îÂÏûþ÷±ò ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó1± 1±öÂ±¿÷æÃ öÂ±ø¸±îÂ 1¿äÂîÂ ü÷ù1±¿æÃËßÁ± 1±öÂ± Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 áGÏÍù Õò± ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ îÂðÅÃÂó¿1 ý×ÃÃûþ±îÂ Õ±Ëù±äÂò± ßÁ1± ü1ýÃÃ-üÑàÉßÁ Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ü÷ù ÎßÁ»ù 1±öÂ± ü÷±æÃË1 òýÃÃûþ, ü÷¢¶ ëÂ×MÃÃ1 ÂóÓÂõÇ±=ùË1 ëÂ×Í÷ýÃÃîÂÏûþ± ü¥óðÃ ¦¤1+Âó¼ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ æÃ±¿îÂ-æÃòæÃ±¿îÂ1 öÂ±»-öÂ±ø¸± Õ±1n¸ Õ¿öÂ:îÂ±Ë1 ÛËßÁ±éÂ± ¿äÂ™L± ›¶üÓîÂ 1+Âó Ûý×ÃÃËÂõ±1îÂ ü÷Å8ù ÆýÃÃ Õ±ËåÃ¼

104  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 1±öÂ± Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ Ð Âó¿1»îÇÂò Õ±1n¸ üÑ1ŽÂí 3.  ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ æÃ±¿îÂ-æÃòËá±‡ÂÏ1 ü÷i¤ËûþË1 á¿êÂîÂ ÆýÃÃËåÃ ÂõÔýÃÃMÃÃ1 Õü÷Ïûþ± ü÷±æÃ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ Õü÷Ïûþ± ü÷±æÃ1 Û¿éÂ Û¿1Âõ Îò±»±1± ÕÑá ÆýÃÃËåÃ 1±öÂ±üßÁù¼ ÎüËûþ Õ-æÃòæÃ±îÂÏûþ Õò±1±öÂ± Õü÷Ïûþ± Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ùáîÂ 1±öÂ± Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ¿÷ù ûËï©† ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ üÑ1ŽÂíúÏù ÷Ëò±öÂ±»1 ýÃÃ’ËùÝ ü÷ûþ1 Âó¿1»MÇÃÃò1 ùËá ùËá 1±öÂ±üßÁËù ÂóÓÂõÇ1 Õ±ðÃúÇ Õ±1n¸ öÂ±»ñ±1±1 ¿ßÁåÅÃ ü±ù-üù¿ò ßÁ¿1 üýÃÃ-Õ»¦š±òîÂ ¿Âõ«±ü ßÁ1± ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ ¿úŽÂ±, ¿Âõ«±ûþò1 ›¶öÂ±», Âó¿(÷Ïûþ± üöÂÉîÂ± Õ±¿ÃÃðÃËûþ ò»-›¶æÃijßÁ ¦¤ßÁÏûþ Âó1¥ó1±1 ›¶¿îÂ ü¿µýÃÃ±ò ßÁ¿1 îÅÂ¿ùËåÃ, û±1 ßÁ±1Ëí Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 äÂäÇÂ± Õ±1n¸ Õ±ðÃ1 ¿ßÁåÅÃ ýÃÃ’ËùÝ ßÁ¿÷ Õ±¿ýÃÃËåÃ¼ 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ1 ÎÂõ¿åÃ¿à¿ò ü÷ù ßÔÁ¿ø¸ßÁ÷Ç ëÂ×Èü»-ÕòÅ‡Â±ò1 ùáîÂ æÃ¿ëÂÿîÂ¼ ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò ü÷ûþîÂ æÃòüÑàÉ± ÂõÔ¿X ÎýÃÃ±»±1 ùËá ùËá ÂõU ÷±òÅËýÃÃ ÂóÓÂõÇ1 ßÔÁ¿ø¸1 öÂÓ¿÷îÂ â1 Âõ±¿g ï±¿ßÁÂõÍù Îù±»±1 Âó¿1Ë›¶¿ŽÂîÂîÂ ßÔÁ¿ø¸öÂÓ¿÷ ßÁ¿÷ Õ±¿ýÃÃËåÃ¼ Õ±òýÃÃ±ËîÂ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 ¿Âõûþ±, |±X, ßÔÁ¿ø¸¿öÂ¿MÃÃßÁ ëÂ×Èü» Âõ±ûþàÅ Âõ± Õ±ò ëÂ×Èü» ÕòÅ‡Â±ò ü÷ÓËýÃÃ± ûËï©† ÂõÉûþÂõUù¼ ÛËò ÎŽÂSîÂ ÕïÇÍò¿îÂßÁ öÂ±Ë» ¿ÂóåÃÂó1± 1±öÂ±üßÁËù ÂõU ëÂ×Èü» ÕòÅ‡Â±ò ÕòÅ¿‡ÂîÂ ßÁ1±1 Âó1± ¿Âõ1îÂ ï±¿ßÁÂõùáÏûþ± ÆýÃÃËåÃ ÕïÂõ± ÕòÅ©†ÅÂóÏûþ±ÍßÁ Âó±¿îÂÂõùáÏûþ± ÆýÃÃËåÃÊ, û±1 ßÁ±1Ëí ÂóÓÂõÇ1 Âó1¥ó1± 1ŽÂ± òÂóË1 Õ±1n¸ Ü¿îÂýÃÃÉ ÎýÃÃ1±ý×ÃÃ û±ÂõÍù ñ¿1ËåÃ¼ ÕïÇÍò¿îÂßÁ öÂ±Ë» æÅÃ1n¸ù± ÆýÃÃ Âó1± 1±öÂ±üßÁËù Îù±ßÁáÏîÂ, ôÂßÁ1±-Îû±æÃò±, ü±ñÅßÁï± q¿ò ëÂ×ðÃÉË÷Ë1 ßÁ±÷ ßÁ1±1 ÷±ò¿üßÁîÂ± ÎýÃÃ1n¸»±ý×ÃÃ ÎÂóËù±»± Îûò ÕòÅöÂ» ýÃÃûþ¼ Õ±ËßÁÌ äÂ1íÏûþ± Âóï±1 ü÷ÓýÃÃîÂ â1 üæÃ± Õ±1n¸ ßÔÁ¿ø¸öÂÓ¿÷Íù 1+Âó±™L¿1îÂ ßÁ1±1 ôÂùîÂ á1n¸ ÷’ýÃÃ 1à± Âó±ù ßÁ¿÷ ÕýÃÃ±1 Âõ±ËÂõ ¦š±ûþÏ á1àÏûþ± Îò±ËýÃÃ±»± ýÃÃ’ùÊ, ý×ÃÃûþ±1 ôÂùîÂ ù±ËýÃÃ ù±ËýÃÃ Îù±Âó Âó±ÂõÍù ñ¿1Ëù á1àÏûþ± áÏîÂü÷ÓËýÃÃ±¼ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ ¿úŽÂ±Ë1 ¿ú¿ŽÂîÂ ÎýÃÃ±»±1 ôÂùîÂ 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 ¿ßÁåÅÃüÑàÉËßÁ Âó1¥ó1±áîÂ Îù±ßÁ¿Âõ«±ü1 Âó1± Õ±ÒîÂ¿1 ÕýÃÃ± ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ ÂóÓÂõÇËîÂ 1±öÂ±üßÁËù ÎÂõ÷±1-Õ±æÃ±1 ýÃÃ’Ëù Âõ¿ù-¿Âõñ±ËòË1 ò±ò± ÎðÃ»-ÎðÃ»ÏßÁ Î1±á ¿ò1±÷ûþ1 Âõ±ËÂõ ÂóÓæÃ± ßÁ¿1¿åÃù¼ ÷ãÃÃù ÎåÃ±»±1 Âó1¥ó1±Ý Õ±¿åÃù¼ ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò ÂõU 1±öÂ± Îù±ËßÁ Ûý×ÃÃ Îù±ßÁ¿Âõ«±ü Âó1¥ó1±1 Âó¿1»ËîÇÂ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ ¿äÂ¿ßÁÈü±1 ›¶¿îÂ Õ±¢¶ýÃÃÏ ÎýÃÃ±»± ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ ¿úŽÂ±Ë1 ¿ú¿ŽÂîÂ ÂõU 1±öÂ± ÷¿ýÃÃù±ý×ÃÃ Âó1¥ó1±áîÂ 1Ï¿îÂ-òÏ¿îÂ Âó±ùò ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù, Âó1¥ó1±áîÂöÂ±Ë» ÷Åà Âõ±á¿1 ÕýÃÃ± áÏîÂ, ôÂßÁ1±- Îû±æÃò± Õ±¿ðÃ á±ÂõÍù Âõ± ßÁ’ÂõÍù ù±æÃ ßÁ1±1 Âõ±ËÂõ Ûý×ÃÃ Îù±ßÁüÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ1 ü÷ùËÂõ±1 ù±ËýÃÃ ù±ËýÃÃ ÎýÃÃ1±ý×ÃÃ û±ÂõÍù ëÂ×ÂóS÷ ÎýÃÃ±»± ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ ý×ÃÃûþ±Ë1±Âó¿1, ò»›¶æÃijßÁ ÂõU1ãÃÃÏ Âõ± ÂõËáæÃ±1Ï áÏîÂ òÔîÂÉ, åÃ±ï±1 òÔîÂÉ-áÏîÂ Õ±¿ðÃ1 ›¶¿îÂËû±¿áîÂ± ÂóîÂ±1 Âõ±ËÂõ Õ±¢¶ýÃÃÏ ÎýÃÃ±»± ÎðÃà± ÆáËåÃ¼ ý×ÃÃûþ±1 ôÂùîÂ Ûý×ÃÃ òÔîÂÉ-áÏîÂ ü÷ÓËýÃÃ ›¶äÂ±1 Õ±1n¸ ›¶ü±1 ù±öÂ ßÁ¿1ËåÃ û¿ðÃÝ Õ±á1 Õ¿™¦Q ÎýÃÃ1±ý×ÃÃ ¿ÁZîÂÏûþ Õ¿™¦Q ÷±¿ò ù’ÂõÍù Âõ±ñÉ ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ Õò±1±öÂ± Õü÷Ïûþ± üßÁù1 ü±æÃÂó±1, Õ±-ÕùÑßÁ±1, ëÂ×Èü» ÕòÅ‡Â±ò, Âõ±ðÃÉ-ûLa, â1-ðÅÃ»±1 ¿ò÷Ç±í, ¿Âõ»±ýÃÃ Õ±¿ðÃ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ¿ðÃú1 ›¶öÂ±» 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂîÂ Âó1± ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ 1±öÂ± ÷¿ýÃÃù± üßÁËù Âó1¥ó1±áîÂ Âó±îÂ±¿ò, ßÁ±¥¤ÅÑ, Âó±æÃ±1 1 ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ßÁ1±1 ùáËîÂ Õò±1±öÂ± Õü÷Ïûþ±1 ÷Åá±, Âó±éÂ1 ü±æÃ-Âó±1 ¿Âóg± ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ Õ±-ÕùÑßÁ±11 ÎŽÂSîÂ ÷¿ýÃÃù±üßÁËù ¿Âõè, Âõù± ò±÷¿Âõè, ò±ßÁîÂ ò±ßÁ±1ÂóÅ¿îÂ Õ±1n¸ ò±ßÁÂõ±¿ù, ¿ëÂ¿ãÃÃîÂ ýÃÃ±òäÂ±ýÃÃ1, ¿åÃ¿ßÁýÃÃ±1, öÂ¿1îÂ ÎêÂÑ ÎäÂù± ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ Âó1¥ó1±áîÂ ¿òæÃ¦¤ ÕùÑßÁ±1 Âó¿1ñ±ò ßÁ1±1 ëÂ×Âó¿1Ý Õò±1±öÂ± Õü÷Ïûþ± üßÁù1 ÎßÁ1n¸, æÅÃ÷ßÁ±, ÎæÃ±ò¿Âõ¿1 áùÂóîÂ±, ÎäÂý×ÃÃò ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ Âó¿1ñ±ò ßÁ1± ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ 1±öÂ±üßÁËù ¿òæÃ¦¤ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ëÂ×Èü»-ÕòÅ‡Â±ò Âó±ùò ßÁ1±1 ëÂ×Âó¿1Ý Õò±1±öÂ± Õü÷Ïûþ± üßÁËù Âó±ùò ßÁ1± ¿îÂ¿òÝéÂ± ¿ÂõU1 Âó1¥ó1±ý×ÃÃ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 ü÷±æÃîÂ æÃò¿›¶ûþîÂ± ù±öÂ ßÁ1± ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ Âõ±ðÃÉûLa1 ÎŽÂSËîÂ± ¦¤ßÁÏûþ ßÁ±ìÂÿ±-òù, Âõ±ðÅÃÑðÅÃãÃÃ±, à±÷, ìÂ±ßÁ Õ±¿ðÃ1 ùáËîÂ ÕæÃòæÃ±îÂÏûþ ÎìÂ±ù, ÎÂóÒÂó±, îÂ±ù, Îà±ù 1 ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ Âó±ýÃÃ±11

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  105 ¿äÂS 1?ò ò±ï ðÃ±Ò¿îÂßÁ±ø¸1Ïûþ± Õ=ùîÂ ßÁ±êÂ, Âõ±ÒýÃÃ, ÎàË1Ë1 äÂ±Ñâ1 ü±¿æÃ ÂõüÂõ±ü ßÁ1± Ûý×ÃÃ Îù±ßÁüßÁËù ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò ¿úŽÂ± Õ±1n¸ üöÂÉîÂ±1 ÎÂó±ýÃÃ1 îÂï± Õò±1±öÂ± Õü÷Ïûþ±1 üÑ¦óúÇÍù Õ±¿ýÃÃ ¿úù, Âõ±¿ù, ý×ÃÃéÂ±, ¿äÂË÷Ë°I×Ë1 ÂóßÁÏâ1 ¿ò÷Ç±í ßÁ¿1 ï±¿ßÁÂõÍù Îù±»± ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 ü÷±æÃÂõÉ»¦š± ÂóÓÂõÇËîÂ ÷±îÔÂîÂ±¿LaßÁ Õ±¿åÃù¼ ¿ßÁc ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò ü÷ûþîÂ ¿ÂóîÔÂîÂ±¿LaßÁ ü÷±æÃ ÂõÉ»¦š± ›¶»îÇÂò ÎýÃÃ±»± ÎðÃà± ÆáËåÃÊ, û±1 ôÂùîÂ ÂóÓÂõÇ1 â1 ÎæÃ±»Ò±ý×ÃÃ 1à± ›¶ï± ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò ûËï‡Â Âó¿1÷±Ëò ¿ú¿ïù ÆýÃÃ Âó¿1ËåÃ [÷¿ùò± 1±öÂ±, ÂóÅËÂõÇ±MÃ, ÂóÔÐ 342]¼ Ûý×ÃÃ Îá±ËéÂý×ÃÃËÂõ±1 ßÁï±ý×ÃÃ Õò±1±öÂ± Õü÷Ïûþ± üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ1 ›¶¿îÂ ïßÁ± ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 üýÃÃæÃ±îÂ ›¶Ï¿îÂ1 ßÁï±ý×ÃÃ üÓäÂ±ûþ¼ 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 Îù±ßÁæÃÏ»òîÂ ñ÷ÇÏûþ ¿ðÃËúÝ ÂõUËŽÂSîÂ ›¶öÂ±» ÎÂóù±ý×ÃÃËåÃ¼ ÂõU 1±öÂ± Îù±ËßÁ àèÏ©†±ò, ÆÂõøž» Õ±1n¸ ßÔÁøž&1n¸ ñ÷Ç ¢¶ýÃÃí ßÁ1±1 ôÂùîÂ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 ü÷±æÃ üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ Õ±1n¸ ñ÷ÇÏûþ ¿Âõ«±üîÂ ›¶öÂ±» Âó¿1ËåÃ¼ û±1 ôÂùîÂ ÂóÓÂõÇ1 Âó1± äÂ¿ù ÕýÃÃ± Âõ¿ù-¿Âõñ±ò ›¶ï± Û¿1 ¿ßÁåÅÃ÷±ò 1±öÂ± Îù±ËßÁ ôÅÂù ›¶ü±ËðÃË1 ÂóÓæÃ± ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù Îù±»± ÎðÃà± ÆáËåÃ¼ ü÷ûþ1 á¿îÂ1 ùËá ùËá Âó1¥ó1±1 Âó¿1»îÇÂò Âõ± ëÂ×MÃÃ1íîÂ äÂ±Âó Âó1±ËéÂ± ÛËßÁ± Õ¦¤±öÂ±¿»ßÁ òýÃÃûþ¼ ¿ßÁc Âó¿1»îÇÂò Õ±1n¸ ëÂ×MÃÃ1í1 ôÂùîÂ ¦¤ßÁÏûþ Âó1¥ó1±1 Õ¿™¦Q û±ËîÂ ¿Âõ¿â®îÂ òýÃÃûþ, îÂ±1 ›¶¿îÂ &1n¸Q ¿ðÃûþ±ËéÂ± ›¶Ëûþ±æÃò¼ 1±öÂ±üßÁËùÝ Ûý×ÃÃ ÎŽÂSîÂ üËäÂîÂò ÎýÃÃ±»±1 ü÷ûþ ü÷±áîÂ¼ 4.  Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 üÔ¿©†, ü÷Ô¿X Õ±1n¸ ¿ÂõßÁ±ú1 ÂóÔ‡ÂöÂÓ¿÷ ýÃÃ’ù Îù±ßÁü÷±æÃ¼ ¿ßÁåÅÃ÷±ò äÂýÃÃ± ›¶¿îÂöÂ±»±ò ÂõÉ¿MÃ1 ÁZ±1± ¿ÂõßÁ¿úîÂ ÎýÃÃ±»± Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉý×ÃÃ |n¸¿îÂ Õ±1n¸ ¦œÔ¿îÂ1 ÷±ñÉË÷Ë1 ›¶äÂ±1 Õ±1n¸ ›¶ü±1 ù±öÂ ßÁË1¼ ¿ßÁûþËò± üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ ÛéÂ± æÃ±¿îÂ1 Âó¿1äÂûþ¼ üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ1 ÷±ËæÃË1 ›¶ßÁ±ú Âó±ý×ÃÃ ÛéÂ± æÃ±¿îÂ1 Ü¿îÂýÃÃÉ¼ ¿ßÁc ü÷ûþ1 Âó¿1»îÇÂò1 ùËá ùËá Îù±ßÁüÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ1 Õ÷ÓùÉ ü÷ùËÂõ±1 ù±ËýÃÃ ù±ËýÃÃ ÎýÃÃ1±ý×ÃÃ û±ÂõÍù ëÂ×ÂóS÷ ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ ÛËò ÎŽÂSîÂ ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò Ûý×ÃÃËÂõ±11 üÑ1ŽÂí ÕÂó¿1ýÃÃ±ûÇ ÆýÃÃ Âó¿1ËåÃ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ Îù±ßÁüÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ îÂï± Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ü÷ùËÂõ±1 ¿ßÁðÃË1 üÑ1ŽÂí ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1, Ûý×ÃÃ ¿Âõø¸Ëûþ Õ±Ëù±äÂò± ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù ûP ßÁ1± ýÃÃ’ù– 4.1  ÛéÂ± æÃ±¿îÂ1 üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ ¿ÂõÂóðÃ±Âói§ ÎýÃÃ±»±1 ÷Óù ßÁ±1í ýÃÃ’ù ÕüËäÂîÂòîÂ±¼ ý×ÃÃ¿îÂ÷ËñÉ 1±öÂ±üßÁù üæÃ±á üËäÂîÂò Îò±ËýÃÃ±»± Âõ±ËÂõ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 ÂõUËßÁý×ÃÃéÂ± ÆôÂËðÃ ¿òæÃ1 öÂ±ø¸± üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ, Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 äÂäÇÂ± Û¿1 ÎÂóù±ý×ÃÃËåÃ¼ Õ»ËúÉ Âó±¿îÂ1±öÂ± üßÁËù ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò Ûý×ÃÃ ÎŽÂSîÂ üËäÂîÂò ýÃÃ’ÂõÍù ñ¿1ËåÃ¼ 1ÑðÃ±òÏ Õ±1n¸ ÷±ûþîÂ±¿1 üßÁù 1ŽÂíúÏù ÎýÃÃ±»± Âõ±ËÂõ Õ»ËúÉ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ Ûý×ÃÃ ÎŽÂSîÂ ¿ßÁåÅÃ Âó¿1÷±Ëò äÂýÃÃßÁÏ ÆýÃÃ Õ±ËåÃ¼ ¿úŽÂ±-ðÃÏŽÂ±1 ÎÂó±ýÃÃ1 Îò±ËÂó±»± ¿ßÁåÅÃ÷±ò 1±öÂ± Îù±ËßÁ Õ±ò æÃ±¿îÂ1 ›¶öÂ±»îÂ ¿òæÃ1 üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ, áÏîÂ, Âó1¥ó1±1 äÂäÇÂ± Û¿1 ¿ðÃûþ± ÎðÃà± ÆáËåÃ¼ ÎüËûþ ÛËò Îù±ßÁüßÁùßÁ üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ 1ŽÂ± ßÁ¿1Âõ1 ßÁ±1Ëí üæÃ±á ßÁ¿1Âõ ù±¿áÂõ¼ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ ¿úŽÂ±Ë1 ¿ú¿ŽÂîÂ ÂõU 1±öÂ± ÎëÂßÁ±-á±öÂ1n¸Ë» ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 ¿òæÃ± ßÔÁ¿©† üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂßÁ Æù ýÃÃÏò÷òÉîÂ±îÂ ÎöÂ±Ëá¼ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁßÁÁ ¿òæÃ1ËéÂ±ËýÃÃ Îû Î|‡Â Ûý×ÃÃ ßÁï± ÂõÅæÃ±ý×ÃÃ ¿ðÃûþ±1 ùáËîÂ ¿òæÃ¦¤ ïùÅ»± ßÔÁ¿©†-üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ äÂäÇÂ±1 Âõ±ËÂõ Õ±¢¶ýÃÃÏ ßÁ¿1 îÅÂ¿ùËù üôÂùîÂ± ù±öÂ ßÁ¿1Âõ ÂõÅ¿ù Õ±ú± ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1¼ ý×ÃÃûþ±Ë1±Âó¿1 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 ›¶ËîÂÉßÁËéÂ± ÆôÂðÃ1 ¿òæÃ¦¤ öÂ±ø¸±îÂ üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ äÂäÇÂ±-ÕÂõÉ±ýÃÃîÂ 1à±1 Âõ±ËÂõÝ ÕòÅ›¶±¿íîÂ ßÁ¿1Âõ ù±¿áÂõ¼ ÷±òÉ öÂ±ø¸±îÂÍßÁ ¿òæÃ1 ëÂ×ÂóöÂ±ø¸±îÂ äÂäÇÂ± ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù Âó±Ëù ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ Ûý×ÃÃ ÎŽÂSîÂ Õ±¢¶ýÃÃÏ ýÃÃ’Âõ¼ 4.2  1±öÂ±üßÁù1 Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÎÂõ¿åÃ¿à¿ò ü÷Ëùý×ÃÃ ëÂ×Èü» ÕòÅ‡Â±ò1 ùáîÂ æÃ¿ëÂÿîÂ¼ ÕïÇÍò¿îÂßÁ öÂ±Ë» ¿ÂóåÃÂó1± ÂõU 1±öÂ± ü÷±æÃîÂ Âó1¥ó1± ÕòÅû±ûþÏ û±»îÂÏûþöÂ±Ë» ëÂ×Èü»-ÕòÅ‡Â±ò ÂóîÂ±1 Âó¿1ÂõËMÇÃÃ ÕòÅ©†ÅÂóÏûþ±ÍßÁ

106  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 1±öÂ± Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ Ð Âó¿1»îÇÂò Õ±1n¸ üÑ1ŽÂí Âó±¿îÂ ïûþ¼ ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò Ûý×ÃÃ ÎŽÂSîÂ ü±»ñ±òîÂ± Õ»ù¥¤ò1 ü÷ûþ Õ±¿ýÃÃ Âó¿1ËåÃ¼ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ëÂ×Èü»-ÕòÅ‡Â±ò ÕòÅ¿‡ÂîÂ ßÁ¿1 îÂ±îÂ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 ßÔÁ¿©†-üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ, áÏîÂ, òÔîÂÉ, ò±éÂÉ Ûý×ÃÃËÂõ±1 ›¶ðÃúÇò ßÁ1±1 ÂõÉ»¦š± ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1Ëù Ûý×ÃÃËÂõ±11 ›¶äÂ±1 ýÃÃ’Âõ ÂõÅ¿ù Õ±ú± ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1¼ ÛËò ñ1í1 ÕòÅ‡Â±ò1 Õ±Ëûþ±æÃò ßÁ1±1 ùËá ùËá ¿òæÃ¦¤ Ü¿îÂýÃÃÉ1 ›¶¿îÂÝ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ üËäÂîÂò ýÃÃ’Âõ Õ±1n¸ Îù±ßÁüÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ1 ü÷ùËÂõ±Ë1± üÑ1¿ŽÂîÂ ÆýÃÃ ï±¿ßÁÂõ¼ 4.3  1±öÂ±üßÁù1 Îù±ßÁüÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ1 ¿Âõø¸Ëûþ ý×ÃÃ¿îÂ÷ËñÉ áË»ø¸í±÷ÓùßÁ ßÁ±÷ ûËï©† ÆýÃÃËåÃ û¿ðÃÝ Û¿îÂûþ±Ý ¸ ÎÂõ¿åÃöÂ±Ëáý×ÃÃ ›¶í±ùÏÂõX îÂï± ¿Âõ:±òüijîÂ ÕñÉûþò1 Âó1± Âõ¿=îÂ ÆýÃÃ Õ±ËåÃ¼ üöÂÉîÂ±1 Õ¢¶á¿îÂ Õ±1n¸ ›¶Ëûþ±æÃò1 îÂ±¿áðÃ±îÂ ¿ù¿ÂóÂõX ßÁ¿1 1à±1 ›¶ËäÂ©†± äÂ¿ùËåÃ û¿ðÃÝ ÎÂõ¿åöÂ±Ëáý×ÃÃ Õ¿ù¿àîÂ Õ±1n¸ ÕüÑ1¿ŽÂîÂ Õ»¦š±îÂ Õ±ËåÃ¼ ÎüËûþ áË»ø¸í±÷ÓùßÁ ÕñÉûþò ßÁ1±1 ùáËîÂ Ûý×ÃÃËÂõ±1 üÑ¢¶ýÃÃ ßÁ¿1 ¿ù¿ÂóÂõX ßÁ1±1 ü÷ûþ Õ±¿ýÃÃËåÃ¼ 4.4 Îù±ßÁüÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ1 ü÷ù1±¿æÃ üÑ1ŽÂí ßÁ1±1 Õ±ò ÛéÂ± ëÂ×Ë~àËû±áÉ ëÂ×Âó±ûþ ýÃÃ’ù Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ öÂ±á, ÎûËò– ò±éÂßÁ, ßÁ¿ÂõîÂ±, áŠ, ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü Õ±¿ðÃ1 ÷±ËæÃË1 Îüý×ÃÃËÂõ±11 ëÂ×Âó¦š±Âóò¼ ý×ÃÃ¿îÂ÷ËñÉ 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 ò±éÂßÁ Õ±1n¸ ßÁ±ÂõÉ1 ¿ðÃúîÂ Ûý×ÃÃ ÎŽÂSîÂ ¿ßÁåÅÃ ßÁ±÷ ÎýÃÃ±»± ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ ›¶üi§ ßÅÁ÷±1 Âó±÷, áíÂó¿îÂ Âó±÷, ôÂ1¿üÑ Âõ±ËF±, ýÃÃË1«1 1±öÂ±, ëÂ×ËÂóò 1±öÂ± ýÃÃ±ßÁ±äÂ±÷ Õ±¿ðÃ 1±öÂ± ü±¿ýÃÃ¿îÂÉËßÁ 1±öÂ± Îù±ßÁßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ Õ±1n¸ Îù±ßÁáÏîÂ ¿ßÁåÅÃ÷±ò1 ü÷ËùË1 ò±éÂßÁ 1äÂò± ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ Ûý×ÃÃðÃË1 Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ü÷ù ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉîÂ ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ±1 ßÁË1Ò±ËîÂ ¿òàÅÒîÂ öÂ±Ë» ëÂ×Âó¦š±Âóò ßÁ1±ËéÂ± ›¶Ëûþ±æÃò¼ 4.5  Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉîÂ 1±öÂ±üßÁù Õ¿îÂ äÂýÃÃßÁÏ¼ ¿ßÁc äÂäÇÂ±1 ÕöÂ±»ËîÂý×ÃÃ ýÃÃÝßÁ Âõ± Õ±ò ßÁ±1íËîÂý×ÃÃ ýÃÃÝßÁ Ûý×ÃÃËÂõ±11 Õ¿™¦Q S÷±È ÎýÃÃ1±ý×ÃÃ û±ÂõÍù ñ¿1ËåÃ¼ ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò ü÷ûþîÂ ›¶ûÅ¿MÃ¿ÂõðÃÉ±1 üýÃÃ±ûþîÂ Îù±ßÁüÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ1 ü÷ù1±¿æÃßÁ üÑ1ŽÂí ßÁ¿1 1±¿àÂõ Âó1± û±ûþ¼ ¿òàÅÒîÂ 1+ÂóîÂ îÂïÉ ¿äÂS Õ±ßÁ±Ë1, Âõ±íÏÂõX ßÁ¿1 ðÔÃúÉ |»É 1+ÂóîÂ Ûý×ÃÃËÂõ±1 üßÁËù±Ë» üýÃÃËæÃ äÂ±Âõ Âó1±ÍßÁ [ý×ÃÃ°I×±1ËòéÂ1 æÃ¿1ûþËîÂ] ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ ›¶äÂ±1 ÷±ñÉ÷, åÃÂó± ÷±ñÉ÷ Õ±1n¸ ÆÂõðÅÃÉ¿îÂßÁ ›¶äÂ±1 ÷±ñÉ÷1 ùáËîÂ ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò ÂõUùöÂ±Ë» æÃò¿›¶ûþ You Tube 1 æÃ¿1ûþËîÂ ›¶äÂ±1 Õ±1n¸ üÑ1ŽÂí ßÁ1±1 ÂõÉ»¦š± ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1¼ 4.6  1±öÂ±üßÁù1 Îù±ßÁßÁù±1 ¿ðÃúîÂ ¿Âõ: Õ±1n¸ Õ¿öÂ: ÂõÉ¿MÃ ÷±¿îÂ Õ±¿ò ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ñ1í1 Õ±Ëù±äÂò± üS, ÂõMÔÃîÂ±òÅ‡Â±ò, ßÁ÷Çú±ù± Õ±¿ðÃ ÕòÅ¿‡ÂîÂ ßÁ¿1 Ûý×ÃÃ ü÷ùü÷ÓýÃÃ1 ¿Âõø¸Ëûþ ÂóÅÑà±òÅÂóÅÑà öÂ±Ë» æÃò±1 ùáËîÂ äÂäÇÂ± ßÁ1±1 ÂõÉ»¦š± ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1¼ ÕòÅ‡Â±òËÂõ±11 Õ™LîÂ ›¶ðÃúÇò1 ÂõÉ»¦š± ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1Ëù Ûý×ÃÃ ÎŽÂSîÂ ßÔÁîÂ±ßÁ±ûÇîÂ± ù±öÂ ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó1± û±Âõ¼ 4.7 æÃ±îÂÏûþ ÕòÅ‡Â±òü÷ÓýÃÃ ÎûËò Õü÷ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ üöÂ±, ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ ÕßÁ±ËëÂ¿÷, 1±öÂ± ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ üöÂ± Õ±¿ðÃËûþ Îù±ßÁßÁù±1 ü÷ù1±¿æÃ üÑ1ŽÂí1 ÎŽÂSîÂ &1n¸QÂóÓíÇ öÂÓ¿÷ßÁ± ¢¶ýÃÃí ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±Ë1¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ÕòÅ‡Â±òËÂõ±11 æÃ¿1ûþËîÂ ëÂ×MÃ ü÷ùËÂõ±11 áË»ø¸í±1 ÂõÉ»¦š± ßÁ1±1 ùáËîÂ ¿òæÃ¦¤ Âó¿SßÁ±îÂ Ûý×ÃÃËÂõ±1 ›¶ßÁ±ú ßÁ¿1 æÃòü±ñ±1í1 ðÔÃ¿©†Ëá±äÂ1 ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±Ë1¼ ý×ÃÃûþ±Ë1±Âó¿1 æÃ±îÂÏûþ ðÃù-üÑáêÂòËÂõ±Ë1 ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ 1ŽÂ±1 ÕËïÇ ›¶Ëûþ±æÃòÏûþ ÂóðÃËŽÂÂó ýÃÃ±îÂîÂ Îù±»±1 ïù Õ±ËåÃ¼

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  107 ¿äÂS 1?ò ò±ï 4.8  üßÁËù± æÃ±¿îÂ æÃòæÃ±¿îÂË1 Îù±ßÁüÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ ü÷ÓýÃÃ üÑ1ŽÂí ßÁ¿1 1à±ËéÂ± Õ¿îÂÂ&1n¸QÂóÓíÇ ßÁï±¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ÎŽÂSîÂ äÂ1ßÁ±11 üýÃÃËû±¿áîÂ± ¿ÂõËúø¸öÂ±Ë» ›¶Ëûþ±æÃò¼ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ Õ±ÒäÂ¿ò1 æÃ¿1ûþËîÂ Ûý×ÃÃ Îù±ßÁü±Ñ¦Ô¨¿îÂßÁ ü÷ùËÂõ±11 ›¶äÂ±1 Õ±1n¸ ›¶ü±11 ÂõÉ»¦š± ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1Ëù üÑ1ŽÂí1 ÎŽÂSîÂ üôÂùîÂ± ù±öÂ ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó1± û±Âõ¼ 1±©†ªÏûþ Âõ± Õ±™LÐ1±©†ªÏûþ ÂóûÇ±ûþ1 ÕòÅ‡Â±òîÂ Ûý×ÃÃ ¿ÂõÂóðÃ±Âói§ ßÔÁ¿©†-üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂËÂõ±1 ›¶ðÃúÇò ßÁ1±1 ÂõÉ»¦š± ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1Ëù ü÷¢¶ ¿Âõ«1 üijÅàîÂ æÃòËá±‡ÂÏËéÂ± Õ±1n¸ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂËÂõ±1 ¿äÂò±ßÁÏ ýÃÃ’Âõ¼ 4.9  òîÅÂò òîÅÂò üÑ¢¶ýÃÃ±ùûþ1 ÂõÉ»¦š± ßÁ¿1 æÃòËá±‡ÂÏËéÂ±1 ü±æÃÂó±1, Âõ±ðÃÉ-ûLa, ÆðÃ¿òßÁ ÂõÉ»ýÃÃ+îÂ ü±-ü1?±÷ Õ±¿ðÃ üÑ1ŽÂí ßÁ¿1 1±¿àÂõ Âó±¿1 Õ±1n¸ öÂ¿»ø¸ÉîÂ ›¶æÃij1 Âõ±ËÂõ Ûûþ± ù±öÂðÃ±ûþßÁ ýÃÃ’Âõ¼ 4.10  Õ±ò æÃ±¿îÂ æÃòËá±‡ÂÏ1 ùáËîÂ 1±öÂ±üßÁùË1± Îù±ßÁü±Ñ¦Ô¨¿îÂßÁ ü÷ù1±¿æÃ ÕñÉûþò, üÑ1ŽÂí ßÁ1±1 ÎŽÂSîÂ &1n¸QÂóÓíÇ öÂÓ¿÷ßÁ± ¢¶ýÃÃí ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±Ë1 ¿Âõ«¿ÂõðÃÉ±ùûþü÷ÓËýÃÃ¼ ¿Âõ«¿ÂõðÃÉ±ùûþü÷ÓýÃÃîÂ Ûý×ÃÃ öÂ±ø¸±1 Âõ±ËÂõ ÛËßÁ±éÂ± ¿ÂõöÂ±á àÅ¿ù Âó±êÂS÷îÂ ëÂ×MÃ ¿Âõø¸ûþü÷ÓýÃÃ 1±¿àÂõ Âó±Ë1¼ Õü÷1 ¿Âõ«¿ÂõðÃÉ±ùûþ ü÷ÓýÃÃîÂ 1±öÂ± öÂ±ø¸±1 ¿òæÃ¦¤ ¿ÂõöÂ±á ò±ý×ÃÃ û¿ðÃÝ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ öÂ±1îÂÏûþ öÂ±ø¸± ¿ÂõöÂ±á, üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ ÕñÉûþò ¿ÂõöÂ±á1ÁZ±1± Õ»ËúÉ Ûý×ÃÃËŽÂSîÂ ¿ßÁåÅÃ÷±ò ßÁ±÷Ã ßÁ1± ÎðÃà± ÆáËåÃ¼ ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò ü÷ûþîÂ &»±ýÃÃ±éÂÏ ¿Âõ«¿ÂõðÃÉ±ùûþ1 üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ ÕñÉûþò ÎßÁfý×ÃÃ 1±öÂ± öÂ±ø¸± ü¥óßÇÁÏûþ Âó±êÂÉS÷ ›¶»îÇÂò ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ñ1í1 ÂóðÃËŽÂÂó1 Âó1± ý×ÃÃ¿îÂÂõ±äÂßÁ ôÂù±ôÂù Õ±ú± ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1¼

5.  æÃ±¿îÂ1 ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 üÅà-ðÅÃà, Õ±ú±- ¿ò1±ú±, ýÃÃ±-U÷Å¿òûþ±ýÃÃ, ÕöÂ±»-Õ¿öÂËû±á, Î›¶÷-¿Âõ1ýÃÃ, Õ±ïÇü±÷±¿æÃßÁ, ü±Ñ¦Ô¨¿îÂßÁ Õ±1n¸ ñ÷ÇÏûþ æÃÏ»ò1 ›¶¿îÂ26Ã¿» æÃ±¿îÂËéÂ±1 æÃ±îÂÏûþ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ Âõ± Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÷±ËæÃË1 ›¶¿îÂôÂ¿ùîÂ ýÃÃûþ¼ Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ÎŽÂSîÂ 1±öÂ±üßÁù Õ¿îÂ äÂýÃÃßÁÏ¼ 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 üßÁËù±ËÂõ±1 ü¥óðÃ Û¿îÂûþ±Íù ÎÂó±ýÃÃ1Íù ÕýÃÃ± ò±ý×ÃÃ û¿ðÃÝ ÎÂó±ýÃÃ1Íù ÕýÃÃ± ¿à¿òË1± ü¿êÂßÁ ¿ÂõäÂ±1-¿ÂõËø¸í ýÃÃ’ÂõÍù Âõ±ßÁÏ Õ±ËåÃÂ¼ Õ»ËúÉ ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò ü÷ûþîÂ ¿úŽÂ±1 ÎÂó±ýÃÃ1 Âó1±1 ôÂùîÂ üËäÂîÂò ÂõÉ¿MÃ ¿ßÁåÅÃ÷±Ëò Ûý×ÃÃËÂõ±1 üÑ1ŽÂí1 Âõ±ËÂõ ÎäÂ©†± ßÁ¿1ËåÃ û¿ðÃÝ Îüûþ± ûËï©† òýÃÃûþ¼ ÕîÂÏîÂîÂ ¿û Æòü¿áÇßÁ Âó¿1Ë»úîÂ äÂýÃÃ± Îù±ËßÁ æÃÏ»ò-û±Âóò ßÁ¿1¿åÃù, ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò ü÷ûþîÂ Îüý×ÃÃ Âó¿1Ë»ú ò±ý×ÃÃ¼ á¿îÂËßÁ, Æò1 Âó±1îÂ, ßÁU»±-¿Âõ¿1í±1 ÷±æÃîÂ, ûÅ1Ïûþ± Õ±ÒýÃÃîÂ îÂï± ¿ú÷ùÅ1 îÂùîÂ, ÷ÅßÁ¿ù Âóï±1îÂ Õ±¿æÃ ÎßÁ±Ëò± ÎëÂßÁ±-á±öÂ1n¸Ë» æÃÏ»ò1 ›¶Ëûþ±æÃòîÂ áÏîÂ ò±á±ûþ ÕïÂõ± ò±ò±ËäÂ¼ áÏ¿îÂßÁ±Ë1 ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò ü÷ûþîÂ äÂýÃÃ1îÂ Âõ¿ýÃÃ ßÔÁ¿S÷ ¿ÂõUáÏîÂ 1äÂò± ßÁ¿1 ÷ýÃÃ±òá11 ¿Âõù±üÏ ©†Å¿ëÕ’îÂ Âõ±íÏÂõX ßÁË1Ê, ßÔÁ¿S÷öÂ±Ë» á±Ò»1 Âó¿1Ë»ú ¿ò÷Ç±í ßÁ¿1 ðÔÃúÉ±ûþí ßÁË1¼ ÎüËûþËýÃÃ, ÛËò Õ»¦š±îÂ á±ý×ÃÃ û±ÝÒ ÂõîÂ11 áÏîÂ ÂõÅ¿ù ßÁ’ÂõÍù ›¶ßÔÁîÂ ÂõîÂ11 ÕöÂ±»¼ ü÷±æÃ Âó¿1ÂõîÇÂòúÏù¼ ý×ÃÃûþ±1 ÂõÉ¿îÂS÷ 1±öÂ±üßÁËù± òýÃÃûþ¼ ü÷ûþ1 á¿îÂîÂ Âó1¥ó1±îÂ Âó¿1»îÇÂò Âõ± ëÂ×MÃÃ1í1 äÂ±Âó Âó1±ËéÂ± ÎîÂËòý×ÃÃ ¦¤±öÂ±¿»ßÁ¼ ¿ßÁc Âó¿1»îÇÂò Õ±1n¸ ëÂ×MÃÃ1Ëí û±ËîÂ Âó1¥ó1±1 ÷Óù ÎöÂÒ¿éÂîÂ Õ±â±îÂ ýÃÃ±¿òÂõ Îò±»±Ë1, îÂ±1 ›¶¿îÂ üßÁËù± üËäÂîÂò ýÃÃ’Âõ ù±¿áÂõ¼ Âó1¥ó1±ý×ÃÃËýÃÃ Îû 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 ÕîÂÏîÂ1

108  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 1±öÂ± Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ Ð Âó¿1»îÇÂò Õ±1n¸ üÑ1ŽÂí ü±Ñ¦Ô¨¿îÂßÁ Âó¿1äÂûþ üÑ1ŽÂí ßÁ¿1Âõ Âó±¿1Âõ, Ûý×ÃÃ ßÁï± ÎîÂÝÒËù±ËßÁ ÂõÅËæÃ¼ ¿ßÁc îÂ±1 ÷±æÃËîÂ± Âó¿1»îÇÂò1 ›¶öÂ±» òÂó1±ÍßÁ ïßÁ± ò±ý×ÃÃ¼ ¿Âõ«±ûþò1 ›¶öÂ±», Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ ¿úŽÂ±, Âó¿(÷Ïûþ± üöÂÉîÂ± Õ±¿ðÃËûþ ò»-›¶æÃijßÁ ÕËòßÁ Âó¿1÷±Ëò Âó1¥ó1±1 ›¶¿îÂ ü¿µýÃÃ±ò ßÁ¿1 îÅÂ¿ùËåÃ¼

 1¼ Âõ±ËF±, Îû±Ëáf ò±ï¼ 1±öÂ± æÃ±¿îÂ1 ý×ÃÃ¿îÂÂõÔMÃÃ¼ 1956¼ ÷Å¿^îÂ¼ 2¼ 1±öÂ±, 1±ËæÃò¼ 1±öÂ± æÃòæÃ±¿îÂ¼ Õü÷ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ üöÂ±, ›¶ï÷ ›¶ßÁ±ú, 1978¼ ÷Å¿^îÂ¼ 3¼ áÍá, ùÏù±¼ Õü÷Ïûþ± Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 1+ÂóË1à±¼ ©†ÅËëÂ°I×åÃÂ Û¥ó’¿1ûþ±÷, ¿ÁZîÂÏûþ ›¶ßÁ±ú, 1984¼ ÷Å¿^îÂ¼ 4¼ Îá±¦¤±÷Ï, ›¶ôÅÂ~ ðÃMÃÃ¼ Õü÷Ïûþ± æÃòü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ¼ Õü÷ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ üöÂ±, Âõ±íÏ ›¶ßÁ±ú, &»±ýÃÃ±éÂÏ, äÂîÅÂïÇ üÑ¦¨1í, 1986¼ ÷Å¿^îÂ¼ 5¼ ÎòÝá, ÷ËýÃÃ«1¼ Õü÷Ïûþ± ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 1+ÂóË1à±¼ 1986¼ ÷Å¿^îÂ¼ 6¼ Âõ1n¸»±, ¿Âõ¿1¿= ßÅÁ÷±1¼ Õü÷1 Îù±ßÁüÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ¼ 1961¼ ÷Å¿^îÂ¼ 7¼ öÂA±äÂ±ûÇ, ›¶Ë÷±ðÃ äÂf [ü¥ó±.]¼ Õü÷1 æÃòæÃ±¿îÂÂ¼ Õü÷ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ üöÂ±, îÂÔîÂÏûþ üÑ¦¨1í, 2008¼ ÷Å¿^îÂ¼ 8¼ ú÷Ç±, úúÏ¼ Õü÷1 Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉÂ¼ ©†ÅËëÂ°I×äÄÂ Î©†±1, &»±ýÃÃ±éÂÏ, 1993¼ ÷Å¿^îÂ¼ 9¼ ú÷Ç±, òÂõÏò äÂf¼ Îù±ßÁ üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ¼ äÂf ›¶ßÁ±ú, îÔÂîÂÏûþ üÑ¦¨1í, 2015¼ ÷Å¿^îÂ¼ 10¼ ú÷Ç±, üËîÂÉf ò±ï ¼ Õü÷Ïûþ± ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 ü÷ÏŽÂ±RßÁ ý×ÃÃ¿îÂÂõÔMÃÃÂ¼ ÎüÌ÷±1 ›¶ßÁ±ú, ÂóÅò1 ÷Å^í, 2014¼ ÷Å¿^îÂ¼ 11¼ ú÷Ç±, ÎýÃÃ÷™L ßÅÁ÷±1¼ Õü÷Ïûþ± ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉîÂ ðÔÃ¿©†Âó±îÂ¼ ÂõÏí± ù±ý×ÃÃËÂõè1Ï, &»±ýÃÃ±éÂÏ, ò»÷ üÑ¦¨1í, 2003¼ ÷Å¿^îÂ¼ 12¼ ýÃÃ±ßÁ±äÂ±÷, ëÂ×ËÂóò 1±öÂ±¼ 1±öÂ± Îù±ßÁ üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ¼ Õü÷ ›¶ßÁ±úò Âó¿1ø¸ðÃ, &»±ýÃÃ±éÂÏ, ¿ÁZîÂÏûþ ›¶ßÁ±ú, 2016¼ ÷Å¿^îÂ¼ 13¼ ýÃÃ±ßÁ±äÂ±÷, ëÂ×ËÂóò 1±öÂ±¼ Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ Ð Ü¿îÂýÃÃÉ-Âó1¥ó1± Õ±1n¸ ›¶í±ùÏÂõXßÁ1íÂ¼ ÎæÃÉ±¿îÂ ›¶ßÁ±úò, &»±ýÃÃ±éÂÏ, ›¶ï÷ ›¶ßÁ±ú, 2012¼ ÷Å¿^îÂ¼ 14¼ Kakati, Banikanta : Assamese : Its Formation and Development, Guwahati, 1972. 15¼ Barua, B.K. : A Cultural Study of Assam. Bina Library, Guwahati, 2003. 16¼ Bascon, W.R. : Contributions to Folkloristics. 17¼ 1±öÂ±, ÷¿ùò± Ð Îá±»±ùÂó±1± ¿æÃù±1 1±öÂ±üßÁù1 Îù±ßÁü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ1 Û¿éÂ ¿ÂõËø¸í±RßÁ ÕñÉûþò¼ 2000¼ ßÔÁøž ßÁ±™L ü¿µÍßÁ ¢¶Lš±á±1, &»±ýÃÃ±éÂÏ ¿Âõ«¿ÂõðÃÉ±ùûþ, Book No-RAB-241086.

Manuscript received on 22/03/2018 Reviewed Paper received on 25/06/2018 Revised Paper received on 25/06/2018 Research Paper accepted on 14/08/2018

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  109 PRAG CONSILIENCE: ISSN 2456-6861, RNI No. ASSMUL/2016/70132 A Multi-lingual Peer-reviewed Annual Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Commerce Vol. 3, No. 1 (2018), pp. 110-123

  DESPISED MIDDLE CLASS YOUTH IN THE SELECTED NOVELS OF RAMAPADA CHOWDHURY : A DISCOURSE

***

Abstract: Ramapada Chowdhury, a Bengali litterateure, is one of the finest novelists in India in the post-Independence era. Being a versatile writer of this time, his advent in the world of Bengali literature with prodigious acumen and socio-cultural awareness on the middle class, is really commendable. In his class-centric writings, he used to throw a sharp-sight on a particular problem of middle-class people and tried his level best to pierce into their deep routed middle-class mentality. The young generation, in particular, is his favourite socio- cultural group of discourse. The status of this cross-section of the society has become the center point of attraction in many of his creations. As a sheer observer of the surrounding social conditions, he authenticates this diversified mentality of the young generation with perfection. The proposed article describes the status of particular section of the society under the title. Keywords: Middle-class Mentality, Young Generation, Society

*Research Scholar, Department of Bengali, Gauhati University, Guwahati, E-mail: [email protected] ** Associate Professor, Department of Bengali, Pragjyotish College, Guwahati, E-mail: [email protected]

110  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏÂõþ ¿òÂõÇ±¿äÂîÂ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü ëÂ×ËÂó¿ŽÂîÂ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ûÅÂõ-ü¥xðÃ±ûþ 1.0  ßÁï±ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ ÎûËýÃÃîÅÂ Âõ±™¦Âõ æÃÏÂõò ¿öÂ¿MÃÃßÁ üÔ¿©†ßÁ÷Ç, îÂ±ý×ÃÃ ÂõÉ¿MÃ-ó¿ÂõþÂõ±Âõþ-ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ ÎìÂëÂ× îÂ±ËßÁ ëÂ×ËÁZù ßÁÂõþËÂõ ÛéÂ±ý×ÃÃ ¦¤±öÂ±¿ÂõßÁ¼ ßÁàòÝ Ûý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ËÁZùîÂ± Õ±Ëü ÂóËÂõþ±ŽÂ Õ±Âõ±Âõþ ßÁàòÝ ›¶îÂÉŽÂ öÂ±ËÂõ¼ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ ßÁË~±ù ÂóÂõþÂõîÇÂÏ Îû üßÁù âéÂò± Âõ±Ñù±Âõþ ü÷±ËæÃ Õ±Ëù±ëÂÿò îÅÂùù, Îü&Ëù±Ã-ý×ÃÃ Âõ±Ñù± ßÁï±ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉËßÁ ó±êÂËßÁÂõþ ðÃÂõþÂõ±ËÂõþ òîÅÂò öÂ±ËÂõ Õ±R›¶ßÁ±ËúÂõþ üÅËû±á ßÁËÂõþ ¿ðÃù¼ ÎðÃúöÂ±á ÎïËßÁ qÂõþn¸ ßÁËÂõþ ÎðÃËúÂõþ Âõþ±æÃÍò¿îÂßÁ ¦¤±ñÏòîÂ±, Âõþ±æÃÍò¿îÂßÁ ÂóéÂ Âó¿ÂõþÂõîÇÂò, ÎîÂöÂ±á±, òßÁú±ù ›¶öÔÂ¿îÂ ßÔÁø¸ßÁ-Âõþ±æÃÍò¿îÂßÁ Õ±Ëµ±ùò, ëÂ×ÁZ±d ü÷üÉ±, ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ ÷ÓùÉËÂõ±ËñÂõþ Âó¿ÂõþÂõîÇÂò üÂõý×ÃÃ öÂ±ø¸± ÎÂóù ßÁï±ü±¿ýÃÃËîÂÉÂõþ Ûý×ÃÃ òîÅÂò Õ±¿ãÃÃò±ûþ¼ ßÁï±¿úŠÏ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ [1922-2018] Ûý×ÃÃ ñ±Âõþ±Âõþý×ÃÃ ¿Âõ¿ú©† ü±¿ýÃÃ¿îÂÉßÁ¼ ÂõðÃËù û±Ýûþ± ü÷±æÃËßÁ ÛßÁ ¿öÂi§îÂÂõþ ðÔÃìÂÿîÂ±ûþ Âó¿ÂõþËÂõúò ßÁÂõþ±ý×ÃÃ Ûý×ÃÃ ßÁï±¿úŠÏÂõþ ÕòòÉîÂ±Âõþ Âó¿ÂõþäÂûþ¼ úýÃÃÂõþ Ý ¢¶±÷Ïí ðÅÃý×ÃÃ Î›¶ŽÂ±ÂóËéÂý×ÃÃ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏÂõþ ¿ò÷Ç±í-ðÃŽÂîÂ±Âõþ ›¶ßÁ±ú¼ ÎùàßÁ üËäÂîÂò öÂ±ËÂõý×ÃÃ ÕòÅöÂÂõ ßÁËÂõþËåÃò ¿Âõ«ûÅXßÁ±ùÏò ßÁùßÁ±îÂ±Âõþ Âó¿Âõþ¿¦š¿îÂËßÁÃÃ¼ Îüý×ÃÃ üËe öÂûþ±ù ›¶ßÔÁ¿îÂßÁ ¿ÂõÂóûÇûþ, ü±¥xðÃ±¿ûþßÁ ðÃ±e±, ü±îÂäÂ¿~ËúÂõþ ¦¤±ñÏòîÂ± ›¶±¿5Âõþ ýÃÃø¸Ç- ¿Âõø¸±ðÃ, ÎðÃú¿ÂõöÂ±æÃËòÂõþ ÷±ò¿ÂõßÁ ûLaí±, üÏ÷±Ë™LÂõþ ÝÂó±Âõþ ÎïËßÁ Âõ±dýÃÃ±Âõþ±Âõþ ìÂù, ò±á¿ÂõþßÁ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ S÷ú ¿åÃ^±Ëi¤ø¸Ï, Öø¸Ç±ÂóÂõþ±ûþí Ý Õ¿îÂ÷±S±ûþ Õ±RüËäÂîÂò ýÃÃËûþ ÝêÂ± -- ÛüÂõ ÃÃ àÅÂõ ßÁ±åÃ ÎïËßÁý×ÃÃ ÎðÃËàËåÃò¼ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ îÒÂ±Âõþ ßÁï±ü±¿ýÃÃËîÂÉÂõþ ¿öÂîÂ ¿ò÷Ç±Ëí Ûý×ÃÃ Âõ±™¦Âõ Õ¿öÂ:îÂ± Õ™LÊÐü¿ùù± ôÂ‰Åñ±Âõþ±Âõþ ÷ËîÂ± ßÁ±æÃ ßÁËÂõþËåÃ¼ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±æÃËßÁ¿fßÁ îÒÂ±Âõþ ÕñÉûþò Ý ¿Âõ™¦ÔîÂ Õ¿öÂ:îÂ±Âõþ ÝÂóÂõþ ðÒÃ±¿ëÂÿËûþ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ áËŠ-ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü äÅÂùËäÂÂõþ± ¿ÂõËú¡ø¸ËíÂõþ ÷±ñÉË÷ ôÅÂ¿éÂËûþ îÅÂËùËåÃò Ûý×ÃÃ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ Â›¶ËîÂÉßÁ¿éÂ ™¦ÂõþËßÁ¼ îÒÂ±Âõþ ÕòÅÂõÏŽÂí ûËLa Âõ±Ñù±Âõþ ûÅÂõü÷±æÃÝ Âõ±ðÃ û±ûþ¿ò¼ ÎûËßÁ±Ëò± ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ ÂÕ™LáÇîÂ &Âõþn¸QÂóÓíÇ ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ ™¦Âõþ Ûý×ÃÃ ûÅÂõü÷±æÃ¼ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ Ûý×ÃÃ ¿ÂõËúø¸ ™¦Âõþ¿éÂ ÎßÁ÷ò, ßÁÏ îÂ±Âõþ ¿ÂõËúø¸Q· ÕïÂõ±, ÎßÁ÷ò ýÃÃûþ îÂ±Âõþ ÷òËòÂõþ áêÂò, ÎßÁ±ò ÎßÁ±ò ÆÂõ¿úË©†É îÂ±ËßÁ ÎäÂò± û±ûþ· -- Ûý×ÃÃ üÂõ ßÁÓéÂ›¶ËŸÂõþ ü±ïÇßÁ ÷Ï÷±Ñü± Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏÂõþ üÔ¿©†Âõþ üËe Õò±¿Âõù ü¦óËßÇÁ æÃ¿ëÂÿËûþ Õ±ËåÃ ¼ Ûý Î›¶ŽÂ±ÂóËéÂý×ÃÃ×ÃÃ “Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏÂõþ ¿òÂõÇ±¿äÂîÂ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü ëÂ×ËÂó¿ŽÂîÂ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ûÅÂõ- ü¥xðÃ±ûþ Ê. ÛßÁ¿éÂ ›¶¿îÂËÂõðÃò” úÏø¸ÇßÁ ¿òÂõgÂóËSÂõþ Õ±Ëûþ±æÃò¼ ëÂ×ËÂóŽÂ±Âõþ Îû ý×ÃÃ¿îÂýÃÃ±Ëü Õ±æÃ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ûÅÂõ± ýÃ+ðÃûþ ŽÂîÂ¿ÂõŽÂîÂ îÂ±ËßÁ üg±òÏ Õ±Ëù±ûþ ¿ÂõËú¡ø¸í ßÁÂõþ±Âõþ ëÂ×ËVËúÉý×ÃÃ Ûý×ÃÃ ›¶¿îÂËÂõðÃËòÂõþ ëÂ×Âó¦š±Âóò±¼

2.0  ¿ÂõßÁ±ËúÂõþþ üÓËS ‘¿ôÂëÂ×ëÂ±ù’ ü÷±æÃ ÂõÉÂõ¦š±ûþ Îû ÷ñÉüNËöÂ±áÏÂõþ ëÂ×¾Âõ âËéÂ¿åÃù Îüà±ò ÎïËßÁý×ÃÃ ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ Î|¿í ¿ýÃÃü±ËÂõ ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò ÷ñÉ¿ÂõËMÃÃÂõþ ÂÕ±R›¶ßÁ±ú ýÃÃËûþËåÃÃ¼ ü÷ËûþÂõþ ðÃ±¿Âõ Î÷Ëò Ûý×ÃÃ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ Î|¿í¿éÂÂõþ ÂõU Âõþ+Âó±™LÂõþ âËéÂËåÃ¼ ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò ßÁ±ËùÂõþ ÎùàßÁÂõÔµ Ûý×ÃÃ ÂõðÃËù û±Ýûþ± Âõþ+Âó¿éÂËßÁý×ÃÃ öÂ±ø¸± ¿ðÃËûþËåÃò îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ ¿ò÷Ç±ËíÂõþ ÷ñÉ ¿ðÃËûþ¼ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ Ûý×ÃÃ ÎùàßÁËðÃÂõþ ÷ËñÉ ÕòÉîÂ÷¼ ¿û¿ò Õ±Âóò üMÃÃ± ¿ðÃËûþ ÕòÅöÂÂõ ßÁËÂõþËåÃò Ûý×ÃÃ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ ÷ÓùÉËÂõ±ñ Âó¿ÂõþÂõîÇÂËòÂõþ ¦¤Âõþ+Âó, Õ±RËßÁ¿fßÁ ÷±ò¿üßÁîÂ± ÛÂõÑ ÕÂõúÉý×ÃÃ äÂÂõþ÷ ÕüýÃÃ±ûþîÂ±ËßÁ¼ îÒÂ±Âõþ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü Ûý×ÃÃ üßÁù ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃÏûþ ü÷±æÃ ÆÂõ¿úË©†ÉÂõþý×ÃÃ Õ±ñ±Âõþ ¦¤Âõþ+Âó ÛÂõÑ ü÷ûþ Ý ÷±ò¿üßÁîÂ±Âõþ ü±¿ýÃÃ¿îÂÉßÁ ðÃ¿ùù ¿ýÃÃü±ËÂõ ¿äÂ¿ýîÂ¼

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  111 ÆüßÁîÂ Âõþ±ëÂ×îÂ Ý ÎæÃÉ±¿îÂ÷Çûþ Îüò&5 2.1  üðÃÉ ›¶ûþ±îÂ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ Âõ±Ñù± ü±¿ýÃÃËîÂÉÂõþ ÕòÉîÂ÷ ¿÷îÂöÂ±ø¸Ï ßÁï±ü±¿ýÃÃ¿îÂÉßÁ¼ ßÁ÷ ßÁï±ûþ ÕËòßÁ ¿ßÁåÅ ÂõËù ÎðÃÝûþ± îÒÂ±Âõþ Îùà±Âõþþ ÕòÉîÂ÷ ÆÂõ¿ú©†É¼ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ ýÃÃûþîÂ ü÷ü±÷¿ûþßÁ ÕËòßÁ ßÁï±ü±¿ýÃÃ¿îÂÉËßÁÃÂõþ îÅÂùò±ûþ îÒÂ±Âõþ áŠ-ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÂõþ ßÁËùÂõÂõþ ÕËòéÂ±ý×ÃÃ ÕËòßÁéÂ±ý×ÃÃ ÎåÃ±ËéÂ±¼ Õ±üËù Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ Îüý×ÃÃ ÎåÃËùËÂõù± ÎïËßÁý×ÃÃ ÛßÁ ¿Âõ¿26Ãi§îÂ± Âõ± ¿òÐüeîÂ± ÕòÅöÂÂõ ßÁËÂõþ ÛËüËåÃò¼ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ ßÁ±ËùÂõþ ¿úŽÂ±, Âõþn¸¿äÂ, üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂËÂõ±ñ, ¿äÂ™L±Âõþ ¦¤±ñÏòîÂ± Ûý×ÃÃ ¿Âõ¿26Ãi§îÂ±Âõþ Â›¶ü±ËÂõþ üýÃÃ±ûþßÁ ýÃÃËûþËåÃ¼ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ æÃáËîÂ ¿îÂ¿ò Âó¿Âõþ¿äÂîÂ ýÃÃËûþËåÃò Õ±R÷¢Ÿ ÎùàßÁ ¿ýÃÃü±ËÂõ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ Õ±R÷¢ŸîÂ± îÂ±ÒËßÁ ü÷ü±÷¿ûþßÁ ÎùàßÁËðÃÂõþ îÅÂùò±ûþ Âó±êÂßÁ¿äÂËMÃÃ Õ±ù±ðÃ± üz÷ËÂõ±ñ æÃ±¿áËûþ ÎîÂ±ù±ûþ üýÃÃ±ûþßÁ ýÃÃËûþËåÃ¼ “÷±òÅø¸ ÛßÁßÁ ÂõÉ¿MÃ ÛÂõÑ ÛßÁ± , ÎßÁëÂ× ßÁ±ÂõþÝ ßÁï± ÎÂõ±ËçÂ ò±, ÂóÂõþ¦óËÂõþÂõþ üËe ßÁï± ÂõùËîÂ Âó±ËÂõþò±, á±ËåÃÂõþ ÷îÂý×ÃÃ¼”1ðÛý×ÃÃ Õ±R÷¢ŸîÂ± ÂõÉ±ÂóßÁ ÕËïÇ ÎßÁÂõù ÛßÁ±¿ßÁRËÂõ±ñ òûþ ÂõÂõþÑ ÕËòßÁ ÎÂõ¿ú Õ±RÂõÏŽÂí¼ Õ±Âõþ ÛæÃòÉý×ÃÃ ýÃÃûþËîÂ± ü±¿ýÃÃ¿îÂÉßÁ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ ¿òËæÃËßÁ ü÷ü±÷¿ûþßÁ ÕËòßÁ ÎùàËßÁÂõþ ÷ËîÂ± ÎßÁÂõù üÑàÉ±Âõþ ¿öÂËëÂÿ ýÃÃ±¿ÂõþËûþ ÎûËîÂ ÎðÃò¿ò¼ ÂõÂõþÑ Îùà±Âõþ ¦¤ŠîÂ±Âõþ ÎöÂîÂÂõþ ¿ðÃËûþý×ÃÃ ¿ÂõËú¡ø¸í ßÁËÂõþËåÃò ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ÷òËòÂõþ ¿Âõ¿äÂS ÂõÅòéÂ&Ëù±ËßÁ¼ ›¶ï÷ ÂóËÂõÇÂõþ ÂóÂõþÏŽÂ±-¿òÂõþÏŽÂ±Âõþ ÂóÂõþ à±¿ÂõþæÃ ÂóËÂõÇ ÙÂ¿ø¸Âõþ ›¶:± ¿òËûþ ¿îÂ¿ò Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃÏûþ æÃÏÂõòÁZËiZÂõþ ÎßÁËf Õò±ûþ±Ëü ›¶ËÂõú ßÁËÂõþËåÃò¼ Õ±Âõþ ÛæÃòÉý×ÃÃ üË™L±ø¸ßÅÁ÷±Âõþ Îâ±ø¸, áËæÃfßÅÁ÷±Âõþ ¿÷S, ÎæÉ±¿îÂ¿Âõþf òµÏ, ¿Âõ÷ù ßÁÂõþ, ¿Âõ÷ù ¿÷S ›¶÷Åà ûÒ±Âõþ± ò±á¿ÂõþßÁ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõËMÃÃÂõþ ßÁï±ßÁ±Âõþ Âõþ+ËÂóý×ÃÃ Âó¿Âõþ¿äÂîÂ, Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ îÂÒ±ËðÃÂõþ üËá±SÏûþ ýÃÃËûþÝ ¿ú¿ŽÂîÂ Âó±êÂËßÁÂõþ ßÁ±ËåÃ ò±á¿ÂõþßÁ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõËMÃÃÂõþ îÂÏŽ®Â ¿S¿éÂßÁ ¿ýÃÃü±ËÂõý×ÃÃ ¿Âõ¿ú©†Ã¼ ÛßÁ¿ÂõÑú úîÂËßÁ ¿Âõ«±ûþò ÝÃ Âõ±æÃ±Âõþ ÕïÇòÏ¿îÂÂõþ ñ±!Â±ûþ Ü¿îÂýÃÃÉ, üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ, ¿ÂõËÂõßÁËÂõ±ñ, Õ±RËÂõ±ñ, ÷ÓùÉËÂõ±ñ ýÃÃêÂ±È-ý×ÃÃ Û÷òöÂ±ËÂõ ò±á¿ÂõþßÁ îÂï± ¢¶±÷Ïí ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ ÷ò ÎïËßÁ ëÂ×ñ±Ý ýÃÃËîÂ ÂõËüËåÃ Îû ¿ú¿ŽÂîÂ Âó±êÂßÁ-ÎùàßÁßÓù ÛßÁ ¿ÂõÂói§îÂ±Âõþ ¿úßÁ±Âõþ ýÃÃËûþ ëÂ×êÂËåÃò¼ Ûý×ÃÃ Âó¿ÂõþË›¶¿ŽÂËîÂý×ÃÃ ü÷ßÁ±ùÏò ûÅÂõ÷±òËüÂõþ ›¶¿îÂ26Ã¿Âõ ›¶¿îÂôÂùËò Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏÂõþ Õ±RàòËòÂõþ Õ¿ñßÁ±Âõþ¿éÂËßÁ ÕòÉ±òÉ ÎùàËßÁÂõþ îÅÂùò±ûþ ÕÂó¿ÂõþýÃÃ±ûÇ ÂõËù ÷Ëò ýÃÃûþ¼ 1922ð¿àèˆ±Ës æÃij ù±öÂ ßÁËÂõþ Âõ±Ñù± ü±¿ýÃÃËîÂÉÂõþ ÕòÉîÂ÷ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü-¿úŠÏ ¿ýÃÃü±ËÂõ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ ÎðÃú Ý ßÁ±Ëù üÑá¿êÂîÂ ü÷ßÁ±ùÏò ü÷™¦ âéÂò±ËßÁ ›¶îÂÉŽÂ ßÁËÂõþËåÃò ÕîÂÉ™L ¿ò¿ÂõëÂÿ öÂ±ËÂõ¼ ¿ÁZîÂÏûþ ¿Âõ«ûÅX, ÎðÃúöÂ±á, ÷i¤™LÂõþ, ÛüßÁù ÷±Âõþ±RßÁ ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ ÂõÉÂõË26ÃðÃ ÛËßÁÂõþ ÂóÂõþ ÛßÁ îÒÂ±Âõþ ÎäÂ±ËàÂõþ ü±÷Ëòý×ÃÃ âËéÂ ÎáËåÃ¼ Õ±Âõþ Ûý×ÃÃ ü÷™¦ âéÂò±Âõþ ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ ›¶¿îÂôÂùò ßÁÏ ýÃÃËûþËåÃ ÎüéÂ±Ý Õ±Âóò äÂËŽÂ ÎðÃËàËåÃò¼ ÷±òÅø¸ ßÁÏöÂ±ËÂõ Âõ±ý×ÃÃËÂõþÂõþ Õ±â±ËîÂ ¿òËæÃËßÁ &¿éÂËûþ ÎôÂËùËåÃ, üÑßÁéÂ÷ûþ ÷ÅýÓÃÃËîÇÂ ÷±òÅø¸ ßÁÏöÂ±ËÂõ ¦¤±ïÇÂóÂõþ ýÃÃËûþ ëÂ×ËêÂËåÃ -- Û- üÂõý×ÃÃ ¿îÂ¿ò ›¶îÂÉŽÂ ßÁËÂõþËåÃò àÅÂõ ßÁ±åÃÂ ÎïËßÁ¼ ÛËýÃÃò ü÷ËûþÂõþ ¿Âõ¿äÂS ›¶¿îÂËÂõðÃò&Ëù± ÂóÅ¿©† ¿ðÃËûþËåÃ îÒÂ±ÂõþÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÂõþ äÂ¿ÂõþS ¿ò÷Ç±íËßÁ¼ ëÂ0ðÕ¿æÃîÂ ßÅÁ÷±Âõþ Îâ±ø¸ ûï±ïÇý×ÃÃ ÂõËùËåÃò, “Õ™LÂõþe æÃËòÂõþ üËe Õ±ù±Âó Õ±Ëù±äÂò±ûþ Ý ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ ÂõþäÂò±Âõþ ÷ñÉ ¿ðÃËûþ ¿òËæÃÂõþ ßÁï± ÕÂóËÂõþÂõþ ÷ËñÉ ü=±Âõþ ßÁÂõþ±ý×ÃÃ ÷±òÅËø¸Âõþ ñ÷Ç¼”2 Õ±Âõþ Ûý×ÃÃ ñË÷ÇÂõþý×ÃÃ ÂõúÂõîÇÂÏ ýÃÃËûþ ÎùàßÁ ¿òËæÃÂõþ ßÁï± ¿òËæÃÂõþ ÎðÃà± äÂ¿ÂõþSËðÃÂõþ ü±¿ýÃÃËîÂÉÂõþ ÂõþãÃÃ-Âõþ+Âó-ÂõþËü æÃ±¿ÂõþîÂ ßÁËÂõþ Âó±êÂËßÁÂõþ ðÃÂõþÂõ±ËÂõþ òÂõÂõþ+ËÂó ›¶ßÁ±ú ßÁËÂõþò ßÁËÂõþò¼ ÛéÂ±ý×ÃÃ ü±¿ýÃÃ¿îÂÉËßÁÂõþ ßÁ±æÃ -- ü±ñ±Âõþí Âõ±™¦ÂõËßÁ ¿äÂÂõþ™LòîÂ± ðÃ±ò ßÁÂõþ±¼ Û›¶üËe ÂõþÂõÏfò±ËïÂõþ ÷ÓùÉ±ûþò, “ü±ñ±ÂõþËíÂõþ ¿æÃ¿òüËßÁ ¿ÂõËúø¸ ßÁËÂõþ ¿òËæÃÂõþ ßÁ¿Âõþûþ±, Îüý×ÃÃ ëÂ×Âó±Ëûþý×ÃÃ îÂ±ýÃÃ±ËßÁ ÂóÅò( ¿ÂõËúø¸ öÂ±ËÂõ ü±ñ±ÂõþËíÂõþ ßÁ¿Âõþûþ± ÎîÂ±ù± ü±¿ýÃÃËîÂÉÂõþ ßÁ±æÃ¼”3ð ÞÂóòÉ±¿üßÁ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏÝ Ûý×ÃÃ ßÁ±æÃ¿éÂ ÕîÂÉ™L ¿ÂõäÂŽÂí öÂ±ËÂõ ßÁËÂõþËåÃò¼

112  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏÂõþ ¿òÂõÇ±¿äÂîÂ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü ëÂ×ËÂó¿ŽÂîÂ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ûÅÂõ-ü¥xðÃ±ûþ ÷Ëò Âõþ±àËîÂ ýÃÃËÂõ, ÛßÁ ¿ÂõËúø¸ ßÁ±ËùÂõþ ñ÷Ç ÂßÁùË÷ æÃ¿ëÂÿËûþý×ÃÃ ÎùàßÁËðÃÂõþ ü±¿ýÃÃ¿îÂÉßÁ üMÃÃ±Âõþ ¿ÂõßÁ±ú âËéÂ¼ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ Îü ßÁ±ùñË÷ÇÂõþ ü±ïÇßÁ ÂõÉ±àÉ±ßÁîÇÂ±¼ Âõ±Ñù± ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ æÃáËîÂ Ûý×ÃÃ ÂõÉ±ÂóßÁ ›¶öÂ±Âõ ¿Âõ™¦±ÂõþßÁ±ÂõþÏ ßÁ±ù¿éÂ, û±Á ÷ñÉ¿ÂõËMÃÃÂõþ ßÁ±ù Âõþ+ËÂó Õ±àÉ±¿ûþîÂ, îÂ±Âõþ ¿ÂõßÁ±ú ýÃÃËûþ¿åÃù ßÅÁ¿ëÂÿ úîÂËßÁÂõþ ›¶ï÷ ÎïËßÁý×ÃÃ¼ ¿ßÁc ò±ò± ¿ÂõöÂËe ¿öÂi§ ¿öÂi§ ÷±¿SßÁîÂ±ûþ îÂ± ñÂõþ± ¿ðÃËîÂ qÂõþn¸ ßÁËÂõþ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ ßÁ±Ëù, ¿ÂõËúø¸îÂ ¦¤±ñÏòîÂ± ëÂ×MÃÃÂõþ ÂóËÂõÇ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ¿öÂi§ ÷±¿SßÁîÂ±Âõþ ¦óúÇ Âó±Ýûþ± û±ûþ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏÂõþ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü¼ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁîÂ±Âõþ Îò¿îÂÂõ±äÂßÁ ¿ðÃßÁ&Ëù± Îû qñÅ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõM ü÷±æÃý×ÃÃ ÂõýÃÃò ßÁËÂõþ ÛËòËåÃ îÂ± üÍÂõÇÂõ üîÂÉ òûþ¼ îÂËÂõ ýÃÃÉÒ±, ûÅá Î›¶ŽÂ±ÂóéÂ ÂõðÃËùÂõþ ôÂËù ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±æÃ ÎðÃËýÃÃ Îò¿îÂÂõ±äÂßÁ ¿ðÃßÁ&Ëù± -- Õ±ËÂõþ± öÂ±Ëù± ßÁËÂõþ ÂõùËù Õ±RËßÁ¿fßÁîÂ±, ¦¤±ïÇÂóÂõþîÂ±, ÷ÓùÉËÂõ±ñýÃÃÏòîÂ±Âõþ Îû åÃ±Âó ÎôÂËù¿åÃù, Õ±æÃËßÁÂõþ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±æÃ îÂ±Âõþý×ÃÃ ûï±ïÇ ëÂ×MÃÃÂõþ±¿ñßÁ±ÂõþÏ¼ Õ±æÃËßÁÂõþ ûÅÂõ ü¥xðÃ±ûþ Îüý×ÃÃ ëÂ×MÃÃÂõþ±¿ñßÁ±ÂõþËßÁ ÂõýÃÃò ßÁËÂõþ ¿òËûþ äÂËùËåÃ¼ ôÂËù ÛßÁ¿ðÃò ûÒ±Âõþ± üÑßÁÏíÇîÂ±Âõþ ñÃõæÃ±Âõ±ýÃÃÏ ýÃÃËûþ¿åÃËùò, îÒÂ±Âõþ±ý× òîÅÂò ßÁ±ËùÂõþ ëÂ×ÈËßÁ¿fßÁ æÃÏÂõòû±S±ûþ ›¶Ÿ¿äÂý ÛÒËßÁ ¿ðÃËûþËåÃò -- ëÂ×ËÂóŽÂ± Õ±Âõþ ÕÂõËýÃÃù± ¿ðÃËûþ ðÓÃËÂõþ ü¿ÂõþËûþ ÎÂõþËàËåÃò ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ûÅÂõü÷±æÃËßÁ¼ ÃÃ Ûý×ÃÃ òîÅÂò ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ Âó¿Âõþ¿¦š¿îÂÂõþ ü±ïÇßÁ ßÁï±ßÁ±Âõþ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ¼ ÷ÓùîÂ îÒÂ±Âõþ ßÁï±¿úŠ òÂõÉ ûÅÂõü¥xðÃ±ËûþÂõþ üÅà-ðÅÃÐà ÂõíÇò±ûþ ëÂ×ijÅà¼ 2.2  Âõ±Ñù±ûþ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁîÂ±Âõþ ý×ÃÃ¿îÂýÃÃ±Ëü ÕòÉîÂ÷ âéÂò± ýÃÃù òáÂõþ±ûþí -- Õ±Âõþ ÛËýÃÃò âéÂò±Â Âõ±Ñù±Âõþ ü÷±æÃËðÃËýÃÃ ¿ßÁåÅÃ ¿ÂõËúø¸ ›¶ÂõíîÂ± ÛËò ¿ðÃËûþËåÃ, û±Âõþ ÷ËñÉ ÕòÉîÂ÷ Âõ±ãÃÃ±¿ù ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ Î|¿íÂõþ ¿ÂõßÁ±ú¼ Ûà±Ëò Âõù± ›¶Ëûþ±æÃò Î|¿í ¿ýÃÃü±ËÂõ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ ñ±Âõþí±¿éÂ Âó±(±îÂÉ ü÷±æÃ ¿äÂ™L± ›¶üÓîÂ¼ 1745ð¿àèˆ±Ës James Bradshow ›¶ï÷ ‘Middle class’4ððús¿éÂ ÂõÉÂõýÃÃ±Âõþ ßÁËÂõþò¼ Û¿éÂ ÛßÁ¿éÂ Õ±ïÇ-ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ ús¼ ÎüËŽÂËS ÎÂõ±çÂ±Âõþ ÕüÅ¿Âõñ± ýÃÃûþ ò± Îû, ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ Î|¿íÂõþ ëÂ×ÈÂó¿MÃÃÂõþ ¿ÂóåÃËò ¿ÂõMÃÃËßÁ¿fßÁ ü÷±æÃ Î›¶ŽÂ±ÂóËéÂÂõþ ÛßÁ ¿ÂõËúø¸ öÓÂ¿÷ßÁ± Â¿ÂõðÃÉ÷±ò¼ ý×ÃÃëÂ×ËÂõþ±ËÂó Ûý×ÃÃ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±æÃËßÁ ¿äÂ¿ýîÂ ßÁÂõþ± ýÃÃËûþËåÃ Ûý×ÃÃöÂ±ËÂõ, “ Middle class is an intermediate social class between the nobility and peasantry of Europe.”5ð ÕïÇ±È ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±æÃ ýÃÃù Õ¿öÂæÃ±îÂ Ý ßÔÁø¸ßÁ Î|¿íÂõþ Õ™LÂõîÇÂÏ ÕÑú¼ Õ±Âõ±Âõþ ÷±ßÇÁüÏûþ ðÃúÇËò Âõù± ýÃÃûþ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃÂõþ± ýÃÃù, ú±üßÁ ›¶öÅÂ Ý |¿÷ßÁ Î|¿íÂõþ ÷ñÉ¦š±òÏûþ ÕÑú, Îüà±Ëò Âõù± ýÃÃËûþËåÃ Îû, ‘Middle class’ ýÃÃù “The class below the ruling class and above the proletariat in the Marxist social schem.”6 Õ±Ë÷¿ÂõþßÁ±ò ÷±ßÇÁüÂõ±ðÃÏ îÂ±¿NßÁ Louis C. Fraina (Lewis Corey) ÛËßÁÂõ±ËÂõþ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ ðÔÃ¿©† ÎïËßÁ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ÂõùËîÂ ÂõÅ¿çÂËûþËåÃò, “The class of indipendent small interprisers, owners of pro- ductive proparly from which a livelihood is derived.”ð7ð- Faraina-ÛÂõþ Ûý×ÃÃ ðÔÃ¿©† öÂ¿e ÎïËßÁ ü¥ó¿MÃÃÃú±ùÏ ßÔÁø¸ßÁÝ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±æÃ Õ™LöÅÇÂMÃ ýÃÃËûþËåÃ¼ û¿ðÃÝ ¿îÂ¿ò ÛËðÃÂõþ “New middle class” ÂõùËîÂ ÎäÂËûþËåÃò¼ Âõ±Ñù±Âõþ ü÷±æÃæÃÏÂõËò ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ ëÂ×O±ò ÷ÓùîÂ ¿äÂÂõþ¦š±ûþÏ ÂõËµ±ÂõË™¦Âõþ ›¶îÂÉŽÂ ôÂù›¶üÓîÂ¼ îÂÈßÁ±ùÏò ÷ñÉüNËöÂ±áÏ ü÷±æÃ-ý×ÃÃ ÂóÂõþÂõîÇÂÏËîÂ ÂõÔýÃÃÈ ÕËïÇ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ Î|¿íËîÂ ÂóûÇÂõ¿üîÂ ýÃÃûþ¼ Âõ±ãÃÃ±¿ù ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±æÃ ¿åÃù ÷ÓùîÂ ¢¶±÷ËßÁ¿fßÁ¼ ¿ßÁc Ûý×ÃÃüßÁù ¢¶±÷Ïí ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±æÃ ëÂ×¿òú úîÂËßÁÂõþ ÎúËø¸Âõþ ¿ðÃËßÁ ^n¸îÂ ÕÂõùÅ5 ýÃÃËîÂ qÂõþn¸ ßÁËÂõþ¼ ÛÂõþ ÕòÉîÂ÷ ßÁ±Âõþí ^n¸îÂ òáÂõþ±ûþí¼ ¢¶±÷Ïí ÕïÇÍò¿îÂßÁ ÂÂõÔ¿MÃÃÂõþ üËe æÃ¿ëÂÿîÂ ÕËòËßÁý×ÃÃ ßÁ±æÃ ýÃÃ±¿ÂõþËûþ òîÅÂò ßÁËÂõþ áËëÂÿ ÝêÂ± úýÃÃÂõþ±=ËùÂõþ ¿ðÃËßÁ ñ±¿ÂõîÂ ýÃÃËùò ÕËïÇ±Âó±æÇÃËòÂõþ Õ±ú±ûþ -- ÂõðÃËù ÎôÂùËùò ÎÂóú±¼ qÂõþn¸ ßÁÂõþËùò ¿Âõù±üÏ æÃÏÂõò û±Âóò¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ÎöÂ±á¿Âõù±ËüÂõþ ¿ßÁåÅÃéÂ± ¿Âõ™¦ÔîÂ

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  113 ÆüßÁîÂ Âõþ±ëÂ×îÂ Ý ÎæÃÉ±¿îÂ÷Çûþ Îüò&5 ýÃÃù òáÂõþ üöÂÉîÂ±Âõþ ÆðÃò¿µò æÃÏÂõËòÝ¼ Îüý×ÃÃ üÓS ñËÂõþý×ÃÃ òÂõÉüÔ©† ò±á¿ÂõþßÁ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ Âõ±ãÃÃ±¿ù ÎöÂ±á¿Âõù±ü ÂóÓíÇ æÃÏÂõòû±ÂóËòÂõþ ›¶¿îÂ Õ±ßÔÁ©† ýÃÃËùò¼ ýÃÃ±¿ÂõþËûþ ÎûËîÂ ï±ßÁù ¢¶±÷Ïí ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ Î|¿í¼ ÛÂõþ ›¶±÷±íÉ åÃ¿Âõ Âó±ý×ÃÃ Õ÷ÔîÂÂõ±æÃ±Âõþ Âó¿SßÁ±Âõþ Âó±îÂ±ûþ¼ Îüà±Ëò ¢¶±÷Ïí ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ ÂõíÇò± ÎðÃÝûþ± ýÃÃËûþËåÃ Ûý×ÃÃ öÂ±ËÂõ, “ÛËðÃËú Âó~Ï¢¶±÷ ÷±Sý×ÃÃ ðÅÃý×ÃÃ ÛßÁæÃò ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ Îù±ËßÁÂõþ Âõ±ü ÛÂõÑ ¿û¿ò ßÁàËò± ý×ÃÃ¿îÂ÷ËñÉ Âó~ÏËîÂ w÷í ßÁ¿Âõþûþ±ËåÃò ¿îÂ¿òý×ÃÃ ÂõÅ¿çÂûþ±ËåòÃ ý×ÃÃýÃÃ±ËðÃÂõþ ÎßÁ÷ò öÂ¢ŸðÃú±¼ ›¶±ûþ ÕËòËßÁÂõþ áÔýÃÃ ý×ÃÃ©†ßÁ ¿ò¿÷ÇîÂ Û÷ò¿ßÁ ÕËòËßÁÂõþ ›¶ßÁ±` ›¶ßÁ±` ¿ßÁc üßÁùý×ÃÃ ›¶±ûþ öÂ¢Ÿ ¿ýÃÃûþ± Âó¿îÂîÂ ýÃÃý×ÃÃËîÂËåÃ¼”8ððôÂùîÂ ÛßÁ¿ðÃËßÁ ûàò ¢¶±÷É ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±æÃ ÎöÂËãÃÃ ÂóËëÂÿËåÃ îÂàò ÕòÉ¿ðÃËßÁ îÂ±Âõþ öÂ¢ŸdËÂóÂõþ ëÂ×ÂóÂõþ áËëÂÿ ëÂ×êÂËåÃ ò±á¿ÂõþßÁ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±æÃ¼ Õ±Âõþ Ûý×ÃÃ òáÂõþËßÁ¿fßÁ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±æÃ áËëÂÿ ÝêÂ±Âõþ ¿ÂóåÃËò ÕòÉîÂ÷ ßÁ±Âõþí ßÁùßÁ±îÂ±-ÎßÁ¿fßÁ ßÁ÷ÇæÃÏÂõËòÂõþ ¿òöÔÂîÂ Õ±|ûþ Âó±Âõ±Âõþ ÕÂó¿ÂõþüÏ÷ Õ±ßÁ±ãÃÃŽÂ±¼ Ûà±Ëò ÛßÁ¿éÂ ßÁï± Âõù± ›¶Ëûþ±æÃò äÂ±ßÁ¿ÂõþÂõþ ›¶¿îÂ ÛßÁ ›¶Âõù Õ±ßÁ±ãÃŽÂ± Âõ±ãÃÃ±¿ù ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃËßÁ òáÂõþ æÃÏÂõòû±ÂóËò Õ±ßÔÁ©† ßÁËÂõþ¿åÃù¼ Õ±üËù ÛËðÃËú ý×ÃÃÑËÂõþæÃ ú±üßÁ ›¶ï÷ ÛËüý×ÃÃ ÛßÁ÷±S ÂõÉÂõü±¿ûþßÁ ÷Åò±ôÂ± ù±ËöÂÂõþ æÃòÉ Îû ú±üò ÂõÉÂõ¦š± ›¶¿îÂ‡Â± ßÁËÂõþ¿åÃù îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ ßÁ±ËåÃ Ûý×ÃÃ üßÁù ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ äÂ±ßÁ¿Âõþ ›¶îÂÉ±úÏ ¿ßÁÑÂõ± äÂ±ßÁ¿ÂõþæÃ±ÂõÏÂõþ±ý×ÃÃ ¿åÃù ›¶ñ±ò ÕÂõù¥¤ò¼ Õ±Âõþ ¿ÂõMÃÃ Ý ¿ÂõðÃÉËßÁ ÕÂõù¥¤ò ßÁËÂõþ ëÂ×¿òú úîÂËßÁÂõþ òîÅÂò ¦¤ÏßÔÁîÂ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±æÃÝ Õ±Âóò ›¶¿îÂÂó¿MÃÃ Âõ±ëÂÿ±Ëò±Âõþ ÕöÏo±ûþ ¿ÂõËðÃúÏ ›¶öÅÂÂõþ ¿ðÃËßÁ üýÃÃËû±¿áîÂ±Âõþ ýÃÃ±îÂ Âõ±¿ëÂÿËûþ ¿ðÃËûþ¿åÃËùò¼ ÛæÃòÉý×ÃÃ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ ÷ÓùÉ±ûþËò ü÷±Ëù±äÂßÁ ðÃÏËÂóµÅ äÂSÂõîÇÂÏ ÂõËùËåÃò, “Õ±÷±ËðÃÂõþ ÎðÃËú ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ Î|¿íÂõþ æÃij ü±÷™LîÂËLaÂõþ üËe ›¶îÂÉŽÂ üÑâ±ËîÂÂõþ ÷ËñÉ âËéÂ¿ò, âËéÂËåÃ ¿ÂõËðÃúÏ üÑ¦óËúÇ ÛËü ÛÂõÑ îÂ±Âõþ ÂóËÂõþÝ ¿òËæÃÂõþ Õ±ËR±i§¿îÂÂõþ æÃòÉ Ûý×ÃÃ Î|¿íý×ÃÃ ¿ÂõËðÃúÏ ¿òûþLaËíÂõþ Õ±ËÂó±ø¸ýÃÃÏò ¿ÂõËÂõþ±¿ñîÂ± ßÁËÂõþ¿ò, ôÂËù îÂ±Âõþ äÂ¿ÂõþS ýÃÃËûþ ÎáËåÃ ÂóÂõþá±åÃ±Âõþ ÷ËîÂ±¼”9 ÛËýÃÃò ÛßÁ ‘ÂóÂõþá±åÃ±’ ¦¤öÂ±Âõ ÆÂõ¿ú©†É ¿òËûþý×ÃÃ Õ±æÃËßÁÂõþ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±æÃ Âõ±Ñù±Âõþ ü÷±æÃ æÃÏÂõËò Õ±ËòßÁà±¿ò ¦š±ò æÅÃËëÂÿ ÕÂõ¦š±ò ßÁËÂõþò¼ ÷ÓùîÂ ßÁùßÁ±îÂ± ¿Âõ«¿ÂõðÃÉ±ùËûþÂõþ ›¶¿îÂ‡Â± ÂóûÇ™L Âõ±ãÃÃ±¿ù ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±æÃ Ûý×ÃÃ ‘ÂóÂõþá±åÃ±’ ¦¤öÂ±Âõ ÆÂõ¿ú©†É ¿òËûþý×ÃÃ ÛßÁ ¿¦š¿îÂúÏù ÕÂõ¦š±Ëò ¿òËæÃËðÃÂõþ ñËÂõþ ÎÂõþËàËåÃò¼ ÛÂõþÂóÂõþ ßÁùßÁ±îÂ± ¿Âõ«¿ÂõðÃÉ±ùËûþÂõþ ›¶¿îÂ‡Â± ý×ÃÃÑÂõþ±¿æÃ ¿úŽÂ±Âõþ ^n¸îÂ ¿Âõ™¦±Âõþ üyÂõ ßÁÂõþËù ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ Âõ±ãÃÃ±¿ùÂõþ Ö¿oîÂ üÂõþßÁ±¿Âõþ äÂ±ßÁ¿Âõþ ù±ËöÂÂõþ ÂóïËßÁ Õ±ËÂõþ± ÷üÔí ßÁËÂõþ ÎîÂ±Ëù¼ ëÂ×¿ßÁù-Î÷±MÃ±Âõþ-ëÂ±MÃ±Âõþ-¦Å¨ù÷±ˆ±Âõþ ÛÒÂõþ±ý×ÃÃ ÷ÓùîÂ ÎðÃËúÂõþ Âõþ±æÃÍò¿îÂßÁ ÷ÅàÂó±S ýÃÃËûþ ÝËêÂ¼ Û›¶üËe ‘¿Âõè¿éÂú ý×ÃÃ¿`ûþ±ò ÕÉ±Ëü±¿üËûþúò’ ßÁ¿÷¿éÂÂõþ ÛßÁ¿éÂ ¿ÂõþËÂó±ËéÇÂ Âó±ý×ÃÃ– “A cursory glance at the reports will show that these bodies are mainly composed of small land-holders and traders, vakils, mukhtears, school-masters and medical practitioners.”10 Ûý×ÃÃ ¿ú¿ŽÂîÂ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±æÃ Âó±(±îÂÉ ¿úŽÂ±-ðÃúÇò-¿úŠßÁù± ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃÂõþ ›¶¿îÂ Õ¿îÂ¿ÂõþMÃ Õ±ßÁø¸ÇËíÂõþ ôÂËù ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ Õ±äÂ±Âõþ-Õ±äÂÂõþËí Âó±(±îÂÉ ÷Ëò±öÂ±Âõ±Âói§ ýÃÃËûþ ÂóËëÂÿò¼ ÎßÁ±ï±Ý ÎßÁ±ï±Ý ÂõÉ¿M ¦¤±îÂLaÉ ÛÂõÑ ûÅ¿MÃ¿ò‡ÂîÂ± ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ÷±òËüÂõþ ›¶ñ±ò ÕÂõù¥¤ò ýÃÃËûþ ÝËêÂ¼ ÂóÂõþÂõîÇÂÏËîÂ ýÃÃûþîÂ Ûý× ûÅ¿MÃ¿ò‡ÂîÂ± ÝÃÃ ÂõÉ¿MÃ¦¤±îÂLaÉý×ÃÃ Âõ±ãÃÃ±¿ù ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃËßÁ ëÂ×ÁZÅX ßÁËÂõþ ÂóÂõþ±ñÏòîÂ±Âõþ ¿ÂõÂõþn¸ËX ÎðÃú±RËÂõ±ñ ëÂ×ðÄÃËÂõ±ñËò¼ ¿ßÁc ÛÂõþÂóÂõþ æÃ±îÂÏûþ æÃÏÂõò îÂï± Âõ±Ñù±Âõþ ü÷±æ æÃÏÂõËòÃÃ Âó¿ÂõþÂõîÇÂËòÂõþ çÂëÂÿ ÛËü Õ±åÃËëÂÿ ÂóËëÂÿ¼ ÂõeöÂe ÎïËßÁ qÂõþn¸ ßÁËÂõþ òßÁú±ù Õ±Ëµ±ùò ÂóûÇ™L [1905-1970] ò±ò± âéÂò±ÍÂõ¿äÂSÉ Âõ±ãÃÃ±¿ù ÷ñÉ¿ÂõËMÃÃÂõþ ÂõÉ¿MÃ¦¤±îÂËLaÉ Õ±â±îÂ ýÃÃ±Ëò¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ü÷ûþ üÏ÷±Âõþ ÷ËñÉ öÂ±ÂõþîÂÏûþ ú±üò ŽÂ÷îÂ± ýÃÃ™¦±™LÂõþ, Âó=Âõ±¿ø¸ÇßÁÏ Âó¿ÂõþßÁŠò±Âõþ Âõþ+Âó±ûþËí ÂõÉïÇîÂ±-ýÃÃîÂ±ú±, ÕïÇÍò¿îÂßÁ ¿ÂõÂóûÇûþ Ý ëÂ×i§¿îÂ üÓäÂËßÁÂõþ S÷±áîÂ ¿ò¥§á¿îÂ, ¿äÂò Ý Âó±¿ßÁ™¦±ËòÂõþ üËe ûÅX, æÃÂõþn¸¿Âõþ ÕÂõ¦š± --

114  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏÂõþ ¿òÂõÇ±¿äÂîÂ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü ëÂ×ËÂó¿ŽÂîÂ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ûÅÂõ-ü¥xðÃ±ûþ ÛüÂõ ¿òËûþ Âõ±ãÃÃ±¿ù ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ æÃÏÂõò ¿ÂõÂóûÇ™¦ ýÃÃûþ¼ ÛÂõþ ôÂËù ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±ËæÃ âËéÂ Æò¿îÂßÁîÂ±Âõþ ÕÂõò÷ò Ý Îüý×ÃÃ üËe ¿ÂõËúø¸ öÂ±ËÂõ ùŽÂ ßÁÂõþ± û±ûþ ÷ÓùÉËÂõ±ËñÂõþ üÑßÁéÂ¼ Ûü÷ËûþÂõþ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±æÃËßÁ ÎäÂò± û±ûþ ÛöÂ±ËÂõ, “|÷ ò± ¿ðÃËûþ ÎöÂ±áÉ ÂóíÉ ÂõÉÂõýÃÃ±Âõþ ßÁËÂõþ ÕïÇ æÃ¿÷Ëûþ Îüý×ÃÃ ÕïÇ-ÂõÉÂõ¦š±ûþ îÂ±Âõþ± ¿¦šÂõþ, üÅàÏ, Õ±R-üÂõÇ¦¤¼ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ òÏ¿îÂ, ¿Âõù±ü ÎÂõþ±ËáÂõþ ÷ËîÂ± ÕüÑàÉ æÃÏÂõ±íÅÂõþ ÷ËîÂ± öÂ^îÂ±Âõþ Õ™LÂõþ±Ëù Âó±¿ùîÂ ýÃÃûþ¼”11ððôÂùîÂ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ ü÷±ËæÃ ò±ò± ÆÂõ¿äÂSÉ ¿òËûþ Õ±R›¶ßÁ±ú ßÁÂõþù ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ æÃÏÂõò¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ¿Âõ¿äÂSîÂ±ûþ Õ±26Ãi§ ýÃÃËûþý×ÃÃ Îû Îü ü±¿ýÃÃËîÂÉÂõþ Âó±îÂ±ûþ êÂÒ±ý×ÃÃ Âó±ËÂõ îÂ± ÎîÂ± ÕÂõúÉy±ÂõÏ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ Âó¿Âõþ¿äÂîÂ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ Âó¿Âõþ÷GùËßÁ Âó±êÂËßÁÂõþ ßÁ±ËåÃ îÅÂËù ñÂõþËîÂ ßÁù÷ ñÂõþËùò Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ ßÁ±ËùÂõþ, ÷ÅàÉîÂ ¦¤±ñÏòîÂ± ëÂ×MÃÃÂõþ ßÁ±ËùÂõþ ¿Âõ¿ú©† ßÁï±ü±¿ýÃÃ¿îÂÉËßÁÂõþ±¼ ûÒ±ËðÃÂõþ ÷ËñÉ ÕòÉîÂ÷ ýÃÃËùò Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ¼ îÒÂ±Âõþ ‘Ûàòý×ÃÃ’, ‘¿ÂóßÁ¿òßÁ’ Ý ‘ýÃ+ðÃûþ’ ü÷ßÁ±ËùÂõþ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ æÃÏÂõòËßÁ¿fßÁ ÷ÓùÉËÂõ±ËñÂõþ üÑßÁéÂ Ý ÷ñÉ¿ÂõËMÃÃÂõþ ¿ÂõÂói§ ¿Âõ¦œËûþÂõþ ¿òàÒÅîÂ ÂõíÇò±ßÁ±ÂõþÏ ú¿MÃú±ùÏ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ ¿ò÷Ç±í¼ ëÂ×¿~¿àîÂ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü&¿ù ûÅá-ü÷±æÃ ›¶öÂ±¿ÂõîÂ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ öÂ±Âõò±Âõþ ÕòÉîÂ÷ ôÂüù¼ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü&¿ùËîÂ ÛßÁý×ÃÃ üËe ßÁùßÁ±îÂ±Âõþ ò±á¿ÂõþßÁ Âó¿ÂõþËÂõËú ÎûÌï Âó¿ÂõþÂõ±ËÂõþÂõþ ÷ÓùÉËÂõ±ËñÂõþ üÑßÁËéÂÂõþ Âó±ú±Âó±¿ú ò±ûþßÁ äÂ¿ÂõþËSÂõþ ¿ÂõÂói§îÂ±ËßÁ îÅÂËù ñÂõþ± ýÃÃËûþËåÃ¼ Õ±Âõþ Îüý×ÃÃüËe ßÁùßÁ±îÂ±Âõþ ò±á¿ÂõþßÁ Âó¿ÂõþËÂõËú ò±ûþßÁ äÂ¿ÂõþS¿éÂËßÁ ›¶¿îÂ¿ò¿ñ Âõþ+ËÂó ðÒÃ±ëÂÿ ßÁ¿ÂõþËûþ ÞÂóòÉ±¿üßÁ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ úÓòÉîÂ±-ÂõÉïÇîÂ± Ý ¿ÂõÂóûÇËûþÂõþ ¿äÂS ÛÒËßÁËåÃò¼ ÂóÅÂõþËò± Îá±‡ÂÏ æÃÏÂõËò ÕöÂÉ™¦ ÷±òÅø¸ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ æÃÏÂõòû±S±ûþ ÛßÁ±ßÁÏ ýÃÃËûþ ÂóëÂÿËåÃ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ÛßÁ±¿ßÁËQÂõþ ÷±çÂà±Ëò üËäÂîÂò ¿ú¿ŽÂîÂ ÎßÁ±ò ÂõÉ¿MÃQ Õ›¶îÂÉ±¿úîÂ Õ±ú‚± Õ±Âõþ ÕæÃ±ò± úÓòÉîÂ±ËßÁ ÂõÅËßÁÂõþ áöÂÏËÂõþ ù±ùò ßÁÂõþËåÃ¼ ÛËðÃÂõþ ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ ÂõÉ¿MÃáîÂ ÷ÓùÉËÂõ±ñ ¿ÂõñÃõ™¦¼ |X± Îòý×ÃÃ ÕîÂÏËîÂÂõþ ›¶¿îÂ, Õ±¦š± Îòý×ÃÃ öÂ¿Âõø¸ÉËîÂ¼ ðÅÃËÂõÇ±ñÉ ÂõîÇÂ÷±ËòÂõþ Îá±ùßÁñÒ±ñ±ûþ âÅÂõþÂó±ßÁ à±Ýûþ±ý×ÃÃ îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ ÕðÔÃ©†¼ ø¸±éÂ-üMÃÃËÂõþÂõþ ðÃúËßÁÂõþ Û÷ò ò±ûþËßÁÂõþ üËe Âó¿ÂõþäÂûþ âËéÂ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏÂõþ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü&¿ùÂõþ ßÁ±¿ýÃÃ¿òËîÂ¼ ëÂ×MÃÃÂõþ ÞÂó¿òËÂõ¿úßÁ Î›¶ŽÂ±ÂóËéÂ ÷ÓùÉËÂõ±ËñÂõþ ÕÂõŽÂûþ, ÕïÇ±È ÕïÇÍò¿îÂßÁ Õ¿ò(ûþîÂ±Âõþ Õ±àÉ±ò ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü&¿ù¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü&¿ù îÂ±ý×ÃÃ ßÅÁ¿éÂù ÂõîÇÂ÷±ËòÂõþ äÂSÂõÅÉËýÃÃ Õ±ÂõX ÂóÂõþ±¿æÃîÂ ÂõÉ¿MÃËQÂõþ ßÁ±¿ýÃÃ¿ò¼ ¿Âõ«±ûþò Ý ßÁËÂóÇ±ËÂõþéÂÂ ßÁ±ùäÂ±ËÂõþÂõþ ÎðÃÌùËîÂ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõËMÃÃÂõþ òÂõÂõþ+Âó ÂõíÇò±ûþ Ûý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±&¿ù ûËï©† Âó±Âõþe÷¼ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ ‘Ûàòý×ÃÃ’ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÂõþ ÕÂõþn¸í, ¿éÂßÁùÅ, ‘¿ÂóßÁ¿òßÁ’ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÂõþ ý×ÃÃîÅÂ, Âõþ±àÏ, ò¿µîÂ± Ý ‘ýÃ+ðÃûþ’ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÂõþ qËöÂµÅ ¿öÂi§ ¿ò÷Ç±Ëí Ûý×ÃÃ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ ÕòÉîÂ÷ îÂÂõþn¸í ÷Ó¿îÇÂ, û±ËðÃÂõþ ›¶îÂÉŽÂ ëÂ×Âó¿¦š¿îÂ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ Õ±Ëù±äÂÉ ¿Âõø¸ûþËßÁý×ÃÃ ¦ó©† ßÁËÂõþ ÎîÂ±Ëù¼ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü&¿ùÂõþ ÛßÁßÁ ÎßÁ±Ëò± ÛßÁßÁ ò±ûþßÁ äÂ¿ÂõþS òûþ, ûÅÂõü÷±æÃý×ÃÃ ÛÂõþ ò±ûþßÁ¼

3.0  Õ±Ëáý×ÃÃ ÂõËù¿åÃ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ æÃÏÂõËòÂõþ ßÁï±ßÁ±Âõþ¼ ò±á¿ÂõþßÁ æÃÏÂõËòÂõþ Õ™LÇÂõûþòËßÁ ¿îÂ¿ò ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ Õ±¿eËßÁ äÅÂùËäÂÂõþ± ¿ÂõËú¡ø¸ËíÂõþ ÷ñÉ ¿ðÃËûþ îÅÂËù ñËÂõþËåÃò¼ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ æÃÏÂõËòÂõþ ›¶ËîÂÉßÁ¿éÂ ÂõÒ±ËßÁÂõþ ÛÂõþ+Âó üËäÂîÂò Âõþ+ÂóßÁ±Âõþ Âõ±Ñù± ü±¿ýÃÃËîÂÉ ü¿îÂÉý×ÃÃ ¿ÂõÂõþù¼ æÃÏÂõËòÂõþ ›¶ËîÂÉßÁ¿éÂ ÕñÉ±ûþËßÁ, îÂ±Âõþ ÂõûþüËßÁ¿fßÁ Ý ¿ùeËßÁ¿fßÁ ÕÂõ¦š±òËßÁ ¿îÂ¿ò üËäÂîÂòöÂ±ËÂõ ÛÒËßÁËåÃò¼ Õ±Âõþ ÛËýÃÃò æÃÏÂõò¿äÂËSÂõþý×ÃÃ ü±ïÇßÁ ›¶ßÁ±ú îÒÂ±Âõþ ‘Ûàòý×ÃÃ’, ‘¿ÂóßÁ¿òßÁ’ Ý ‘ýÃ+ðÃûþ’ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü ¿îÂò¿éÂËîÂ Âó±Ýûþ± û±ûþ¼ 3.1  ÷Ëò Âõþ±àËîÂ ýÃÃËÂõ, ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü ¿îÂò¿éÂ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ ûÅÂõ÷òËßÁ ÎßÁf ßÁËÂõþ áËëÂÿ ëÂ×ËêÂËåÃ¼ Âõù±Âõþ

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  115 ÆüßÁîÂ Âõþ±ëÂ×îÂ Ý ÎæÃÉ±¿îÂ÷Çûþ Îüò&5 ÕËÂóŽÂ± Âõþ±Ëà ò±, Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏÂõþ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ æÃÏÂõËò ø¸±ËéÂÂõþ ðÃúßÁ ÛßÁ ÕîÂÉ™L &Âõþn¸QÂóÓíÇ ü÷ûþ¼ ¿êÂßÁ Ûý×ÃÃ ßÁ±ùùË¢Ÿ ¿îÂ¿ò ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ æÃÏÂõËòÂõþ Õ±¿ãÃÃò±ûþ ü±ïÇßÁöÂ±ËÂõ ¿ÂõäÂÂõþí ßÁÂõþËîÂ qÂõþn¸ ßÁËÂõþËåÃò¼ Õ±÷Âõþ± æÃ±¿ò ø¸±ËéÂÂõþ ðÃúßÁ Âõe ü÷±ËæÃ ü±¿ÂõÇßÁ ¦¤›ŸöÂËeÂõþ ü÷ûþ¼ 1968-ÎîÂ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ ûàò ‘Ûàòý×ÃÃ’ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü¿éÂ ¿ùàËåÃò öÂ±ÂõþËîÂÂõþ ¦¤±ñÏòîÂ±Âõþ Âõûþü îÂàò ÛßÅÁú¼ ¿ßÁc û±ËðÃÂõþ æÃòÉ Îüý×ÃÃ ¦¤±ñÏòîÂ±Âõþ üÑ¢¶±÷, ¦¤±ñÏòîÂ± ›¶±¿5Âõþ ßÁ±Ëù Îüý×ÃÃ ßÅÁ¿ëÂÿ-ÛßÅÁú ÂõåÃËÂõþÂõþ ûÅÂõ±ËðÃÂõþ ÷ËñÉ ¦¤±ñÏòîÂ± ü¥óËßÇÁ üßÁù Õ±ú±, üßÁù Î÷±ýÃÃ ¿åÒÃËéÂÎôÂ±éÂ±Ý Õ±Âõþ ¿åÃù ò±¼ ¦¤±ñÏòîÂ±Âõþ ßÅÁ¿ëÂÿ ÂõåÃÂõþ ÂóÂõþ ßÁ÷ÇüÑ¦š±ËòÂõþ ÕöÂ±Âõ, ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ ÆÂõø¸÷É Ý ÎðÃú¿ÂõöÂ±ËáÂõþ ôÂù|n¸¿îÂ ¿ýÃÃü±ËÂõ æÃòüÑàÉ± ÂõÔ¿X Ý ÷±ï± ÎáÒ±æÃ±Âõþ æÃ±ûþá±Âõþ ÕöÂ±Âõ üÂõÇS ÂõÉ±ÂóßÁ ÆòÂõþ±úÉ åÃ¿ëÂÿËûþ ¿ðÃËûþ¿åÃù¼ Õ±üËù Ûý×ÃÃ ðÃúËßÁÂõþ üÓäÂò±ËîÂý×ÃÃ öÂ±ÂõþËîÂ ßÁ¿÷ëÂ×¿òˆ Âó±¿éÇÂÂõþ ¿ÂõöÂ±æÃò Âó¿(÷ÂõËeÂõþ Âõþ±æÃòÏ¿îÂËîÂ ÛßÁ Õ±÷Óù Âó¿ÂõþÂõîÇÂò ü±ñò ßÁËÂõþ¼ Îüý×ÃÃüËe 1967-ÛÂõþ ¿òÂõÇ±äÂËò ßÁÑË¢¶ü ðÃËùÂõþ ÂóîÂËòÂõþ ÂóÂõþ ›¶ï÷ ûÅMÃôèÂKI× üÂõþßÁ±Âõþ á¿êÂîÂ ýÃÃûþ¼ ¿ßÁc ÂõåÃÂõþ ò± âÅÂõþËîÂý×ÃÃ Îü üÂõþßÁ±Âõþ ÎöÂËãÃÃ Îáù, qÂõþn¸ ýÃÃù ßÁÑË¢¶ü Ý ÂóÅ¿ùúÂõ±¿ýÃÃ¿òÂõþ îÂ±G õ¼ Û-›¶üËe Õ÷ËùµÅ Îüò&Ë5Âõþ ÛßÁ¿éÂ Îùà±ûþ ÂÂó±ý×ÃÃ,-- ‘1967 ü±ËùÂõþ 21Îú òËöÂ¥¤Âõþ ÷eùÂõ±Âõþ Âõþ±îÂ 8éÂ±Âõþ ü÷ûþ Âõþ±æÃÉÂó±ù üÑ¿Âõñ±ËòÂõþ 164 ñ±Âõþ± ÕòÅû±ûþÏ ûÅMÃôèÂKI× üÂõþßÁ±ÂõþËßÁ à±¿ÂõþæÃ ßÁËÂõþ¼ ›¶ôÅÂ~ Îâ±Ëø¸Âõþ ÎòîÔÂËQ òîÅÂò ÷¿LaüöÂ± úÂóï Îòûþ¼ ¿Âõñ±òüöÂ±ûþ Ûý×ÃÃ ÕòÉ±ûþöÂ±ËÂõ à±¿ÂõþæÃ üÂõþßÁËÂõþÂõþ ¿ÂõÂõþn¸ËX îÂÏÂõèöÂ±ËÂõ ›¶¿îÂ¿Sûþ± ýÃÃûþ¼ 144 ñ±Âõþ± æÃ±¿Âõþ ýÃÃûþ ü±Âõþ± ßÁùßÁ±îÂ±ûþ¼ Îá±éÂ± Âõþ±æÃÉ æÅÃËëÂÿ Õ¿Âõ¦œÂõþíÏûþ ›¶¿îÂÂõ±ðÃ-¿ÂõËŽÂ±öÂ-ýÃÃÂõþîÂ±ù-æÃ÷±ËûþîÂ üÑá¿êÂîÂ ýÃÃûþ¼ ÕÂõ¦š± Õ¿¢ŸáöÇÂ ýÃÃËûþ ÝËêÂ¼’ð12 ›¶±ûþ ü÷ü±÷¿ûþßÁ Âõ± îÂ±Âõþ ¿ßÁåÅÃ ÂóËÂõþÂõþ âéÂò±Âõ¿ù, Îû÷ò òßÁú±ùÂõ±¿ëÂÿÂõþ ßÔÁø¸ßÁ Õ±Ëµ±ùò, ßÁ¿÷ëÂ×¿òˆ Âó±¿éÇÂÂõþ öÂ±ãÃÃò, Âõ±Ñù±ËðÃËúÂõþ ÷Å¿MÃûÅX, ëÂ×ÁZ±d ü÷üÉ± ›¶öÔÂ¿îÂ ò±ò± Âõþ±æÃÍò¿îÂßÁ âéÂò±ûþ Âõ±Ñù±Âõþ ü÷±æÃ âËÂõþ-Âõ±ý×ÃÃËÂõþ ò±ò±öÂ±ËÂõ ŽÂ¿îÂ¢¶™¦ ýÃÃËûþËåÃ¼ ßÁï±¿úŠÏ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ ü÷™¦ âéÂò±Âõþý×ÃÃ ›¶îÂÉŽÂðÃúÇÏ¼ ¿ßÁc îÒÂ±Âõþ ßÁ±ËåÃ Âõþ±æÃòÏ¿îÂ òûþ îÂ±Âõþ ÎïËßÁ ÂõëÂÿ Îüý×ÃÃ ü÷üÉ±-Õ±S±™L ÷±òÅø¸ Ý Âó±¿ÂõþÂó±¿«ÇßÁ ü÷±æÃ¼ ‘Ûàòý×ÃÃ’ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü îÂ±ý×ÃÃ ÎðÃ¿à ¿îÂ¿ò ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ Îüý×ÃÃ üßÁù ûÅÂõü÷±ËæÃÂõþ ßÁï± ÂõùËåÃò û±Âõþ± Õ±Ëµ±ùò Âõ± ¿Âõ›Âõ ÎïËßÁ úîÂ Îû±æÃò ðÓÃËÂõþ--- ¿òËæÃËðÃÂõþ ¦¤›Ÿ Ý ýÃÃîÂ±ú± ¿òËûþ Õ±R÷¢Ÿ¼ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü¿éÂÂõþ ›¶üeßÁï±ûþ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ ýÃÃûþËîÂ± Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ æÃ±ò±Ë26Ãò, “Âõþ±æÃòÏ¿îÂÂõþ ÎŽÂËSÝ ÛßÁ¿éÂ ¿ÂõË¦£Â±Âõþí Îû âéÂËîÂ äÂùËåÃ îÂ± Ûý×ÃÃ ü÷Ëûþý×ÃÃ Õ¦ó©† öÂ±ËÂõ ¿äÂý Âõþ±àËîÂ qÂõþn¸ ßÁËÂõþËåÃ¼ ¿ßÁc ÎÂõ¿úÂõþöÂ±á åÃ±SåÃ±SÏÂ îÂàò ÛüËÂõÂõþ Âõ±ý×ÃÃËÂõþ¼ ... ÕïäÂ Õ±éÂø¸¿AÂõþ Ûý×ÃÃ ÎåÃËùÂõþ± Õ±Âõþ Ûý×ÃÃ Î÷ËûþÂõþ± ÷Ëò ýÃÃù ÛËßÁÂõ±ËÂõþ ÕËäÂò±¼ Âõ±ãÃÃ±¿ùÂõþ áÔýÃÃú±¿üîÂ üË‚±äÂöÂÏÂõþn¸ æÃÏÂõËò ÛÂõþ± Îûò ÛßÁéÂ± òîÅÂò ýÃÃ±Ýûþ± ¿òËûþ Ûù, û±Âõþ ›¶öÂ±Âõ ÷Ëò ýÃÃù ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ üÂõÇ™¦ËÂõþý×ÃÃ ÎïËßÁ û±ËÂõ¼ ÛÝ ÛßÁñÂõþËòÂõþ ¿Âõ›Âõ, Âõþ±æÃòÏ¿îÂÂõþ äÂú÷± ÎäÂ±Ëà ¿ðÃËûþ û±ËßÁ îÅÂ26Ã ßÁÂõþ± û±ûþ, ¿ßÁc ëÂ×ËÂóŽÂ± ßÁÂõþ±Âõþ ëÂ×Âó±ûþ Îòý×ÃÃ¼”13ð Ûý×ÃÃ ¦¤ÏßÁ±ËÂõþ±¿MÃ ÎïËßÁ üýÃÃËæÃý×ÃÃ ÕòÅË÷ûþ Îû, îÒÂ±Âõþ ÛßÅÁú ÂõåÂõþ ÂõûþËüÂø¸±ËéÂÂõþ îÂÂõþn¸í ›¶æijËßÁ ÎûöÂ±ËÂõ ÎðÃËà¿åÃËùò îÂ±Âõþý×ÃÃ Î›¶ŽÂ±ÂóËéÂ Õ±Ëù±äÂÉ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü¿éÂÂõþ ýÃÃËûþ ÝêÂ±¼ Û ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü îÂ±ý×ÃÃ áËëÂÿ ëÂ×ËêÂËåÃ ÕÂõþn¸í, ¿éÂßÁùÅ, Ø¿÷Ç, Âõþn¸íÅ, ¿ÂõÂõþ±÷ Õ±Âõþ ò¿µòÏÂõþ ÷ËîÂ± ßÁËùæÃ ÂóëÂÿÅûþ± Âõ± ßÁËùæÃ æÃÏÂõò Îúø¸ ýÃÃËûþ Õ±ü± ûÅÂõ±ËðÃÂõþ ¿âËÂõþ¼ ÛÂõþ± üÂõ±ý×ÃÃ Ûý×ÃÃ úîÂ±sÏÂõþ ¿ÁZîÂÏûþ±ËñÇÂõþ ¿ÂõÂóûÇ™¦ ûÅÂõ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ ›¶¿îÂ¿ò¿ñ ¼ ÛËðÃÂõþ ÂõÅËßÁÂõþ ÷ËñÉ Îòý×ÃÃ ÂóÓÂõÇÂóÅÂõþËø¸Âõþ Ü¿îÂýÃÃÉ±|ûþÏ Õ±R¿Âõ«±ü, ü±÷Ëò Îòý×ÃÃ ÎßÁ±Ëò± Õ±Ëù±ËßÁ±8ù öÂ¿Âõø¸ÉËîÂÂõþ üÅ¿ò¿(îÂ Õ±«±ü¼ ÛÂõþ± ¿éÂËßÁ ï±ËßÁ ÎßÁÂõù ¿òËæÃÂõþ ßÁ±Ëù Õ±Âõþ ü÷üÉ±ûþ¼ äÂ±ÂõþÂó±ËúÂõþ üËe ¿òËæÃÂõþ ¿òûþîÂ üÑâËø¸Ç ŽÂîÂ¿ÂõŽÂîÂ Ûý×ÃÃ òÂõÏò ›¶æÃËijÂõþ ü±¿ÂõÇßÁ ¿Âõw±¿™LÂõþ åÃ¿Âõý×ÃÃ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ îÅÂËù ñËÂõþò îÒÂ±Âõþ Ûý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü¼ 3.2  ‘Ûàòý×ÃÃ’ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÂõþ ü÷ü±÷¿ûþßÁ Õ±Âõþ ÛßÁ¿éÂ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü ýÃÃù ‘¿ÂóßÁ¿òßÁ’¼ ÎßÁÂõù÷±S ü÷ËûþÂõþ ¿ðÃßÁ

116  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏÂõþ ¿òÂõÇ±¿äÂîÂ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü ëÂ×ËÂó¿ŽÂîÂ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ûÅÂõ-ü¥xðÃ±ûþ ÎïËßÁ òûþ ¿ï÷áîÂ ¿÷ËùÂõþ ¿ðÃßÁ ÎïËßÁ Ûý×ÃÃ ðÅÃ¿éÂ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü áöÂÏÂõþ Îû±áüÓËS Õ±ÂõX¼ Â›¶üeßÁï±ûþ ¿îÂ¿ò îÂ±ý×ÃÃ æÃ±¿òËûþËåÃò, “ÛÂõþ Õ±Ëá ¿ùËà¿åÃ ‘Ûàòý×ÃÃ’¼ îÂÂõþn¸í-îÂÂõþn¸íÏËðÃÂõþ ßÁ±ËåÃ ¿ÂõËúø¸ ßÁËÂõþ ßÁËùËæÃÂõþ åÃ±SåÃ±SÏËðÃÂõþ ßÁ±ËåÃ Îü Âõý×ÃÃ Õ¿îÂ ¿›¶ûþ ýÃÃËûþ ëÂ×ËêÂ¿åÃù Îû Õ±¿÷ ¿òËæÃÝ ÛßÁéÅÂ ÕÂõ±ßÁ ýÃÃËûþ¿åÃù±÷¼ ... Îüý×ÃÃ ›¶ï÷ ßÁËùËæÃÂõþ Î÷ËûþÂõþ± Âõþ±îÂ±Âõþ±¿îÂ ÂõðÃËù ÎûËîÂ qÂõþn¸ ßÁËÂõþËåÃ¼ ÎåÃËùÂõþ±Ý¼”14ð ôÂùîÂ Âõù±Âõþ Õ±ËÂóŽÂ± Âõþ±Ëàò± ¿Âõø¸ËûþÂõþÂ ¿ðÃßÁ ÎïËßÁ Ûý×ÃÃ ðÅÃý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü ÎÂõú ßÁ±åÃ±ßÁ±¿åÃ¼ ðÅÃý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÂõþý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóæÃÏÂõÉ ø¸±ËéÂÂõþ ðÃúËßÁÂõþ îÂÂõþn¸í ü÷±æÃ¼ ¿ßÁc ÂõíÇò±Âõþ ¿ðÃßÁ ÎïËßÁ Û ðÅÃý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÂõþ ÷ËñÉ üÓ„ Âó±ïÇßÁÉ ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò¼ ‘Ûàòý×ÃÃ’ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü îÂÂõþn¸í ›¶æÃËijÂõþ ü÷üÉ±ËßÁ ÎðÃà±Ëò± ýÃÃËûþËåÃ ÎåÃËùËðÃÂõþ ðÔÃ¿©†ËßÁ±í ÎïËßÁ Õ±Âõþ ‘¿ÂóßÁ¿òßÁ’ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü ›¶±ñ±òÉ ÎÂóËûþËåÃ Î÷ËûþÂõþ±¼ ÛßÁ¿ðÃËòÂõþ ¿ÂóßÁ¿òßÁ ¿òËûþ Îû ýÃÃø¸Ç-¿Âõø¸±ðÃ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü¿éÂÂõþ ¿Âõø¸ûþ¼ ü±Âõþ±¿ðÃËòÂõþ ÕîÂÉ™L Âó¿Âõþ¿äÂîÂ ÂõgÅ&¿ù Âõ± ¿Âõ«±üÏ ÷±òÅø¸&Ëù± ÷±Âó± ü÷ËûþÂõþ ÂõÉÂõñ±Ëò ÕËäÂò± Õ¿Âõ«±üÏ ýÃÃËûþ ÝËêÂ¼ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ ÛßÁ¿ðÃËòÂõþ ¿ÂóßÁ¿òßÁ Õ±Ë™¦ Õ±Ë™¦þ ýÃÃËûþ ÝËêÂ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ æÃ¿éÂù æÃÏÂõËòÂõþ ›¶¿îÂÂõþ+Âó -- Îû æÃÏÂõËò ÎßÁ±ï±Ý ÎÂóÒÌåÃËò± û±ûþ ò±, ÎßÁÂõùý×ÃÃ ¿ôÂËÂõþ ¿ôÂËÂõþ Õ±üËîÂ ýÃÃûþ ÎäÂò±æÃ±ò± á¿GÂõþ áöÂÏËÂõþþ¼ ¦¤±ñÏòîÂ± ›¶±¿5Âõþ ÷ÅýÓÃÃËîÇÂ ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÂõþ ò±¿ûþßÁ± ý×ÃÃîÅÂ, Âõþ±àÏ Õ±Âõþ ò¿µîÂ± Ûý×ÃÃ ü÷ûþßÁ±Âõþ ÂõðÃËù û±Ýûþ± ò±ÂõþÏ äÂ¿ÂõþËSÂõþ ›¶¿îÂ¿ò¿ñ¼ 3.3  ÛÂõ±Âõþ Õ±÷Âõþ± ÎäÂ±à ÎôÂÂõþ±Âõ îÂÂõþn¸í ÷òËßÁ ¿òËûþ Îùà± Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏÂõþ Õ±Âõþ ÛßÁ¿éÂ ÕòÂõðÃÉ üÔ¿©† ‘ýÃ+ðÃûþ’ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü¿éÂÂõþ ¿ðÃËßÁ¼ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ ûÅÂõ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ Õ¿¦šÂõþîÂ±Âõþ ¿äÂS Õ‚ò ßÁÂõþËùÝ àÒÅËæÃ ÎÂóËîÂ ÎäÂËûþËåÃò æÃÏÂõËòÂõþ Õ±ðÃúÇÂõþ+Âó¼ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ îÒÂ±Âõþ ßÁ±ËåÃ ‘æÃÏÂõò Îàù± ÷±S òûþ’¼ Âõ¿ýÃÃÂõþ±áËîÂÂõþ ÷ËîÂ± ü÷ûþ ßÁ±éÂ±Ëò±ý×ÃÃ æÃÏÂõËòÂõþ ùŽÂÉ òûþ¼ Õ±üËù ¿îÂ¿ò ÎÂõ±çÂ±ËîÂ ÎäÂËûþËåÃò Îû Ûý×ÃÃ ü÷±æÃ ýÃ+ðÃûþËßÁ ÂóÅòáÇêÂò ßÁÂõþËîÂ ýÃÃËù ÛßÁæÃò ûÅÂõßÁËßÁ ýÃ+ðÃûþ ¿ðÃËûþ î±Âõþ ›¶ßÔÁîÂ ßÁîÇÂÂõÉ ¿ßÁ îÂ± ÂõÅËçÂ ¿òËîÂ ýÃÃûþ ÛÂõÑ îÂ± ßÁÂõþËîÂ ò± ÂÂó±ÂõþËùý×ÃÃ ÷±òÅø¸ ÕÂó¿ÂõþüÏ÷ ¿ÂõÂói§îÂ± ÕòÅöÂÂõ ßÁËÂõþ¼ ‘ýÃ+ðÃûþ’ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÂõþ qËöÂµÅ ÷Ëò ßÁËÂõþËåÃ ÎÂõßÁ±ËÂõþÂõþ Îûò ÎßÁ±Ëò± ü¥œ±ò ï±ßÁËîÂ Îòý×ÃÃ, ðÃ±÷ Îòý×ÃÃ¼ üÑü±ËÂõþÂõþ ýÃÃ±ù ñÂõþ± õ±¿ëÂÿÂõþ ÂõëÂÿ ÎåÃËù ¿ýÃÃü±ËÂõ îÂ±Âõþ ÛßÁ±™L ßÁÂõþíÏûþ ßÁîÇÂÂõÉ¼ ¿ßÁc ¿òËæÃÂõþ ÕŽÂ÷îÂ± Îûò îÂ±Âõþ ü÷™¦ ÷òËßÁ ¿Âõ¿ø¸Ëûþ ¿ðÃËûþËåÃ¼ 4.0  ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü ¿îÂò¿éÂ ¿öÂi§ Õ±¿eËßÁ ôÅÂËéÂ ÝêÂ± ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ îÂÂõþn¸íËðÃÂõþ ÷ËòÂõþ ßÁï±ËßÁý×ÃÃ Âõþ+Âó ÎðÃûþ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü&Ëù±Âõþ ßÁ±¿ýÃÃ¿ò ¿ÂõòÉ±Ëü ûÅÂõ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ ÷±ò¿üßÁ ¿ÂõúÔºù±, îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ Õ±äÂÂõþËíÂõþ Õ™LÐü±Âõþ úÓòÉîÂ± ¦ó©† ýÃÃËûþ û±ûþ¼ Õ±Âõþ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ Îû ü÷ËûþÂõþý×ÃÃ Âõþ+ÂóßÁ±Âõþ, ÎüßÁï±Ý Âó±êÂßÁ ÎæÃËò û±ò¼ 4.1  ‘Ûàòý×ÃÃ’ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü ÎðÃ¿à ÕËïÇ±Âó±æÃÇËòÂõþ ÕŽÂ÷îÂ± Îûò ÕÂõþn¸í, ÕöÂûþ, ¿éÂßÁùÅËðÃÂõþ ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ ü¥œ±òýÃÃÏò, Õ±RÂó¿ÂõþäÂûþ ýÃÃÏò ßÁËÂõþ îÅÂËùËåÃ¼ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ ÕÂõþn¸í ÛËßÁÂõþ ÂóÂõþ ÛßÁ äÂ±ßÁ¿ÂõþÂõþ ðÃÂõþà±™¦ êÅÂËßÁ û±ûþ, ÕöÂûþ ‘ñÂõþò±’ ¿ðÃËûþ ÂóËëÂÿ ï±ËßÁ äÂ±Âõþn¸Âõ±ÂõÅÂõþ ÎÂóåÃËò¼ ÕöÂËûþÂõþ ÷± á±ù ÎðÃò ÂÎåÃËùËßÁÁ Ûý×ÃÃ ÂõËù , -- “Âõ±ËÂóÂõþ Âóûþü±ûþ à±¿26Ãü Õ±Âõþ ëÂ‚± Âõ±æÃ±¿26Ãü, áù±ûþ ðÅÃËéÂ± ÎÂõ±ò çÂÅùËåÃ, ÛMÃÃ ÂõëÂÿ üÑü±Âõþ, ÛßÁæÃò ÎîÂ± ¿ÂõËûþ ßÁËÂõþ ÂõëÂ× ÎßÁ±Ëù Î÷±áùüÂõþ±ý×ÃÃ Âó±ù±ù, Õ±Âõþ ÛßÁæÃò Âõþ±™¦±Âõþ ø¸Ò±ëÂÿ ýÃÃËûþ âÅËÂõþ ÎÂõëÂÿ±Ë26Ãò .... Îò÷ßÁýÃÃ±Âõþ±÷, ò26Ã±Âõþ ÎßÁ±ï±ßÁ±Âõþ ÛüÂõ qËûþ±ËÂõþÂõþ æÃ±îÂ Õ±Âõ±Âõþ ÷±òÅø¸ ÎÂóËéÂ ñËÂõþ¼ ÷ÂõþËá û±¼”15ðð¿éÂßÁùÅÂõþÝ üÑü±ËÂõþ ÕöÂ±Âõ, öÂ±ý×ÃÃËÂõ±ËòÂõþ üÑàÉ±¿ñßÁÉ îÂ±ËßÁ ù7ÁÁÂ± ÎðÃûþ¼ ÂóËßÁéÂ àÂõþËäÂÂõþ éÂ±ßÁ±éÅÂßÅÁ îÂ±Âõþ± üýÃÃæÃÂóËï ÎæÃ±á±ëÂÿ ßÁÂõþËîÂ Âó±ËÂõþ ò±¼ ›¶ËîÂÉßÁæÃò ûÅÂõ±ý×ÃÃ Îûò îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ Âó±¿ÂõþÂõ±¿ÂõþßÁ ü÷üÉ±Âõþ ÂõÔËMÃÃ Õ±ÂõX¼ îÂÂõÅÝ Âõ±Âõ±-÷±-öÂ±ý×ÃÃ-ÎÂõ±ò ¿òËûþ áËëÂÿ ÝêÂ± üÑü±ËÂõþÂõþ

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  117 ÆüßÁîÂ Âõþ±ëÂ×îÂ Ý ÎæÃÉ±¿îÂ÷Çûþ Îüò&5 ÷ÓùÎ¦Ú±ËîÂ ÎïËßÁÝ ¿ßÁc ›¶ËîÂÉËßÁý×ÃÃ Âó¿ÂõþÂõ±Âõþ îÂï± ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ üËe áöÂÏÂõþ ÎßÁ±Ëò± ü¥óËßÇÁ ñÂõþ± ÎðÃûþ ò±¼ ÛÂõþ ßÁ±Âõþí ýÃÃù ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±ËæÃ ›¶¿îÂ¿‡ÂîÂ ‘ˆÉ±éÂ±ü’ ÎßÁ¿fßÁ ¿Âõ«±ü, Âõ±¿ëÂÿÂõþ ÎöÂîÂÂõþ S÷±áîÂ ÎÂõßÁ±ÂõþQ ¿òËûþ ¿ÂõËø¸±ðÃá±Âõþ -- üËÂõÇ±Âó¿Âõþ ÛËðÃÂõþ ›¶¿îÂ üýÃÃ÷¿÷ÇîÂ±Âõþ ÕöÂ±Âõ ÛÂõÑ ÎüæÃòÉ Âó¿ÂõþÂõ±ËÂõþÂõþ ÕòÉ±òÉ üðÃËüÉÂõþ üËe ÷Ëò±÷±¿ùòÉ¼ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ Âó¿ÂõþÂõ±Âõþ Ý ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ ßÁ±ËåÃ Ûý×ÃÃ ûÅÂõü÷±ËæÃÂõþ Õ±R¢±¿òßÁÂõþ Âó¿ÂõþäÂûþ ýÃÃù ‘ôÂ±ùîÅÂ’, ‘ÂõßÁ±ËéÂ’¼ ÕÂõþn¸í, ÕöÂûþ, ¿éÂßÁùÅËðÃÂõþ ÷ËîÂ± ÕËòßÁ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ îÂÂõþn¸íËðÃÂõþ ÎŽÂËS ÎÂõþ±æÃá±ÂõþéÂ±ý×ÃÃ ýÃÃËûþ ÝËêÂ ü÷™¦ ü¥óËßÇÁÂõþ ¿òíÇ±ûþß Îû±áüÓS¼ ÕÂõþn¸¸ËíÂõþ ÷îÂý×ÃÃ ûÅÂõü÷±ËæÃÂõþ ëÂ×Âóù¿tËîÂ Âó¿Âõþ¿äÂîÂ ü¥óßÇÁ&¿ù ÎßÁ÷ò Îûò ÕËäÂò± ù±Ëá, æÃ±Ëá ðÓÃÂõþËQÂõþ ÕòÅöÓÂ¿îÂ,- “ýÒÃÃÉ± Õ±÷Âõþ± á±åÃ¼ ¿ßÁÑÂõ± á±åÃÝ òý×ÃÃ, Õ±á±åÃ±¼ ßÁï± ÂõùËîÂ Âó±¿Âõþ ò±, û± ÂõùËîÂ äÂ±ý×ÃÃ ÂõùËîÂ Âó±¿Âõþ ò±¼ Âó±ú±Âó±¿ú ðÒÃ±¿ëÂÿËûþ Õ±¿åÃ¼ ÂõËòÂõþ ÷îÂ, ÎçÂ±ËÂóÂõþ ÷îÂ¼ ÛßÁ ýÃÃËîÂ Âó±¿Âõþ ò±¼ Õ±÷Âõþ± ßÁ±åÃ±ßÁ±¿åÃ ÎïËßÁÝ ÂóÂõþ¦óËÂõþÂõþ ÕËäÂò±¼ ÎßÁëÂ× ßÁ±ëÂ×ËßÁ ÂõÅ¿çÂ ò±¼ Îù±ËßÁ ÂõËù, ü÷±æÃ üÑü±Âõþ Î›¶÷ ¿ÂõÂõ±ýÃÃ¼ üÂõ ¿÷ËïÉ¼ Õ±÷Âõþ± üÂõ ü÷ûþ ÛßÁ±, ›¶¿îÂ¿éÂ ÷ÅýÓÃÃîÇÂ¼”16ððæÃÏÂõËòÂõþ ¿ÂõËúø¸ Âó¿Âõþ¿¦š¿îÂËîÂ Î›¶¿÷ßÁ± Âõþn¸íÅÝ ÕÂõþn¸ËíÂõþ ÎäÂ±Ëà ÕÂó¿Âõþ¿äÂîÂ ýÃÃËûþ ÝËêÂ, Î›¶÷ Î›¶÷ýÃÃÏòîÂ±ûþ Õ±S±™L ýÃÃûþ¼ ÛËýÃÃò ¿Âõ¿26Ãi§îÂ±, ¿òÐüeîÂ±, ÛßÁ¿ßÁËQÂõþ ëÂ×Âóù¿tÂõþ ÂõÏæÃ ÂõUÂóÓËÂõÇ Î›¶±¿ïîÂ ýÃÃËûþ¿åÃù, ÕÂõþn¸íËðÃÂõþ ÷îÂ ûÅÂõ±Âõþ± ÎßÁÂõù îÂ±Âõþ ÕÂõÉÂõ¿ýÃÃîÂ ¿ò¿(îÂ ôÂüù¼ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü¿éÂ äÂù¿2äÂS±¿ûþîÂ ÛÂõÑ ÂõU ü¥œ±Ëò öÓÂ¿ø¸îÂ ýÃÃËùÝ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏÂõþ ßÁ±ËåÃ ‘ÛßÁéÂ± ßÁ±ù¿äÂý qñÅ’ [ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü ü÷¢¶ 3 Ð ›¶üe ßÁï±, ÂóÔ.471]¼ ÕÂõþn¸í, Âõþn¸íÅ, Ø¿÷Ç, ¿éÂßÁùÅ, ò¿µòÏ -- ÛÂõþ± üÂõ±ý×ÃÃ Îüý×ÃÃ ßÁ±ù¿äÂËýÂõþ ñ±ÂõþßÁ¼ ÛËðÃÂõþ öÂ¿Âõø¸ÉîÂ ¿äÂ™L± Õ±ËåÃ ¿ßÁc îÂ± ÛßÁ±™Lý×ÃÃ ÂÕ±RÎßÁ¿fßÁ -- Õ±Âõþ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ îÂ±Âõþ± üÂõ±ý×ÃÃ ¿òËæÃÂõþ öÂ±Âõò± ÕòÅû±ûþÏ úÓòÉîÂ±ËÂõ±ñ áËëÂÿ ¿òËûþËåÃ äÂ±ÂõþÂó±Ëú¼ üÑü±ËÂõþÂõþ Õ¿öÂöÂ±ÂõßÁËðÃÂõþ ÝÂóÂõþ ¿òöÇÂÂõþúÏù ò± ÎïËßÁ ¿òËæÃÂõþ ÷ËîÂ± ßÁËÂõþ æÃÏÂõò ¿òÂõÇ±ýÃÃ ßÁÂõþËîÂ äÂ±ûþ ÂõËùý×ÃÃ ÎßÁ±ï±Ý Âõ±ñ±¢¶™¦ ýÃÃËù ¿ÂõÂõþMÃ ýÃÃûþ -- Õ¦¤¿™¦ËîÂ ÎöÂ±Ëá¼ Îû÷ò ÕÂõþn¸í, -- Ø¿÷ÇËßÁ ¿òËûþ ¿üËò÷± ÎðÃËà Âõ±¿ÂõþËûþ Õ±ü±Âõþ ü÷ûþ ÷ÅËà±÷Å¿à ýÃÃËûþ û±ûþ ÎåÃ±ËéÂ±Ë÷Ëü±Âõþ -- Õ±›¶±í ÎäÂ©†± ßÁËÂõþ Îü, û±ËîÂ îÂ±ËßÁ Ø¿÷ÇÂõþ üËe ÎðÃËà ò± ÎôÂËùò Î÷Ëü±¼ ¿ßÁc Ø¿÷Ç ÎîÂ± îÂàò ›¶áŒöÂ, S÷±áîÂ ßÁï± ÂõËù äÂËùËåÃ ÕÂõþn¸ËíÂõþ üËe¼ ¿êÂßÁ Îüý×ÃÃ ÷ÅýÓÃÃËîÇÂ, ‘ÛßÁüËe ÕËòËßÁÂõþ ÝÂóÂõþ Âõþ±á ýÃÃù ÕÂõþn¸ËíÂõþ¼ Ø¿÷ÇÂõþ ÝÂóÂõþ, ÎåÃ±éÂË÷Ëü±Âõþ ÝÂóÂõþ, Âõ±Âõ±-÷±-¿ðÃ¿ðÃ ü!ÂËùÂõþ ÝÂóÂõþ¼ ü÷™¦ Âõ±¿ëÂÿéÂ±Âõþ ÝÂóÂõþ¼ Õ±æÃ Õ±»±Âõþ ÷Ëò ýÃÃù Ü Âõ±¿ëÂÿéÂ±Âõþ üËe Ý Îûò à±Âó à±ûþ ò±¼ Âõ±ý×ÃÃËÂõþÂõþ üËe ÎöÂîÂÂõþéÂ± à±Âó à±ûþ ò±, ÎßÁ±ò ¿ßÁåÅÃÂõþ üËe ÎßÁ±ò ¿ßÁåÃÅ à±Âó à±ûþ ò±¼’17 Ûý×ÃÃ ÕÂõþn¸íý×ÃÃ ÂóËÂõþ ÛßÁ¿ðÃò ¿éÂßÁùÅËßÁ ÂõËù¿åÃù, ‘Õ±÷±ËðÃÂõþ ¿ßÁ öÂ¿Âõø¸ÉîÂ Õ±ËåÃ ò±¿ßÁ· ú±¿™LËîÂ ÎßÁëÂ× ¿ßÁåÅÃ ëÂ×ÂóËöÂ±á ßÁÂõþËîÂ ÎðÃËÂõ ò±¿ßÁ· ¿ßÁåÅÃý×ÃÃ ûàò Âó±Âõ ò±, ÛßÁéÅÂ ÛßÁéÅÂ ßÁËÂõþ ÎöÂ±á ßÁËÂõþ ¿òý×ÃÃ¼ îÂÂõÅ æÃ±òÂõ ¿ßÁåÅÃ ÎÂóËûþ¿åÃ¼’ ÕÂõþn¸ËíÂõþ± æÃ±Ëò, Âõ±Âõ±-÷± Âõ± üÑü±ËÂõþÂõþ Õ¿öÂöÂ±ÂõËßÁÂõþ± öÂ¿Âõø¸ÉîÂ ÎöÂËÂõ ÎöÂËÂõ ÂõîÇÂ÷±òËßÁ ëÂ×ÂóËöÂ±á ßÁÂõþËîÂ Âó±ËÂõþò ò±¼ Õ±Âõþ ÕÂõþn¸ËíÂõþ ÂõëÂÿ÷±÷± îÂ±ËßÁ q¿òËûþ q¿òËûþ îÂ±Âõþ Âõ±Âõ±ËßÁ ÂõËùò,‘îÅÂ¿÷ úÂõþÏÂõþ à±Âõþ±Âó ýÃÃËùÝ ÛßÁ¿ðÃò éÂÉ±ßÁ¿üËîÂ Õ±¿Âóü û±Ý ò±¼ Âõù, ûàò Âó±ÂõþÂõ îÂàò ÎÂõþ±æÃ éÂÉ±ßÁ¿ü ßÁËÂõþ û±Âõ¼ Õ±Âõþ ÛÂõþ±· ÂóËßÁËéÂ éÂ±ßÁ± ï±ßÁËùý×ÃÃ çÂéÄÂ ßÁËÂõþ ëÂ×ËêÂ ÂóËëÂÿ, ÂóËÂõþÂõþ ¿ðÃò Âõ±ËüÂõþ öÂ±ëÂÿ±éÂ±Ý ï±ßÁËÂõ ò± ÎæÃËòÝ¼’18 Ûà±Ëòý×ÃÃ Õ±ËåÃ ßÁ±ù¿äÂ¿ýîÂ ›¶æÃËijÂõþ ÂõÉÂõñ±ò-¿äÂS¼ ÂóÓÂõÇÂóÅÂõþn¸Ëø¸Âõþ ßÁ±åÃ ÎïËßÁ ßÁ±¿ºîÂ ü÷ïÇò ò± ÎÂóËûþ ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò ›¶æÃËijÂõþ ûÅÂõ÷±òü üÑü±Âõþ ÎïËßÁ, æÃÏÂõò ÎïËßÁ, Õ±úÂó±ËúÂõþ ÷±òÅø¸æÃò ÎïËßÁ ¿Âõ¿26Ãi§ ýÃÃËûþ û±ûþ¼ ÛËðÃÂõþ Õ±äÂÂõþíËßÁ ¿ÂóîÔÂÂóÅÂõþn¸Ëø¸Âõþ ÷Ëò ÂýÃÃûþ Õ¾³îÂ, Õ±Âõþ ¿êÂßÁ ÛéÂ±ý× ÷Ëò ýÃÃûþ ÕÂõþn¸íËðÃÂõþ îÂï± ü÷ßÁ±ùÏò ûÅÂõ÷±òËüÂõþ -- îÂ±Âõþ± ¿òËæÃËðÃÂõþ ÷Ëò ßÁËÂõþ üÑü±ËÂõþ ÕÂõ±¿>îÂ, ëÂ×ËÂó¿ŽÂîÂ¼ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÛöÂ±ËÂõý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ËÂó¿ŽÂîÂ ûÅÂõ÷±òüËßÁ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ ßÁ±ËùÂõþ ßÁ±ËåÃ ¿òËûþ Õ±Ëüò¼ÃÃ

118  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏÂõþ ¿òÂõÇ±¿äÂîÂ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü ëÂ×ËÂó¿ŽÂîÂ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ûÅÂõ-ü¥xðÃ±ûþ 4.2  ‘¿ÂóßÁ¿òßÁ’ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü ÂõdîÂ ¿ßÁåÅÃý×ÃÃ âËéÂ¿ò¼ Âõþ±àÏ, ý×ÃÃîÅÂ Õ±Âõþ ò¿µîÂ± ÛßÁ¿ðÃËòÂõþ ¿ÂóßÁ¿òËßÁ û±ûþ ðÃÏÂóßÁ, ÕîÂÏú Õ±Âõþ Îü±÷ò±ËïÂõþ üËe, ü±Âõþ±¿ðÃËòÂõþ ýÃÃ±¿ü, á±ò, ÆýÃÃ-ýÃÃ~±ûþ ÝÂõþ± ÎßÁëÂ× ßÁ±ËÂõþ± ÷ËòÂõþ ßÁ±åÃ±ßÁ±¿åÃÝ ÛËü ÂóËëÂÿþ¼ ¿ßÁc ÎôÂÂõþ±Âõþ ÂóËï ýÃÃêÂÂ±È ðÃÏÂóËßÁÂõþ á±¿ëÂÿ ˆ±éÇÂ ò± ÎòÝûþ±ûþ Îû Âó¿Âõþ¿¦š¿îÂÂõþ üÔ¿©† ýÃÃûþ îÂ±ËîÂ Õ±ßÁ¿¦œßÁöÂ±ËÂõý×ÃÃ ÂõðÃËù ÎûËîÂ ï±ËßÁ ü±Âõþ±¿ðÃËòÂõþ ÎäÂò± ÷±òÅø¸&Ëù± Ý îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ Âó±Âõþ¦ó¿ÂõþßÁ ü¥óßÇÁ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÂõþ ¿îÂò ò±¿ûþßÁ± Âõþ±àÏ, ý×ÃÃîÅÂ Õ±Âõþ ò¿µîÂ±¼ ÛÂõþ± ÎßÁëÂ×ý×ÃÃ îÂï±ßÁ¿ïîÂ ò±ÂõþÏ÷Å¿MÃÂõþ ßÁï± ÂõËù ò±, ¿ÂõÂõþ±éÂ ÎßÁ±Ëò± ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃÝ ßÁËÂõþ ò±, à±¿ù ¿òËæÃÂõþ ÷ËîÂ± ßÁËÂõþ Âõ±¿ëÂÿÂõþ ú±üËòÂõþ á¿G ÎïËßÁ ÕîÂÉ™L ü±÷¿ûþßÁ öÂ±ËÂõ ýÃÃËùÝ Âó±ù±ËîÂ äÂ±ûþ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ¿ÂóßÁ¿òËßÁ Âõþ±àÏËðÃÂõþ üeÏ ðÃÏÂóßÁ, ÕîÂÏú Õ±Âõþ Îü±÷ò±ï¼ ÛÂõþ± ¿îÂòæÃòý×ÃÃ Î÷±éÂ±÷Å¿éÂ æÃÏÂõËò ›¶¿îÂ¿‡ÂîÂ¼ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ ÛÂõþ± ÎßÁ±Ëò± öÂ±ËÂõý×ÃÃ ‘Ûàòý×ÃÃ’ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÂõþ ÕÂõþn¸í-¿éÂßÁùÅËðÃÂõþ ü÷ßÁŽÂ òûþ¼ ü±Âõþ±¿ðÃò Ûý×ÃÃ ¿îÂòæÃò ëÂ±ò¿ÂóËéÂ Î÷Ëûþ Ý ¿îÂòæÃò Õ±Âó±îÂ ÕËïÇ ›¶¿îÂ¿‡ÂîÂ ÎåÃËù Õ±òËµ ¿ÂóßÁ¿òßÁ ëÂ×ÂóËöÂ±á ßÁËÂõþ ¿ßÁc ¿ðÃò±Ë™L Îüý×ÃÃ Õ±òµ ¿Âõø¸±ËðÃÂõþ Âõþ+Âó Îòûþ¼ ÕîÂÏú ¿üá±ËÂõþéÂ à±ûþ ò± ÎæÃËò ò¿µîÂ±Âõþ ÷Ëò Îû öÂ±Âõò±&Ëù± Õ±Ëü Âõ± Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ Îû ßÁï±&Ëù± Âõù±ò îÂ±Âõþ ÷Åà ¿ðÃËûþ Îüà±Ëò ü÷ËûþÂõþ åÃ¿Âõ ¦ó©†, ‘ÎåÃËùÂõþ± ¿üá±ËÂõþéÂ ò± ÎàËù ò¿µîÂ±Âõþ öÂ±ù ù±Ëá ò±¼ ÛßÁ¿ðÃò ¿öÂßÁËéÂ±¿Âõþûþ± Î÷Ë÷±¿Âõþûþ±ËùÂõþ ßÁ±ËåÃ ÕgßÁ±ËÂõþ ðÒÃ±¿ëÂÿËûþ ÛßÁéÂ± ÎåÃËù ÛßÁ± ÛßÁ± ¿üá±ËÂõþéÂ éÂ±ò¿åÃù¼ ÕgßÁ±ËÂõþ îÂ±Âõþ úÂõþÏÂõþéÂ± qñÅ Õ±ÂõåÃ± ÎðÃà± û±¿26Ãù¼ ÛßÁ± ÛßÁ± îÂ±ËßÁ ÎðÃËà ò¿µîÂ±Âõþ ÷Ëò ýÃÃËûþ¿åÃù ÎåÃËùéÂ± ¿òËæÃÝ ;ùËåÃ¼ ò¿µîÂ±Âõþ ÷Ëò ýÃÃûþ üÂõ ÎåÃËù&Ëù±ý×ÃÃ ¿öÂîÂËÂõþ ¿öÂîÂËÂõþ ;ùËåÃ¼’ 19 ÎåÃËù¿éÂÂõþ ÛßÁ± ÛßÁ± ;Ëù ÝêÂ±ý×ÃÃ Ûý×ÃÃ ü÷ËûþÂõþ åÃ¿Âõ¼ ò¿µîÂ±Âõþ äÂ¿ÂõþS ¿äÂSËí ü÷ËûþÂõþ Õ±ÂõþÝ ÛßÁ¿éÂ åÃ¿Âõ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü Õ±ËåÃ ÛöÂ±ËÂõ, ‘Î›¶Ë÷Âõþ æÃòÉÝ ò¿µîÂ± àÅÂõ ÂõÉ™¦ òûþ¼ ¿ßÁåÅÃÂõþ æÃòÉý×ÃÃ Ý ÎÂõ±ñýÃÃûþ ÂõÉ™¦ òûþ¼ ý×ÃÃË26Ã îÂ±Âõþý×ÃÃ ï±ËßÁ û±Âõþ ý×ÃÃË26ÃÂóÓÂõþËíÂõþ üy±Âõò± Õ±ËåÃ¼ Ý ¿ÂõËûþÂõþ ßÁï± öÂ±ËÂõ ò±, ßÁ±Âõþí ÝÂõþÝ ÷Ëò ýÃÃûþ ÆýÃÃ-ÂUË~±ËëÂÿÂõþ Ýà±Ëòý×ÃÃ ÂóÓíÇË26ÃðÃ¼’20 ÎÂõ±ñýÃÃûþ ÂõÉàÉ±Âõþ ›¶Ëûþ±æÃò Îòý×ÃÃ, æÃÏÂõËòÂõþ ¦¤±öÂ±¿ÂõßÁ á¿îÂËßÁ ÛöÂ±ËÂõ Âõþn¸X ßÁÂõþ±Âõþ ›¶ËäÂ©†±ËîÂý×ÃÃ Õ±ËåÃ ûÅÂõ÷±òËüÂõþ ¿Âõ¿26Ãi§ ýÃÃËûþ ï±ßÁ±Âõþ ›¶ÂõíîÂ±¼ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ üÑßÁÏíÇîÂ± ÎïËßÁ ðÓËÂõþ äÂËù ÎûËîÂ äÂ±Ýûþ±, Õ±Âõ±Âõþ Îüý×ÃÃ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±æÃ îÂï± Âó¿ÂõþÂõ±ËÂõþÂõþ öÂËûþý×ÃÃ ßÅÁ¿FîÂ ýÃÃËûþ ÝêÂ±Âõþ ÛßÁ Õ±(ûÇ Îû±áüÓS ¿úŠÏ Ûà±Ëò ÂõþäÂò± ßÁÂõþËùò¼ Õ±Âõþ Ûý×ÃÃ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ üÑßÁÏíÇîÂ±ý×ÃÃ Îûò àÅÂõËù Âõ±Âõþ ßÁËÂõþ Õ±Ëò ÛßÁðÃ± öÂ±Ëù± ù±á± ÷±òÅø¸&¿ùÂõþ ›¶ßÔÁîÂ ¦¤Âõþ+Âó¼ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ ÎäÂ±Ëà ÎåÃ±éÂ ýÃÃËûþ û±Âõ±Âõþ öÂËûþ îÂ±Âõþ± ßÁ±îÂÂõþ ýÃÃûþ¼ ¿ßÁc Õ±(ËûÇÂõþ ¿Âõø¸ûþ Ûý×ÃÃ Îû, ÛÂõþßÁ÷ ÛßÁ¿éÂ ÂõþŽÂíúÏù ü÷±æÃ ÂõÉÂõ¦š± ÎïËßÁý×ÃÃ îÂ±Âõþ± ðÓÃËÂõþ üËÂõþ ÎûËîÂ äÂ±ý×ÃÃ¿åÃù¼ Âó¿ÂõþÂõ±ËÂõþÂõþ ¿öÂîÂËÂõþ Ý Âõ±ý×ÃÃËÂõþ Ûý×ÃÃ ü÷±æÃ¿éÂÂõþ Îû ÛßÁý×ÃÃ Âõþ+Âó, Ûý×ÃÃ ëÂ×Âóù¿t îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ ÛîÂŽÂËí ýÃÃËûþ û±ûþ¼ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ Õ™LËÂõþÂõþ ßÁï±ý×ÃÃ Îûò ÞÂóòÉ±¿üËßÁÂõþ öÂ±ø¸±ûþ Âõþ+Âó Âó±ûþ, “Õ±÷±ËðÃÂõþ ÎßÁ±ï±Ý û±Ýûþ± Îòý×ÃÃ, ÷Ëò ÷Ëò öÂ±ÂõËù ÝÂõþ±, Õ±÷±ËðÃÂõþ ÎßÁ±ï±Ý ÎÂóÒÌåÃËîÂ ýÃÃËÂõ ò±¼ Õ±÷±ËðÃÂõþ Îúø¸ ÕÂõ¿ñ Îüý×ÃÃ ¿ôÂËÂõþ ÎûËîÂ ýÃÃûþ ò±– ý×ÃÃîÅÂ Âõþ±àÏ ò¿µîÂ± ¿îÂòæÃòý×ÃÃ öÂ±ÂõËù±, ýÃÃûþËîÂ± Âõ± ðÃÏÂóßÁ, ÕîÂÏú Îü±÷ò±ïÝ¼”21 Âõù± û±ûþ, ‘¿ÂóßÁ¿òßÁ’ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÂõþ ßÁ±¿ýÃÃ¿òËîÂ ÞÂóòÉ±¿üßÁ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ îÂÂõþn¸í ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ ÛßÁ±ñ±ËÂõþ ðÅÃ¿éÂ ¿ðÃßÁ ëÂ×ðÄÃâ±éÂò ßÁËÂõþò¼ ›¶ï÷îÂ,Á ëÂ×ËÂó¿ŽÂîÂ îÂ±Âõþn¸íÉ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±æÃ ¿òáËëÂÿ Û÷ò öÂ±ËÂõ ÂõÒ±ñ± ÂóËëÂÿ Îû îÂ±Âõþ± æÃÏÂõËòÂõþ ÎåÃ±ËéÂ± ÎåÃ±ËéÂ± ü÷üÉ±ûþ ¿ðÃËúýÃÃ±Âõþ± ýÃÃËûþ ÂóËëÂÿ Õ±Âõþ îÂàò ÛËßÁ ÕËòÉÂõþ ëÂ×ÂóÂõþ ¿Âõ«±üéÅÂßÅÁ ýÃÃ±¿ÂõþËûþ ÎôÂËù¼ ¿ÁZîÂÏûþîÂ ÛËðÃÂõþ Î›¶÷ æÃÏÂõËòÂõþ ÷ËîÂ±ý×ÃÃ öÂ±ü÷±ò, áöÂÏÂõþîÂ± ýÃÃÏò -- ÛßÁ±™L ÆæÃ¿ÂõßÁ Âõ± ÎðÃýÃÃüÂõÇ¦¤¼ üÑßÁéÂ ÷ÅýÓÃÃËîÇÂ ÛÂõþ± Î›¶Ë÷Âõþ ¿äÂÂõþ™LòîÂ±Âõþ ÂóÂõþÏŽÂ±ûþ ÎýÃÃËÂõþ û±ûþ¼ Õ±üËù ¦óúÇßÁ±îÂÂõþ Õ±RËßÁ¿fßÁ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±ËæÃ ûÅÂõü÷±ËæÃÂõþ Ûý×ÃÃ ÎýÃÃËÂõþ û±Ýûþ±éÂ±ý×ÃÃ ›¶ßÔÁîÂ üîÂÉ¼

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  119 ÆüßÁîÂ Âõþ±ëÂ×îÂ Ý ÎæÃÉ±¿îÂ÷Çûþ Îüò&5 4.3  ‘ýÃ+ðÃûþ’ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÂõþ ›éÂ áËëÂÿ ëÂ×ËêÂËåÃ ÛßÁ ü±ñ±Âõþí ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ Âó¿ÂõþÂõ±ËÂõþ ÕÂõüÂõþ›¶±5 ¿ÂóîÂ±Âõþ ýÃÃ±éÇÂ ÕÉ±éÂ±ßÁËßÁ ÎßÁf ßÁËÂõþ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ âéÂò±ý×ÃÃ Îûò ¿äÂ¿òËûþ ÎðÃûþ, ¿äÂËò Îòûþ ÛËßÁ ÕòÉËß ¼ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü¿éÂÂõþ ›¶ñ±ò äÂ¿ÂõþS ò± ýÃÃËûþÝ ¦óéÂù±ý×ÃÃËéÂÂõþ ÂõÔËMÃÃ ÛËü ÂóËÂõþ qËöÂµÅ ò±Ë÷Âõþ Âó¿ÂõþÂõ±ËÂõþÂõþþ ÂõëÂÿ ÎåÃËù¿éÂ¼ ÛßÁ¿ðÃËßÁ Îü ÎÂõßÁ±Âõþ ûÅÂõßÁ ÕïäÂ ÷±ò¿ÂõßÁîÂ± &íü¥ói§ Ý Âó¿ÂõþÂõ±ËÂõþÂõþ ›¶¿îÂ ðÃ±ûþÂõX¼ qËöÂµÅ Îùà±ÂóëÂÿ±ûþ ¿îÂò öÂ±ý×ÃÃËûþÂõþ ÷ËñÉ Î|‡Â ýÃÃËùÝ ÕïÇËßÁÌ¿ùòÉ îÂï± ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ ÂÂ›¶¿îÂ‡Â±ûþ üÂõ±Âõþ ÎÂóåÃËò¼ ðÃÏâÇ¿ðÃò ÎÂõßÁ±Âõþ ï±ßÁ±Âõþ ÂóÂõþ ü±÷±òÉ ÛßÁ¿éÂ äÂ±ßÁ¿Âõþ ÎæÃ±éÂ±ËîÂ ÎÂóËÂõþËåÃ¼ ÛåÃ±ëÂÿ± éÅÂÉý×ÃÃú±¿òý×ÃÃ îÂ±Âõþ ÛßÁ÷±S öÂÂõþü±¼ ›¶ïË÷ ÎÂõßÁ±ÂõþQ Ý ÂóËÂõþ ÕŠ ÷±ý×ÃÃËòÂõþ ¢±¿ò qËöÂµÅËßÁ Û÷ò ÛßÁ ÕïÇÍò¿îÂßÁ ýÃÃÏò÷òÉîÂ±ûþ Õ±26Ãi§ ßÁËÂõþ Âõþ±Ëà, û±Âõþ ÎïËßÁ Îü ¿ßÁåÅÃËîÂý×ÃÃ ÎÂõËÂõþ±ËîÂ Âó±ËÂõþ ò±¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ýÃÃÏò÷òÉîÂ±ý×ÃÃ Âó¿ÂõþÂõ±ËÂõþÂõþ ÕòÉËðÃÃÂõþ üËe îÂ±Âõþ ðÓÃÂõþQ ÛËò ÎðÃûþ¼ ÛæÃòÉý×ÃÃ ýÃÃûþËîÂ± ÂõûþËü ÂõëÂÿ ýÃÃËûþÝ Îü öÂ±ý×ÃÃËûþÂõþ ÕòÉ±ûþ Õ±äÂÂõþËíÂõþ ›¶¿îÂÂõ±ðÃ ßÁÂõþËîÂ Âó±ËÂõþ ò±¼ ¿òËæÃÂõþ Ûý×ÃÃ ÷±ò¿üßÁ ýÃÃÏò÷òÉîÂ±Âõþ æÃòÉý×ÃÃÃ ýÃÃûþËîÂ± qËöÂµÅ Õ¿ÂõÂõ±¿ýÃÃîÂ ÎïËßÁËåÃ¼ ûàò äÂ±ßÁ¿Âõþ ¿åÃù ò± îÂàò Î›¶÷ ¿åÃù, ¿ßÁc ü±ýÃÃü ¿åÃùò± Î›¶¿÷ßÁ±Âõþ äÂ±ßÁ¿Âõþ ü¥¤ù ßÁËÂõþ âÂõþ ÂõÒ±ñ±Âõþ¼ ôÂùîÂ Îû ÕïÇÍò¿îÂßÁ ÷±òðÃËG ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ Â÷±òÅø¸&¿ùËßÁ ›¶¿îÂ¿òûþîÂ ÷±Âó± ýÃÃûþ Îüà±Ëò qËöÂµÅÂõþ ÎßÁ±Ëò± æÃ±ûþá± ýÃÃûþ ò±¼ îÂ±Âõþ ÎßÁ±Ëò± ¿ÂõËúø¸ ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ Âó¿ÂõþäÂûþ Îòý×ÃÃ¼ Îü ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ Õ±Âõþ ÂóÒ±äÂ¿éÂ ü±ñ±Âõþí ÎåÃËù Î÷ËûþÂõþ ÷ËîÂ±ý×ÃÃ¼ ü÷™¦ ü÷±æÃ îÂ±Âõþ ßÁ±ËåÃ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ ÷Ëò ýÃÃËûþËåÃ ¿òîÂ±™L Õ±RËßÁ¿fßÁ, Û÷ò¿ßÁ Îü ¿òËæÃÝ ýÃÃûþËîÂ± ÛßÁý×ÃÃ öÂ±ËÂõ Õ±RËßÁ¿fßÁîÂ±Âõþ ¿úßÁ±Âõþ¼ ¿òËæÃÂõþ ëÂ×Âóù¿t ¿ðÃËûþ Îü ÂõÅËçÂËåÃ, Õ±æÃËßÁÂõþ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±ËæÃ ÛßÁ¿éÂ ¿òæÃ¦¤ ý×ÃÃË÷æÃ áËëÂÿ îÅÂùËîÂ ÎßÁëÂ× ¿ÂóåÃÂó± òûþ¼ Û›¶üËe Îü ¿òËæÃËßÁ ëÂ×ðÃ±ýÃÃÂõþí Âõþ+ËÂó ÂõÉÂõýÃÃ±Âõþ ßÁËÂõþ Îü ÂõËù,– “¿ðÃËò ¿ðÃËò Õ±R›¶Âõ=ò±Âõþ ÷ñÉ ¿ðÃËûþ Õ±¿÷ ¿ßÁ ¿òËæÃÂõþ ÛßÁ¿éÂ ÷ÅËà±ú áËëÂÿ îÅÂù¿åÃ ò±· Õ±Âõþ Îüý×ÃÃ ÷ÅËà±úéÂ±Âõþ æÃòÉ üßÁËùÂõþ ßÁ±åÃ ÎïËßÁ Â›¶úÑü± ßÅÁËëÂÿ±ËîÂ ßÅÁËëÂÿ±ËîÂ Õ±¿÷ ¿ßÁ ÛßÁéÂ± á¿` Âõþ ÷ËñÉ ¿òËæÃËßÁ Õ±ÂõX ßÁËÂõþ ÎôÂù¿åÃ¼ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ ÷ÅËà±úéÂ± àÅËù ÎôÂùËîÂ Õ±÷±Âõþ ÛîÂ öÂûþ¼”22ððqËöÂµÅÂõþ ÷ËîÂ± ûÅÂõßÁÂõþ± ÎîÂ± æÃ±ÃËò ü÷ËûþÂõþ ðÃ±¿ÂõËîÂ Õ±æÃ îÂ±Âõþ± ÕŽÂ÷ Õ±Âõþ ÛæÃòÉý×ÃÃ îÂ±Âõþ ÷ÅËà±ú àÅËù û±Âõ±Âõþ öÂûþ, öÂûþ ÂýÃÃûþËîÂ± ýÃÃ±¿ÂõþËûþ Âõ± ôÅÂ¿ÂõþËûþ û±Âõ±Âõþ¼ ßÁ±Âõþí îÂ±Âõþ± ÎîÂ± æÃ±Ëò, “Ûàò ÛßÁéÂ± ßÁ÷ ÷±ý×ÃÃËòÂõþ äÂ±ßÁ¿Âõþ æÅÃËéÂËåÃ, ¿ßÁc Âõ±¿ëÂÿËîÂ Õ±÷±Âõþ ÎßÁ±ò ÕïÇ÷ÓùÉ Îòý×ÃÃ, ý×ÃÃË÷æÃ Îòý×ÃÃ¼”23ð ÕïÇÍò¿îÂßÁ öÂ±ËÂõ üÂõù ýÃÃËûþ ÝêÂ± Âõ± ÎÂõ¿ú ÷±ý×ÃÃËòÂõþ äÂ±ßÁ¿Âõþ ßÁËÂõþ Õ±R›¶¿îÂ‡Â± ù±öÂ ßÁÂõþËîÂ Âó±Âõþ±ý×ÃÃ Îû ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ ÎäÂ±Ëà ÷±òÅø¸ ¿ýÃÃü±ËÂõ ðÒ±ëÂÿ±Ëò±Âõþ Õ¿™L÷ ÷±òðÃG, ÎüéÂ± qËöÂµÅ ÂõÅËçÂËåÃ¼ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ îÂ±Âõþ ÂõÉïÇîÂ±Âõþ ëÂ×Âóù¿t ûÅÂõßÁ ýÃ+ðÃËûþÂõþ òÏÂõþÂõ Õ±îÇÂò±ð ýÃÃËûþý×ÃÃ çÂËÂõþ ÂóËëÂÿÃ¼ qñÅ Îû Õ±R›¶¿îÂ‡Â±ûþ ÂõÉïÇîÂ± îÂ± òûþ, qËöÂµÅÂõþ Î›¶Ë÷Ý Õ±ËåÃ ÂõÉïÇîÂ±¼ ý×ÃÃòÅ äÂ±ûþ ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ ÷ûÇ±ðÃ±, ëÂ×ËŒI×±¿ðÃËßÁ qËöÂµÅ ßÁîÇÂËÂõÉÂõþ öÂ±ËÂõþ ßvÁ±™L¼ ý×ÃÃòÅ îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ ü¥óËßÇÁÂõþ Îúø¸ ÎðÃàËîÂ äÂ±ûþ, ßÁ±Âõþí Ûý×ÃÃ äÂ±Ýûþ±éÂ± îÂ±Âõþ Âó¿ÂõþÂõ±ËÂõþÂõþ¼ Õ±Âõþ qËöÂµÅÂõþ ßÁ±ËåÃ, ‘ÛßÁéÂ± ÷ëÂÿ± Î›¶÷ ¿òËûþ ò±ëÂÿ±äÂ±ëÂÿ± ßÁÂõþ¿åÃ¼ ÎüéÂ± Îû ¿ßÁ ßÁË©†Âõþ ý×ÃÃòÅ ýÃÃûþËîÂ± æÃ±Ëò ò±¼ ¿ßÁÑÂõ± æÃ±Ëò¼ ÝÂõþÝ ýÃÃûþËîÂ± Îüý×ÃÃ ÛßÁý×ÃÃ ßÁ©†¼ îÂÂõÅ ÂõùËîÂ Âó±ËÂõþ ò±¼ Õ±÷Âõþ± ÎßÁëÂ×ý×ÃÃ ßÁ±ëÂ×ËßÁ ÂõùËîÂ Âó±¿Âõþ ò±¼’ 24ð üÅîÂÂõþ±Ñ ÎÂõ±çÂ± û±Ë26Ã Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ qñÅ ›¶æÃËijÂõþ ÂõÉÂõñ±Ëò Îû ¿Âõ¿26Ãi§îÂ±ÎÂõ±ñ îÂ±ËßÁý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü ôÅÂ¿éÂËûþ ÎîÂ±Ëùò¿ò, ûÅÂõ ü¥xðÃ±ËûþÂõþ ¿òËæÃËðÃÂõþ ÷ËñÉÝ Îû ðÅÃ™¦Âõþ ÷±ò¿üßÁ ÂõÉÂõñ±ò áËëÂÿ ëÂ×ËêÂËåÃ -- îÂ±ÂõþÝ Âõþ+Âó¿äÂS ÛÒËßÁËåÃò¼ 5.0  ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü ¿îÂò¿éÂÂõþ Âõ¿íÇîÂÂõÉ ¿Âõø¸ûþ ¿ßÁc Âõ±ãÃÃ±¿ù ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ûÅÂõ ÷±ò¿üßÁîÂ±¼ ¿îÂò ¿öÂi§ Õ±¿eËßÁ, ßÁ±¿ýÃÃ¿òüÓËSÂõþ

120  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏÂõþ ¿òÂõÇ±¿äÂîÂ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü ëÂ×ËÂó¿ŽÂîÂ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ûÅÂõ-ü¥xðÃ±ûþ ¿S÷ÅàÏ ñ±Âõþ±ûþ ¿îÂ¿ò Ûý×ÃÃ ûÅÂõ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ ›¶ßÔÁîÂ ÕÂõ¦š±¿éÂËßÁ ÂõÉ±àÉ± ßÁËÂõþËåÃò¼ Õ¿™¦Q Ý Õò¿™¦ËQÂõþ Âó±Âõþ¦ó¿ÂõþßÁ üÑâËø¸Ç ŽÂîÂ¿ÂõŽÂî ÂÛý×ÃÃ ûÅÂõËßÁÂõþ± ¿òÐüe, ÛßÁ±ßÁÏ ÂóËïÂõþ Âó¿ïßÁ¼ ëÂ×MÃÃÂõþ±¿ñßÁ±ËÂõþ Õ¿Âõ«±üÉ, ›¶¿îÂ‡Â±¿òßÁ ¿úŽÂ±ûþ ÎÂõßÁ±Âõþ Ý äÂ±ßÁ¿Âõþ ÎŽÂËS ÕòÅ¢¶ËýÃÃÂõþ Âó±S ýÃÃËûþ ÝêÂ± Ûý×ÃÃ ÷±òÅø¸&¿ùÂõþ Õ™LðÇÃýÃÃòËßÁ Õ±Âõþ ßÁæÃò ü±¿ýÃÃ¿îÂÉßÁ ÛöÂ±ËÂõ ÛÒËßÁËåÃò îÂ± Õ±Ëù±äÂò±Âõþ ¿Âõø¸ûþ ò± ýÃÃËùÝ ßÁîÂéÂ± ¿Âõ«™¦îÂ±Âõþ üËe áËÂõø¸ËßÁÂõþ ðÔÃ¿©†ËîÂ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ Âó¿ÂõþËÂõúò ßÁËÂõþËåÃò îÂ± ÕÂõúÉý×ÃÃ ùŽÂíÏûþ ¿Âõø¸ûþ¼ üýÃÃ÷¿÷ÇîÂ± òûþ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏÂõþ ÎùàòÏ Îûò ÛËðÃÂõþý×ÃÃ Õ¿ñßÁ±Âõþ ÎÂõ±ËñÂõþ ßÁï± ÂõËù¼ Îüý×ÃÃ üËe ‘ˆÉ±éÂ±ü’-Âó±áù ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±æÃý×ÃÃ Îû îÂ±Âõþ öÂ±ÂõÏ ò±á¿ÂõþßÁËðÃÂõþ ÷±ò¿üßÁ &5 ýÃÃîÂÉ±ûþ ¿ù5, îÂ±ÂõþÝ ÛßÁ îÂïÉ ü÷ÔX ò¿ï Îûò ßÁï±¿úŠÏ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ îÒÂ±Âõþ Ûý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü&¿ùÂõþ ÷ËñÉ îÅÂËù ñÂõþËùò¼ Îüý×ÃÃüËe Õ±÷Âõþ± äÂ±ý×ÃÃËùý×ÃÃ Îû Õ±÷±ËðÃÂõþ Âó¿ÂõþäÂûþ Õ¦¤ÏßÁ±Âõþ ßÁÂõþËîÂ Âó±¿Âõþ ò± Âõ± Õ±÷±ËðÃÂõþ Âó¿ÂõþËÂõú-›¶¿îÂËÂõú îÂ± Õ¦¤ÏßÁ±Âõþ ßÁÂõþËîÂ ÎðÃûþ ò±, îÂ±ÂõþÝ ›¶÷±í Ûý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü&¿ùËîÂ ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò¼ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ ü±¿ÂõÇßÁ ¿ÂõäÂ±ËÂõþ ÂõùÂõ ûÅÂõ ÷ËòÂõþ Î›¶Ë÷Âõþ ¿ýÃÃË~±ùËßÁ ¿òËûþ Âõ±Ñù± ü±¿ýÃÃËîÂÉ ßÁ±¿ýÃÃ¿òÂõþ ÕöÂ±Âõ ò± ï±ßÁËùÝ, Îüý×ÃÃ ûÅÂõ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ ÕÂõËýÃÃù±Âõþ ßÁ±¿ýÃÃ¿ò, îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ æÃÏÂõò üÑ¢¶±Ë÷Âõþ ßÁ±¿ýÃÃ¿ò Âõ±Ñù± ü±¿ýÃÃËîÂÉ ü¿îÂÉý×ÃÃ ßÁ÷¼ Õ±Ëù±äÂÉ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü&¿ù Ûý×ÃÃ ÂõþßÁ÷ üîÂÉ æÃÏÂõò ßÁ±¿ýÃÃ¿òÂõþý×ÃÃ ÕòÉîÂ÷ üÑËû±æÃò¼ Âõ±ãÃÃ±¿ù ûÅÂõ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ ü±¿ÂõÇßÁ ¦¤Âõþ+Âó ëÂ×ðÄÃâ±éÂËò ÕòÉîÂ÷ ü±¿ýÃÃ¿îÂÉßÁ ðÃ¿ùù ¿ýÃÃü±ËÂõ ÛÂõþ± Âó¿Âõþá¿íîÂ ýÃÃÂõ±Âõþ Îû±áÉ¼ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ îÒÂ±Âõþ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü Îû ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±æÃ æÃÏÂõòËßÁ ÎðÃËàËåÃò Ý ÎðÃ¿àËûþËåÃò îÂ±Âõþ ÷ËñÉ ëÂ×ËÂó¿ŽÂîÂ Âõ±ãÃÃ±¿ùÂ ûÅÂõü÷±ËæÃÂõþþ ¦¤Âõþ+Âó üg±ò ßÁËÂõþËåÃò¼ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁîÂ±Âõþ ò±ò± ¿ÂõöÂËe ¿ðÃú±ýÃÃ±Âõþ±, ¦¤±ïÇÂóÂõþîÂ±- Öø¸Ç±-ÂóÂõþÀßÁ±îÂÂõþîÂ± ý×ÃÃîÂÉ±¿ðÃ ò±ò± ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃÏûþ ¿äÂMÃÃÂõÔ¿MÃÃ ü÷ÔX ûÅÂõ-÷±òËüÂõþ ¿äÂS±ûþò Ûý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü&Ëù±ËßÁ ÕòòÉîÂ± ¿ðÃËûþËåÃ¼ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ ¦¤±ñÏòîÂ± ÂóÂõþÂõîÇÂÏ ü÷±¿æÃßÁ ¿ÂõúÔºùîÂ±Âõþ ÷±çÂà±Ëò ¿ÂõÂóûÇ™¦ îÂÂõþn¸í ÷ËòÂõþ Âó±Ýûþ±-ò± Âó±Ýûþ±Âõþ üÑÂõ±ðÃ Îû÷ò ÎÂóËûþ¿åÃËùò, ÎîÂ÷¿ò ‘ˆÉ±éÂ±ü’ Âó±áù ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±Ëæ Ûý×ÃÃ îÂÂõþn¸í ûÅÂõßÁ ü¥xðÃ±ËûþÂõþ Ã›¶¿îÂ¿‡ÂîÂ ò± ýÃÃÝûþ±Âõþ ÎÂõðÃò±ËßÁÝ ÕòÅöÂÂõ ßÁËÂõþËåÃò¼ Îüý×ÃÃüËe ÂõÅËçÂËåÃò ü÷ßÁ±ùÏò îÂÂõþn¸í ýÃ+ðÃËûþÂõþ ÛßÁ±¿ßÁËQÂõþ ÎÂõ±ñ&¿ùËßÁ¼ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ü÷±æÃ÷±òü ›¶¿îÂ‡Â± äÂ±ûþ, äÂ±ûþ ÕïÇ Ý ›¶¿îÂÂó¿MÃ -- ¿ßÁcÃ Ûý×ÃÃüÂõ äÂ±Ýûþ±-Âó±Ýûþ±Âõþ ÎáÒ±ùßÁñ±ñ±ûþ ÂóËëÂÿ ûÅÂõËßÁÂõþ± ÎßÁÂõù úÓòÉîÂ±ËÂõ±Ëñ ¿üMÃ ýÃÃûþ¼ ÂõþMÃ±MÃ ýÃÃûþ îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ Õ¿™¦ËQÂõþÂ ›¶Ÿ, ŽÂîÂ¿ÂõŽÂîÂ ýÃÃûþ Âó±Âõþ¦ó¿ÂõþßÁ ü¥óßÇÁüÓS&¿ù¼ ÛßÁ± ÂõëÂÿ ÛßÁ± ýÃÃËûþ û±ûþ îÂ±Âõþ±¼ æÒÃÉ± Âóù ü±ËSÇ ßÁ¿ïîÂ ‘Nothingness’25Ãð-ÛÂõþ ÕüýÃÃ±ûþ ÂõÔËMÃÃ ÛËðÃÂõþ ýÃÃ±ýÃÃ±ßÁ±Âõþ ü±ôÂËùÉÂõþ Õ±Âõþ±÷ ÎßÁðÃ±Âõþ±ûþ Âõü± ÷±òÅø¸ËðÃÂõþ ßÁ±Ëò ÎÂóÒÌåÃ±ûþ ò±¼ ÛËðÃÂõþ äÂ±ßÁ¿Âõþ Îòý×ÃÃ, ÕïÇ Îòý×ÃÃ, Î›¶÷ Îòý×ÃÃ, ¿Âõ«±ü Îòý×ÃÃ -- ÛîÂÂüÂõ Îòý×ÃÃËûþÂõþ äÂËS ›¶¿îÂ¿òûþîÂ ¿Âó©† ýÃÃÝûþ± ûÅÂõ÷±òüËßÁ ÎßÁ ÷Ëò Âõþ±Ëà· ëÂ×ËÂóŽÂ±ûþ, ÕÂõËýÃÃù±ûþ îÂ±Âõþ± ÛßÁ¿ðÃò ýÃÃ±¿ÂõþËûþ û±ûþ¼ Õ¿™¦ËQÂõþ üÑßÁéÂ ÎïËßÁ ýÃÃ±¿ÂõþËûþ û±Ýûþ± ÂóûÇ™L îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ æÃÏÂõËòÂõþ Îû á¿îÂ îÂ±ËßÁý×ÃÃ ßÁï±¿úŠÏ ÷Âõþ÷Ï öÂ±ø¸±ûþ îÅÂËù ñËÂõþËåÃò¼ Õ±Ëù±äÂÉ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü&¿ù îÂ±ý×ÃÃ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ îÂÂõþn¸í ÷ËòÂõþ ÛüÂõ ¿ðÃßÁ&¿ùÂõþ ßÁï± ÂõËù¼ Õ±Âõþ Îü üÑÂõ±ðÃ ûï±ïÇöÂ±ËÂõ ÎÂóÒÌËåÃ û±ûþ Âó±êÂßÁ ¿äÂËMÃÃ¼ ÎßÁ±Ëò± ¿÷ËïÉÂõþ ÕÂõßÁ±ú Îòý×ÃÃ, Îòý×ÃÃ ÎßÁ±Ëò± Õ¿îÂÂõþ?ò¼ ÂõÉÂõýÃÃ±¿ÂõþßÁ üîÂÉËßÁ Âó±Ëïûþ ßÁËÂõþý×ÃÃ ¿úŠÏ Ûý×ÃÃ ûÅÂõ± ýÃ+ðÃËûþÂõþ Õ™LËÂõÇðÃò±ËßÁ Âõþ+ÂóðÃ±ò ßÁËÂõþËåÃò¼ ÕîÂÉ™L üËäÂîÂò ü÷±æÃ ^©†±Âõþ öÓÂ¿÷ßÁ± ÎùàËßÁÂõþ¼ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ îÂÂõþn¸í ýÃ+ðÃËûþÂõþ Ûý×ÃÃ äÅÂùËäÂÂõþ± ü±¿ýÃÃ¿îÂÉßÁ ¿ÂõËú¡ø¸í ÕîÂÉ™L ›¶ü¿eßÁ, Õ±æÃËßÁÂõþ ßÁ±ËùÂõþ æÃòÉ ÎîÂ± ÂõËéÂý×ÃÃ, öÂ±ÂõÏßÁ±ËùÂõþ æÃËòÉÝ Ûý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü&¿ùÂõþ &Âõþn¸Q ÕÂó¿ÂõþüÏ÷¼

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  121 ÆüßÁîÂ Âõþ±ëÂ×îÂ Ý ÎæÃÉ±¿îÂ÷Çûþ Îüò&5 6.0  ÂõU÷ÅàÏ ›¶¿îÂöÂ±Âõþ Õ±ñ±Âõþ, ¿Âõ¿äÂS ¿úËŠÂõþ üÔæÃòöÓÂ¿÷ Îû ÷±òüËŽÂS– ›¶ßÁ±ËúÂõþ ÆúùÏÝ Îû îÂ±Âõþ ÕÃÃòòÉ ÛÂõÑ ¦¤îÂLa ýÃÃËûþ ÎðÃà± ÎðÃËÂõ îÂ± Âõù± Âõ±UùÉ¼ ÂõdîÂ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏÂõþ ßÁï±¿úŠ ÛßÁý×ÃÃ üËe Âõ±ãÃÃ±¿ù ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃæÃÏÂõËòÂõþ ëÂ×Ëij±äÂßÁ, Õ±Âõ±Âõþ ÛßÁ±™Lý×ÃÃ ÷±òÅËø¸Âõþ ÷ÓùÉËÂõ±ñ Âó¿ÂõþÂõîÇÂËòÂõþ ¿äÂý ¦¤Âõþ+Âó¼ ßÁ±Âõþí Õ±÷Âõþ± æÃ±¿ò, Â›¶¿îÂ÷ÅýÓËÃÃîÇÂ Âõ±™¦ËÂõÂõþ ¿öÂîÂéÂ± ÎöÂËãÃÃ ÎöÂËãÃÃ äÂËù, Õ±Âõþ áËëÂÿ òîÅÂòÂõþ+Âó¼ ÎäÂîÂò±Âõþ Âõ± ÂõÉ¿MÃÂõþ Ûý×ÃÃ öÂ±ãÃÃ±- áëÂÿ±, ñÃõÑü Õ±Âõþ üÔ¿©† ¿òËûþý×ÃÃ ßÁï±¿úËŠÂõþ Õ™LýÃÃÏò ÂóïäÂù±¼ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ Ûý×ÃÃ öÂ±e± Ý áëÂÿ±Âõþ îÂN¿éÂËßÁ Õ±ûþQ ßÁËÂõþý×ÃÃ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ÎäÂîÂò±Âõþ òÂõ ëÂ×Ëij±äÂËò üËäÂ©†¼ îÂËÂõ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ Õ±Ëù±äÂÉ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü&¿ùÂõþ Õ±Ëù±äÂò±ûþ Îû ›¶Ÿ Îúø¸ ÂóûÇ™L ëÂ×O±¿ÂóîÂ ýÃÃûþ,ÃÃ îÂ± ýÃÃù îÒÂ±Âõþ Ûý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü&¿ùÂõþ ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò ›¶±ü¿eßÁîÂ±¼ ßÁï±ü±¿ýÃÃËîÂÉÂõþ ñ±Âõþ± Âõ± ¿ÂõËúø¸ öÂ±ËÂõ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü ü÷¢¶ Âõ±Ñù±Âõþ Âõþ+Âó¿äÂS ÆîÂ¿Âõþ ßÁËÂõþ ò±¼ îÂ±åÃ±ëÂÿ± ÛßÁ÷±S Ûà±Ëòý×ÃÃ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ÷±òÅËø¸Âõþ æÃÏÂõò¿äÂS, ¿ÂõËúø¸îÂ ëÂ×ËÂó¿ŽÂîÂ ûÅÂõ÷±òËüÂõþ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃÏûþ üÑ¦¨±Âõþ ÕïÂõ± Õ±äÂ±Âõþ- Õ±äÂÂõþí ›¶¿îÂôÂ¿ùîÂ -- ÎüßÁï±Ý Âõù± û±ËÂõ ò±¼ ÎüËŽÂËS Âõù± ›¶Ëûþ±æÃò Âõ±ãÃÃ±¿ùÂõþ ¿ÂõMÃÃ ¿òöÇÂÂõþ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ æÃÏÂõò›¶í±ùÏÂõþ ÷±ËçÂ üÂõËïËßÁ ÆÂõ¿äÂSÉÂóÓíÇ ýÃÃù ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ æÃÏÂõò›¶í±ùÏ, û±Âõþ ÕÂõËù±ßò Õ±æÃËßÁÂõþ ¿ðÃËòÝ ›¶±ü¿eßÁ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ æÃÏÂõò±äÂÂõþËíÂõþ åÃ¿ÂõËîÂý×ÃÃÃÃ ÂõþËûþËåÃ ýÃÃ±ù Õ±÷ËùÂõþ üËe Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏÂõþ ü÷ßÁ±ùÏò Âõ± îÒÂ±Âõþ ÎðÃà± ü÷±æÃ-÷±òËüÂõþ Îû±áüÓS¼ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ ÂóÅòÂóÇ±ËêÂ Õ±÷Âõþ± àÅÒËæÃ Âó±ý×ÃÃ û±¿ÂóîÂ æÃÏÂõËòÂõþ ü±ïÇßÁîÂ±¼ Õ±æÃËßÁÂõþ ûÅÂõü÷±æÃÝ ò±ò± Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ ¿ÂõöÂËe ÎÂõü±÷±ù, ¿Âõ«±ûþËòÂõþ ôÒÂ±ËðÃ Âó± ÎÂõþËà Õ±æÃ îÂ±Âõþ±Ý ¿ßÁÑßÁîÇÂÂõÉ¿Âõ÷ÓìÂÿ¼ ÛßÅÁú úîÂßÁÏûþ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ÷±òü áËëÂÿ ëÂ×ËêÂËåÃ ßÅÁ¿ëÂÿ úîÂËßÁÂõþ ëÂ×MÃÃÂõþ±¿ñßÁ±ÂõþËßÁ ¦¤ÏßÁ±Âõþ ßÁËÂõþý×ÃÃ¼ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ Õ±æÃÝ ûÅÂõ÷±òËü ëÂ×ËÂóŽÂ±, ÕÂõËýÃÃù±Âõþ ¿ò©¨Âõþn¸í åÃ±ûþ± ›¶ù¿¥¤îÂ¼ ôÂùîÂ Âõ±Ñù± ßÁï±ü±¿ýÃÃËîÂÉÂõþ Õ±üËÂõþ ÃÃûÅÂõ ýÃ+ðÃûþËßÁ ÎßÁf ßÁËÂõþ áËëÂÿ ÝêÂ± Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏÂõþ Ûý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü&¿ù Õ±æÃËßÁÂõþ ¿ðÃËòÝ ÕîÂÉ™L ›¶±ü¿eßÁ¼

 1¼ ëÂ×MÃÃ÷ ÂóÅÂõþßÁ±ý×ÃÃîÂ [ü¥ó±], ‘ëÂ×æÃ±áÂõþ’, ü¥ó±ðÃßÁÏûþ, ‘Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ üÑàÉ±’, ÛßÁ±ðÃú Âõø¸Ç, 1420 2¼ Õ¿æÃîÂßÅÁ÷±Âõþ Îâ±ø¸, ‘æÃÏÂõËòÂõþ ñò ¿ßÁåÅÃý×ÃÃ û±ËÂõ ò± ÎôÂù±’, ßÁï±÷Åà, 2003 3¼ ÂõþÂõÏfò±ï êÂ±ßÅÁÂõþ, ‘ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ’, ü±¿ýÃÃËîÂÉÂõþ ü±÷¢¶Ï, 1388, ÂóÔÐ 19 4¼ www. wikipedia.org/wiki/middle-class (James Bradshows Pamphlet Scheme to Prevent running Irish wools to France) 5¼ðð îÂËðÃÂõ 6¼ Communist Leage Britain Marxism and Class: Some Defination/updated www.mitranslations.org/britain/marx class.html 7¼ Lewis Corey, American class relations, ‘Marxist Quarterly’, Vol.1, No. 2, June, 1937, p. 141 8¼ ¿Âõòûþ Îâ±ø‘Âõ±Ñù± ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ ý×ÃÃ¿îÂýÃÃ±ËüÂõþ ñ±Âõþ±’, 2007, ÂóÔÐ 173 9¼ ÂõÏËÂõþf ðÃMÃÃ, ‘Âõ±Ñù± ßÁï± ü±¿ýÃÃËîÂÉÂõþ ÛßÁ±ù’ ¢¶ËLš ÂõÉÂõýÃ+îÂ ðÃÏËÂóµÅ äÂSÂõîÇÂÏÂõþ ëÂ×¿MÃ, ÂóÔÐ 55 10¼ ¿Âõòûþ Îâ±ø¸, ‘Âõ±Ñù± ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ ý×ÃÃ¿îÂýÃÃ±ËüÂõþðñ±Âõþ±’, 2007,ðÂÂóÔÐ 193 11¼ðÂÂõÏËÂõþf ðÃMÃÃ, ‘Âõ±Ñù± ßÁï±ü±¿ýÃÃËîÂÉÂõþ ÛßÁ±ù’, ÂóÔÐ 52

122  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏÂõþ ¿òÂõÇ±¿äÂîÂ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü ëÂ×ËÂó¿ŽÂîÂ ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ ûÅÂõ-ü¥xðÃ±ûþ 12¼ Õ÷ËùµÅ Îüò&5, ‘ÎæÃ±ûþ±Âõþ öÂ±éÂ±ûþ ø¸±éÂ-üMÃÃÂõþ’, ÂÎ÷’ 1997, ÂóÔÐ 125 13¼ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ, ‘Ûàòý×ÃÃ’, ‘ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü ü÷¢¶’,ð3ûþþ àG , ÆäÂS 1417, ÂóÔÐ 469 14¼ðÂÂõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ, ‘¿ÂóßÁ¿òßÁ’, ‘ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü ü÷¢¶’, 2ûþ àG, ôÂ±‰Åò 1418, ÂóÔÐ 460 15¼ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ, ‘Ûàòý×ÃÃ’, ‘ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü ü÷¢¶’, 3ûþ àG, ÆäÂS 1417,ðÂóÔÐ 190 16¼ îÂËðÃÂõ, ÂóÔÐ 139 17¼ îÂËðÃÂõ, äÂîÅÂïÇ ÷Å^í æÃ±òÅûþ±¿Âõþ 1992, ÂóÔÐ 23 18¼ îÂËðÃÂõ, ÂóÔÐ 96 19¼ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ, ‘¿ÂóßÁ¿òßÁÃÃ’, ‘ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü ü÷¢¶’, 2ûþ àG, ¿ÁZîÂÏûþ ÷Å^í, ÆÂõú±à 1398, ÂÂóÔÐ 260 20¼ îÂËðÃÂõ, ÂóÔÐ 271 21¼ îÂËðÃÂõ, ÂóÔÐ 316 22¼ Âõþ÷±ÂóðÃ ÎäÂÌñÅÂõþÏ, ‘ýÃ+ðÃûþ’, ‘ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü ü÷¢¶’, 1÷ àG,ðÎ÷ 2013, ÂóÔÐ 172 23¼ îÂËðÃÂõ, ÂóÔÐ 172 24¼ îÂËðÃÂõ, ÂóÔÐ 173 25¼ Jean-Paul Sartre, ‘Being and Nothingness’, 1956, p. 3

Manuscript received on 20/04/2018 Reviewed Paper received on 24/07/2018 Revised Paper received on 28/07/2018 Research Paper accepted on 24/08/2018

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  123 PRAG CONSILIENCE: ISSN 2456-6861, RNI No. ASSMUL/2016/70132 A Multi-lingual Peer-reviewed Annual Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Commerce Vol. 3, No. 1 (2018), pp. 124-131

 “MRITYUKHUDHA” : A POST COLONIAL DISCOURSE BY NAZRUL

*

Abstract: The people of India were governed by the colonial rule in pre indepedence period. Their political, economic and socio-cultural activities were under the suppresion of colonial rules. Post-colonial literature find its way to propagate the emancipation from the hegemonical atitude of colonial discourse. Not only that, as a matter of fact, the subaltern society including its female part wants to emancipate from the hegemony of petriarchal society. Kazi Nazrul Islam, the great writer of Bengal wrote all his Novel within the period of colonial rule in India. But in his novels, we can easily find the post colonial mindset. In this context we are trying to find out the post colonial discourse in one of his novel “Mrityukhudha” through rereading of the text. Keywords: Colonial Rules, Subaltern Society, Discourse

1.0ð õ±Ñù± ßÁ±ÂõÉ ü±¿ýÃÃËîÂÉÂõþ ñ±Âõþ±ûþ ÂõþÂõÏfò±ËïÂõþ ÂóËÂõþý×ÃÃ Õ±Ëü òæÃÂõþn¸ËùÂõþ ò±÷¼ ßÁ±ÂõÉ Âõûþ±Ëò ÂõÉ¿îÂS÷Ï ëÂ×2äÂ±Âõþíý×ÃÃ ÛÂõþ ÷Óù ëÂ×Èü¼ õ±Ñù± ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÂõþ ñ±Âõþ±ûþ ÂõþÂõÏfò±ËïÂõþ ßÁ±åÃ±ßÁ±¿åÃÝ Õ±üËî Âó±ËÂõþò ò± ÂòæÃÂõþn¸ù, ¿ßÁ™LÄÅ ßÁ±ËÂõÉÂõþ ÷ËîÂ± ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÝ îÂ±Âõþ ¦¤îÂLa Âõ±äÂò Õ±÷±ËðÃÂõþ ðÔÃ¿©† Îá±äÂÂõþ ýÃÃûþ¼ òæÃÂõþn¸ËùÂõþ ßÁ±ÂõÉ ßÁ¿ÂõîÂ± üeÏîÂ ¿òËûþ ÕËòßÁ Õ±Ëù±äÂò± ýÃÃËûþËåÃ ¿ßÁc îÂ±Âõþ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉßÔÁ¿îÂ Ëû Ûà±Ëò üÏ÷±ÂõX òûþ îÂ±Âõþ áðÃÉ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ ò± ÂÂóëÂÿËù

* Assistant Professor (Contractual), Department of Bengali, Pragjyotish College, Guwahati, E-mail: [email protected]

124  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 òæÃÂõþn¸ËùÂõþ “÷ÔîÅÂÉŽÅÂñ±” ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü æÃ±ò± û±ûþ ò±¼Â îÂ±Âõþ æÃÏÂõËòÂõþ ›¶¿îÂ26¿Âõ ›¶¿îÂôÂ¿ùî ÂýÃÃËûþËå îÂ±Âõþ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü&Ëù±Âõþ ÷ËñÉ¼ ÂòæÃÂõþn¸ùËßÁ Õ±÷Âõþ± æÃ±¿ò ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃÏ ßÁ¿Âõ ¿ýÃÃü±ËÂõ¼ ü÷±æÃ Ý ü÷ËûÿÂõÿ ›¶äÂ¿ùîÂ ÂõÉÂõ¦š±Âõþ Â¿ÂõÂõþÅËX ¿îÂ¿ò Îû ßÁÂù÷ îÂÅËù ñËÂõþ¿åËùò îÂ± qñÅ Ã¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃÏ ò±÷ ßÁ¿ÂõîÂ±ûþ òûþ ÕòÉ±òÉ ßÁ¿ÂõîÂ±ûþÝ ¦¤›¶÷±¿òîÂ¼ ¿ßÁ™LÄÅ ßÁ¿Âõ ¿ýÃÃËüËÂõ ûîÂéÂ± Ã¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃÏ üMÃÃ± áËëÂÿ îÅÂùËîÂ üŽÂ÷ ýÃÃËûþËåÃò áðÃÉ ÂõþäÂò±ûþ ¿ÂõËúø¸ ßÁËÂõþ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±üSûþÏËîÂ ÂËüý× ÛËßÁý×ÃÃ ÷Ëò±öÂ±ÂõÃ ÂõæÃ±ûþ Âõþ±àËî ÎÂóËÂõþËåò¼ ÃòæÃÂõþn¸ù þ îÂ±ÒÂõþ ¦¤öÂ±Âõ ÂÂ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÂõþ ßÁ±¿ý¿òÂõþ ÷ËñÉÝ åÃ¿ëÂÿËûþþ ÃÃ¿ðËûþËåÃò¼ ëÂ×MÃÃÂõþ Õ±ñÅ¿òßÁ îÂ±¿NßÁ ðÔÃ¿©†öÂ¿e ¿ðËûþ ûàò Õ±÷Âõþ± îÂ± Ãó±êÂ ßÁ¿Âõþ îÂàò ¦¤öÂ±ÂõîÂý×ÃÃ ëÂ××ÃÈü±ý æÃ±Ëá Ûý×ÃÃ ÎöÂËÂõ Îû, ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ Õ±¿ñÂóîÂÉËßÁ äÂÓíÇ ßÁËÂõþ ò±ÂõþÏ ÕïÂõ± ¿ò¥§¿ÂõMÃÃ ÷±òÅËøÂõþ ¿äÂ™L± ËäÂîÂò± ¿ßÁ îÂ±ýÃËÃù¸ òæÃÂõþn¸ËùÂõþ ßÁùË÷ ÂõþÓÂó ÂÎÂóûþ¿åù, Ûý×ÃÃ óÓòÂó±ÇËêÂ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ òæÃÂõþn¸ËùÂõþ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü Â›¶¿îÂËÂõðÃò ÍîÂ¿ÂõþÂõþ üyÂõò± Õ±÷±ËðÂõþ ëÂ×Èü±¿ýÃÃîÂ ßÁËÂõþ ÎîÂ±Ëù¼

2.0ð ü±ñ±ÂõþíöÂ±ËÂõ Âõù± û±ûþ ›¶¿îÂÂõ±ðÃ Îûà±Ëò áËëÂÿ ÝËêÂ Îüà±Ëòý× ÆîÂ¿Âõþ ýÃÃûþ ›¶¿îÂËÂõðÃò¼ òæÃÂõþnË¸ÃùÂõþ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÂõþ ÷ËñÉ ëÂ×MÃÃÂõþ ÞÂó¿òËÂõ¿úßÁ ›¶¿îÂËÂõðÃò ßÁÏöÂ±ËÂõ ÍîÂ¿Âõþ ÂÂýÃÃËûþËåÃ îÂ±Âõþ ÕòÅüg±ò ßÁÂõþ±ý×ÃÃ ÂõîÇÂ÷±ò üµËöÂÇÂõþ ÷Óù ÕöÂÏ©†¼

3.0ð òæÃÂõþn¸ËùÂõþ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü ¿òËûþ Ëû üµöÂÇÂ ÍîÂ¿Âõþ ßÁËÂõþ¿åÃ Îû ›¶¿îÂËÂõðÃò àÅÒæÃËîÂ äÂËù¿åÃ îÂ±Âõþ ¿ÂõòÉ±Ëü ÂõíÇò±RßÁ ¿ÂõËú¡ø¸íÏ ÂóX¿îÂ ÕòÅüÂõþí ßÁÂõþ± ÂýÃÃËûþËåÃ¼ òæÃÂõþn¸ËùÂõþ ¿îÂò¿éÂ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±üÂ ‘Âõ±ÒñòýÃÃ±Âõþ±’, ‘÷ÔîÅÂÉŽÅÂñ±’ Ý ‘ßÅÁËýÃÃ¿ùßÁ±’Âõþ ÷ËñÉ ‘÷ÔîÅÂÉŽÅÂñ±’ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü¿éÂËßÁ ËÂõËåÃ ¿òËûþ¿åÃ Ûý×ÃÃ ÂóS¿éÂ ÍîÂ¿Âõþ ßÁÂõþËîÂ¼¼ ÂóS¿éÂ ÍîÂ¿ÂÂõþ ßÁÂõþËîÂ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ›¶±ü¿eßÁ ¢¶Lš ÎïËßÁ îÂïÉÂ Ý ëÂ×XÔ¿îÂ ¿òËûþ¿åÃ ÛÂõÑ ûï±¦š±Ëò ÎüüÂõ ëÂ×ÈËüÂõþ üÓS¿òËðÇÃú ßÁËÂõþ¿åÃ¼

4.0ð ëÂ×MÃÃÂõþ ÞÂó¿òËÂõ¿úßÁ ßÁ±Ëù ü÷ûþ Ý Âó¿ÂõþüÂõþËßÁ ÎßÁf ßÁËÂõþ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü Õ±Ëù±äÂò± qÂõþn¸ ÂýÃÃûþ¼ öÂ±ÂõþîÂÂõËø¸ÇÂÞÂó¿òËÂõ¿úßÁ ßÁ±ù Ëúø¸ ýÃÃûþ 1947ðü±Ëù¼ Îü¿ðÃò ÎïËßÁ ü÷™¦ ÂõgËòÂõþ ÷Å¿M ¿Âõè¿éÂú ü±¥Ú±ËæÃÉÂõþ ÕñÏò ÞÂó¿òËÂõ¿úßÁ ÂöÂ±ÂõþËîÂÂõþ ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ ÂóÂõÇ¿éÂý×ÃÃ ü±¿ýÃÃËîÂÉÂõþ ÎŽÂËS ÂÞÂó¿òËÂõ¿úßÁ ßÁ±ù¼ îÂàò Ëû ú±üò ÂõÉÂõ¦š± ¿åù Îû ú±üËßÁÂõþ± ¿åù îÂ±Âõþ± ÃÃöÂ±ÂõþîÂÂõøÇËßÁ ÛßÁéÂ± ëÂ×Âó¿òËÂõú Âõ± ßÁËù±¿ò ßÁËÂõþ ÎÂõþËà¿åù, Îûà±Ëò ÂÂ›¶ËîÂÉËßÁÂõþ ÷ËñÉ ÛßÁéÂ± ¿ÂõËÂõþ±ñÏ ú¿MÃ ï±ßÁËùÝ ›¶ËîÂÉËßÁÂý×ÃÃ îÂ±Âõþ± ÛßÁ¿éÂ ›¶ñ±ò ú±üòîÂËLaÂõþ ÁZ±Âõþ± ¿òûþ¿LaîÂ¼ ›¶ËîÂÉËßÁÂ Îüý×ÃÃ ¿òûþLaËßÁÂõþ ÂõgËò Õ±ÂõX, îÂÂõÅÝ Âõù± û±ûþ Ëû ÷±òÅËøÂõþ ›¶ËîÂÉËßÁÂõþ ÷ËñÉý×ÃÃ ›¶¿îÂËÂõþ±ñ ŽÂ÷îÂ±Ã ÂõþËûþËåÃ¼ ûàòý×ÃÃ Âõ±ý×ÃÃËÂõþ ËïËßÁ ÎßÁ±ò Õ±â±îÂ Õ±Ëü îÂàòý×ÃÃ îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ ÎöÂîÂËÂõþÂõþ ÛßÁéÂ± ú¿MÃ ÎæÃËá ëÂ×ËêÂ û± îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ ›¶¿îÂÂõ±ðÃ ßÁÂõþËîÂ Âõ±ñÉ ßÁËÂõþ ËðÃûþ¼ û¿ðÃÝ Ûý×ÃÃ ›¶¿îÂÂõ±ðÃ ßÁÂõþ±Âõþ ü±ýÃÃü îÂ±Âõþ± üÂõü÷ûþ Âó±ûþ ò±¼ ÎßÁòò±

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  125 ðÃÏÂó±¿i¤îÂ± Õ±äÂ±ûÇÉ îÂ±Âõþ± ÛßÁË|¿íÂõþ ú±üËßÁÂõþ ¿òûþLaËòÂõþ ÕñÏò¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ú±üßÁËá±‡ÂÏÂõþ ýÃÃ±îÂ ÎïËßÁ ûàò ÂóÂõþ±ñÏò öÂ±ÂõþîÂÂõ±üÏ ÷ÅMÃ ýÃÃù ÕïÇ±È ¦¤±ñÏòîÂ± Ûù öÂ±ÂõþîÂÂõËø¸ÇÂ ÷±òÅø îÂàò Âõgò ÷Å¿MÂõþ ¦¤±ðÃ Îóù¼ ¿ßÁc SË÷ ÷±òÅø ÂõÅçÂËîÂ Âó±Âõþù Îû îÂ±Âõþ± ý×ÃÃÑËÂõþæÃËðÃÂõþ ÂýÃÃ±îÂ ËïËßÁ ÷Å¿M ÂÎóËùÝ ¦¤æÃ±¿îÂÂõþ ÁZ±Âõþ±ý×ÃÃ Õ±Âõ±Âõþ ú±¿üîÂ Ý Îú±¿ø¸îÂ ÂÂýÃÃËîÂ qÂõþn¸ ßÁËÂõþËåÃ¼ ú±üßÁËú±¿ø¸ËîÂÂõþ ÁZiZ ÂóÅòÂõþ±ûþ ÍîÂ¿Âõþ ýÃÃù¼ Õ±¿ñÂóîÂÉßÁ±÷Ï ú±üò ÂõÉÂõ¦š± ÂóÅòÂõþ±ûÿ ÷±ï±äÂ±ëÂÿ± ¿ðÃËûþ ëÂ×êÂù¼ Õ±¿ñÂóîÂÉ ¿Âõ™¦±Âõþ ßÁÂõþ±ý×ÃÃ Ûý×ÃÃ ú±üßÁËá±‡ÂÏÂõþ ÛßÁ÷±S ùŽÂÉ¼ ú±üòîÂLaÂ ÎïËßÁ ÎÂõ¿ÂõþËûþ ÛËü ¿òËæÃËðÃÂõÿ ÷Å¿MÃÂõþ ›¶ûþ±üý×ÃÃ ÂÂýÃÃË26 ëÂ×MÃÃÂõþ ÞÂó¿òËÂõ¿úßÁ ßÁ±ËùÂõþ ü±¿ýÃÃËîÂÉÂõþ ÷Óù ¿Âõø¸ûþ¼ ëÂ×2äÂË|¿íÂõþ ÷±òÅø¸ üðÃ±ý×ÃÃ ¿ò¥§Ë|¿íÂõþ ÷±òÅøËßÁ ÕÂõðÃ¿÷îÂ ßÁËÂõþ Âõþ±à±Âõþ Ëä©†± ßÁËÂõþ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ õÉÂõ¦š±Âõþ ¿ÂõËÂõþ±ñÏîÂ± ßÁÂõþ±Âõþ ŽÂ÷îÂ± îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ ï±ËßÁ ò±¼ îÂÂõÅÝ îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ ÷ËòÂõþ ÷ËñÉ Îû ›¶¿îÂÂõ±ËðÃÂõþ ñ±Âõþí± ÂõþËûþËåÃ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ ôÅÂËéÂ ëÂ×ËêÂ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ äÂ¿ÂõþËSÂõþ ÷±ñÉË÷¼ ›¶±Ë™LÂõþ Ûý×ÃÃ ÷±òÅø&Ëù±Âõþ ÷ËñÉ üÂõü÷ûþý×ÃÃ ›¶¿îÂÂõ±ð ßÁÂõþ±Âõþ Õ±ßÁ±º± ï±ËßÁ¼ ¿ßÁc ¿òûþLaò ú¿MÃ ÛéÂ±ý×ÃÃ ›¶Âõù ýÃÃûþ Îû üÂõü÷ûþ îÂ±ËðÂõþ ÁZ±Âõþ± îÂ± üyÂõ ÂýÃÃûþ ò±¼ ú±üòîÂËLaÃÂÂõþ Ûý×ÃÃ ¿òûþ÷ ÎöÂËãÃÃ îÂ±Âõþ± ÂóÅòÂõþ±ûþ òîÅÂò ßÁËÂõþ ¿òûþ÷ ÍîÂ¿Âõþ ßÁÂõþ±ý×ÃÃ ëÂ×MÃÃÂõþ ÞÂó¿òËÂõ¿úßÁ ü±¿ÂýÃËîÂÉÂõþ ¿Âõø¸ûþ¼ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ ü÷±Ëù±äÂò±ûþ Îûà±Ëò Ûý×ÃÃ ¿òûþ¿LaîÂ üMÃÃ±ËßÁ öÂ±ãÃÃ±Âõþ ËßÁ±ò ›¶ËäÂ©†± Ëòý×ÃÃ ËüéÂ± ÂýÃÃËÂõ ëÂ×Âó¿òËÂõ¿úßÁ ü±¿ýÃîÂÉÂ ÛÂõÑ Îûà±Ëò Ûý×ÃÃ ¿òûþ÷ËßÁÂ öÂ±ãÃÃ±Âõþ ›¶ËäÂ©†± ï±ßÁËÂõ ÎüéÂ±ý×ÃÃ ýÃÃËÂõ ëÂ×MÃÃÂõþ ÞÂó¿òËÂõ¿úßÁ ü±¿ýÃîÂÉÂ¼ ü÷ûþ Ý Âó¿ÂÂõþüËÂõþÂõÿ ûàò Î÷ùÂõgò ËðÃà± û±ûþ îÂàò îÂ± ¿òËûþ Õ±Ëù±äÂò±Âõþ ¿Âõø¸ûþ áËëÂÿ ëÂ×Ëê¼Â ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±üËßÁ Îüý×ÃÃ òæÃËÂõþ Âó±êÂ ßÁÂõþËù Õï±ÇÈ ü÷ûþ Ý Âó¿ÂÂõþüÂõþ ¿ßÁöÂ±ËÂõ Ëüà±Ëò ÛËßÁ ÕÂóËÂõþÂõþ Âó¿ÂõþÂóÓÂõþßÁ ýÃÃËûþ ëÂ×ËêÂËåÃ ÎüéÂ±ý×ÃÃ ËÂõ±çÂ± û±ûþ ›¶¿îÂËÂõðÃËò¼ qñÅ áŠ òûþ Ûý×ÃÃ Î÷ùÂõgòËßÁ ÎðÃàËîÂ ýÃÃËÂõ Ûý×ÃÃ ›¶¿îÂËÂõðÃËòÂõþ ÷±ñÉË÷¼ ü÷ûþ Ý Âó¿ÂÂõþüÂõþËßÁ ¿÷¿ùËûþ ÎðÃàËîÂ ýÃÃËÂõ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±üËßÁ¼ ëÂ0 îÂËÂó±ñÏÂõþ öÂA±äÂ±ûÇ Û ¿Âõø¸Ëûþ ÂõËùò Ëû - “Õ±÷±ËðÃÂõþ üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ, ü÷±æÃ, ý×ÃÃ¿îÂÂýÃÃ±ü Ý ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉËßÁ ò±ò± ðÔÃ¿©†ËßÁ±í ÎïËßÁ ÂõÅçÂËîÂ äÂ±ý×ÃÃ ÂõËù ò±ò± îÂËNÂõþ Õ±|ûþ Ëòý×ÃÃ¼ Õ±Âõ±Âõþ Ûý×ÃÃ îÂËNÂõþ Ý îÂËïÉÂõþ ¿ÁZÂõ±äÂ¿òßÁîÂ± Õ¿òÂõ±ûÇ ÂõËù ÂóÅòÐÂó±êÂ ¿òÂõþÂõ¿26i§öÂ±ËÂõ ÕÂõÉ±ýÃÃîÂ Âõþ±à±Ý Õ±÷±ËðÃÂõþ ÛßÁ¿éÂ ÂõëÂÿ ßÔÁîÂÉ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ›¶¿Sûþ±Âõþ ü±ïÇßÁîÂ±Âõþ æÃËòÉý×ÃÃ ÂõUñ± Âó¿Âõþ¿ŽÂîÂ ¿ò¿ðÇÃ©† ÕÂõ¦š±Ëò ËóÌÒåÃ±ËîÂ ýÃÃûþ¼ ¢¶¿ýÃÃîÂ±ËßÁ Õï±ÇÈ Âó±êÂßÁ ðÃúÇßÁ Î|±îÂ±ËßÁ¼ Õ±÷Âõþ± ùŽÂÉ ßÁ¿Âõþ ò± qñÅ ›¶¿îÂËÂõðÃò ÂýÃÃËûþ ëÂ×êÂ±Âõþ ›¶¿Sûþ±ûþ Ëû±á ¿ðÃý×ÃÃ¼”1 ëÂ×Âó¿òËÂõúÂõ±ËðÃ ÷±òÅø¸ ÕÂõËýÃÃ¿ùîÂ ÂýÃÃËûþ Õ±¿ñÂóîÂÉ ¦¤ÏßÁ±Âõþ ßÁËÂõþþ Îòûþ¼ îÂàò ÷±òÅËø¸Âõþ ÷òÝ Îüý×ÃÃ ÂõúÉîÂ± ¦¤ÏßÁ±Âõþ ßÁËÂõþþ Îòûþ¼ öÂ±ø¸±-ËäÂîÂò±-üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ üÂõ¿ßÁåÅÃ ðÃàù ßÁËÂõþ Îòûþ ú±üËßÁÂõþ±¼ ÛËŽÂËS ú±üËßÁÂõþ± ÂõðÃù ýÃÃËùÝ ú±üËòÂõþ ÎßÁ±ò ÂõðÃù ýÃÃûþ ò±¼ Õ±¿ñÂóîÂÉÂõ±ðÃÏ Ûý×ÃÃ ßÁ±êÂ±Ë÷± üýÃÃËæÃ ÎöÂËãÃÃ ÂóËÂõþ ò± ÛÂõÑ áËëÂÿ ëÂ×ËêÂ Õ±¿ñÂóîÂÉ›¶Âõí ›¶¿îÂËÂõðÃò¼ ëÂ0 îÂËÂó±ñÏÂõþ öÂA±äÂ±ûÇ Û ¿Âõø¸Ëûþ ÂõËùò Îû – “ëÂ×ó¿òËÂõËú±MÃÃÂõþ ü÷±ËæÝ üÔ¿©† ÃÝ ÷òò ÎûüÂõ ÂõÅ¿XæÃÏÂõÏÂõþ ¿òûþLaËí ï±ËßÁ îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ ¿äÂMÃÃÂõÔ¿MÃÃ ëÂ×Âó¿òËÂõ¿úßÔÁîÂ ÂÂýÃÃËù ÕéÅÂéÂ ÎïËßÁ û±ûþ Õ±¿ñÂóîÂÉ›¶Âõí ›¶¿îÂËÂõðÃò áËëÂÿ ËîÂ±ù±Âõþ ÕöÂÉ±ü¼ äÂîÅÂÂõþ Ý üËäÂîÂò Âó¿ÂõþßÁŠò± ÷ñÉ ¿ðÃËûþ ÛÂõÑ ÂõU ¿ÂõöÂ±¿æÃîÂ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ Õ™LÂõÔMÃÃ ðÅÃÂõÇùîÂ±Âõþ üÅËû±Ëá Îû ËßÁfÏßÔÁîÂ ÷ýÃÃ±üµöÇÂ ÕæÃ¦Ú Â&ij÷Óù åÃ¿ëÂÿËûþ ¿ðÃËûþ¿åÃù, îÂ±ËßÁ ÂóÂõþ±öÓîÂ ò± ßÁÂõþ± ÂÂóûÇ™L ëÂ×Âó¿òËÂõËú±MÃÃÂõþ ü÷±Ëæ ÎßÁ±ò ûï±ïÇ üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ ¿ß ÑÂõ± æÃÏÂõòËÂõ±ËñÂõþ üÓSÂó±îÂ ýÃÃËîÂ Âó±ËÂõþ ò±¼ áËëÂÿ ëÂ×êÂËîÂ Âó±ËÂõþ ò± ÎßÁ±ò òîÅÂò ›¶¿îÂËÂõðÃò¼”2 ëÂ×Âó¿òËÂõËú±MÃÃÂõþ ›¶¿îÂËÂõðÃËòÂõþ æÃòÉ ›¶Ëûþ±æÃò ¿Âõ¿ò÷Ç±ËíÂõþÂ¼ ü÷ûþ Ý Âó¿ÂÂõþüËÂõþÂõÿ ü÷i¤ûþ Ý ¿Âõ¿ò÷Ç±ËíÂõþ

126  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 òæÃÂõþn¸ËùÂõþ “÷ÔîÅÂÉŽÅÂñ±” ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü ÷±ñÉË÷ ›¶¿îÂËÂõðÃò áËëÂÿ îÅÂùËîÂ ÂÂü±ýÃÃ±ûÉ ßÁËÂõþ¼ òîÅÂò ÎäÂîÂò± ü¥óÔMÃ ÍÂõ¿ú©† ¿òËûþ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü Â›¶¿îÂËÂõðÃò ÍîÂ¿Âõþ ýÃÃûþ¼ ÞÂó¿òËÂõ¿úßÁ ü÷±ËæÃ ¿òÂóÏ¿ëÂÿîÂ ÷±òÅø¸ ßÁÏöÂ±ËÂõ îÂ±Âõþ ßÁF¦¤ÂõþËßÁ Îü±2äÂ±Âõþ ßÁËÂõþ îÅÂËùËåÃò¼ ßÁÏöÂ±ËÂõ ÂõáÇ-¿ùe-¿ÂõöÂ±¿æÃîÂ ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ ÎïËßÁ ëÂ×ËêÂ Õ±üËåÃ Ûý×ÃÃ ßÁF¦¤Âõþ¼ ÎßÁ±ò äÂ¿ÂõþS ¿ßÁöÂ±ËÂõ îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ Â›¶¿îÂÂõ±ðÃÏ üMÃÃ±¿éÂËßÁ îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ ÂöÂ±ÂõöÂeÏ Ý üÑù±ËÂóÂõþ ÷±ñÉË÷ îÅÂËù ñËÂõþËåÃ îÂ±ý×ÃÃý×Ã ›¶¿îÂËÂõðÃËòÂõþ ÷±ñÉË÷ îÅÂËù ñÂõþ± ýÃÃûþ¼ ñÏËÂõþ ñÏËÂõþ ÷±òÅËø¸Âõþ ÷ò Ëû ¦¤±ñÏòîÂ±Âõþ ÂóËï Û¿áËûþ äÂùËåÃ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ ñÂõþ± ÂóËÂõþ ›¶¿îÂËÂõðÃËò¼ ÞÂó¿òËÂõ¿úßÁ öÂ±ÂõþËîÂ ò±ÂõþÏÂõþ æÃ±áÂõþí qÂõþn¸ ÂýÃÃËûþ þ¿áËûþ¿åÃù¼ ÂóÅÂõþn¸ø¸ ›¶îÂ±ËÂóÂõþ ¿ÂõÂõþn¸ËX Îü ûÅËá ò±ÂõþÏÂõþ ›¶¿îÂÂõ±ðÃ ÎßÁ±ò ò± ÎßÁ±ò öÂ±ËÂõ ›¶ßÁ±¿úîÂ ÂýÃÃËûþËåÃ¼ Îü ûÅËáÂõþ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ Îùà± ÎðÃËà Õ±÷Âõþ± Û ¿Âõø¸Ëûþ ÕÂõáîÂ ýÃÃý×ÃÃ¼ Û ¿Âõø¸Ëûþ Ëüý×ÃÃ ûÅËáÂõþ ò±ÂõþÏÂõþ ßÁËF qòËîÂ Âó±ý×Ã Ã-- “ÂõU |Ë÷ ¿ò¿÷îÂ ÕA±¿ùßÁ± Îû÷ò ÛßÁ¿ðÃËòÂõþ öÓÂ¿÷ßÁË¥ó ñÓ¿ùü±È ÂýÃÃûþ, ÂõUßÁ±ù ¿ò¿÷ÇîÂ ðÃÓáÇ ÛßÁ¿ðÃËòÂõþ ßÁ±÷±ËòÂõþ Îá±ù±Âõø¸ÇËò äÓÂíÇ¿ÂõäÓÂíÇ ýÃÃûþ - Õ±ú±ßÁ¿Âõþ Ëüý×ÃÃÂõþ+ÂóÂ õù ›¶Ëûþ±Ëá Û ÂõUúîÂ±sÏÂõÉ±ÂóÏ ðÃ±üËQÂõþ üÅðÔÃìÂÿ ðÓÃáÇ Õ™LîÂ ¿Sú ÂõÈüËÂõþ ñÑü ÂýÃÃý×ÃÃËÂõ¼’’3 óÅÂõþn¸Ëø¸Âõþ ü÷±ò±¿ñßÁ±Âõþ Âó±Ýûþ± û±ËðÃÂõþ ßÁŠò±Âõþ ÕîÂÏîÂ ¿åÃù Îüý×ÃÃ ò±ÂõþÏËðÂõþ ÷ñÉ ËïËßÁý×ÃÃ îÂàò ëÂ×Ëê Â Õ±Ëü ›¶¿îÂÂõ±ð¼Ã ÎßÁëÂ× Îß ëÂ× Îüý×ÃÃ ›¶¿îÂÂõ±ðÃ üÑÂõ±ðÃÂóS Âõ± ¿Âõ¿ö i§ Îùà±Âõþ þ ÷±ñÉË÷ îÅÂËù ñËÂõþËåÃò¼ Îû÷ò Û ¿ÂÂõø¸Ëûþ ú±™L±ËðÃÂõÏ îÂ±ÒÂõþ ¦aÏÂõþ Õ¿ñßÁ±Âõþ óËS ÂõËùËåÃò ---“¦aÏ ÂóÅÂõþÅø¸ üßÁùý×ÃÃ ûàò ÷±òÅø¸ îÂàò ÂóÅÂõþn¸Ëø¸Âõþ ¿äÂ™L±Âõþ üÑ¦óËúÇ Îû÷ò ÂÂóÅÂõþn¸ø¸ á¿ëÂÿûþ± ëÂ×Ëê ¦aÏ æ±¿îÂÂõþ ¿äÂ™L±Âõþ ¿÷ùËò Ëû÷ò ¦aÏ æÃ±¿îÂÂá¿ëÂÿûþ± ëÂ×Ëê, ¦aÏ ÂóÅÂõþn¸Ëø¸Âõÿ ¿äÂ™L±Âõÿ Õ±ðÃ±ò ›¶ðÃ±Ëò ÎîÂ÷¿òý×ÃÃ ÂóÓíÇ ÷±òÅø á¿ëÂÿûþ± ëÂ×Ëê ¼”4 òæÃÂõþn¸ËùÂõþ “÷ÔîÅÂÉŽÅÂñ±” ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü¿éÂÂõþ ›¶ï÷ ›¶ßÁ±ú 1337ðÍÂõú±à [1930ð¿àèˆ±s]¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü òæÃÂõþn¸ù ÕöÂ±Âõ æÃæÇÃ¿ÂõþîÂ ÷±òÅøËðÃÂõÿ æÃÏÂõò ¿äÂS Õ‚ò ßÁËÂõÿËåÃò¼ qñÅ ü÷±æÃ ¿äÂSý×ÃÃ òûþ ÛßÁ Ü¿îÂýÃÃ±¿üßÁ ðÔÃ¿©†öÂeÏÝ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü¿éÂËîÂ ùŽÂÉíÏûþ¼ ý×ÃÃÑËÂõþæÃÂõþ± öÂ±ÂõþîÂÏûþËðÃÂõþ ÕöÂ±Âõ ÕòéÂËòÂõþ üÅËû±Ëá ñ÷Ç ßÁ÷Ç ¿úŽÂ± ðÃÏŽÂ± Ý Õ±äÂ±Âõþ Õ±äÂÂõþí üÂõ¿ßÁåÅÃÂõþ ÷ÓËù Õ±â±îÂ ÎýÃÃËò¿åÃù¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÂõþ Î›¶ŽÂ±ÂóéÂ ÂÂýÃÃù ¿ÂõËúÂõþ ðÃúËßÁÂõþ |¿÷ßÁ Õ±Ëµ±ùò Ý ü±÷ÉÂõ±ðÃÏ Õ±Ëµ±ùò ¼ û¿ðÃÝ Õ±Ëµ±ùËòÂõþ ¿ÂõËúø¸ ¿ßÁåÅÃý×ÃÃ ëÂ×óòÉ±ËüÂÎòý×ÃÃ, îÂÂõÅÝ Âõù± û±Âûþ Îû ßÁÔøžòáËÂõþÂõþ Âõ¿™¦Âõ±üÏËðÃÂõþ Îû ¿äÂS ÎùàßÁ ÎðÃ¿àËûþËåÃò îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ Îû ü÷üÉ± æÃæÇÃ¿ÂõþîÂ æÃÏÂõò¿äÂSÃ ôÅÂ¿éÂËûþ îÅÂËùËåÃò îÂ±Âõþ ÎöÂîÂËÂõþ ÂõþËûþËå Ã|¿÷ßÁ Õ±Ëµ±ùËòÂõþ Õ™L¿òÇ¿ýÃÃîÂ ÂóéÂöÓÂ¿÷¼ ëÂ×óòÉ±ü qÂõþn¸ ýÃÃËûþËåÃ ÂóÉ±ÒßÁ±Ëù Ý îÂ±Âõþ Âó¿ÂõþÂõ±ÂõþËßÁ ¿ðÃËûþ¼ |÷æÃÏÂõÏ ¿àèˆ±ò Ý ÷Åüù÷±òËðÃÂõþ ðÅÃðÇÃú±Âõþ ¿äÂS Ûý×ÃÃ ëÂ×óòÉ±Ëü Âõ¿íÇîÂ ÂýÃÃËûþËåÃ¼ ÛßÁý×ÃÃ Âó±ëÂÿ±ûþ ï±ËßÁ ÷Åüù÷±ò Ý ¿àèˆ±ËòÂõþ± ¼ üÂõÇðÃ±ý×ÃÃ îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ ÷ËñÉ ÕËýÃÃîÅÂßÁ ßÁùýÃÃ æÃ±îÂ ¿òËûþ çÂ±Ë÷ù± Âõ±ð ¿ÂõÂõ±ðÃ ¿òËûþý×ÃÃ ÛËðÃÂõþ ÂÂó¿ÂÂõþËÂõú¼Ã Ûý×ÃÃ ó¿ÂÂõþËÂõúý×ÃÃ ÂõþËûþËåÃ ÂóÉ±ÒßÁ±ËùÂõþ ó¿ÂõþÂõ±Âõþ¼ îÂ±Âõþ Âó¿ÂõþÂõ±ËÂõþ ÂõþËûþËå ÷± ¿îÂò öÂ±ÂõÏ Ý îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ ü™L±ËòÂõþ±¼ öÂ±ý×ÃÃËðÃÂõþ ÷ÔîÂÅÉÂõþ ÂóÂõþ Ûý×ÃÃ üÑü±ÂËÂõþÂõþ Âõþ+Âó¿äÂS Õ‚ò ßÁÂõþËîÂ ¿áËûþ ËùàßÁ ÂõËùËåÃò ----“âËÂõþ îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ äÂ±ËùÂõþ ýÃÃ±¿ëÂÿ&Ëù± Îû÷ò ôÅÂËéÂ± ¼ Îüà±Ëò Âõ±ü± Âõ±ñÂõ±Âõþ àëÂÿ ò± ÎÂóËûþ äÂëÂÿ±ý×ÃÃ Âó±¿à&Ëù± ÕËòßÁ¿ðÃò ÂýÃÃù ëÂ×ËëÂÿ äÂËù ÎáËåÃ¼ ¿ßÁc ÕËïÇÂõþ ÎäÂËûþÝ ÎÂõ¿ú éÂ±ò±éÂ±¿ò ¿åÃù îÂ±ËðÂõþ æÃ±ûþá±Âõþ¼ ÎûéÂ± ëÂ×òÅòú±ù, Îüý×ÃÃËéÂý×ÃÃ ÎìÂÒ¿ßÁú±ù Îüý×ÃÃËéÂý×ÃÃ Âõþ±i§±âÂõþ ÛÂõÑ Îüý×ÃÃËéÂý×ÃÃ Âõþ±ËS æÃò ü±ËîÂËßÁÂõþ Îú±Âõ±Âõþ

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  127 ðÃÏÂó±¿i¤îÂ± Õ±äÂ±ûÇÉ âÂõþ¼ îÂ±Âõþý×ÃÃ ÛßÁÂó±Ëú ðÃÂõþ÷± ÎÂõËñ Îá±éÂ± ¿ÂõËúßÁ ÷ÅÂõþ¿á ÛÂõÑ åÃ±áËùÂõþ ëÂ±ßÁÂõ±Ñù± ÍîÂ¿Âõþ ßÁËÂõþ ÎðÃÝûþ± ýÃÃËûþËåÃ¼”5 ðÁðÁðÁðÁð ðÃ¿Âõþ^îÂ±Âõþ Îúø¸ ÂÂóûÇ±Ëûþ ÛËü ÂÎóÌÒËåÃËåÃ îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ Âó¿ÂõþÂõ±Âõþ îÂ±Âõþ ÷ËñÉ “Îá±ËðÃÂõþ ÝÂóÂõþ ¿Âõø¸ËôÂ±ëÂÿ±Âõÿ’þ’6 Ã÷ËîÂ± ¦¤±÷Ï Âó¿ÂõþîÂÉMÃ± Õ™LÐüN± öÂ¿¢ŸÂõþ ðÃ±¿ûþQ Ý ÛËüËåÃ îÂ±Âõþ ÝÂóÂõþ ¼ ü±÷±òÉ Âõþ±æÃ¿÷¿¦aÂõþ ßÁ±æÃ ßÁÂËÂõþ üÑü±Âõþ äÂ±ù±ûþ Ëü¼ ¿òËæÃÂõþ ü±÷±òÉ Õ±ßÁ±º±éÅÂßÁÅËßÁ ¿ÂõüæÇÃò ¿ðÃËîÂ ýÃÃûþ îÂ±ËßÁ¼ Îü ÕÂõüÂõþ ÎÂóËù û±S±ðËù üàÏ ò±ËäÂ á±ò á±ûþ ¿ßÁc üÑü±ËÂõþÂõþ äÂ±ËÂó îÂ±Ý îÂ±Âõþ ßÁ±ËåÃ Õ±æ ðÅÃÐü±ñÉ ýÃÃËûþ ðÒÃ±¿ëÂÿËûþËåÃÃ ßÅÁ¿úÇËßÁ Îü ÂöÂ±ùÂõ±Ëü ¿ßÁc ÕïÇ üÑ¦š±ËòÂõþ öÂ±Âõò±ûþ Îü îÂ±Âõþ öÂ±ùÂõ±ü±ËßÁ Âó¿Âõþí¿îÂÂõþ ÂÂÂõþ+Âó ¿ðÃËîÂ Âó±ÂõþËåÃ ò±¼ Îûà±Ëò ÕüÅ¦š ÎüæÃËÂõÌ ÷ÔîÅÂÉÂõþ ÎðÃ±ÂõþËá±ëÂÿ±ûþ ðÃ±Ò¿ëÂÿËûþ ¿òËæÃÂõþ ü™L±ËòÂõþ ÷ÔîÅÂÉ ßÁ±÷ò± ßÁËÂõþ¼ ÷± îÂ±Âõþ ü™L±ËòÂõþ ëÂ×ËVËúÉ ÕðÔÃË©†Âõþ ßÁ±ËåÃ ÂõËù – “Õ±~± Ëá±, Õ±Âõþ ÎðÃàËîÂ Âó±¿Âõþ Ëò, îÅÂËù ò±Ý Âõ±åÃ±ËßÁ ÎîÂ±÷±Âõþ ßÁ±ËåÃ¼ Ý ÷ËÂõþ Âõ±ÒäÅÂßÁ¼”7 ÕöÂ±Âõ ÛîÂ ›¶Âõù Ëû ›¶üÂõ ËÂõðÃò±ûþ ÂóÒ±¿äÂ Õ±îÇÂò±ðÃ ßÁËÂõþ ¿ßÁc Õï±ÇöÂ±ËÂõ ñ±SÏ ëÂ±ßÁËîÂ Âó±ËÂõþ ò±¼ ÎüæÃËÂõÌËûþÂõþ ËÂõÒËäÂ ï±ßÁ±Âõþ ¿äÂ «±ü ›¶«±üéÅÂßÅÁ åÃ±ëÂÿ± îÂ±Âõþ Õ±Âõþ ¿ßÁåÅÃ Îòý×ÃÃ¼ ÎùàßÁ ÂõËùËåÃò – “ßÁü±ý×ÃÃ Îû÷ò ßÁËÂõþ ÷±Ñü ÎïÒîÂù±ûþ ÎÂõþ±á-Îú±ßÁ-ðÅÃÐà ÷Åüù÷±Ëò Ûý×ÃÃ äÂ±Âõþ¿éÂËîÂ ¿÷Ëù ÎîÂ÷¿ò ßÁËÂõþ ÎïÒîÂËùËåÃ ÝËßÁ¼”8 ÷±ËûþÂõþ ðÅÃËñÂõþ ÕöÂ±ËÂõ ðÅÃ ÷±ËüÂõþ ¿úqÂõþ ÷ÅËà ÷±ËûþÂõÿ ÎäÂ±ËàÂõþ æÃù ÂóËÂõþ îÂàò ¿úqÂßÁ±i§± ï±¿÷Ëûþ Îüý×ÃÃ Îò±ò± æÃù äÂ±ËéÂ Õ±Âõ±Âõþ ßÒÁ±ËðÃ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ðÃ¿Âõþ^îÂ± ÎïËßÁ ÂõþŽÂ± ÎÂóËîÂ äÒÂ±ðÃüëÂÿËßÁÂõþ ÷Åüù÷±ËòÂõþ± SË÷ ¿àèˆ±ò ÂÂýÃÃËûþ û±¿26ù¼ ÂóÉ±ÒßÁ±ËùÂÝ Îüý×ÃÃ Âóï àÒÅæÃËîÂ ù±áù¼ ÕïÇÍò¿îÂßÁ ðÅÃÂõþÂõ¦š±ý×ÃÃ ÛËðÃÂõþ ñ÷Ç±™LËÂõþÂõþ Â÷Óù ßÁ±Âõþí¼ Î÷æÃËÂõÌ Ý ü÷±ËæÃÂõþ äÂ±ËÂó ÂóËÂõþ “ÛßÁéÅÂ ÛßÁéÅÂ ßÁËÂõþ àèÏˆ±ò’’9 ÂÂýÃÃËûþ ëÂ×êÂù¼ ëÂ×óòÉ±ËüÂõÿ äÂ¿ÂõþS Õ±òü±Âõþ ¿òËæÃÂõþ æÃÏÂõËò Î›¶Ë÷ ›¶îÂÉ±¿ÂýÃÃîÂ ýÃÃËûþ ÎðÃú ÎüÂõ±ûþ Îû±á ¿ðÃËûþËåÃ¼ Âõþn¸¿ÂõËßÁ ò± Âó±Ýûþ±Âõþ ðÅÃÐà Îü ÂöÅÂùËîÂ ÎäÂËûþËåÃ ÕüýÃÃ±ûþ ÷±òÅø¸ËðÃÂõþ öÂ±ùËÂõËü¼ æÃ¿÷ðÃ±Âõþ ËåÃËù ýÃÃËûþÝ Îü Ûý×ÃÃ ÷±¿éÂÂõþ ÷±òÅø¸ËðÃÂõþ Âó±Ëú ÛËüËåÃ îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ ü±ýÃÃ±ûÉ ßÁÂõþËîÂ¼ ýÃÃîÂ ðÃ¿Âõþ^ ßÔÁøžòáËÂõþÂõþ ÷Åüù÷±òËðÃÂõþ ðÃ¿Âõþ^îÂ±Âõþ üÅËû±á ¿òËûþ ý×ÃÃÑËÂõþæÃÂõþ± ¿ßÁöÂ±ËÂõ ñ÷ÇËßÁ ýÃÃ±¿îÂûþ±Âõþ ßÁËÂõþ îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ Îú±ø¸ò ßÁËÂõþËåÃ òæÃÂõþn¸ËùÂõþ Ûý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÂõþ ÷±ñÉË÷ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ îÅÂËù ñËÂõÿËåÃò¼ ÎßÁ±ò ñË÷ÇÂõþ ›¶¿îÂ Õ±ßÁø¸Çí òûþ ¿òîÂ±™L ËÂõÒËäÂ ï±ßÁ±Âõþ æÃòÉ îÂ±Âõþ± ñ÷±Ç™LËÂõþÂõþ Âóï ÎÂõËåÃ ¿òËîÂ Âõ±ñÉ ýÃÃËûþËåÃ¼ ý×ÃÃÑËÂõþæËðÃÂõþ Õ±Ëá îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ ùëÂÿËîÂ ÂýÃÃËûþËåÃ ÷ÔîÅÂÉ Ý ŽÅÂñ±Âõþ üËe¼ ÷ÔîÅÂÉ Õ¿òÂõ±ûÇ ¿ßÁc ÷ÔîÅÂÉÂõþ ¿ÂõÂõþn¸ËX ËÂõÒËäÂ ï±ßÁ±Âõþ Ëû ùëÂÿ±ý×ÃÃ îÂ±Âõþ öÂûþ±òßÁ üîÂÉ¿éÂËßÁ ÞÂóòÉ±¿üßÁ ðÃŽÂ ýÃÃ±ËîÂþ ôÅÂ¿éÂËûþ îÅÂËùËåÃò¼ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü ÕËòßÁ äÂ¿ÂõþSý×ÃÃ ÷ÔîÅÂÉÂõþ ßÁÂõþ±ù ¢¶±ËüÂõþ ßÁÂõËù ÂóËÂõÿËå¼ îÂËÂõ îÂ±Âõþ± ËßÁëÂ× üýÃÃËæÃ Ã÷ÔîÅÂÉËßÁ ÂõÂõþí ßÁËÂõþ¿ò¼ îÂ±Âõþ± îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ ûï±ü±ñÉ ùëÂÿ±ý×ÃÃ ßÁËÂõþËåÃ¼ ÎÂõÒËä ï±ßÁ±Âõþ æÃòÉ ¿òËæÃËðÃÂõþ ÷ËñÉ ûîÂ ùëÂÿ±ý×ÃÃ ßÁÂõþn¸ßÁ ò± ËßÁò, ŽÅÂñ±Âõþ îÂ±ëÂÿò±ûþ ÷ÔîÅÂÉ Õ±üi§ ËæÃËòÝ îÂ±Âõþ± ÛËßÁ ÕÂóËÂõþÂõþ ¿ÂõÂóËðÃ Û¿áËûþ ÛËüËåÃ¼ ñ±SÏ ¿ýÃÃ¿ëÂÿ¥¤±Âõþ üËe Âó±Ò¿äÂÂõþ ÷± ûîÂý×ÃÃ çÂáëÂÿ± ßÁÂõþn¸ßÁ ò± ËßÁò ó±Ò¿äÂÂõþ Õ±îÇÂò±ËðÃ Îü Û¿áËûþ ò± ÛËü Âó±ËÂõþ¿ò¼ ÷Ëò ÂýÃÃËûþËåÃ Â“ñ±SÏ Õ±ü±Âõþ ü±bLò±ý×ÃÃ ÕËñÇßÁ ûLaí± îÂ±ÂÂõþ ßÁ¿÷Ëûþ ¿ðÃËù¼”10 ÎüæÃËÂõÌ ÷ÔîÅÂÉÂõÿ üËeþ ÷ÅËà±÷Å¿à ùëÂÿ±ý×ÃÃ ßÁËÂõþËåÃ¼ ÷ÔîÅÂÉÂõÿ Õ±ËáÂõþ ¿ðÃò ÂóûÇ™L ÎÂõÒËäÂ ï±ßÁ±Âõþ ¦¤›Ÿ ÎðÃËàËåÃ¼ ÷ÔîÅÂÉËßÁ Õ¦¤ÏßÁ±Âõþ ßÁËÂõþ ÎüÂ ÂõËùËåÃ – “ßÁ±ù ÂóûÇ™L Õ±÷±Âõþ ÷Ëò, û¿ðÃ ÛßÁéÅÂ öÂ±ù à±Âõ±Âõþ Âó¿ïÉ ÎÂóîÅÂ÷ -

128  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 òæÃÂõþn¸ËùÂõþ “÷ÔîÅÂÉŽÅÂñ±” ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü îÂ±ýÃÃËù ýÃÃûþËîÂ± ËÂõÒËäÂ ÎûîÅÂ÷¼”11 ÂóÉ±ÒßÁ±ËùÂõþ ÎðÃÝûþ± Ýø¸Åñ îÂ±Âõþ ÷Ëò ú¿MÃÂõþ ü=±Âõþ ßÁËÂõþËåÃ¼ ÎüÂ ÂõËùËåÃ – “Õ±Âõþ ðÅÃËéÂ± ¿ðÃò û¿ðÃ Ýø¸Åñ Âó±ý×ÃÃ Î÷æÃÂõÅÂõÅ, îÂ± ýÃÃËù Õ±üËåÃ - ÷±ü ÎïËßÁý×ÃÃ Õ±¿÷ ÛßÁ± ÛßÁÂõþ±ú ñ±ò öÂ±òËîÂ Âó±ÂõþÂõ¼”12 Âõ±ÒäÂ±Âõþ æÃòÉ îÂÏÂõè ùëÂÿ±ý×ÃÃ ßÁËÂõÿÝ ŽÅÂñ±Âõþ ßÁ±ËåÃ ýÃÃ±Âõþ Î÷ËòËåÃ ðÃ±¿Âõþ^ îÂ±ËßÁ ¿æÃîÂËîÂ ÎðÃûþ¿ò¼ð÷ÔîÅÂÉÂõþ ÷ÅËà ðÃ±Ò¿ëÂÿËû ÎüæÃËÂõÌ ÂõËùËåÃ – “Ý ÷ËÂõþ ÂõÒ±äÅÂßÁ”13 -Îûò ÂõÉËeÂõþ ÷±ñÉË÷ ÷ÔîÅÂÉËßÁ Õ±â±îÂ ßÁËÂõþËåÃ¼ ÎüæÃËÂõÌÂõþ ÷ÔîÅÂÉËîÂ Î÷æÃËÂõÌ ¿Âõ«¿Âõñ±îÂ±Âõþ ¿ÂõÂõþn¸ËX ¿áËûþ ÂõËùËåÃ - “ÕËòßÁ ÎëÂËßÁ¿åÃ Õ±~±, Õ±æÃ Õ±Âõþ ÎîÂ±÷±ûþ ëÂ±ßÁÂõ ò±¼”14 ñ÷Ç±™LËÂõþÂõþ Âóï ÎÂõËåÃ ¿òËîÂ Îü Âõ±ñÉ ÂýÃÃËûþËåÃ¼ ÷ÔîÅÂÉæÃËûþÂõþ ›¶Âõù Õ±ßÁ±º± ÂõþËûþËåÃ îÂ±ËðÃÂõþ¼ Õ±òü±Âõþ ÷ÔîÅÂÉÂõþ ÂóÓËÂõÇ ÂõËùËåÃ - “ÎîÂ±Âõþ± Âó±ýÃÃ±ËëÂÿÂõþ ÷ËîÂ± üÑ¦¨±ËÂõþÂõþ ÂóÂõþ üÑ¦¨±ËÂõþÂõÿ Âó±ïÂõþ äÂ¿ëÂÿËûþ ëÂ×ÒäÅÂ ýÃÃËûþ Õ±¿åÃü, ÎîÂ±Âõþ± ýÃÃûþËîÂ± îÂ±ËßÁý×ÃÃ Âõ¿ùü ÷¿ýÃÃ÷±¼ ¿ßÁc Ü ÷¿ýÃÃ÷±Âõþ ÕäÂù±ûþîÂËò ¿òÐ«±ü ÎÂõþ±ñ ßÁËÂõþ ÎÂõÒËäÂ ï±ßÁ±Âõþ ÷±ûþ± Õ™LîÂ Õ±÷±Âõþ ¿åÃù ò± ÎßÁ±ò¿ðÃò¼ Ý æÏÂõò Õ±÷±Âõþ òûþ¼”15 ÷ÔîÅÂÉÂõþ ëÂ×ÂóÂõþ æÃËûþÂõþ Û÷ò ò¿æÃÂõþ Âõ±Ñù± ü±¿ýÃÃËîÂÉ ÛÂõþ Õ±Ëá ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¿ò¼ Û ¿Âõø¸Ëûþ Îü±ýÃÃÂõþ±Âõ ÎýÃÃ±Ëüò ÂÂõËùËåÃò– “÷ÔîÅÂÉËßÁ ¿ëÂ¿ãÃÃËûþ ÎûËîÂ Âó±ËÂõþ¿ò-ÛßÁü÷ûþ îÂ±Âõþ± ÷ÔîÅÂÉÂõþ ¦¤ÏßÁ±Âõþ ÂýÃÃËîÂ Âõ±ñÉ ÂýÃÃËûþËåÃ - îÂÂõÅÝ Âõ±Ñù± ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±Ëü Âõ±ãÃÃ±¿ù äÂ¿ÂõþËSÂõþ ÷ÔîÅÂÉæÃËûþÂõþ Ûý×ÃÃ Îû ›¶Âõù Õ±ßÁ±º±– ÛËîÂ± òîÅÂò ¿ðÃáË™LÂõþ ëÂ×Ëij±äÂòßÁ±ÂõþÏ ò¿æÃÂõþ, ÂõùËîÂ ýÃÃûþ Âõ±Ñù± ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÂõþ òÂõ ¿ðÃá™L, üÓäÂò± ýÃÃËûþ Îáù Ûà±Ëòý×ÃÃ¼ Õ±Âõþ òîÅÂò ûÅËáÂõþ ÁZ±Âõþ ëÂ×ijÅMÃ ¿û¿ò ßÁÂõþ±Ëùò ¿îÂ¿ò ÕòÉ ÎßÁëÂ× òò - ¦¤ûþÑ ßÁ±¿æÃ òæÃÂõþn¸ù ý×ÃÃüù±÷¼”16 ÂÎ÷æÃËÂõÌËßÁ ›¶ï÷ ÎïËßÁý×ÃÃ Îð¿à ÂóÅÂõþn¸ø¸îÂ±¿LaÃßÁ ¿òûþ÷ßÁ±òÅòËßÁ ÂõÔX±eÅ‡Â ËðÃà±ËîÂ ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ ÷Åüù÷±òËðÃÂõÿ ü÷±Ëæ ¿ýÃÃµÅËðÃÂõþ ÷ËîÂ± ßÁëÂÿ±ßÁ¿ëÂÿ ò± ï±ßÁËùÝ ü÷±æÃ ¿ÂõñÂõ±ËðÃÂõþ ÂóÅËÂõþ±ÂóÅ¿Âõþ ¦¤±ñÏòîÂ± Î÷Ëò ¿òËîÂ Âó±ËÂõþ¿ò¼ ÎùàßÁ ÂõËùËåÃò– “¿ÂõñÂõ± Îü îÂÂõÅÝ Âó±ò ÎîÂ± à±ûþý×ÃÃ , ðÅÃ ÛßÁ¿ðÃò äÅÂ¿ÂëÂÿÝ ÂóËÂõþ- Âõþ¿eò ÎÂõþú¿÷ äÅÂ¿ëÂÿ Õ±Âõ±Âõþ îÂ±Âõþ ÂóËÂõþÂõþ ¿ðÃòý×ÃÃ ÎöÂËãÃÃ ÎðÃûþ¼ ßÁ±ÂóëÂÿéÂ±Ý îÂ±Âõþ ÂóÂõþÂõ±Âõþ ìÂÑ ÛßÁéÅÂ ÎàËÂõþ™¦±òÏ ñÂõþËòÂõþ¼ ¿üÒ¿ïéÂ± Îü Îü±æÃ±ý×ÃÃ ßÁ±ËéÂ ÂÂýÃÃûþîÂ, Î÷ËûþÂõþ± ¿ßÁc ÂõËù Ý ÂõÒ±ßÁ± ¿ü¿ñ ßÁ±ËéÂ¼ Îà±ÒÂó±ûÿ îÂ±Âõþ ÷±ËçÂ ÷±ËçÂ áÒ±ðÃ± Ý ÎðÃ±Âó±¿éÂ ôÅÂËùÂõþ &26 ÎðÃà± û±ûþ¼ ýÃÃ±¿ü îÂ ÎùËáý×ÃÃ Õ±ËåÃ ÎêÒÂ±ËéÂ, îÂ±Âõþ ëÂ×ÂóÂõþ ¿ðÃòÂõþ±îÂ &ò &ò ßÁËÂõþ á±ò¼”17 Î÷æÃËÂõÌ ü¥óËßÁÇ Ûý×ÃÃ ¿ÂõËú¡ø¸í ÂõÅ¿çÂËûþ ÎðÃûþ Îû ÂóÅÂõþn¸Ëø¸Âõþ ÆîÂ¿Âõþ ¿òûþ÷ Îü ÷±Ëò ò±¼ ¿òËæÃÂõþ ÷ËîÂ± ßÁËÂõþ Âõ±ÒäÂËîÂ äÂ±ûþ Îü¼ ÂóÅÂõþn¸ø¸ËðÃÂõþ ÆîÂ¿Âõþ á¿G ÎïËßÁ ÎÂõ¿ÂõþËûþ ¿òæÃ¦¤ ÛßÁ¿éÂ Âó¿ÂõþäÂûþ áËëÂÿ îÅÂËùËåÃ Îü û± ÞÂó¿òËÂõ¿úßÁ öÂ±ÂõþËîÂ ¿ò¥§¿ÂõMÃÃ Ûý×ÃÃ ü÷±ËæÃ ¦¤ÏßÔÁîÂ òûþ¼ ÞÂó¿òËÂõ¿úßÁ Âõ±Ñù±Âõþ ò±ÂõþÏ ÎäÂîÂò±Âõþ ÛßÁ¿éÂ ›¶ßÔÁ©† ëÂ×ðÃ±ýÃÃÂõþí Îü¼ ü÷±ËæÂõþ ¿òûþË÷Âõþ ¿ÂõÂõþn¸ËX îÂÏÂõè ¿Âõ^n¸Âó ßÁËÂõþ Îü ÂõËù– “Õ±¿÷ Îû ¿ÂõñÂõ± , Îü â± îÂ Û Âó±îÂù± ßÁ±ÂóËëÂÿ ìÂ±ßÁ± ÂóÂõþËÂõ ò±¼”18 îÂ±Âõþ ›¶¿îÂÂõ±ðÃ ñÂõþ± ÂóËÂõþ îÂ±Âõþ á±ËòÂõþ üÅËÂõþ¼ ü™L±ËòÂõþ æÃòÉ ÂóÅòÂõþ±ûþ ñ÷Ç Âó¿ÂõþÂõîÇÂò ßÁÂõÿËîÂ ¿ÁZñ± ßÁËÂõþ¿ò¼ Îü ÂõËùËåÃ–“Õ±¿÷ îÂ Ë÷÷ü±ËýÃÃÂõ ýÃÃËîÂ Õ±¿ü¿ò öÂ±ý×ÃÃ ÷±òÅø¸ ýÃÃËîÂ ÛËü¿åÃù±÷¼ Õ±Ëù± Âõ±îÂ±ü ›¶±ËíÂõþ ÂõëÂ ÕöÂ±Âõ Õ±÷±ËðÃÂõþ ü÷±ËæÃ, îÂ±ý×ÃÃ àÒ±äÂ±Âõþ Âó±¿àÂõþ ÷îÂ ¿úßÁ¿ù ÎßÁËéÂ ÎÂõ¿ÂõþËûþÂ ÂóËÂõþ¿åÃùÅ÷¼”19 Õ±òü±Âõþ ðÅÃÐ¦š ¿òÂóÂÏ¿ëÂÿîÂ ÷±òÅø¸ËðÃÂõþ ýÃÃËûþ ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃ ßÁËÂõþËåÃ¼ ¿òÂóÂÏ¿ëÂÿîÂ ÷±òÅø¸ËðÃÂõþ ÷Ëò ¿ÂõË^±ËýÃÃÂõþ Õ±&ò åÃ¿ëÂÿËûþ ¿ðÃËîÂ ÎäÂËûþËåÃ - “Îû ÎðÃËúÂõþ ÷±ï±&Ëù± Îò±ûþ±ËîÂ Îò±ûþ±ËîÂ ÛËßÁÂõ±ËÂõþ Âó±ËûþÂõþ ßÁ±ËåÃ ÛËü ÎêÂËßÁËå, Îü ÎðÃËúÂõþ ðÅÃ ÛßÁ¿éÂ ÷±ï± û¿ðÃ à±ëÂÿ± ÂýÃÃËûþ ÎïËßÁ îÂ±Âõþ ÞXËîÂÉÂõþ ú±¿™¦ Ã¦¤Âõþn¸Âó à±ëÂÿ±Âõþ â±-ý×ÃÃ ù±öÂ ßÁËÂõþ îÂ±

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  129 ðÃÏÂó±¿i¤îÂ± Õ±äÂ±ûÇÉ ÂýÃÃËù ÎýÒÃÃéÂ ÷±ï± &Ëù± ÕËòßÁà±¿ò ù7ÁÁÂ± ßÁË÷ û±ËÂõ ÷Ëò ßÁ¿Âõþ¼”20 Îû Âõþn¸¿ÂõËßÁ ò± ÎÂóËûþ Õ±òü±Âõþ Ûý×ÃÃ Âóï ÎÂõËåÃ ¿òËûþ¿åÃù Îüý×ÃÃ Âõþn¸¿Âõ ¿ßÁc ¦¤±÷ÏÂõþ ÷ÔîÂÅÉÂõþ ÂóÂõþ ¿ýÃÃµÅ ÂõþÏ¿îÂ ÕòÅû±ûþÏ ÆÂõñËÂõÉÂõþ ¿òÂõþ±öÂÂõþí Âõþn¸ŽÂ Âõþ+Âó ÎÂõËåÃ ¿òËûþ¿åÃù¼ ¿ßÁc Ûý×ÃÃ Âõþ+Âó Îûò îÂ±ËßÁ ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃÏ ßÁËÂõþ îÅÂËùËåÃ îÂ±Âõþ öÂ±ùÂõ±ü±Âõþ ›¶¿îÂ¼ Îü ÂõËùËåÃ -“îÅÂ¿÷ qñÅ ÛÂõþ ¿ò‡ÂÅÂõþ ¿ðÃßÁéÂ±ý×ÃÃ ÎðÃàËù· Îû ¿ò‡ÂÅÂõþ ßÁËÂõþ îÅÂËùËåÃ Õ±÷±ûþ îÂ±ËßÁ ÎðÃàËù ò±¼”21 ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÂõþ üßÁù äÂ¿ÂõþSý×ÃÃ ›¶¿îÂÂõ±ðÏ¼ ÞÂó¿òËÂõ¿úßÁ öÂ±ÂõþËîÂ ÷±òÅËø¸Âõþ ÷ËñÉ Ûý×ÃÃ ›¶¿îÂÂõ±ð ÎæÃËá ëÂ×êÂËùÝ ßÁ±ÂõþÝ ÂóËŽÂ ÛÂõþ ¿ÂõÂõþn¸ËX îÂÏÂõè ¿ÂõËÂõþ±ñ ßÁÂõþ± üÂõü÷ûþ üyÂõ ýÃÃîÂ ò±¼ ¿ßÁc Ûý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÂõþ äÂ¿ÂõþS&Ëù± Îû÷ò ÷ÔîÅÂÉËßÁ æÃûþ ßÁÂõþ±Âõþ æÃòÉ ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃ ßÁËÂõÿËå ÎîÂ÷¿ò ü÷±ËæÃ ÎïËßÁ ü÷±ËæÂõþ ¿ÂõËÂõþ±¿ñîÂ± ßÁËÂõþËåÃ ÛÂõþ±¼ ÷ÔîÅÂÉ Âõ± ÂóÂõþ±ñÏòîÂ±ËßÁ Î¦¤26±ûþ ÎÂõËåÃ Îòûþ¿ò¼ ÷Âõþí ÎÂó¿ÂõþËûþ îÂ±Âõþ± æÃÏÂõòËßÁ ÂõÂõþí ßÁÂõþËîÂ ÎäÂËûþËåÃ Õ±Âõþ Ûà±Ëòý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ËêÂ ÛËüËåÃ ›¶¿îÂËÂõðÃò¼

5.0  òæÃÂõþn¸ù îÒÂ±Âõþ Îùà±Âõþ ÷±ñÉË÷ ÎßÁÂõù ú±üòÂõÉÂõ¦š±Âõþ ¿ÂõÂõþn¸ËX ¿ÂõË^±ýÃ ßÁËÂõþò¿ò, Ûý×ÃÃ ›¶¿îÂÂõ±ð ¿òËæÃÂõþ üËe, Ûý×ÃÃ ›¶¿îÂÂõ±ð Ãü÷±ËæÂõþ ÂõýÃÃ÷±ò, Ãü÷±ËæÂõÿ äÂ±¿ÂóËûþ ÎðÃÝûþ± ¿ßÁåÅÃ ¿òûþË÷Âõþ ¿ÂõÂõþn¸ËX¼ ¿îÂ¿ò ÎäÂËûþ¿åÃËùò ü÷±ËæÂõþ üßÁù Î|¿íÂõþ ÷±òÅø¸ Îûò ðÃÏ5 ßÁËF ù±>ò± ÕÂõ÷±òò±Âõþ ¿ÂõÂõþn¸ËX ùëÂÿ±ý×ÃÃ ßÁËÂõþ û±ûþ¼ ÎûËýÃÃîÅÂ ¿îÂ¿ò ÞÂó¿òËÂõ¿úßÁ ßÁ±ËùÂõþ ÎùàßÁ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ËüÂõþ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ äÂ¿ÂõþËSÂõþ ÷ËñÉ Ãü÷±ËæÂõþ Îüý×ÃÃ ÂõþŽÂíúÏùîÂ±Âõþ ›¶öÂ±Âõ Âó¿Âõþù¿ŽÂîÂ ýÃÃûþ¼ Îüý×ÃÃ ÂõþŽÂíúÏùîÂ±Âõþ ¿ÂõÂõþn¸ËX ›¶±Ë™LÂõþ Îüý×ÃÃ ÷±òÅø¸&Ëù±Âõþ åÃ¿Âõ Õ±Âõþ ÂóÅÂõþn¸ø¸ú±¿üîÂ ü÷±Ëæ ò±ÂõþÏÂõþ Âõþ+Âó¿éÂ ôÅÂ¿éÂËûþ ÎîÂ±ù±Âõþ ›¶ûþ±ü ßÁÂõþ± ýÃÃËûþËåÃ Ûý×ÃÃ Õ±Ëù±äÂò±ûþ¼

 Ã 1. öÂA±äÂ±ûÇ, îÂËÂó±ñÏÂõþ, ‘›¶îÂÏËäÂÉÂõþ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ îÂN’, Õ÷ÔîÂËù±ßÁ ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ Âó¿Âõþø¸ðÃ, ¿ÁZîÂÏûþ Âó¿ÂõþÂõ¿ñÇîÂ üÑ¦¨Âõþí, ÎôÂÂõèn¸ûþ±¿Âõþ 2002, ßÁùßÁ±îÂ± 9, ÂóÔÐ 125 2. îÂËðÃÂõ, ÂóÔÐ 126 3. Îý±Ëüò ÎÂõþ±ËßÁûþ± ü±àÝûþ±îÂ, ‘ÕùÑßÁ±Âõþ ò± Badge of slavery’,‘Âõ±ãÃÃ±¿ù Î÷ËûþÂõþ ÃÃöÂ±Âõò±÷ÓùßÁ áðÃÉ’ – ëÂ×¿òú úîÂßÁ” üÅîÂÂó± öÂA±äÂ±ûÇ, (ü¥ó±.) ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ ÛßÁ±ËðÃ÷Ï Âó=÷ ÷Å^í 2014, òîÅÂò ¿ðÃ¿~, ÂóÔÐ 46 4. ú±™L± ÎðÃÂõÏ, ’¦aÏËù±ËßÁÂõþ Õ¿ñßÁ±Âõþ’, ‘ õ±ãÃÃ±¿ù Î÷ËûþÂõþ ÃÃöÂ±Âõò±÷ÓùßÁ áðÃÉ’– ëÂ×¿òú úîÂß’ üÅîÂÂó± öÂA±äÂ±ûÇ, (ü¥ó±.), ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ ÛßÁ±ËðÃ÷Ï Âó=÷ ÷Å^í 2014, òîÅÂò ¿ðÃ¿~, ÂóÔÐ 89 5. ý×ÃÃüù±÷, òæÃÂõþn¸ù, ‘òæÃÂõþnË¸ùÂõþ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü ü÷¢¶’ òæÃÂõþn¸ù ý×ÃÃ¿k¿éÂëÂ×éÂ, ðÃú÷ ÷Å^í, æÃ±òÅûþ±¿Âõ 2015, ìÂ±ßÁ±, ÂóÔÐ 131 6. îÂËðÃÂõ, ÂÂóÔÐ 128 7. îÂËðÃÂõ, ÂÂóÔÐ 135 8. îÂËðÃÂõ, ÂóÔÐ 134 9. îÂËðÃÂõ, ÂóÔÐ 144 10. îÂËðÃÂõ, ÂÂóÔÐ 136 11. îÂËðÃÂõ, ÂóÔÐ 163

130  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 òæÃÂõþn¸ËùÂõþ “÷ÔîÅÂÉŽÅÂñ±” ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü 12. îÂËðÃÂõ, ÂóÔÐ 138 13. îÂËðÃÂõ, ÂÂóÔÐ 164 14. îÂËðÃÂõ, ÂóÔÐ 164 15. îÂËðÃÂõ, ÂóÔÐ 225¼ 16. Îý±ËüòÃÃ, Îü±ýÃÃÂõþ±Âõ, ‘ÞÂóòÉ±¿üßÁ òæÃÂõþn¸ù, òîÅÂò ûÅá üÔ¿©†Âõÿ ›¶ûþ±ü’, ’¿ÂÂõ«Âó¿ïßÁ òæÃÂõþn¸ù’, ÍúËùò ÂýÃÃ±ùðÃ±Âõþ Ý ÎðÃÂõ±¿úü ÂõüÅ (ü¥ó±.) ÎðÃ Âó±Âõ¿ùú±üÇ, ›¶ï÷ ›¶ßÁ±ú ÎüË›I×¥¤Âõþ 2012, ßÁùßÁ±îÂ± 9,ðÂóÔÐ 392 17. ý×ÃÃüù±÷, òæÃÂõþn¸ù, ‘òæÃÂõþnË¸ùÂõþ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü ü÷¢¶’ òæÃÂõþn¸ù ý×ÃÃ¿k¿éÂëÂ×éÂ, ðÃú÷ ÷Å^í, æÃ±òÅûþ±¿Âõ 2015, ìÂ±ßÁ±, óÔÐ 145 ¼ 18. îÂËðÃÂõ, ÂóÔÐ 149 19. îÂËðÃÂõ, ÂóÔÐ 210 20. îÂËðÃÂõ, ÂÂóÔÐ 176 21. îÂËðÃÂõ, ÂÂóÔÐ 181

Manuscript received on 20/04/2018 Reviewed Paper received on 15/08/2018 Revised Paper received on 18/08/2018 Research Paper accepted on 24/08/2018

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  131 PRAG CONSILIENCE: ISSN 2456-6861, RNI No. ASSMUL/2016/70132 A Multi-lingual Peer-reviewed Annual Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Commerce Vol. 3, No. 1 (2018), pp. 132-139

¸ÉÒ¨ÉÆiÉ ¶ÉÆÆEò®únäù´É EòÒ ®úSÉxÉÉ+Éå ¨Éå ®úÉ¨É RAM IN THE WORKS OF SRIMANTA SANKARADEVA {ÉÖ®ú¤ÉÒ EòÊ±ÉiÉÉ*

Abstract: Srimanta Sankaradeva is the person who started Neo- Vaisnav movement in Assam. For propagation of religion he created a lot of literatures. His main aim was to propagate religion. To know Indian culture and civilization, everybody has to study Ramayana. Ramayana had translated into various vernacular languages in different times. For the first time, Madhava Kandali translated Saptakanda Ramayana into Assamese language. Due to loss of two volumes, Sankaradva rewrote the last volume and his chief disciple Madhadeva wrote the first volume of Kandali Ramayana. In Uttarakanda, it is described how Ram with Laxman and Sita returned from Lanka to Ayodhya accompanied by Banar Sena. In that part Sankaradeva recognized Ram as a God. Sankaradeva also wrote a play based on Ram. The name of the play is “Ram Vijoy”. Here he established Ram as a God and according to him, Ram came to the earth as a human being. Keywords: Ramayana, Bhakti, Ram, Sankaradeva

1. |ÉºiÉÉ´ÉxÉÉ ¸ÉÒ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É xÉ´É-´Éè¹hÉ´É vÉ¨ÉÇ Eäò |É´ÉiÉÇEò ½éþ* =x½þÉåxÉä Ê´ÉÊ¦ÉzÉ ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ ®úSÉxÉÉ Eäò uùÉ®úÉ vÉ¨ÉÇ |ÉSÉÉ®ú Eäò ºÉÉlÉ ºÉÉlÉ ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ VÉÒ´ÉxÉ EòÉä ºÉÖvÉÉ®úxÉä EòÉ |ÉªÉÉºÉ ÊEòªÉÉ* ¦ÉÉ®úiÉÒªÉ ºÉ¦ªÉiÉÉ ºÉÆºEÞòÊiÉ EòÉä VÉÉxÉxÉä Eäò Ê±ÉB |ÉiªÉäEò

* Research Scholar, Department of Hindi, Assam University, Silchar, E-mail: [email protected]

132  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 ¸ÉÒ¨ÉÆiÉ ¶ÉÆÆEò®únäù´É EòÒ ®úSÉxÉÉ+Éå ¨Éå ®úÉ¨É Ê¶ÉÊIÉiÉ ¦ÉÉ®úiÉÒªÉ xÉÉMÉÊ®úEò EòÉä ®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉ EòÉ +vªÉªÉxÉ Eò®úxÉÉ +É´É¶ªÉEò ½èþ* Ê´ÉÊ¦ÉzÉ ºÉ¨ÉªÉ {É®ú Ê´ÉÊ¦ÉzÉ |ÉÉnäùÊ¶ÉEò ¦ÉÉ¹ÉÉ+Éå ¨Éå ®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉ +xÉÖ´ÉÉnù ½Öþ+É ½èþ* +ºÉÊ¨ÉªÉÉ ¦ÉÉ¹ÉÉ ¨Éå ¦ÉÒ ºÉ´ÉÇ|ÉlÉ¨É ¨ÉÉvÉ´É Eòxnù±ÉÒ VÉÒ xÉä ºÉ{iÉEòÉhb÷ ®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉ EòÉ +xÉÖ´ÉÉnù ÊEòªÉÉ* ±ÉäÊEòxÉ nùÉä EòÉhb÷ ±ÉÖ{iÉ ½þÉä VÉÉxÉä Eäò EòÉ®úhÉ ¸ÉÒ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É xÉä =kÉ®úÉEòÉhb÷ +Éè®ú =xÉEäò Ê|ÉªÉ Ê¶É¹ªÉ ¸ÉÒ ¨ÉÉvÉ´Énäù´É xÉä +ÉÊnùEòÉhb÷ ®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉ ®úSÉxÉÉ Eò®úEäò ºÉ¨{ÉÚhÉÇ ÊEòªÉÉ* <ºÉEäò +±ÉÉ´ÉÉ ¸ÉÒ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É xÉä ®úÉ¨É Eäò SÉÊ®újÉ Eäò >ð{É®ú '®úÉ¨É Ê´ÉVÉªÉ' xÉÉ¨ÉEò BEò xÉÉ]õEò ¦ÉÒ Ê±ÉJÉÉ ½èþ* ¤Ò®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉÓ BEò ºÉ´ÉÇ¸Éä¹`ö ¨É½þÉEòÉ´ªÉ ½èþ* ¨É½þÉEòÊ´É ´ÉÉ±¨ÉÒEòÒ xÉä Ò®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉÓ ¨É½þÉEòÉ´ªÉ ·¤è ®úSÉxÉÉ ÊEòªÉÉ lÉÉ* ´ÉÉ±¨ÉÒEòÒ ®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉ ¨Éå ®úÉ¨É EòÉä BEò ¨É½þÉxÉ ´ªÉÊHò iÉlÉÉ ¨É½þÉ¨ÉÉxÉ´É Eäò ¯û{É ¨Éå +ÆÊEòiÉ ÊEòªÉÉ ½éþ* ´ÉÉ±¨ÉÒEòÒ ®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉ ¨Éå ®úÉ¨É EòÉä <ºÉ |ÉEòÉ®ú ÊSÉjÉhÉ ÊEòªÉÉ ½èþ-- “ ®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉ ®úÉ¨É- ¦ÉpùÉªÉ ®úÉ¨ÉSÉxpùÉªÉ ´ÉävÉºÉä* ®úPÉÖxÉÉlÉÉªÉ xÉÉlÉÉªÉ ºÉÒiÉÉªÉÉ& {ÉiÉªÉä xÉ¨É&** ®úÉ¨É ®úÉ¨ÉÉxÉÖVÉÆ ºÉÒiÉÉ ¦É®úiÉÆ ¦Éú®úiÉÉxÉÖVÉ¨ÉÂ* ´Éänù´Éätä {É®äú {ÉÖÆÖÊºÉ VÉÉiÉä nù¶É®úlÉÉi¨ÉVÉä* ´Éänù& ù |ÉÉSÉäiÉ ºÉnùÉºÉÒiÉÂ. ºÉÉIÉÉnù ®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉÉi¨ÉxÉÉ**”1 <ºÉ¨Éå Eò½þÉ MÉªÉÉ ½èþ ÊEò “´Éänù ´Éät {É®ú¨É {ÉÖ¯û¹ÉÉäkÉ¨É Eäò nù¶É®úlÉ xÉxnùxÉ ¸ÉÒ®úÉ¨É Eäò ¯û{É ¨Éå +´ÉiÉÒhÉÇ ½þÉäxÉä {É®ú ºÉÉIÉÉiÉÂ ´Éänù ½þÒ ¸ÉÒ ´ÉÉ±¨ÉÒEòÒ Eäò ¨ÉÖJÉºÉä ¸ÉÒ ®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉ ¯û{É¨Éå |ÉEò]õ ½ÖþB* BäºÉÒ +ÉÎºiÉEòÉå EòÉä ÊSÉ®úEòÉ±É ºÉä ¨ÉÉxªÉiÉÉ ½èþ* <ºÉÊ±ÉB ¸ÉÒ¨Énù ´ÉÉ±¨ÉÒEòÒªÉ ®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉ EòÒ ´Éänù iÉÖ±ªÉ ½þÒ |ÉÊiÉ¹`öÉ ½èþ*”2 Ê½þxnùÒ ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ Eäò ¨ÉÊHòEòÉ±É ¨Éå iÉÖ±ÉºÉÒnùÉºÉ xÉä Öè ®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉ ¨É½þÉEòÉ´ªÉ ·¤è ®úSÉxÉÉ ÊEòªÉÉ lÉÉ* ±ÉäÊEòxÉ iÉÖ±ÉºÉÒnùÉºÉ ®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉ ¨Éå ®úÉ¨É EòÉä ¦ÉMÉ´ÉÉxÉ EòÉ +´ÉiÉÉ®ú ¨ÉÉxÉÉ ½èþ* Ê`öEò =ºÉÒ iÉ®ú½þ ¸ÉÒ¨ÉÆiÉ ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É xÉä ¦ÉÒ ®úÉ¨É EòÉä <Ç·É®ú ¨ÉÉxÉÉ ãñU*

2.¶ÉÉävÉ EòÉ =räù¶ªÉ |ÉºiÉÖiÉ ¶ÉÉävÉ |É¤ÉxvÉ EòÉ ¨ÉÖJªÉ =qä¶ªÉ ¸ÉÒ¨ÉÆiÉ ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É EòÒ ®úSÉxÉÉ+Éå ¨Éå ®úÉ¨É ¦ÉÊHò Eäò |ÉºÉÉ®ú EòÉä ®äúJÉÉÆÊEòiÉ Eò®úxÉÉ ½èþ*

3. ¶ÉÉävÉ {ÉrùÊiÉ ªÉ½þ ¶ÉÉävÉEòÉªÉÇ Ê´É´ÉäSÉxÉÉi¨ÉEò +Éè®ú ´ªÉÉJªÉÉi¨ÉEò ½þÉäMÉÉ* ={É±É¤vÉ {ÉÖºiÉEòÉå EòÒ ºÉ½þÉªÉiÉÉ ºÉä <ºÉ EòÉªÉÇ EòÉä {ÉÖ®úÉ ÊEòªÉÉ VÉÉØðMÉÉ*

4. çßáØ Âýßðàæ 4.1 =kÉ®úÉEòÉhb÷ ®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉ =kÉ®úÉEòÉhb÷ ¨Éå ºÉÒiÉÉ, ±ÉI¨ÉhÉ +Éè®ú ºÉ¨ÉºiÉ ´ÉÉxÉ®úºÉäxÉÉ ºÉÊ½þiÉ ®úÉ¨É +ªÉÉävªÉÉ ´ÉÉ{ÉºÉ +ÉxÉä ºÉä ±ÉäEò®ú ®úÉ¨É Eäò

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  133 {ÉÖ®ú¤ÉÒ EòÊ±ÉiÉÉ º´ÉMÉÇªÉÉjÉÉ iÉEò EòÉ ´ÉhÉÇxÉ ½èþ* ªÉ½þÉÄ ¸ÉÒ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É xÉä nù¶É®úlÉ {ÉÖjÉ ®úÉ¨É EòÉä <Ç·É®ú EòÉ BEò °ü{É ¨ÉÉxÉÉ ½èþ* +lÉÉÇiÉÂ ‘=xÉEòÉ =qäù¶ªÉ ½èþ ÊEò ±ÉÉäMÉÉå Eäò ¤ÉÒSÉ ¦ÉMÉ´ÉiÉÂ |Éä¨É-¦ÉÊHò EòÉ |ÉSÉÉ®ú Eò®úxÉÉ*’3 =x½þÉäxÉå =kÉ®úÉEòÉhb÷ ®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉ ®SÉxÉÉ EòÉ ´ÉhÉÇxÉ Eò®úiÉä ºÉ¨ÉªÉ Ê±ÉJÉÉ ½èþ-

“VÉªÉ VÉªÉ VÉMÉiÉ VÉxÉEò ¸ÉÒ®úÉ¨É* +vÉ¨É =rù´Éä ªÉÉ®ú ±Éè±Éä MÉÖhÉ xÉÉ¨É** ªÉÉEò ºÉÖ¨É®úhÉä iÉÊ®ú nÚùPÉÉæ®ú ºÉÆºÉÉ®ú Eò®úÉä ½äþxÉ ®úÉ¨É®ú SÉ®úhÉä xÉ¨É¹EòÉ®ú**”4 +lÉÉÇiÉ, ½äþ, VÉMÉiÉ Eäò <Ç·É®ú ®úÉ¨É, iÉÖ¨½þÉ®úÒ VÉªÉ ½þÉä, ªÉä +vÉ¨É iÉÖ¨½þÉ®úÉ xÉÉ¨É ±ÉäiÉÉ ½ÚÄþ* ÊVÉºÉEòÒ º¨É®úhÉ ºÉä <ºÉ VÉMÉiÉ EòÉ nÖù&JÉ nÚù®ú ½þÉäiÉÉ ½èþ, ¨Éé =ºÉEäò SÉ®úúhÉÉå ¨Éå |ÉhÉÉ¨É Eò®úiÉÉ ½ÚÄþ* ¸ÉÒ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É xÉä ºÉÉvÉÖMÉxÉ EòÉä ºÉ¨¤ÉÉäÊvÉiÉ Eò®úiÉä ½ÖþB =kÉ®úÉEòÉhb÷ ®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉ Eäò |ÉÉ®Æú¦É ¨Éå Ê±ÉJÉÉ ½èþ- “¶ÉÖÊxÉªÉÉäEò ¤ÉÉävÉ±ÉÉäEò ÊxÉxnùÉ xÉEòÊ®ú´ÉÉ ¨ÉÉäEò +É¨ÉÉ®ú +ªÉÉäMªÉ <]õÉä Eò¨ÉÇ iÉÖÊ¨ÉºÉ´É ¨É½þÉMÉÖhÉÒ ®úÉ¨É®ú SÉÊ®újÉ¶ÉÖÊxÉ EòÊ®úªÉÉå ¨ÉxÉiÉ ¨É½þÉ®úÊiÉ* EòÊ±ÉiÉ {É®ú¨É vÉ¨ÉÇ xÉÉÊ½þ ®úÉ¨É xÉÉ¨É ºÉ¨É +ÉEò xÉ±Éè ªÉÉªÉ +vÉÉäMÉÊiÉ*”5 +lÉÉÇiÉ, ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É Eò½þiÉä ãñ´U ÊEò ªÉtÊ{É ¨Éé ½þÊ®úMÉÖhÉ SÉÊ®újÉ EòÒ ´ªÉÉJªÉÉ Eò®úxÉä ªÉÉäMªÉ xÉ½þè´ ãê¡Uþ, iÉlÉÉÊ{É ½äþ ºÉÉvÉÖVÉxÉ +É{É ¨Éä®úÒ ÊxÉxnùÉ xÉ EòÒÊVÉB, ½äþ, ºÉÉvÉÖVÉxÉ, +É{É ®úÉ¨É xÉÉ¨É ¨Éå +{ÉxÉä EòÉä Ê´É±ÉÒxÉ EòÒÊVÉB* €Øæð´ç·¤ EòÊ±ÉªÉÖMÉ ¨Éå ®úÉ¨É xÉÉ¨É ½þÒ ¸Éä¹`öö ½èþ* ®úÉ¨É xÉÉ¨É ½þÒ <ºÉ ºÉÆºÉÉ®ú ºÉä ¨ÉÖÊHò |ÉÉÎ{iÉ EòÉ ={ÉÉªÉ ½èþ* ªÉ½þÉÄ ®úÉ¨É Eäò SÉÊ®újÉ EòÉä ¨ÉÉäIÉ EòÉ ¨ÉÉvªÉ¨É ¨ÉÉxÉÉ MÉªÉÉ +Éè®ú ®úÉ¨É EòÉä {É®ú¨É ¶ÉÊHò Eäò °ü{É ¨Éå º´ÉÒEòÉ®ú ÊEòªÉÉ MÉªÉÉ* ®úÉ¨É EòÉ xÉÉ¨É =SSÉÉ®úhÉ ¨ÉÉjÉ ºÉä {ÉÉ{É nÚù®ú ½þÉäxÉä´ÉÉ±Éè ¤ÉÉiÉÉå ºÉä ªÉ½þ ºÉÉÊ¤ÉiÉ ½þÉä VÉÉiÉÉ ½èþ ÊEò ®úÉ¨É ¨Éå ÊEòiÉxÉÒ ¶ÉÊHò +Éè®ú iÉÉˆÂªÉÇ ½èþ* +iÉ& ®úÉ¨É VÉÒ´ÉxÉ =rùÉ®úú Eò®úxÉä´ÉÉ±Éä EòÉ®úEò VÉèºÉÉ ½èþ* +ÉVÉ ¦ÉÒ ±ÉÉäMÉÉåä Eäò ¾þnùªÉ ¨Éå ®úÉ¨É Eäò |ÉÊiÉ ´É½þÒ vªÉÉxÉ +Éè®ú vÉÉ®úhÉÉBÄ ãñ´U, VÉÉä vÉÉ®úhÉÉBÄ ¨É½þÉEòÉ´ªÉ ªÉÖMÉ ¨Éå ®ú½þÉ lÉÉ* =kÉ®úÉEòÉhb÷ Eäò Ê´ÉÊ¦ÉzÉ ºlÉÉxÉÉå ¨Éå ®úÉ¨É xÉÉ¨É EòÉ ½þÒ ¨É½þi´É ÊnùJÉÉªÉÉ ½èþ* CªÉÉåÊEò <ºÉ EòÉhb÷ ¨Éå +xÉäEò ¤ÉÉ®ú nù¶É®úlÉ {ÉÖjÉ ®úÉ¨É EòÉä {É®ú¨É {ÉÖ¯û¹É Eäò °ü{É ¨Éå ´ÉhÉÇxÉ ÊEòªÉÉ MÉªÉÉ ½èþ* ®úÉ¨É Eäò º´ÉMÉÇªÉÉjÉÉ Eäò ºÉ¨ÉªÉ ¥ÉÀnäù´É xÉä ÊjÉ¦ÉÖ´ÉxÉ EòÉ {ÉÊiÉ Eò½þEò®ú Eò½þÉ ½èþ- “iÉÖÊ¨É ÊjÉ¦ÉÚ´ÉxÉ {ÉÊiÉ VÉMÉiÉ®äú MÉÊiÉ* iÉÖÊ¨ÉºÉä +ÊSÉxiªÉMÉÖhÉ +xÉxiÉ ¶ÉÊHò** |ÉEÞòÊiÉiÉ +xiÉ®ú {É®ú¨É iÉÖÊ¨É iÉi´É* +ÉÊnù +xiÉ xÉVÉÉÊxÉªÉ iÉÉä¨ÉÉ®ú ¨É½þi´É**

134  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 ¸ÉÒ¨ÉÆiÉ ¶ÉÆÆEò®únäù´É EòÒ ®úSÉxÉÉ+Éå ¨Éå ®úÉ¨É ¦ÉÖÊ¨É ¦ÉÉ®ú ½þ®úÉ ¤ÉÉ®äú ¤ÉÉ®äú +´ÉiÉÊ®ú* nÖù¹]õEò nùÎxnùªÉÉ ¨É½þxiÉEò ®úIÉÉ EòÊ®ú** iÉÖÊ¨ÉÊºÉ <Ç·É®ú ºÉÖ®úÉºÉÖ®äú Eò®äú ºÉä´É* +ÆiÉiÉ iÉÖÊ¨ÉºÉä lÉÉEòÉ xÉÉlÉÉEòªÉ Eäò´É**”6 +lÉÉÇiÉ, ½äþ, ®úÉ¨É iÉÖ¨É ÊjÉ¦ÉÚ´ÉxÉ Eäò {ÉÊiÉ, VÉMÉiÉ Eäò ºÉÞÎ¹]õ EòÉ ¨ÉÚ±É ½þÉä* iÉÖ¨½þÉ®úÉ +ÉÊnù +ÆiÉ º´ÉM¤{É ºÉ¤ÉEäò ºÉ¨ÉZÉ Eäò ¤ÉÉ½þ®ú ½èþ* iÉÖ¨ÉxÉä ¤ÉÉ®ú ¤ÉÉ®ú +´ÉiÉÉ®ú ±ÉäEò®ú nÖù¹]õÉåõ EòÉä nùhb÷ ÊnùªÉÉ ½èþ * ºÉÉlÉ ½þÒ ºÉÉvÉÖVÉxÉ ·¤è ®úIÉÉ EòÒ ½èþ* iÉÖ¨É {É®ú¨É <Ç·É®ú ½þÉä* <ºÉÊ±ÉB ºÉ¤ÉEäò {ÉÚVÉxÉÒªÉ ½þÉä * ªÉ½þÉÄ ®úÉ¨É EòÉä ºÉ¤ÉEòÉ {ÉÚVÉxÉÒªÉ ¨ÉÉxÉxÉä Eäò {ÉÒUäô ®úÉ¨É Eäò +{ÉxÉä ´ªÉÊEòi´É EòÉ MÉÉè®ú´É ½èþ* CªÉÉåÊEò ®úÉ¨É ¨Éå ´ÉãUè´ MÉÖhÉ +Éè®ú |ÉÊiÉ¹`öÉ ãñ´U- VÉÉä +xªÉ ´ªÉÊHò ªÉÉ {ÉÉjÉ ¨Éå xÉ½þÓ Ê¨É±ÉiÉÉ * <ºÉÊ±ÉB =xÉEòÉä +xÉÉÊnù +xÉxiÉ VÉèºÉÉ ¨ÉÉxÉÉ MÉªÉÉ* ‘®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉÓ, ¨É½þÉ¦ÉÉ®úiÉ ¨Éå ÊVÉºÉ iÉ®ú½þ MÉÆ¦ÉÒ®ú ¨ÉÉxÉ´ÉÒªÉiÉÉ, xÉèÊiÉEò iÉlÉÉ +ÉvªÉÉÎi¨ÉEò =SSÉ ¨ÉÉxÉ EòÉ ÊSÉjÉ Ê¨É±ÉiÉÉ, ÎêºÉ®úÒ Ê´Énäù¶ÉÒ ¦ÉÉ¹ÉÉ Eäò EòÉ´ªÉ ¨Éå =ºÉ VÉèºÉÉ ÊSÉjÉ xÉ½þè´ ½éþ*’7 ¸ÉÒ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É xÉä ®úÉ¨É MÉÖhÉ SÉÊ®újÉ EòÉä +¨ÉÞiÉ ®úºÉ Eäò ºÉÉlÉ iÉÖ±ÉxÉÉ Eò®úiÉä ½ÖþB Eò½þÉ ãñU - “®úÉ¨É®ú SÉÊ®újÉSÉªÉ ºÉ¨ªÉEäò +¨ÉÞiÉ¨ÉªÉ ¶ÉÖÊxÉ ªÉäxÉ Ê{ÉªÉä nùÉäEòÉnùÉäEò** VÉMÉiÉ®äú ÊxÉ¹iÉÉ®úhÉ {ÉÖ´ªÉ EòlÉÉ ®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉ +ÉEò ¶ÉÖxÉè ¦ÉhÉä ÊªÉiÉÉä xÉ®äú* {ÉÉiÉäEòiÉ ±ÉÉMÉä VÉÖ< näù´É®úÉå {ÉÚVÉxÉÒ ½Úþ<, ´ÉÆSÉä ºÉÉiÉÉå º´ÉMÉÇ®ú >ð{É®äú** ®úÉ¨É®ú SÉÊ®újÉ <]õÉä ¶ÉÖÊxÉ´ÉÉEò

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  135 {ÉÖ®ú¤ÉÒ EòÊ±ÉiÉÉ ®úÉ¨Éä VÉ{É ªÉYÉ nùÉxÉ ®úÉ¨Éä ½äþ {É®ú¨ÉYÉÉxÉ ®úÉ¨Éä EòÉèÊ]õ ¶ÉiÉiÉÒlÉÇ ºxÉÉxÉ** ®úÉ¨Éä ¨ÉÉä®ú <¹]õnäù´É ®úÉ¨ÉEäòºÉä Eò®úÉä ºÉä´É MÉÊiÉ ¨ÉÉä®ú ®úÉ¨É®ú SÉ®úhÉ* ®úÉ¨Éä vÉ¨ÉÇ ®úÉ¨Éä Eò¨ÉÇ ®úÉ¨ÉºÉä ´ÉÉxvÉ´É ¨É¨ÉÇ VÉÉÊxÉ ±Éè±ÉÉä ®úÉ¨ÉiÉ ¶É®úhÉ**”9 +lÉÉÇiÉ, VÉMÉiÉ EòÒ +ÉÊnù, +ÆiÉ ºÉ¤ÉEäò ¨ÉÚ±ÉiÉ& ®úÉ¨É ½éþ* <ºÉ vÉ®úiÉÒ Eäò ªÉYÉ, {ÉÚVÉÉ-{ÉÉ´ÉxÉ ºÉ¦ÉÒ VÉMÉ½þ {É®ú ®úÉ¨É ½èþ, ®úÉ¨É ½þÒ vÉ¨ÉÇ, Eò¨ÉÇ ½èþ* <ºÉÊ±ÉB ®úÉ¨É Eäò SÉ®úhÉ ¨Éå ¶É®úhÉ ±ÉäiÉÉ ½èþ* ªÉ½þÉÄ ®úÉ¨É ±ÉÒ±ÉÉ EòÉ ´ÉhÉÇxÉ Eò®úiÉä ½ÖþB ±ÉÉäMÉÉå EòÉä ªÉ½þ Ê¶ÉIÉÉ ÊnùªÉÉ ½èþ ÊEò- Ê{ÉiÉÞ ¨ÉÉiÉÞ, +{ÉxÉÉ, {É®úÉªÉÉ, ºÉ¨ÉºiÉ VÉÒ´É Eäò |ÉÉhÉ ¨Éå ®úÉ¨É ½èþ* ®úÉ¨É ½þÒ <Ç·É®ú ½èþ* vÉ¨ÉÇ, Eò¨ÉÇ +ÉÊnù ¨Éå ¦ÉÒ ®úÉ¨É ½èþ* <ºÉÊ±ÉB ½þ¨Éå ºÉ½þÒ ¨ÉÉMÉÇ {É®ú SÉ±ÉEò®ú +{ÉxÉÉ EòiÉÇ´ªÉ {ÉÉ±ÉxÉ Eò®úxÉÉ SÉÉÊ½þB* 4.2 ®úÉ¨É Ê´ÉVÉªÉ xÉÉ]õEò ¸ÉÒ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É xÉä ®úÉ¨É Eäò SÉÊ®újÉ Eäò >ð{É®ú ‘®úÉ¨É Ê´ÉVÉªÉ’ xÉÉ¨ÉEò BEò xÉÉ]õEò ¦ÉÒ ®úSÉxÉÉ ÊEòªÉÉ lÉÉ* ªÉ½þÉÄ {É®ú ¨ÉÚ±ÉiÉ& iÉÒxÉ Ê´É¹ÉªÉÉå EòÉä ÊnùJÉÉªÉÉ ½éþþ- ¨ÉÉ®úÒSÉ ºÉÖ¤ÉÉ½Úþ EòÉ ´ÉvÉ, ºÉÒiÉÉ º´ÉªÉÆÆ¨¤É®ú +Éè®ú ®úÉ¨É uùÉ®úÉ {É®¶ÉÖ®úÉ¨É EòÉ +½ÆþEòÉ®ú iÉÉäc÷xÉÉ* ¸ÉÒ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É xÉä +ÉÊnù ºÉä +ÆiÉ iÉEò ®úÉ¨É EòÉä ½þÒ ¸Éä¹`ö ¨ÉÉxÉÉ ½èþ* =xÉEäò Ê´ÉSÉÉ®ú ¨Éå ‘®úÉ¨É <Ç·É®ú ½èþ, ±ÉäÊEòxÉ ¨ÉÉxÉ´É °ü{É ¨Éå Ê´Ét¨ÉÉxÉ*’10 xÉÉ]õEò Eäò |ÉÉ®Æú¦É ¨Éå ½þÒ BEò ¶±ÉÉäEò Ê±ÉJÉÉ ½èþ- “ªÉzÉÉ¨ÉÉÊJÉ±É ±ÉÉäEò ¶ÉÉäEò ¶É¨ÉxÉÆ ªÉzÉÉ¨É |Éä¨ÉÉ¹{Énù¨É {ÉÉ{ÉÉ{ÉÉ®ú{ÉªÉÉåÊvÉiÉÉ®úhÉ Ê´ÉvÉÉè ªÉzÉÉ¨É¹ÉÒxÉ{±É´É* ªÉzÉÉ¨É ¸É´ÉhÉÉ¨É {ÉÖxÉÉÊiÉ º´É{ÉSÉ& |ÉÉ{iÉÉäÊiÉ ¨ÉÉäIÉÆÊIÉiÉÉè iÉÆ ¸ÉÒ®úÉ¨É ¨É½Æþ ¨É½äþ¶É´É®únÆù ´Éxnäù ºÉnùÉ ºÉÉnù®ú¨ÉÂ**”11 xÉÉ]õEò ¨Éå EòxÉEòÉ´ÉiÉÒ BEò ºÉÉvÉÉ®úhÉ nùÉºÉÒ ½èþ, ºÉÒiÉÉ EòÒ ºÉ½äþ±ÉÒ* ´É½þ ®úÉ¨É EòÉä näùJÉEò®ú ½þÒ {É½þSÉÉxÉ ±ÉäiÉÒ ½èþ ÊEò ®úÉ¨É <Ç·É®ú ½èþ* EòxÉEòÉ´ÉiÉÒ Eò½þiÉÒ ½èþ- “+É½äþ ºÉÊJÉ ºÉÒiÉÉ, ªÉèèSÉxÉ ¨É½þÉ{ÉÖ¯û¹É ±ÉIÉhÉ, näùJÉ±É, VÉÉxÉ±É, =Ê½þ <Ç·É®ú xÉÉ®úÉªÉhÉ* ¸ÉÒ®úÉ¨É ¯û{Éä iÉÉä½þÉ®ú Ê´É´ÉÉ½þ ½äþiÉÖ +É¤É±É*”12 +lÉÉÇiÉ, ½äþ, ºÉ½äþ±ÉÒ ºÉÒiÉÉ, ÊVÉºÉ ¨É½þÉ{ÉÖ¯û¹É EòÉä näùJÉEò®ú +ÉªÉÒ ½ÚÄþ, ´É½þ xÉÉ®úÉªÉhÉ EòÉ +´ÉiÉÉ®ú ½èþ* Ìéãð´U

136  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 ¸ÉÒ¨ÉÆiÉ ¶ÉÆÆEò®únäù´É EòÒ ®úSÉxÉÉ+Éå ¨Éå ®úÉ¨É Ê´É´ÉÉ½þ Eò®úxÉä Eäò Ê±ÉB +ÉªÉÉ ½èþ* ªÉ½þÉÄ {É®ú BEò nùÉºÉÒ ªÉÉxÉÒ ÊxÉ¨xÉ´ÉMÉÇ Eò¨ÉVÉÉäc÷ +ÉnùÊ¨ÉªÉÉå Eäò ®úÉ¨É EòÒ SÉÊ®újÉ EòÉä =nÂùPÉÉ]õxÉ Eò®úxÉä EòÉ EòÉ®úhÉ ªÉ½þ ½èþ ÊEò ®úÉ¨É =iÉxÉÉ |É¦ÉÉ´ÉÉ¶ÉÉ±ÉÒ ´ªÉÊHòi´É EòÉ +ÊvÉEòÉ®úÒ lÉÉ, ÊVÉxÉEäò ¤ÉÉ®äú ¨Éå ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ Eäò ºÉ¦ÉÒ ±ÉÉäMÉÉå EòÉä ¨ÉÉ±ÉÖ¨É lÉÉ* <ºÉºÉä ®úÉ¨É EòÒ ºÉÉ´ÉÇVÉÊxÉEò ¨ÉÚÌiÉ ÊxÉ¨ÉÉÇhÉ ½þÉäiÉÉ ½èþ* ®úÉ¨É Ê´ÉVÉªÉ xÉÉ]õEò ¨Éå BEò +xªÉiÉ¨É SÉÊ®újÉ ½èþ- @ñÊ¹É Ê¤É·ÉÉÊ¨ÉjÉ ªÉÉxÉÒ EòÉèÊ¶ÉEò* ´É½þ ®úÉVÉÉ nù¶É®úlÉ EòÉä Eò½þÉ ½èþ- “+ªÉä nùÉ®úlÉ, iÉÖ½Úþ ®úÉ¨ÉEò SÉÊ®újÉ ÊEòUÖô VÉÉxÉªÉä xÉÉÊ½þ* ªÉÉäMÉ´É±Éä ½þÉ¨ÉÖ ºÉ´Éä VÉÉxÉÉä* =Ê½þ ®úÉ¨ÉSÉxnù {É®ú¨É <Ç·É®ú* ½þÊ®úEò +´ÉiÉÉ®*ú”13 +lÉÉÇiÉ, ½ä,þ n¶É®úlÉ iÉÖ¨É ®úÉ¨É Eäò ¤ÉÉ®äú ¨Éå EÖòUô ¦ÉÒ xÉ½þÓ VÉÉxÉÌð* ®úÉ¨É iÉÉä ½þÊ®ú EòÉ +´ÉiÉÉ®ú ªÉÉxÉÒ {É®ú¨É <Ç·É®ú ãñUÐ ºÉÉvÉÖVÉxÉ EòÉä º´É¨¤ÉÉäÊvÉiÉ Eò®úEäò xÉÉ]õEò Eäò BEò +Æ¶É ¨Éå Ê±ÉJÉÉ ½èþ-“ ¦ÉÉä ¦ÉÉä ºÉ¦ÉÉºÉnù* ºÉÉvÉÖVÉxÉ* ªÉä VÉMÉiÉEò {É®ú¨É <Ç·É®ú xÉÉ®úÉªÉhÉ ¦ÉÚÊ¨ÉEò ¦ÉÉ®ú ½þ®úhÉ ÊxÉÊ¨ÉkÉ nù¶É®úlÉ MÉÞ½äþ +´ÉiÉ®ú±É*ú”14 +lÉÉÇiÉ, ½äþ ºÉÉvÉÖVÉxÉ, VÉMÉiÉ Eäò {É®ú¨É <Ç·É®ú xÉÉ®úÉªÉhÉ ½èþ* <ºÉ ¦ÉÚÊ¨É ·ð¤ =rùÉ®ú Eäò Ê±ÉB ©U‹ãUæð´Ùð nù¶É®úlÉ Eäò PÉ®ú ¨Éå ®úÉ¨É M¤Â ¨Éå +´ÉiÉÉ®ú Ê±ÉªÉÉ ½èþ* ‘®úÉ¨É Ê´ÉVÉªÉ’ xÉÉ]õEò ¨Éå xÉÉxnùÒ ¦ÉÊ]õ¨ÉÉ ¨Éå ®úÉ¨É±ÉÒ±ÉÉ ´ÉhÉÇxÉ ·¤ÚUÌð ãéU° Eò½þÉ »Øæ ãñU - “VÉMÉiÉEò +xiÉEò +xiÉEò ºÉxiÉEò {ÉÚ®ú±É {É®ú¨É EòÉ¨É ¦ÉÚÊ¨ÉEò ¦ÉÉ®ú =iÉÉ®úhÉ iÉÉ®úhÉ ºÉÖ®ú-xÉ®ú ®úÉVÉÉ ®úÉ¨É** ¥ÉÀÉ ¨É½äþ·É®ú ÊEòEÆò®ú ªÉÉEò®ú {ÉÊ®ú {ÉÊ®ú Eò®úiÉÖ ºÉä´ÉÉ**”15 +lÉÉÇiÉ, ®úÉ¨É ½þÒ {É®ú¨É <Ç·É®ú ½èþ* ´Éä <ºÉ VÉMÉiÉ EòÉä ºÉÆ½Éþ®ú +Éè®ú ºÉÞVÉxÉ Eò®úiÉä ãñÚ, ºÉÉvÉÖ ºÉÆiÉ ·¤è ®úIÉÉ Eò®úEäò +{ÉxÉÉ EòiÉÇ´ªÉ {ÉÉ±ÉxÉ Eò®úiÉä ½éþ* ¥ÉÀÉ, ¨É½äþ·É®ú, ºÉ¦ÉÒ näù´ÉMÉhÉ ÊVÉºÉää |ÉhÉÉ¨É Eò®úiÉä, ´É½þÒ ®úPÉÖ{ÉÊiÉ ®úÉ¨É ãñÚ* ÊjÉ¦ÉÖÚ´ÉxÉ Eäò {ÉÊiÉ ãñÚ* ªÉ½þÉÄ {É®ú ¦ÉÒ ®úÉ¨É EòÉä VÉMÉiÉ Eäò ºÉÞVÉxÉEòkÉÉÇ, {ÉÉ±ÉxÉEòkÉÉÇ +Éè®ú ºÉÆ½Éþ®EòkÉÉÇ Eäò ¯û{É ¨Éå ÊnùJÉÉªÉÉ ½èþ* ®úÉ¨É ½þÒ ºÉ´ÉÇ´ªÉÉÊ{É ½èþ* <ºÉÊ±ÉB ®úÉ¨É xÉÉ¨É ±ÉäEò®ú ºÉ½þÒ ®úÉºiÉä +{ÉxÉÉEò®ú +{ÉxÉÉ Eò¨ÉÇ Eò®úxÉä Eäò Ê±ÉB ¸ÉÒ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É xÉä ±ÉÉäEò- Ê¶ÉIÉÉ ÊnùªÉÉ ½èþ* 4.3 +xªÉ ®úSÉxÉÉ´É±ÉÒ EòÒiÉÇxÉ PÉÉä¹ÉÉ ¸ÉÒ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É EòÉ BEò +¨É®ú EÞòÌiÉ ½èþ* ªÉ½þ OÉÆlÉ Eäò´É±É +ºÉ¨É Eäò VÉxÉºÉÉvÉÉ®úhÉ Eäò Ê±ÉB ÙãUè´ ÚU¿æ MÉªÉÉ, ¤ÉÎ±Eò ‘ªÉ½þÉ EòÉ VÉxÉºÉÉvÉÉ®úhÉ {ÉÖ®äú ¦ÉÉ®úiÉ´É¹ÉÇ EòÉ VÉxÉºÉÉvÉÉ®úhÉ ½èþ*’16

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  137 {ÉÖ®ú¤ÉÒ EòÊ±ÉiÉÉ ºªÉ¨ÉÆiÉ½þ®úhÉ, EòÒiÉÇxÉPÉÉä¹ÉÉ EòÉ ½þÒ BEò ¦ÉÉMÉ ½èþ* ´É½þÉÄ ®úÉ¨É ¦ÉHò VÉÉ¨´É´ÉxiÉ xÉä ¸ÉÒEÞò¹hÉ EòÉä |ÉhÉÉ¨É Eò®úEäò Eò½þÉ ãñU ÊEò- “VÉÉÊxÉ±ÉÉä iÉÉä¨ÉÉEò ºÉäÊ½þ ®úPÉÖxÉÉlÉ ÊªÉ]õÉä <¹]õnäù´É ¨ÉÉä®ú**”17 +lÉÉÇiÉ, ®úÉ¨É +Éè®ú EÞò¹hÉ BEò ½þÒ {É®ú¨Éä·É®ú EòÉ nùÉä ¯û{É ½èþ* ¸ÉÒ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É Eäò ®úÊSÉiÉ MÉÒiÉÉå EòÉä ¤É®úMÉÒiÉ Eò½þiÉä ½éþ* CªÉÉåÊEò <ºÉ MÉÒiÉ ºÉ¨ÉÖ½þ ¨Éå ¦ÉMÉ´ÉÉxÉ Eäò |ÉÊiÉ ¦ÉÊHò ¦ÉÉ´ÉxÉÉ ÊxÉÊ½þiÉ ½èþ* ¸ÉÒ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É +Éè®ú ¨ÉÉvÉ´Énäù´É nùÉäxÉÉå xÉä ‘MÉÒiÉ +Éè®ú xÉÉ]õEò Eäò VÉÊ®úB vÉ¨ÉÇ |ÉSÉÉ®ú EòÉªÉÇ ¨Éå +ÊvÉEò ºÉ¡ò±ÉiÉÉ |ÉÉ{iÉ ÊEòªÉÉ lÉÉ*’ 18 ¸ÉÒ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É xÉä ®úÉ¨É Eäò ±ÉÆEòÉªÉÉjÉÉ Eäò >ð{É®ú BEò ¤É®úMÉÒiÉ Ê±ÉJÉÉ ½èþ- “¶ÉÖxÉ ¶ÉÖxÉ ®äú ºÉÖ®ú ´Éè®úÒ |É¨ÉÉhÉÉ ÊxÉ¶ÉÉSÉ®ú xÉÉ¶ÉÊxÉnùÉxÉÉ* ®úÉ¨É xÉÉ¨É ªÉ¨É ºÉ¨É®úEò ºÉÉÊVÉ ºÉ¨Énù±É EòªÉÊ±É {ÉªÉÉhÉÉ**”19 +lÉÉÇiÉ, ½äþ, ±ÉÆEòÉ ¨Éå ®ú½þxÉä´ÉÉ±Éä ±ÉÉä», nÖù¹]õÉå EòÉõ nù¨ÉxÉ Eò®úxÉä´ÉÉ±Éä iÉlÉÉ ºÉÆiÉÉå Eäò {ÉÉ±ÉxÉ EòiÉÉÇ ®úÉ¨É ºÉ¨ÉºiÉ ´ÉÉhÉ®ú ºÉäxÉÉ ºÉÊ½þiÉ ±ÉÆEòÉ EòÒ iÉ®ú¡ò +É ®ú½äþ ½éþ* ªÉ½þÉÄ {É®ú ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É xÉä ±ÉÉäMÉÉå Eäò ¨ÉxÉ ¨Éå ¦ÉMÉ´ÉÉxÉ Eäò |ÉÊiÉ ¦ÉÊHò ¦ÉÉ´ÉxÉÉ VÉMÉÉxÉÉ SÉÉ½þiÉÉ ½èþ* ¨ÉxÉ ¨Éå ¦ÉMÉ´ÉÉxÉ Eäò |ÉÊiÉ ¦ÉÊHò ¦ÉÉ´É +ÉxÉä ºÉä ¨ÉxÉ ÊxÉ¨ÉÇ±É ½þÉä VÉÉiÉÉ ½èþ, ºÉÉ½þºÉ näùiÉÒ ½èþ +Éè®ú nÖùc·¤¨ÉÇ Eò®úxÉä ºÉä nÚù®ú ½þÉäiÉÉ ½èþ* ¨ÉxÉÖ¹ªÉ +{ÉxÉÉ Eò¨ÉÇ¡ò±É ·¤æð <ºÉ VÉxÉ¨É ¨Éå ½þÒ ¦ÉÉäMÉiÉÉ ½èþ*

5. ©UÂËÕçÏØæ¡ Ÿæè×¢Ì àæ¢·¤ÚUÎðß Ùð çÁâ ÌÚUãU ÚUæ× àæŽÎ ·¤æ ¥Íü ß‡æüÙ ç·¤Øð ãñÚ ©Uâè âð ÂÌæ ¿ÜÌæ ãñU ç·¤ ÚUæ× àæŽÎ ·¤æ ¥Íü ÕãéUÌ çßàææÜ ãñUÐ ãU× çâÈü¤ ×ãUâêâ ·¤ÚU â·¤Ìð ãñÚ Üðç·¤Ù ÕæðÜ ÙãUè¢ â·¤ÌðÐ ÚUæ× âßüÃØæçÂ ãñÚÐ ÁÕ ãU× ÚUæ× Ùæ× ÜðÌð ãñÚU ÌÕ ×Ù ×ð´ àææ¢çÌ ç×ÜÌè ãñÚÐ ©U‹ãUæð´Ùð çßçßÏ ·¤æÃØ, ÙæÅU, ÕÚU»èÌ ¥æçÎ ·ð¤ ×æŠØ× âð ÚUæ× Öç€Ì ·¤æ ÂýâæÚU ç·¤Øæ ãñUÐ

6. ÊxÉ¹Eò¹ÉÇ xÉ´É ´Éè¹hÉ´É vÉ¨ÉÇ Eäò |É´ÉÇiÉEò ¸ÉÒ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É Eäò ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ ¨Éå EÞò¹hÉ±ÉÒ±ÉÉ EòÉ +ÊvÉEò ´ÉhÉÇxÉ ½þÉäiÉä ½ÖþB ¦ÉÒ ®úÉ¨É SÉÊ®újÉ EòÉä =x½þÉåxÉä BEò {É®ú¨É {ÉÖ¯û¹É {É®ú¨Éä·É®ú +xÉÉÊnù näù´É +ÉÊnù Eäò ¯û{É ¨Éå ÊSÉjÉhÉ Eò®úEäò ®úÉ¨É Eäò |ÉÊiÉ ±ÉÉäMÉÉå EòÒ ¨ÉÉxÉÊºÉEòiÉÉ ¤Énù±ÉxÉä EòÉ |ÉªÉÉºÉ ÊEòªÉÉ ½èþ* ®úÉ¨É +Éè®ú EÞò¹hÉ nùÉäxÉÉå ¨ÉÉäIÉ EòÉä Ênù±ÉÉxÉä´ÉÉ±Éä {É®ú¨É iÉi´É ãñ´Uþ* +iÉ& ¸ÉÒ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É xÉä =x½åþ <ºÉ ¯û{É ¨Éå ÊSÉÊjÉiÉ Eò®úEäò ±ÉÉäMÉÉå ¨Éå ®úÉ¨É Eäò |ÉÊiÉ +ÉºlÉÉ +Éè®ú Ê´É·ÉÉºÉ |ÉÊiÉ¹`öÉ Eò®úxÉä EòÒ SÉä¹]õÉ EòÒ ãñ´U* ¸ÉÒ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É EòÒ ®úSÉxÉÉ+Éå ¨Éå ®úÉ¨É EòÒ ¨ÉÊ½þ¨ÉÉ EòÉ ´ÉhÉÇxÉ ÊEòªÉÉ MÉªÉÉ ãñU* <ºÉEäò uùÉ®úÉ ®úÉ¨É¦ÉÊHò Eäò |ÉºÉÉ®ú ¨Éå ºÉ½þÉªÉiÉÉ Ê¨É±ÉiÉÒ ½èþ*

138  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 ¸ÉÒ¨ÉÆiÉ ¶ÉÆÆEò®únäù´É EòÒ ®úSÉxÉÉ+Éå ¨Éå ®úÉ¨É ºÉxnù¦ÉÇ OÉÆlÉ ºÉÖSÉÒ 1) ¸ÉÒ¨Énù ´ÉÉ±¨ÉÒEòÒªÉ ®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉ, |ÉlÉ¨É¦ÉÉMÉ, MÉÒiÉÉ|ÉäºÉ MÉÉä®úJÉ{ÉÚ®ú, {ÉÞ: 3 2) ¸ÉÒ¨Énù ´ÉÉ±¨ÉÒEòÒªÉ ®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉ, |ÉlÉ¨É¦ÉÉMÉ, MÉÒiÉÉ|ÉäºÉ MÉÉä®úJÉ{ÉÚ®ú, {ÉÞ: 3 3) ¦ÉÉMÉ´ÉiÉÒ, ¸ÉÒ EòÉ¨ÉÉJªÉÉSÉ®úhÉ (ºÉÆ{ÉÉ.)- '®úÉ¨É Ê´ÉVÉªÉ xÉÉ]õEò' |ÉEòÉ¶ÉEò, ÊxÉ= ¤ÉÖEò º]õ±É, iÉÒºÉ®úÉ ºÉÆºEò®úhÉ 2014, {ÉÞ& 12 4) ¨ÉÉvÉ´É Eòxnù±ÉÒ +É¯û ¸ÉÒ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É, ¸ÉÒ¸ÉÒ ¨ÉÉvÉ´Énäù´É Ê¤É®úÊSÉiÉ- 'ºÉ{iÉEòÉhb÷ ®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉ', |ÉEòÉ¶ÉEò, ¤ÉxÉ±ÉiÉÉ, {ÉÖxÉ& ºÉÆºEò®úhÉ, 2009, {ÉÞ& 420 5) ¤É¯û´ÉÉ, ½þÊ®úxÉÉ®úÉªÉhÉ nùkÉ(ºÉÆ{ÉÉ.)- 'ºÉ{iÉEòÉhb÷ ®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉ', ¸ÉÒ ¨ÉÉvÉ´É Eòxnù±ÉÒ, ¸ÉÒ¨ÉiÉÆ ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É, ¸ÉÒ ¨ÉÉvÉ´Énäù´É Ê¤É®úÊSÉiÉ, {ÉÞ& 323 6) ¨ÉÉvÉ´É Eòxnù±ÉÒ +É¯û ¸ÉÒ¸ÉÒ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É, ¸ÉÒ¸ÉÒ ¨ÉÉvÉ´Énäù´É Ê¤É®úÊSÉiÉ- 'ºÉ{iÉEòÉhb÷ ®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉ', |ÉEòÉ¶ÉEò, ¤ÉxÉ±ÉiÉÉ, {ÉÖxÉ& ºÉÆºEò®úhÉ, 2009, {ÉÞ& 466 7) ¶É¨ÉÉÇ ±ÉIÉä·É® - '®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉ', SÉGò´ÉiÉÒ, ®úÉVÉÉMÉÉä{ÉÉ±ÉÉSÉÉ®úÒ, +ºÉ¨É |ÉEòÉ¶ÉxÉ {ÉÊ®ú¹Énù, {ÉÞ& 11 8) ¨ÉÉvÉ´É Eòxnù±ÉÒ +É¯û ¸ÉÒ¸ÉÒ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É, ¸ÉÒ¸ÉÒ ¨ÉÉvÉ´Énäù´É Ê¤É®úÊSÉiÉ- 'ºÉ{iÉEòÉhb÷ ®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉ', |ÉEòÉ¶ÉEò, ¤ÉxÉ±ÉiÉÉ, {ÉÖxÉ& ºÉÆºEò®úhÉ, 2009, {ÉÞ& 468 9) ¨ÉÉvÉ´É Eòxnù±ÉÒ +É¯û ¸ÉÒ¸ÉÒ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É, ¸ÉÒ¸ÉÒ ¨ÉÉvÉ´Énäù´É Ê¤É®úÊSÉiÉ- 'ºÉ{iÉEòÉhb÷ ®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉ', |ÉEòÉ¶ÉEò, ¤ÉxÉ±ÉiÉÉ, {ÉÖxÉ& ºÉÆºEò®úhÉ, 2009, {ÉÞ& 469 10) ¦ÉÉMÉ´ÉiÉÒ, ¸ÉÒ EòÉ¨ÉÉJªÉÉSÉ®úhÉ (ºÉÆ{ÉÉ.)- '®úÉ¨É Ê´ÉVÉªÉ xÉÉ]õEò' |ÉEòÉ¶ÉEò, ÊxÉ= ¤ÉÖEò º]õ±É, iÉÒºÉ®úÉ ºÉÆºEò®úhÉ 2014, {ÉÞ& 40 11) ¦ÉÉMÉ´ÉiÉÒ, ¸ÉÒ EòÉ¨ÉÉJªÉÉSÉ®úhÉ (ºÉÆ{ÉÉ.)- '®úÉ¨É Ê´ÉVÉªÉ xÉÉ]õEò' |ÉEòÉ¶ÉEò, ÊxÉ= ¤ÉÖEò º]õ±É, iÉÒºÉ®úÉ ºÉÆºEò®úhÉ 2014, {ÉÞ& 15 12) ¦ÉÉMÉ´ÉiÉÒ, ¸ÉÒ EòÉ¨ÉÉJªÉÉSÉ®úhÉ (ºÉÆ{ÉÉ.)- '®úÉ¨É Ê´ÉVÉªÉ xÉÉ]õEò' |ÉEòÉ¶ÉEò, ÊxÉ= ¤ÉÖEò º]õ±É, iÉÒºÉ®úÉ ºÉÆºEò®úhÉ 2014, {ÉÞ& 19 13) ¦ÉÉMÉ´ÉiÉÒ, ¸ÉÒ EòÉ¨ÉÉJªÉÉSÉ®úhÉ (ºÉÆ{ÉÉ.)- '®úÉ¨É Ê´ÉVÉªÉ xÉÉ]õEò' |ÉEòÉ¶ÉEò, ÊxÉ= ¤ÉÖEò º]õ±É, iÉÒºÉ®úÉ ºÉÆºEò®úhÉ 2014, {ÉÞ& 11 14) ¦ÉÉMÉ´ÉiÉÒ, ¸ÉÒ EòÉ¨ÉÉJªÉÉSÉ®úhÉ (ºÉÆ{ÉÉ.)- '®úÉ¨É Ê´ÉVÉªÉ xÉÉ]õEò' |ÉEòÉ¶ÉEò, ÊxÉ= ¤ÉÖEò º]õ±É, iÉÒºÉ®úÉ ºÉÆºEò®úhÉ 2014, {ÉÞ& 8 15) ¦ÉÉMÉ´ÉiÉÒ, ¸ÉÒ EòÉ¨ÉÉJªÉÉSÉ®úhÉ (ºÉÆ{ÉÉ.)- '®úÉ¨É Ê´ÉVÉªÉ xÉÉ]õEò' |ÉEòÉ¶ÉEò, ÊxÉ= ¤ÉÖEò º]õ±É, iÉÒºÉ®úÉ ºÉÆºEò®úhÉ 2014, {ÉÞ& 3 16) ¸ÉÒ¸ÉÒ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É, ¸ÉÒ ¨ÉÉvÉ´Énäù´É- 'EòÒiÉÇxÉPÉÉä¹ÉÉ +É¯û xÉÉ¨ÉPÉÉä¹ÉÉ' |ÉEòÉ¶ÉEò, ¤É¯û´ÉÉ BVÉäÎxºÉ, nÚùºÉ®úÉ ºÉÆºEò®úhÉ, {ÉÞ& 19 17) ¸ÉÒ¸ÉÒ¶ÉÆEò®únäù´É, ¸ÉÒ ¨ÉÉvÉ´Énäù´É- 'EòÒiÉÇxÉPÉÉä¹ÉÉ +É¯û xÉÉ¨ÉPÉÉä¹ÉÉ' |ÉEòÉ¶ÉEò, ¤É¯û´ÉÉ BVÉäÎxºÉ, nÚùºÉ®úÉ ºÉÆºEò®úhÉ, {ÉÞ& 366 18) MÉÉäº´ÉÉ¨ÉÒ, b0÷÷ Eäò¶É´ÉÉxÉxn (ºÉÆ{ÉÉ)ù- '+ÆEò¨ÉÉ±ÉÉ', |ÉEòÉ¶ÉEò, ¤ÉxÉ±ÉiÉÉ, iÉÒºÉ®úÉ ºÉÆºEò®úhÉ 1999, {ÉÞ& 17 19) ¨É½ÆþiÉ xÉÒ±É¨ÉÊhÉ- '¤É®úMÉÒiÉ +É¯û ÊxÉ´ÉÉÇÊSÉiÉ xÉÉ]õ®ú MÉÒiÉ' |ÉEòÉ¶ÉEò, ºÉ¨É±ÉªÉ ¤ÉÖEò º]õ±É, |ÉlÉ¨É ºÉÆºEò®úhÉ 2004, {ÉÞ& 12 Manuscript received on 05/04/2018 Reviewed Paper received on 02/08/2018 Revised Paper received on 10/08/2018 Research Paper accepted on 14/08/2018

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  139 PRAG CONSILIENCE: ISSN 2456-6861, RNI No. ASSMUL/2016/70132 A Multi-lingual Peer-reviewed Annual Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Commerce Vol. 3, No. 1 (2018), pp. 140-145

×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ ÂýçÌÈ¤çÜÌ â¢ßðÎÙæ REFLECTION OF SENSITIVENESS IN POETRY OF MUKTI BODH ¿‹ÎÙæ àæ×üæ*

Abstract: In the sphere of Hindi poetry, Muktibodh has been appeared as a challenge in the era of 50’s. His poems, in both content and style, bear a vast difference from his predecessors and contemporaries. The mood and description in his poems are too much complex, confliciting and tiresome. To conceive all these characteristics it is necessary to understand the sensitiveness reflected in his poems. The world of poems by Muktibodh is vast. In this research paper, it is hard to cover his all poems, So, this paper is prepared on only his poems ‘Chand ka muh terha hain’, ‘Brahmarakshyas’, ‘Bhul-galti’ and ‘Dimagi guha andharkar ka orangotang’. In his early poems, it is easy to find the senses, rhythm and imaginaries of romanticism. After 1940, he was influenced by expressionism. The greed for liberty could be found in the poems of Muktibodh. Specially he was very sensitive towards the exploited class. The reflection of humanism is also distinct in his poems. Keywords: Romanticism, Expolited Class, Sensitiveness

1. Öêç×·¤æ ×éç€ÌÕæðÏ ÂýØæð»ßæÎè ·¤çßÌæ-ÏæÚUæ ·ð¤ Âý×é¹ ·¤çßØæð´ ×ð´ âð °·¤ ãñUÐ ·¤çß Ùð ¥ÂÙè ·ë¤çÌØæð´ ×ð´ âßü˜æ Èñ¤‹ÅðUçâØæð¢, M¤Â·¤æð´ ¥æñÚU ÂýÌè·¤æð¢ ·ð¤ ×æŠØ× mæÚUæ ¥ÂÙð Öæßæð ·¤æð ¥çÖÃØç€Ì ÂýÎæÙ ·¤è ãñUÐ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·ð¤

* Assistant Professor, Department of Hindi, Pragjyotish College, Guwahati, E-mail:[email protected]

140  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ ÂýçÌÈ¤çÜÌ â¢ßðÎÙæ ·¤æÃØ ¥õÚ ÃØç€Ìˆß ã×ðàææ çã‹Îè ·¤çßÌæ ¥õÚ ¥æÜô¿Ùæ ·ð¤ ÿæð˜æ ×ð´ ßãâ °ß¢ çßßð¿Ùæ ·¤æ çßáØ Úãæ ãñÐ ©Ù·¤è ·¤çßÌæ °ðâð Ú¿Ùæ·¤æÚ ×ÙSßè ·¤è ·¤çßÌæ ãñ Áô çâÚ Â·¤Ç¸·¤Ú âô¿Ìð ãé° çÜ¹è »Øè ãñÐ ©âð çâÚ Â·¤Ç¸·¤Ú â×ÛææÌð ãé° ÂÉ¸æ Áæ â·¤Ìæ ãñÐ Øã çßÜÿæ‡æÌæ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·¤ô Ü»æÌæÚ ÌèÙ-¿æÚ Îàæ·¤ô¢ âð ÂæÆ·¤ô¢ ¥õÚ ¥æÜô¿·¤ô¢ ·ð¤ Õè¿ ÕÚæÕÚ ¥Ü» ÌÚã âð Ú¹ð ãé° ãñ´UÐ ©Ù·¤æ È¤õÜæÎè Âý¹Ú, ©Áüæ×Ø, çß¼ýôãè ¥õÚ â¢ƒæáüàæèÜ ÃØç€Ìˆß ©Ù·¤è Ú¿Ùæ¥ô¢ ×ð´ ÕæÚ ÕæÚ ÃØ€Ì ãôÌæ ãñÐ ·¤æÃØ Ú¿Ùæ ·¤è âÂê‡æüÌæ ·¤ô, ©â·¤è çàæËÂ»Ì ×ñçÜ·¤Ìæ ·¤ô, ¥æˆ× Ø¢˜æ‡ææ ·¤è ÜÕè-âæÍü·¤ Âýç·ý¤Øæ âð »éÁÚÌð ãé° ÌñØæÚ ·¤ÚÙæ ¥õÚ ÌÜæàæÙð ·¤è Õð¿ñÙè ·¤ô Öô»æ ãñ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ Ùð (ß×æü, v~|w, ÜçÿæÌ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ) w. ¥ŠØØÙ ·¤æ ©gðàØ §â àæôÏ Â˜æ ·¤æ ©gðàØ ãñ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ÂÚ ¥æÜô·¤ÂæÌ ·¤ÚÙæÐ âæÍ ãè ¥Ù×ð´ ÂýæŒÌ â¢ßðÎÙ¥ô¢ ·¤ô ©Áæ»Ú ·¤ÚÙæÐ x. ¥ŠØØÙ ·¤æ ×ãˆß ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·¤æ ·¤çß M¤Â â×·¤æÜèÙ ·¤çßÌæ ×ð´ ¥ˆØ‹Ì çßçàæcÅ ãñÐ ßã Âæ¡¿ßð Îàæ·¤ ·¤è çã‹Îè ·¤çßÌæ ·ð¤ çÜ° °·¤ ¿éÙõÌè ÕÙ·¤Ú ¥æ§üÐ ©Ù·¤è ·¤çßÌæ ßSÌé ¥õÚ çàæËÂ ÎôÙô¢ ÎëçcÅØô¢ âð ¥ÂÙð ÂêßüßíÌØô¢ ¥õÚ â×ßíÌØô¢ ÎôÙô¢ âð ãè çÖ‹Ù ÍèÐ ©Ù·¤è ·¤çßÌæ ·¤æ ¥ÙéÖß â¢âæÚ §ÌÙæ ÁçÅÜ, â¢ƒæáüÂê‡æü ¥õÚ ¥ßâæÎ ×êÜ·¤ ãñ ç·¤ ©â Ì·¤ Âãé¿Ùð ·ð¤ çÜ° ©Ù·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ ÂýçÌÈ¤çÜÌ â¢ßðÎÙ¥ô¢ ·¤ô â×ÛæÙæ ¥æßàØ·¤ ãñÐ y. ¥ŠØØÙ ·¤æ âè×æ¢·¤Ù ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·¤æ ·¤æÃØ â¢âæÚ çßàææÜ ãñÐ §â àæôÏ Â˜æ ×ð´ âÂê‡æü ·¤çßÌæ¥ô¢ ·¤ô â×ðÅÙæ âÖß Ùãè¢ ãñÐ ¥ÌÑ Øã àæôÏ Â˜æ ©Ù·ð¤ ÒÕý±×ÚæÿæâÓ, Ò¿æ¡Î ·¤æ ×¡éã ÅðÉ¸æ ãñÓ, çÎ×æ»è »éãæ‹Ï·¤æÚ ·¤æ ¥ôÚæ¢»©Åæ¢»Ó ¥õÚ Ò¥¢ÏðÚð ×ð´Ó Ùæ×·¤ ·¤çßÌæ¥ô¢ ·ð¤ çßàæðá â¢ÎÖü ×ð´ ÂýSÌéÌ ç·¤Øæ »Øæ ãñÐ z. àæôÏ-ÂhçÌ §â àæôÏ Â˜æ ×ð´ çßàÜðá‡ææˆ×·¤ ÂhçÌ ·ð¤ âæÍ âæÍ çßßÚ‡ææˆ×·¤ ÂhçÌ ·¤ô Öè ¥ÂÙæØæ »Øæ ãñÐ

{. ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·¤è ·¤çßÌæ¥ô ×ð´ ÂýçÌÈ¤çÜÌ â¢ßðÎÙæ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·¤ô ¥æˆ×â¢ƒæáü ·¤æ ·¤çß ·¤ãæ ÁæÌæ ãñÐ ©Ù·ð¤ Âý»çÌàæèÜ ¿ðÌÙæ ÁÙßæÎè ¿ðÌÙæ ãñÐ ÒÌæÚâŒÌ·¤Ó ·ð¤ ß€ÌÃØ ×ð´ ©‹ãô¢Ùð çÜ¹æ ãñ - ÒÒ×ðÚð ÕæÜ×Ù ·¤è ÂãÜè Öê¹ âõ‹ÎØü, ¥õÚ ÎêâÚè çßàß×æÙß ·¤æ âé¹-ÎéÑ¹ §Ù ÎôÙô¢ ·¤æ â¢ƒæáü ×ðÚð âæçãçˆØ·¤ ÁèßÙ ·¤è ÂãÜè ©ÜÛæÙ ÍèÐÓÓ

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  141 ¿‹ÎÙæ àæ×üæ (×éç€ÌÕôÏ, w®®v, Âë. ®{, ÌæÚâŒÌ·¤) âÖßÌÑ Øãè ·¤æÚ‡æ ãñ ç·¤ §Ù·¤è ÂýæÚçÖ·¤ Ú¿Ùæ°¡ ÀæØæßæÎ âð ÌÍæ ÕæÎ ·¤è Ú¿Ùæ°¡ ×æ€âUüßæÎ âð ÂýÖæçßÌ ãñÐ ¥ÌÑ ÂýæÚçÖ·¤ ·¤çßÌæ¥ô¢ ×ð´ ÀæØæßæÎè ¥ÙéÖêçÌ ©â·¤è ÜçÜÌ M¤ÛææÙ ¥õÚ ·¤ËÂÙæ ·ð¤ çßÏæØ·¤ SßL¤Âô¢ ·¤ô ÖÜè-ÖæÌè Îð¹æ Áæ â·¤Ìæ ãñÐ âõ‹ÎØü °ß¢ Âýð× ·¤è â¢ßðÎÙæ ·¤æ ÂýçÌÂæÎÙ ·¤ÚÙð ßæÜè ·¤çßÌæ¥ô¢ ×ð´ Âý×é¹ ãñ -ÒNÎØ ·¤è ŒØæâÓ, Ò×Ú‡æ ·¤æ â¢âæÚÓ, ÒÂèÜð Âžæô ·ð¤ Á»×» ×ðU´Ó, Òçß×ÜÏæÚæÓ, ÒßðÎÙæ ¥õÚ ·¤ËÂÙæÓ ¥æçÎ ·¤çßÌæ°¡Ð v~y® §ü. ·ð¤ ÕæÎ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·¤è ¥ÙéÖêçÌ ×ð´ ÏèÚð-ÏèÚð ÂçÚßÌüÙ ¥æØæ ãñ ¥õÚ ©Ù·¤è Ú¿Ùæ¥ô¢ ×ð´ ÂýØô»ßæÎè â¢ßðÎÙæ ·¤æ ÂýÖæß ÂçÚÜçÿæÌ ãôÌæ ãñÐ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ Ùð SßØ¢ Sßè·¤æÚ ç·¤Øæ ãñ ç·¤ Ú¿Ùæ·¤æÚ ·¤æ ¥æˆ×â¢ƒæáü ÕÇ¸æ ƒæé×æßÎæÚ ãôÌæ ãñÐ ßã âèÏð âèÏð â×æÁ ·¤ô ÕÎÜÙð ·¤æ ·¤æØü Ùãè¢ ·¤ÚÌæ, ÂÚ â×æÁ ·¤è çßá× ÂçÚçSÍçÌØô¢ ×ð´ ÂÇ¸ð ãé° ÃØç€Ì ·¤ô, ©â·ð¤ â¢·¤Å, Õð»æÙ»è ¥õÚ çßÜ»æß ·¤æ ÕôÏ ¥ßàØ ·¤ÚæÌæ ãñÐ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ¥ÙéÖêçÌ ·ð¤ ØÍæÍü âð Ì·¤ÚæÙð ßæÜð Ùãè¢, ¥çÂÌé â¢ƒæáü ·¤Ú·ð¤ ÁèßÙ âˆØ ·¤è Ìã Ì·¤ Âãé¡¿ÙðßæÜð ·¤çß ãñÐ ©Ù·¤è ¥ÙéÖêçÌ ·¤æ ÂÅ ¥¡ÏðÚð âð ÕéÙæ »Øæ ãñÐ ¥¢Ï·¤æÚ, ÚãSØ×Ø ¥¢Ï·¤æÚ ¥õÚ ©â·¤è ·¤ô¹ ×ð´ ÂÜÌè ¥Ù‹Ì ÚãSØ×Ø Èñ´¤ÅðUçâØæð´ ·¤æ ÎàæüÙ ÂýæØÑ ©Ù·¤è ãÚ ·¤çßÌæ¥ô¢ ×ð´ ãôÌæ ãñÐ Èñ´¤ÅðUâè ·¤æ ÂýØô» ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·ð¤ ·¤çßÌæ¥ô¢ ×ð´ SßŒÙ, çÎßæSÂŒÙ ¥õÚ ×ÙÑâëçcÅ ·ð¤ M¤Â ×ð´ ç·¤Øæ »Øæ ãñÐ Áñâð ÒÕý±×ÚæÿæâUÓ ·¤è ¥ÏôçÜç¹Ì Â¢ç€ÌØæ¡ ¼ýcÅÃØ ãñ¢ - ÒÒàæãÚ ·ð¤ ©â ¥ôÚ ¹‡ÇãÚ ·¤è ÌÚÈ¤ ÂçÚˆØ€Ì âéÙè ÕæßÇ¸è ·ð¤ ÖèÌÚè Æ‡Çð ¥¡ÏðÚð ×ð´ Õâè »ãÚæ§Øæ¡ ÁÜ ·¤è ... âæçÉ¸Øæ¡ ÇêÕè ¥Ùð·¤ô¢ ©â ÂéÚæ‹æð çÏÚð ÂæÙè ×ð´ â×Ûæ ×ð´ ¥æ Ù â·¤Ìæ ãô ç·¤ Áñâð ÕæÌ ·¤æ ¥æÏæÚ ÕæÌ »ãÚè ãôÐUÓÓ (×éç€ÌÕôÏ w®®v, ÂëÑ x|) ÕæÕÇ¸è ·æ Øã ç¿˜æ‡æ ×ÙÑâëçcÅ ÂýÏæÙ ãñÐ ÕÕÇ¸è ×ð´ ÕñÆæ ãé¥æ Õý±×Úæÿæâ Âæ»Ü Áñâð ©âè ×ð´ ÕÇ¸ÕÇ¸æ Úãæ ãñÐ ßã ¥ÂÙð àæÚèÚ ·¤è ×çÜÙÌæ ·¤ô ÎêÚ ·¤ÚÙð ·ð¤ çÜØð ÂýçÌ ÂÜ ÀÂ ÀÂ ·¤Ú·ð¤ ¥ÂÙð àæÚèÚ ·¤ô Ïô Úãæ ãñÐ çÈ¤Ú Öè ©â·¤è ×ñÜ Ùãè¢ ÀéÅÅè ãñÐ §â ·¤çßÌæ ×ð´ ÕæÕÇ¸è ¥õÚ Õý±×Úæÿæâ ·¤æ ç¿˜æ‡æ ×ÙÑâëçcÅ ÂÚ ãè ¥æÏæçÚÌ ãñÐ ·¤çß Öè °ðâð Õý±×Úæÿæâ ·¤æ âÁÜ ©Ú çàæcØ ãôÙæ ¿æãÌæ ãñÐ ×ÙÑâëçcÅ ·¤æ Âýßæã ÂêÚè ·¤çßÌæ ×ð´ ¥ælôÂæ‹Ì ç·ý¤ØæàæèÜ ãñÐ ÒçÎ×æ»è »éãæ‹Ï·¤æÚ ·¤æ ¥ôÚæ¡»©Åæ¡»Ó ×ð´ ·¤çß Ùð ×æÙâ ·ð¤ ¥‹ÌÑÂý·¤ôcÆô¢ ·¤æ ÕÇ¸ð ãè ×æí×·¤Ìæ âð

142  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ ÂýçÌÈ¤çÜÌ â¢ßðÎÙæ ©ËÜð¹ ç·¤Øæ ãñ ¥õÚ ©â×ð´ ÂÇ¸ð ãé° ¥ôÚæ¡»©Åæ¡» âð ã×ð¢ ÂçÚç¿Ì ·¤ÚæØæ ãñÐ ¥ôÚæ¡»©Åæ¡» Ù‚Ù ×Ù ·¤æ ÂýÌè·¤ ãñÐ ¥âˆØ àæç€Ì ·¤æ ÂýçÌM¤Â ãñÐ ©Ù·ð¤ çÎßæSÂŒÙ SßM¤Â â¢ßðÎÙæ ·¤è ¥çÖÃØç€Ì ÒçÎ×æ»è »éãæ‹Ïæ·¤æÚ ·¤æ ¥ôÚæ¡»©UÅæ¡»Ó ×¢ð §âè ÌÚã ßí‡æÌ ãé¥æ ãñ - ×çSÌc·¤ ·ð¤ ÖèÌÚ °·¤ ×çSÌc·¤ ©â·ð¤ Öè ¥‹ÎÚ °·¤ ¥õÚ ·¤ÿæ ·¤ÿæ ·ð¤ ÖèÌÚ °·¤ »éŒÌ Âý·¤ôcÆ ¥õÚ ·¤ôÆð ·ð¤ âæ¡ßÜð »éãæ‹Ï·¤æÚ ×ð´ ×ÁÕéÌ â‹Îé·¤ (×éç€ÌÕôÏ, w®®v, ÂëÑ yy) Ò¿æ¡Î ·¤æ ×é¡ã ÅðÉ¸æ ãñÓ ×ð´ Öè ¥‹Ï·¤æÚ ·ð¤ âßü×é·¤ SßM¤Â ·¤ô Îð¹æ Áæ â·¤Ìæ ãñ - Ù»Ú ·ð¤ Õè¿ô Õè¿ ¥æÏè ÚæÌ-¥æ¡ÏðÚð ·¤è ·¤æÜè SØæã çàæÜæ¥ô âð ÕÙè ãé§ü ÖèÌô¢ ¥õÚ ¥ãæÌô¢ ·ð¤ ·¤æ¡¿-Åé·¤Ç¸ð Á×ð´ ãé° ©¡¿ð ©¡¿ð ·¤‹Ïô ÂÚ ¿æ¡ÎÙè ·¤è Èñ¤Üè ãé§ü â¡ßÜæØè ÛææÜÚðÐ (×éç€ÌÕôÏ, w®®v, ÂëÑ zw) ¥¢Ï·¤æÚ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·¤ô €Øô¢ çÂýØ ãñ? §â·¤æ ·¤æÚ‡æ ¥æâæÙè âð ÁæÙæ Áæ â·¤Ìæ ãñÐ Øã ¥´Ï·¤æÚ ·¤çßÌæ ·¤æ ãè ¥¢Ï·¤æÚ Ùãè¢ ãñ, ¥çÂÌé â×çcÅ ·¤æ ¥¢Ï·¤æÚ Öè ãñ, çÁââð ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·¤æ ÁèßÙ ãè Ùãè¢ ¥çÂÌé â×é¿ð ÖæÚÌ Îðàæ ·¤æ ÁèßÙ ¥æ‘ÀæçÎÌ ãñÐ SßÌ¢˜æ ÖæÚÌ ×ð´ ¥âˆØ §ÌÙæ ÃØæÂ·¤ ãô »Øæ ãñ ç·¤, ©ââð ×é€ÌÕôÏ Áñâð ¥·ð¤Üð ÃØç€Ì ·¤æ â¢ƒæáü ·¤Ú ÂæÙæ âÚÜ Ùãè¢ ÍæÐ çÈ¤Ú Öè ßã ¥ÂÙð ÁéÛææM¤ÂÙ âð ßæÁ Ùãè¢ ¥æØðÐ â¢˜ææâ ¥õÚ ÖØ ·¤æ SßM¤Â ©Ù·ð¤ ÃØç€Ì»Ì ÁèßÙ âð Öè âÕh ãñÐ Õð·¤æÚè ¥õÚ Ùõ·¤Úè ·¤æ Î‡Ç, Áèçß·¤æ ·¤è ¥çÙàØØÌæ ¥æçÎ §â·ð¤ Âý×é¹ ·¤æÚ‡æ ãñ¢Ð ÒÕý±×ÚæÿæâÓ ·¤çßÌæ ×ð´ ·¤çß Ùð ×Ù ·ð¤ »ãÙ SÌÚô¢ ×ð´ ¿ÜÌð ßæÜð çßçßÏ SßM¤Âô¢ ·ð¤ ÂýÖæß ·¤ô ÎàææüØæ ãñÐ ©âÙð ¥ÂÙð ¥ÂÚæÏ-ÖæßÙæ âð ×é€Ì Ù ãôÙð ·ð¤ SßL¤Â ·¤ô ÕÇð¸ ãô ·¤Üæˆ×·¤ É¢» âð ç¿˜æÌ ç·¤Øæ ãñ - »ãÙ ¥Ùé×æçÙÌæ ÌÙ ·¤è ×çÜÙÌæ ÎêÚ ·¤ÚÙð ·ð¤ çÜ°, ÂýçÌÂÜ ÂæÂ-ÀæØæ ÎêÚ ·¤ÚÙð ·ð¤ çÜ°, çÎÙ-ÚæÌ Sß‘À ·¤ÚÙð - Õý±×Úæÿæâ

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  143 ¿‹ÎÙæ àæ×üæ çƒæâ Úãæ ãñ Îðã ãæÍ ·ð¤ Â¢Áð, ÕÚæÕÚ Õæ¡ã, ÀæÌè ×é¡ã ÀÂæÀÂ ¹éÕ ·¤ÚÙð âæÈ¤, çÈ¤Ú Öè ×ñÜ çÈ¤Ü Öè ×ñÜ Ð (×éç€ÌÕôÏ, w®®v, ÂëÑ x}) ×ééç€ÌÕôÏ Ùð §â ·¤çßÌæ ×ð´ ¥‹ÌÑ Õæ±Ø m‹m âð ©ÜÛæð ÃØç€Ì ·ð¤ ˜ææâÎ SßM¤Â ÂÚ Âý·¤æàæ ÇæÜæ ãñÐ âæ¢S·ëë¤çÌ·¤ çßƒæÅÙ, çß·ëë¤çÌ ¥æçÎ ·¤è ¥ôÚ °·¤ Ú¿Ùæ·¤æÚ ·ð¤ M¤Â ×ð´ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·¤è Üð¹Ùè âÎñß ¿ÜÌè ÚãèÐ Ò¿æ¡Î ·¤æ ×é¡ã ÅðÉ¸æ ãñÓ ×ð´ ©‹ãô¢Ùð çÜ¹æ ãñ - »»Ù ×ð´ ·¤æÚØé ãñ ÏÚÌè ÂÚ ¿éÂ¿æÂ ÁãèÜè çÀÑ Íé ãñÐ (×éç€ÌÕôÏ, w®®v, ÂëÑ zw) Ò¥¡ÏðÚð ×ð´Ó ·¤çßÌæ ·¤æ SßM¤Â ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·ð¤ âæ¢S·ëë¤çÌ·¤ ¥ÏÑÂÌÙ âÕ‹Ïè ÂýoA ·¤æ ’ßÜ‹Ì Âý×æ‡æ ãñÐ Ò¿æ¡Î ·¤æ ×éã ÅðÉ¸æ ãñÓ Ùæ×·¤ ·¤çßÌæ ×ð´ â¢S·ëë¤çÌ ·¤ô çßƒæçÅÌ ·¤ÚÙð ßæÜè â¢ßðÎÙæ¥ô¢ ·¤æ Ù¢»æ ç¿˜æ‡æ ãé¥æ ãñÐ §â ·¤çßÌæ ×ð´ ¿æ¡Î ·¤è ÚõàæÙè °ðØæÚè ãñ, ßã ÂéÜô ·ð¤ Ùè¿ð ÕñÆ·¤Ú ×ÀçÜØæ¡ È¤¡âæÙð ·¤æ ·¤æ× ·¤ÚÌè ãñ, ¥Ì°ß àæôãÎæ ãñÐ §â àæôãÎðÂÙ ·¤ô ÃØ€Ì ·¤ÚÌð ãé° ·¤çß Ùð ¥ÏéçÙ·¤ â¢S·ëë¤çÌ·¤ çß·ëë¤çÌ ·¤æ ÕÇ¸æ ãè âÁèß ç¿˜æ‡æ ç·¤Øæ ãñÐ §â×ð´ ¥â¢»çÌÕôÏ, çß·ëë¤Ì ØæñÙ-âÕ‹Ï ¥æçÎ ·¤ô ©Î÷ƒææçÅÌ ç·¤Øæ »Øæ ãñÐ ¥æÁ ·¤è âØÌæ ·ð¤ ·ý¤ôÇ¸ ×ð´ ÂÜÙð ßæÜð ¥â¢»èÌÕôÏ ¥õÚ çßÚôÏæÖæâ ·¤æ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ Ùð ÕÇ¸æ ãè âÁèß ç¿˜æ‡æ ç·¤Øæ ãñÐ ¥æÏéçÙ·¤ âØÌæ ·ð¤ çßÙæàæ·¤ ÀéÂð M¤SÌ×ô¢ ·ð¤ âæÍ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ Ùð ·¤Öè â×ÛææñÌæ Ùãè¢ ç·¤ØæÐ ©Ù·¤è ÎëçcÅ ©Ù·ð¤ Õæ±Ø ·ëë¤ç˜æ× ¥æßÚ‡æ ·¤ô ÖðÎ·¤Ú ©Ù·¤è Ìã Ì·¤ Âãê¡¿è ãñ ¥õÚ ©Ù·ð¤ SßM¤Â ·¤ô ©Î÷ƒææçÅÌ ç·¤Øæ ãñÐ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·¤è ·¤çßÌæ ×ð´ ÂýçÌÈ¤çÜÌ â¢ßðÎÙæ¥ô¢ ×ð´ ×æÙßÌæßæÎ Âý×é¹ ãñÐ ßð âãè ×æØÙð ×ð´ ×ÙécØÌæ ·ð¤ ×âèãæ ãñÐ ×éç€ÌßôÏ ·¤æ ×æÙß ·¤ô ÂÚßàæ ÕÙæÙð ßæÜè ÂçÚçSÍçÌØô¢ âð ÂæÜæ ÂÇ¸æ Íæ ¥õÚ ©‹ãô¢Ùð ¥‹ÌâæÿææÌ·¤æÚ Öè ç·¤Øæ ãñÐ Ò¿æ¡Î ·¤æ ×¢éã ÅðÉ¸æ ãñÓ, ×ð´ ©‹ãô¢Ùð §â Ì‰Ø ÂÚ Âý·¤æàæ Öè ÇæÜæ ãñ - §üâæ ·ð¤ Â¢¹ âÕ ÛæÇ¸ »° ÛææÇ¸ð »°!! âˆØ ·¤è ÎðßÎæâè-¿ôçÜØæ¡ ©ÌæÚè »Øè ©ÏæÚè- »§ü âÂÙô¢ ·¤è ¥æ¡Ìð âÕ ¿ôÚô »§ü, È¤æÇ¸è »§ü Õæ·¤è âÕ ¹ôðÜ ãñ

144  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ ÂýçÌÈ¤çÜÌ â¢ßðÎÙæ çÁ¢Î»è ×ð´ ÛæôÜ ãñ!! (×éç€ÌÕôÏ, w®®v, ÂëÑ {w) ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·¤è Ú¿Ùæ¥ô¢ ×ð´ ×éç€Ì ·¤è ¿ÅÂÅæãÅ ãñÐ ßã ÃØçcÅ ·¤è ãè ×éç€Ì ·ð¤ Öè ¥æ·¢¤ÿæè Ùãè¢ ¥çÂÌé â×çSÅ ·¤è ×éç€Ì ·ð¤ Öè ¥æ·¤æ¢ÿæè ãñ ¥õÚ ©‹ãô¢Ùð §âè ×éç€Ì ·¤æ ¥æ±ßæÙ Öè ç·¤Øæ ãñÐ §âèçÜ° Ò¥ÏðÚð ×ð´Ó ·¤çßÌæ ×ð´ ×éÙécØ ×æ˜æ ·¤è ÂÚßàææÌæ ·¤æ ç¿˜æ ¹è¢¿æ »Øæ ãñ - ¥Áèß â¢Øé€Ì ÂçÚßæÚ ãñ - ¥õÚÌð ß Ùõ·¤Ú ¥õÚ ×ðãÙÌ·¤àæ ¥ÂÙð ãè ßÿæ ·¤ô ¹éÚÎéÚæ ßëÿæ-ÏÇ¸ ×æÙ·¤Ú çƒæâÌè ãñ, çƒæâÌð ãñ ¥ÂÙè ãè ÀæÌè ÂÚ ÁÕÎüSÌè çßáÎ‹Ìô Öæßô¢ ·¤æ âÂü×é¹¤ÐÓÓ (×éç€ÌÕôÏ, w®®v, ÂëÑ |x) ©‹ãð¢ ×ÙécØ ×æ˜æ âð Fðã ãñÐ çßàæðá M¤Â âð àæèçáÌð´ ·ð¤ ÂýçÌ ©Ù·¤è â¢ßðÎÙæ Âý×é¹ ãñÐ ßð Áãæ¡ ÂÚ ©Ù·ð¤ ç¿˜æ ÂýSÌéÌ ·¤ÚÌð ã¢ñ ©Ù×ð´ ¿æÚ ¿æ¡Î Ü» ÁæÌð ãñ¢Ð ©Ù·ð¤ ·¤æÃØô¢ ×ð´ ·ý¤æç‹Ì ·¤è â¢ßðÎÙæ Öè Âý¿éÚ ãñÐ |. ©ÂÜçŽÏØæ¡ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·ð¤ mæÚæ Úç¿Ì ÂýæÚçÖ·¤ ·¤çßÌæ¥ô¢ ·¤è â¢ßðÎÙæ ÀæØæßæÎè â¢SÂàæü çÜ° ãé° ãñ¢Ð ÂÚßÌèü ·¤çßÌæ¥ô¢ ×ð´ ÖØ, â¢˜ææâ- ¥ßâæÎ, ·é¤¢Ææ, Õð»æÙ»è, çßÜ»æß, ×æÙßÌæßæÎ, ·ý¤æç‹Ì ¥æçÎ ·ð¤ SßÚ Âý×é¹ ãñ¢Ð ¥ß¿ðÌÙ ·ð¤ çßoë¢¹Ü ¥õÚ SßŒÙÂÚ·¤ â¢ßðÎÙæ ·¤è Öè ©Ù×ð´ Âý¿éÚÌæ ãñÐ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·ð¤ ¥ÂÙð ÁèßÙ ·¤æ ßæSÌçß·¤ ¥õÚ ·¤æËÂçÙ·¤ ÎôÙô¢ SÌÚô¢ ÂÚ Öô»æ ãé¥æ ¥æ¢Ì·¤ ãñ çÁâð ßð ÂæÆ·¤ ×ð´ âÂýðçáÌ ·¤ÚÙæ ¿æãÌð ãñ¢Ð ©Ù·¤è ·¤æÃØ â¢ßðÎÙæ §âè ÕôÏ âð ÃØæŒÌ ãñÐ }. çÙc·¤áü çÙc·¤áüÌÑ Øãè ·¤ã â·¤Ìð ãñ ç·¤ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ â×·¤æÜèÙ çã‹Îè ·¤çßÌæ ·ð¤ »ãÚð ¥Íôü ×ð´ ÂýÖæçßÌ ·¤ÚÙð ßæÜð âÁ» â¢ÁèÎæ ¥õÚ â×Íü Ú¿Ùæ·¤æÚ ãñÐ ßð ¥ÂÙð ÃØç€Ìˆß ¥õÚ ·ëë¤çÌˆß ×ð´ ÂêÚè ÌÚã °·¤×ð·¤ ãñÐ

âãæØ·¤ »ý¢Í v) ×éç€ÌÕôÏ, ÒÌæÚâŒÌ·¤Ó,v~|w,ÖæÚÌèØ ™ææÙÂèÆ Âý·¤æàæÙ, çÎËÜèÐ w) ×éç€ÌÕôÏ, Ò¿æ¡Î ·¤æ ×é¡ã ÅðÉ¸æ ãñÓ, w®®v, ÖæÚÌèØ ™ææÙÂèÆ Âý·¤æàæÙ, çÎËÜèÐ x) ß×üæ ×ôÌèÚæ×, ÜçÿæÌ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ, v~|w, çßlæÍèü Âý·¤æàæÙ, çÎËÜèÐ Manuscript received on 16/04/2018 Reviewed Paper received on 02/08/2018 Revised Paper received on 11/08/2018 Research Paper accepted on 14/08/2018

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  145 PRAG CONSILIENCE: ISSN 2456-6861, RNI No. ASSMUL/2016/70132 A Multi-lingual Peer-reviewed Annual Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Commerce Vol. 3, No. 1 (2018), pp. 146-153

×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ çÙçãUÌ ¥æ¢ÌçÚU·¤ °ß¢ Õæ±Ø â¢ƒæáü ·¤æ ç¿˜æ‡æ ILLUSTRATION OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CONFLICT CONTAINED IN THE POETRY OF MUKTIBODH

×ÙôÁ ·é¤×æÚU ŸæèßæSÌß*

Abstract : In the history of modern Hindi poetry, Muktibodh became the messenger of new poetic sensibility. For him, life and poetry is not different. His entire literary works reflect his sensible experiences which is heart-touching. He felt deeply, both internal and external conflict between human life and society for years. After independence, India faced many social evils like corruption, exploitation and injustice. The life of common people was full of hardship. Muktibodh depicted the real and vivid picture of the country in his poems. He put a big question on the system in his writings. The conspiracy of politicians, capitalists and intellectuals leads the middle class of the society to the vivid or burning situation of the country. All these ideas are highly explored in Muktibodh’s poetry. Keywords: Internal, External, Conflict v. Öê÷÷ç×·¤æ ÕãéU×é¹è ÂýçÌÖæ âÂ‹Ù Ò»ÁæÙÙ ×æÏß ×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ·¤æ Á‹× vx ÙßÕÚU, v~v| ·¤ô àØôÂéÚU ·ð¤ ‚ßæçÜØÚU (×.Âý.) ×ð´ ãéU¥æ ÍæÐ §Ù·¤è ÂýæÚUçÖ·¤ çàæÿææ ©U”æñÙ ×ð´ ãéU§üÐ Ùæ»ÂéÚU çßàßçßlæÜØ âð v~zx ×ð´ çãU‹Îè âð °×.°.ç·¤ØæÐ çÁâ·ð¤ È¤ÜSßM¤Â ÚUæÁÙæ¡Î»æ¡ß ·ð¤ çÎç‚ßÁØ ·¤æòÜðÁ ×ð´ ¥ŠØæÂ·¤ ·ð¤ ÂÎ ÂÚU * Assistant Professor (Contractual), Department of Hindi, Pragjyotish College, Guwahati, E-mail: [email protected]

146  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ çÙçãUÌ ¥æ¢ÌçÚU·¤ °ß¢ Õæ±Ø â¢ƒæáü ·¤æ ç¿˜æ‡æ çÙØé€Ì ãéU°Ð v~x~ ×ð´ ©U‹ãUô´Ùð Âýð× çßßæãU ç·¤ØæÐ v~y{ ×ð´ Ùæ»ÂéÚU ¥æ° çÈ¤ÚU âê¿Ùæ ÌÍæ Âý·¤æàæÙ çßÖæ», ¥æ·¤æàæßæ‡æè ×ð´ ·¤æ× ç·¤ØæÐ ÜÕè çÕ×æÚUè ·ð¤ ÕæÎ vv çâÌÕÚU v~{y ·¤ô Ù§ü çÎËÜè ×ð´ çÙÏÙ ãUô »ØæÐ ¿æ¡Î ·¤æ ×é¡ãU ÅðUÉ¸Uæ ãñU, ÖêÚUè-ÖêÚUè ¹æ·¤ ÏêÜ, (·¤çßÌæ â¢»ýãU), ·¤æ×æØÙèÑ °·¤ ÂéÙçßü¿æÚU, Ù§ü ·¤çßÌæ ·¤æ ¥æˆ×â¢ƒæáü, ÙØð âæçãUˆØ ·¤æ âõ´ÎØüàææS˜æ, °·¤ âæçãUçˆØ·¤ ·¤è ÇUæØÚUè (âæçãUˆØÜô¿Ùæ), ·¤æÆU ·¤æ âÂÙæ, âÌãU âð ©UÆUÌæ ¥æÎ×è (·¤ãUæÙè â¢»ýãU), çßÂæ˜æ (©UÂ‹Øæâ) ÌÍæ ÖæÚUÌÑ §çÌãUæâ ¥õÚU â¢S·ë¤çÌ §Ù·¤è Âý·¤æçàæÌ ÚU¿Ùæ°¢ ãñUÐ Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ â×·¤æÜèÙ çãU‹Îè ·¤çßÌæ ¥õÚU ·¤æÃØæÜô¿Ùæ ·¤ô »ãUÚðU ¥ÍôZ ×ð´ ÂýÖæçßÌ ·¤ÚUÙð ßæÜð âÁ», â¢ÁèÎæ ¥õÚU â×Íü ÚU¿Ùæ·¤æÚU ãñ´UÐ ¥ÂÙð ÃØç€Ìˆß ÌÍæ ·ë¤çÌˆß ×ð´ ÂêÚUè ÌÚUãU °·¤æˆ×Ð âæ×æçÁ·¤- ÚUæÁÙèçÌ·¤ ÎêÚUçÖâ¢çÏØô´ ¥õÚU ÂæçÚUßæçÚU·¤ ¥æçÍü·¤ â¢·¤ÅU ·ð¤ ÖæÚUè ÂæÅUô´ ×ð´ çÂâÙð ·ð¤ ÕæßÁêÎ ÁèßÙ ·ð¤ ¥¢Ì Ì·¤ ¥ÂÚUæÁðØ çÁÁèçßáæ âð ¥ôÌ-ÂýôÌ ·¤æÃØ ÃØç€ÌˆßÐ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ×êÜÌÑ ·¤çß ãñUÐ ¥¢ÏðÚðU ×ð´ ÁèßÙ ·¤è Ù‚Ù â“ææ§ü ·¤æ âæÿææˆ·¤æÚU ·¤ÚUÙð ßæÜð ×éç€ÌÕôÏ M¤×æÙè ÖæßÙæ¥ô´ ·¤æ ÀUæØæßæÎè ÜãUÙæ Â·¤Ç¸UÌð ãéU° ¥ÙéÖß ·¤è çÌ€ÌÌæ ç×çŸæÌ ·¤ÚUÌð ¿ÜÌð ãñ´UÐ ¥ÙéÖß ßñçßŠØ ÌÍæ ßñç¿˜Ø ·ð¤ âæÍ ¥·ð¤Üð ãUè â¢ƒæáüàæèÜ ×ÙécØ ·¤è ¿ðÌÙæ, Øé»èÙ çßâ¢»çÌØæ¢ ÌÍæ ÖØæßãU çSÍçÌ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·¤è ·¤çßÌæ ×ð´ °·¤Î× ÙØð ¥æ·¤æÚU ÌÍæ M¤Â ×ð´ ãUôÌè ãñUÐ Èñ´¤ÅðUâè, ç×Í·¤ ÌÍæ ÂýÌè·¤ô´ ·ð¤ ÂýçÌ ©UÙ·¤è ·¤Üæˆ×·¤ ·é¤àæÜÌæ ãñUÐ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·¤è ·¤æÃØØæ˜ææ ÖØæßãU ¥¢ÏðÚðU âð ãUô·¤ÚU Âý·¤æàæ ·ð¤ çÕ‹Îé ÂÚU âÂ‹Ù ãUôÌè ãñUÐ w. ¥ŠØØÙ ·¤æ àæèáü·¤ çßáØ ·¤æ àæèáü·¤ ãñU - Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ çÙçãUÌ ¥æ¢ÌçÚU·¤ °ß¢ Õæsï â¢ƒæáü ·¤æ ç¿˜æ‡æÐÓ x. ¥ŠØØÙ ·¤æ âè×æ¢·¤Ù ÂýSÌéÌ çßáØ ·ð¤ ¥‹Ì»üÌ ·¤çß ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·ð¤ çßçÖ‹Ù ·¤æÃØô´ ·¤ô çÜØæ »Øæ ãñU, çÁâ·ð¤ ¥æÏæÚU ÂÚU ©UÙ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ çÙçãUÌ ¥æ¢ÌçÚU·¤ °ß¢ Õæsï â¢ßðÎÙæ¥ô´ ·¤ô ¥ˆØ‹Ì âÚUÜ ß âæ×æ‹Ø M¤Â ×ð´ ÂýSÌéÌ ·¤ÚUÙð ·¤æ ÂýØæâ ç·¤Øæ »Øæ ãñUÐ ßð §â Âý·¤æÚU ãñU - ¿æ¡Î ·¤æ ×é¡ãU ÅðUÉ¸Uæ ãñU, ÖêÚUè-ÖêÚUè ¹æ·¤ ÏêÜ ¥æçÎÐ ·¤çß Ùð ãU×æÚðU ÖèÌÚU ÃØæŒÌ ÃØæŒÌ ¥æ¢ÌçÚU·¤ °ß¢ Õæsï m‹m ·¤ô ç¿ç˜æÌ ç·¤Øæ ãñUÐ ç·¤â Âý·¤æÚU ¥æÁ ·¤æ ×ÙécØ Öæ» ÎõÇ¸U ÖÚUè §â ÎéçÙØæ ×ð´ ©UÜÛæ·¤ÚU ×æÙßèØ â¢ßðÎÙæ âð ÎêÚU ãUôÌæ Áæ ÚUãUæ ãñU, ©Uâ·¤æ Öè ç¿˜æ‡æ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ Ùð ¥ÂÙð ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ ç·¤Øæ ãñUÐ y. ¥ŠØØÙ ·¤æ ©UgðàØ ©UgðàØ ·¤è ÎëçcÅU âð Îð¹æ Áæ° Ìô ÂýSÌéÌ àæôÏ-Â˜æ ·ð¤ ×æŠØ× Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ çÙçãUÌ ¥æ¢ÌçÚU·¤ °ß¢ Õæsï â¢ƒæáü ·¤æ çßàÜðá‡æ ·¤ÚU ¥æ× ÁÙÌæ ·¤ô ¥æˆ×âˆØ âð ÂçÚUç¿Ì ·¤ÚUæÙæ ãUè §â ·¤æ ¥ÖècÅU ãñUÐ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·¤è ·¤çßÌæ ·ð¤ ©UgðàØ ¥õÚU çÎàææ SÂcÅU ãñU ç·¤ ßð çßá× â×æÁ ×ð´ ÂçÚUßÌüÙ ÜæÙæ

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  147 ×ÙôÁ ·é¤×æÚU ŸæèßæSÌß ¿æãUÌð ãñÚÐ §â â¢ßðÎÙæˆ×·¤ ©gðàØ âð â¢¿æçÜÌ ãUô·¤ÚU ãUè ·¤ËÂÙæ ©UÙ·¤è ·¤çßÌæ¥ô´ ×ð´ ÁèßÙ ·¤è ÂéÙÚüU¿Ùæ ·¤ÚUÌè ãñU, ×æÙâ çÕÕ ·¤æ çÙ×æü‡æ ·¤ÚUÌè ãñU ¥õÚU ·¤æÃØ-ÙæØ·¤ SßØ¢ ·¤ô ©Uâ Èñ´¤ÅðUâè ×ð´ çß¿ÚU‡æ ·¤ÚUÌæ ãéU¥æ ÂæÌæ ãñUÐ Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ©UÙ ÚU¿Ùæ·¤æÚUô´ ×ð´ âð °·¤ ãñÚ çÁÙ·ð¤ çÜ° ÃØæÂ·¤ ×æÙßèØ ©UgðàØô´ ·ð¤ ÂýçÌ ·¤çß ·¤è ÂýçÌÕhÌæ ÕãéUÌ ×êËØßæÙ ãñUÐ ©UÙ·¤è ·¤çßÌæ ×ð´ ÃØ€Ì â¢ßðÎÙæˆ×·¤ ©UgðàØ §âè ÖæßÙæ ·ð¤ ¥ÙéM¤Â ãñUÐ z. Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ çÙçãUÌ ¥æ¢ÌçÚU·¤ °ß¢ Õæsï â¢ƒæáü ·ð¤ ç¿˜æ‡æ ·¤æ çßàÜðá‡æ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·ð¤ çÜ° ·¤çßÌæ ¥õÚU ÁèßÙ ¥çÖ‹Ù ÍðÐ ©UÙ·¤æ â×SÌ âæçãˆØ ©Uâ â¢ßðÎÙàæèÜ ÚU¿Ùæ·¤æÚU ·¤è ×æç×ü·¤ ¥çÖÃØç€Ì ãñU çÁâÙð ¥ÂÙð Øé»-ØÍæÍü ·¤ô Õæsï °ïß¢ ¥æ¢ÌçÚU·¤ ÎôÙô´ SÌÚUô´ ÂÚU »ãUÚUæ§ü âð ×ãUâêâ ç·¤ØæÐ SßæÏèÙÌæ ·ð¤ ÕæÎ, Îðàæ çÁâ ÖýcÅU, àæôá·¤ ¥õÚU ¥‹ØæØÂê‡æü ÃØßSÍæ ·ð¤ Î¢àæ ·¤ô ÛæðÜ ÚUãUæ Íæ, Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ Ùð ¥ÂÙè ·¤çßÌæ¥ô´ ×ð´ ©Uâ ÃØßSÍæ ·¤æ ¥âÜè ¿ðãUÚUæ âæ×Ùð ÜæÌð ãñÚ ¥õÚU âæÍ ãUè ©Uâ×ð´ ÃØç€Ì ·¤è ¥ÂÙè Öêç×·¤æ ÂÚU ÂýàÙ ç¿‹ãU Ü»æÌð ãñÚÐ ÚUæÁÙèçÌ™æô¢, Âê¡ÁèÂçÌØô´ °ß¢ ÕéçhÁèçßØô´ ·¤è ÎéÚUçÖâ¢çÏ ·ð¤ Õè¿ ×ŠØß»ü ·¤è ©UÎæâèÙÌæ çÁâ â¢·¤ÅU ·¤ô Á‹× Îð ÚUãUè Íè Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ·¤æ âæçãUˆØ ©Uâ·¤æ çßSÌëÌ ß‡æüÙ ãñUÐ ¥ÌÑ ¥æ»ð çßçÖ‹Ù çÕ‹Îé¥ô´ ·ð¤ ¥æÏæÚU ÂÚU Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ çÙçãUÌ ¥æ¢ÌçÚU·¤ °ß¢ Õæsï â¢ƒæáü ·ð¤ ç¿˜æ‡æ ·¤ô çßàÜðçáÌ ·¤ÚUÙð ·¤æ ÂýØæâ ç·¤Øæ ÁæØð»æ- z.v »ãUÙ ×æÙçâ·¤ ¥‹Ìmü‹m ·¤æ ç¿˜æ‡æ ÖèÌÚUè ¥õÚU ÕæãUÚUè â¢ƒæáü Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ·¤è âãUè Á×èÙ ãñUÐ ßð »ãUÙ ×æÙçâ·¤ ¥‹ÌmZmô´ ¥õÚU Ìè¹ð âæ×æçÁ·¤ ¥ÙéÖßô´ ·ð¤ ·¤çß ãñU¢Ð ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·¤è ·¤çßÌæ ×ð´ çÁâ àæŽÎ ·¤æ âÕâð ¥çÏ·¤ ÂýØô» ãéU¥æ ãñU ßãU ãñU ¥¢ÏðÚUÐ Ò¥¢ÏðÚUæÓ âð ç×ÜÌð-ÁéÜÌð ÕãéUÌ âð ¥‹Ø àæŽÎ Öè ãUñ Áñâð- ÒSØæãUÓ, Ò·¤æÜæÓ, ÒàØæ×Ó, Òâæ¡ßÜæÓ, ÒÚUæÌÓ, ÒÌ×-¥‹ÌÚUæÜÓ, ÒçÌç×ÚUÓ ¥æçÎÐ ©UÎæãUÚU‡æSßM¤Â Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ·¤è çÙÙ Â¢ç€ÌØô´ ·¤ô çÜØæ Áæ â·¤Ìæ ãñU - ÒÒâéÙâæÙ ¿õÚUæãUæ âæ¡ßÜæ Èñ¤Üæ Õè¿ ×ð´ ßèÚUæÙ »ðL¤ßæ ƒæ‡ÅUæƒæÚU ª¤ÂÚU ·¤ˆÍ§ü »éÕÎ âæ¡ßÜè ãUßæ¡¥ô´ ×ð´ ·¤æÜ ÅUãUÜÌæ ãñUÐÓÓ (çÌßæÚUè, w®v®, Âë. }v) ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·¤è àææØÎ ãUè ·¤ô§ü ·¤çßÌæ ãUô çÁâ×ð´ Ò¥¢ÏðÚUæÓ Øæ Ò¥¢ÏðÚðUÓ âð ç×ÜÌð-ÁéÜÌð àæŽÎ Ù ÂýØé€Ì ãéU° ãUôÐ ¥Õ ØãUæ¡ ØãU ÂýàÙ ©UÆUÌæ ÜæÁ×è ãñU Ò€Øæ ãñU ØãU ¥¢ÏðÚUæÓ ·¤çß ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ÂÚU §â ÌÚUãU ãUæßè €Øô´ ãñU? Øã ¥¢ÏðÚUæU ¥æ¢ÌçÚU·¤ ¥õÚU Õæsï NUÎØ ·¤æ ¥¡ÏðÚUæ ãñUÐ z.w ¥æˆ×M¤Â ß âˆØ ·¤è ¹ôÁ ¥æ¢ÌçÚU·¤ °ß¢ Õæsï ÁèßÙ ·ð¤ ¥¢ÏðÚðU ×ð´ ·¤çß Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ Ùð ¥æˆ×M¤Â ·¤è ¥õÚU âˆØ ·¤è ¹ôÁ ·¤è ãñUÐ ÇUæØÚUè ×ð´ ·¤çß ×éç€ÌÕôÏ Ùð SßØ¢ ãUè çÜ¹æ ãñU, ÒÒ×éÛæð Ü»Ìæ ãñU ×Ù °·¤ ÚUãUSØ×Ø Üô·¤ ãñUÐ ©Uâ×ð´ ¥¡ÏðÚUæ ãñUÐ ¥´ÏðÚðU ×ð´ âèçÉ¸UØæ¢ ãñUÐ âèçÉ¸UØæ »èÜè ãñUÐ âÕâð çÙ¿Üè âèÉ¸Uè ÂæÙè ×ð´ ÇêUÕæ ãñUÐ ßãU ¥ÍæãU ·¤æÜæ ÁÜ ãñUÐ ©Uâ ¥ÍæãU ÁÜ âð SßØ¢ ·¤ô ãUè ÇUÚU Ü»Ìæ ãñUÐ §â ¥ÍæãU ·¤æÜð ÁÜ ×ð´ ·¤ô§ü ÕñÆUæ ãñUÐ

148  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ çÙçãUÌ ¥æ¢ÌçÚU·¤ °ß¢ Õæ±Ø â¢ƒæáü ·¤æ ç¿˜æ‡æ ßãU àææØÎ ×ñ´ ãUè ãê¡UÐ Ò×ñ´Ó ·¤æ ØãU ÚUãUSØ×Ø Üô·¤ Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ·¤è ·¤çßÌæ¥ô´ ×ð´ ÕæÚU-ÕæÚU ¥æÌæ ãñUÐ »Ç÷UÉ¸Uæ, ÕæßÇ¸Uè, ÌæÜæÕ, ·¤ôÆUÚUè, çÌÜS×è ¹ôãU, ¥‹ÌÚUæÜ, »çÜØæ¡, â×é¼ý-Ì·¤ ÕSÌè Áñâð ÕãéUÌ ÂýØô» ×Ù ·ð¤ §âè ÚUãUSØ×Ø Üô·¤ ·¤è ¥ôÚU Üð ÁæÌð ãñÚ- ÒÒ¿Üæ Áæ ÚUãUæ ãê¡U âê¹ð ãéU° ÛæÚUÙð ·¤è ÂÍÚUèÜè »Üè ×ð´ ÖØæÙ·¤ »éãUæ¥ô´ ×ð´ ƒæéâÌæ ãê¡ ·¤æ¡Â·¤ÚU ×Ù ×æÚU ©UÌÚUÌæ ãê¡U »Î÷ÉUô´ ×ð´ ¹ôãUô´ ·ð¤ ÌÜ ×ð´Ð (×éç€ÌÕôÏ, Âë. v{) ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ÖèÌÚU ·ð¤ »éãUæ‹Ï·¤æÚU ×ð´, ×Ù ·ð¤ ¹ôãUô´ ×ð´ ÕæÚU-ÕæÚU §âçÜ° Üð ÁæÌð ãñ´¤ ç·¤ ßð ¥ÂÙð ¥âÜè M¤Â ·¤æ, Ù¢»è â“ææ§Øô´ ·¤æ âæÿææˆ·¤æÚU ·¤ÚUÙæ ¿æãUÌð ãñÚÐ ÖèÌÚU ·¤ô ·¤çß Ùð ÁèßÙ-àæç€Ì ·¤æ M¤Â ×æÙæ ãñUÐ ßãU ©Uâ×ð´ ©UÙ ¿×ˆ·¤æÚU ÚUˆÙô´ ·¤ô ÂýæŒÌ ·¤ÚUÙæ ¿æãUÌð ãñÚ çÁÙ·¤æ ©UÂØô» ¥æˆ× ¥õÚU ÁÙ ·ð¤ çÜ° âæÍü·¤ ãñUÐ z.x ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ âæ×æ‹Ø ÁÙ ·¤æ ç¿˜æ‡æ Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ×ð´ Âý»çÌàæèÜ ÁèßÙ ×êËØô´ ·¤è ·¤Üæˆ×·¤ ÂýçÌcÆUæ ãñU ¥õÚU çßçàæcÅU âæ¢S·ë¤çÌ·¤ ¿ðÌÙæ ÖèÐ âÖßÌÑ §âè ·¤æÚU‡æ Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ·¤è ÚU¿Ùæ àæç€Ì ·¤ô ©UÙ·ð¤ â×·¤æÜèÙ Ò¥™æðØÓ Ùð ÂãU¿æÙæ ¥õÚU ©U‹ãðÚ ÌæÚUâŒÌ·¤ ×ð´ SÍæÙ çÎØæÐ Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ÂéÚUæÙè ·¤æÃØM¤É¸Uè çÁâ×ð´ ×ãUæ·¤æÃØ ·ð¤ çÜ° ÎðßÌæ¥ô´ ÌÍæ ×ãUæÂéL¤áô´ ·¤è ãUè »õÚUß »æÍæ Sßè·¤æÚU ·¤è ÁæÌè Íè ·¤ô ÌôÇ¸U·¤ÚU ÂýˆØð·¤ ×Ùé ·ð¤ Âé˜æ ÂÚU çßàßæâ Üð·¤ÚU ·¤çßÌæ ·ð¤ ÿæð˜æ ×ðð´ Âýßðàæ ·¤ÚUÌð ãñÚÐ ÁÜÌð SÂ¢ÎÙô´ ·¤ô ×ãUâêâ ·¤ÚUÙð ·¤è ¿ðcÅUæ ©UÙ×ð´ ¥æÚUÖ âð ãUè çÎ¹Üæ§ü ÂÇ¸UÌè ãñU- ÒÒçÁâ Îðàæ Âýæ‡æô´ ·¤è ÁÜÙ ×ð´ °·¤ ÙêÌÙ SßŒÙ ·¤æ â¢¿æÚU ãUô, ¥ô NUÎØ ×ðÚðU ©Uâ …ßÜÙ ·¤è Öêç× ×ð´ çÕÀU Áæ SßØ¢ ãUè ¥ô ÌÚUÂ ·¤Ú ©Uâ çÙÚUæÜð Îðàæ ×ð´ Ìê ¹ôÜ ¥æ¡¹ðÐÓÓ (ÌæÚUâŒÌ·¤. Âë. vy) z.y âÂê‡æü ×æÙßèØ â¢ÎÖôZ ·¤è ¥ç‹ßçÌ °ß¢ °·¤è·¤ÚU‡æ Ò¥¢ÏðÚðU ×ð´Ó àæèáü·¤ ·¤çßÌæ Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ·¤è ÜÕè ·¤çßÌæ¥ô´ ×ð´ âßüŸæðcÆU ·¤çßÌæ ãñUÐ ©U‹ãUô´Ùð ·¤ô§ü ×ãUæ·¤æÃØ ÙãUè´ çÜ¹æ, Üðç·¤Ù ©UÙ·¤è ÜÕè ·¤çßÌæ¥ô´ ×ð´ ÁèßÙ ·ð¤ Õæsï °ß¢ ¥æ¢ÌçÚU·¤ â¢ƒæáôZ ·¤è ×ãUæ·¤æÃØæˆ×·¤ ¥çÖÃØç€Ì ãéU§ü ãñUÐ ßð ×æÙßèØ çßßð·¤ ¥õÚU ¥‹ÌÚUæ×æ ·¤è ¹ôÁ ·ð¤ âæÍ ©Uââð ÌæÎæˆ×Ø SÍæçÂÌ ·¤ÚUÌð ãéU° ¥ÂÙð â×Ø ·¤ô ÂãU¿æÙÙð ·¤è ¿ðcÅUæ ·¤ÚUÌð ãñÚÐ ©UÙ·¤è ·¤çßÌæ ×ð´ ÁèßÙ ·¤è ÀUÅUÂÅUæãUÅU, Ìæˆ·¤æçÜ·¤Ìæ ¥õÚU Õð¿ñÙè ãñUÐ ßÌü×æÙ çßâ¢»çÌØô´ ÂÚU ÕðÚUãU×è âð ¿ôÅU ·¤ÚUÌð ãéU° ßð ¥ÂÙð ·¤ô ÚU¿Ùæ·¤æÚU

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  149 ×ÙôÁ ·é¤×æÚU ŸæèßæSÌß ·¤è âæÍü·¤ ¥õÚU âæ·¤æÚUæˆ×·¤ Öêç×·¤æ ×ð´ ÂýçÌçcÆUÌ ·¤ÚUÌð ãñÚÐ Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ·ð¤ â¢Õ¢Ï ×ð´ ¥àæô·¤ ÕæÁÂðØè ·¤æ ·¤ÍÙ âæÍü·¤ ãñUÐ ÒÒ×éç€ÌÕôÏ °·¤ °ðâð ·¤çß ãñU Áô ¥ÂÙð â×Ø ×ð´ ¥ÂÙð ÂêÚðU çÎÜ ¥õÚU çÎ×æ» ·ð¤ âæÍ, ¥ÂÙè ÂêÚUè ×ÙécØÌæ ·ð¤ âæÍ ÚUãUÌð ãñÚÐ ß ¥ÂÙè °·¤ çÙÁè ÂýÌè·¤ ÃØßSÍæ çß·¤çâÌ ·¤ÚUÌð ãñÚ ç·¤ çÁâ·ð¤ ×æŠØ× âð âæßüÁçÙ·¤ ƒæÅUÙæ¥ô´ ·¤è ÎéçÙØæ ¥õÚU ·¤çß ·¤è çÙÁè ÎéçÙØæ °·¤ âæÍü·¤ ¥õÚU ¥ÅêUÅU â¢Øô» ×ð´ Âý·¤ÅU ãUô â·ð¤Ð ÚUæÁÙèçÌ·¤ NUÎØ âð »ãUÚUæ Ü»æß ¥õÚU ×æ€âüßæÎè çß¿æÚUÏæÚUæ âð ÂýçÌÕh ãUôÙð ·ð¤ ÕæßÁêÎ Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ·¤Öè Öè Âý¿æÚUßæÎè ÙãUè´ ÕÙðÐ °·¤ Ìô ßð ÚUæÁÙèçÌ·¤ ÎéçÙØæ âð ¥ÂÙð Ü»æß ·¤ô ×æÙßèØ ¥æSÍæ ¥õÚU ¥‹ÌÁü»Ì ×ð´ ©UÌÙð ãUè »ãUÚðU Ü»æß ·ð¤ âæÍ ÁôÇ¸UÌð ¿ÜÌð ãñU, ¥õÚU ÎêâÚðU °·¤ â“æð ·¤çß ·¤è ÌÚUãU ßð âÚUÜè·¤ÚU‡æô´ âð §‹·¤æÚU ·¤ÚUÌð ãñÚÐÓÓ Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ·¤è ·¤çßÌæ ×ð´ â×çcÅ U·¤æ °·¤ °ðâæ ÃØæÂ·¤ ÕôÏ çÎ¹Üæ§ü ÂÇ¸UÌæ ãñU, çÁâ×ð´ ÚUæcÅþU, â×æÁ, ÁæçÌ, Öê»ôÜ ¥õÚU §çÌãUæâ ·¤è ·¤ô§ü âè×æ ÙãUè´Ð âÂê‡æü ×æÙßèØ â¢ÎÖôZ ·¤è ¥ç‹ßçÌ ¥õÚU â×è·¤ÚU‡æ ãUÚU ÃØç€Ì ·¤è ¥æˆ×æ ×ð´ ¥ÂÙè ¥æˆ×æ ·¤è ¹ôÁ ·¤æ ØãU ÙêÌÙ ÌðßÚU UÒ¥¢ÏðÚðUÓ ×ð´ àæèáü·¤ ·¤çßÌæ ×ð´ Îð¹Ùð ·¤ô ç×ÜÌæ ãñU- ßãU ãUÚU °·¤ ¥æˆ×æ ·¤æ §çÌãUæâ ãUÚU °·¤ Îðàæ ß ÚUæÁÙñçÌ·¤ ÂçÚUçSÍçÌ ÂýˆØð·¤ ×æÙßèØ SßæÙéÖêÌ ¥æÎàæü çßßð·¤-Âýç·ý¤Øæ, ç·ý¤Øæ»Ì ÂçÚU‡æçÌÐ ¹ôÁÙæ ãê¡ ÂÆUæÚU-ÂãUæÇ¸U-â×é‹ÎÚU ÁãUæ¡ ç×Ü â·ð¤ ×éÛæð ×ðÚUè ßãU ¹ôØè ãéU§ü ÂÚU× ¥çÖÃØç€Ì ¥çÙßæÚU ¥æˆ× âÖßæÐÓÓ (çâ¢ãU, w®vz. Âë. ~{) z.z â¢˜ææâ °ß¢ çß¼ýôãU Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ â¢˜ææâ °ß¢ çß¼ýôãU ·¤æ SßÚU âéÙæ§ü ÂÇ¸UÌæ ãñUÐ ©UÙ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ ØçÎ °·¤ ¥ôÚU âéÙâæÙ, ßèÚUæÙ, â‹ÙæÅUæ ãñU ¥õÚU ÍÚUÍÚUæÙæ, ·¤æ¡ÂÙæ, çâãUÚUÙæ, ¿è¹Ùæ Áñâð àæŽÎô´ ·¤æ ÂýØô» Ìô ÎêâÚUè ¥ôÚU ©Uâ×ð´ ÕÏ, ãUˆØæ, ÎéƒæüÅUÙæ, ¥æ», »ôÜè, ÚUæØÈ¤Ü, ÙæÚUæ ·¤Øêü ¥æçÎ ·ð¤ ·ð¤ ÎãUàæÌ ÖÚðU ç¿˜æ ÖèÐ ©UÙ·¤è ·¤çßÌæ â¢·¤ÅU ·¤æ, ×ëˆØé ãUæ¡ÚUÚU ç·ý¤ØðÅU ·¤ÚUÌè ãñU - ÒÒç·¤âè ·¤æ Üð ÇñUâ ·¤è ÕÙè ·¤æÜè Â^ïUè ãUô ¥æ¡¹ô´ ×ð´ Õ¡Ï »Øè ç·¤âè ¹Ç¸Uè Âæ§ü ·¤è âêÜè ÂÚU ×ñ´ ÅUæ¡» çÎØæ »ØæÐÓÓ (¿æ¡Î ·¤æ ×éãU ÅðUÉU¸æ ãñU, Âë. wy|) ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ×ð¢ ÃØ€Ì ©UÙ·ð¤ ×ÙÑ â¢ƒæáü ·¤ô ©UÙ·¤æ çÙÁè â¢ƒæáü ×æÙ ÜðÙð ÂÚU ·¤çßÌæ ·¤è ÕéçÙØæÎ ãUè ÉUãUÙð Ü»ð»èÐ â“ææ§ü ØãU ãñU ç·¤ Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ·ð¤ ÖØæÙ·¤ ¥æ¢ÌçÚU·¤ â¢ƒæáü ×ð´ çßÿæôÖ·¤æÚUè

150  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ çÙçãUÌ ¥æ¢ÌçÚU·¤ °ß¢ Õæ±Ø â¢ƒæáü ·¤æ ç¿˜æ‡æ Õæsï ÂçÚUçSÍçÌØæ¡ âç·ý¤Ø ãñUÐ §âçÜ° ©UÙ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ çÁÌÙæ â¢˜ææâ ãñU ©UÌÙæ ãUè çß¼ýôãUÐ °·¤ ¥ôÚU ÁãUæ¡ ¥¢ÏðÚUæ ¥õÚU ·¤æÜæ Ú¢U» ãñU ßãUè´ ÎêâÚUè ¥ôÚU ¥ç‚Ù ¥õÚU ÚU€Ì ·¤æ ÜæÜ Ú¢U» Öè - ÒÒÜæÜ-ÜæÜ ¿æÎÚðÚ çâ‹ÎéÚUè Ûæç‡ÇUØæ¡ âéÙãUÚUè ÂÌæ·¤æ°¡ È¤ÚUÈ¤ÚUæ ÚUãUè ãñU ¥õÚU ¥æâ×æÙ ×ð´ ·¤ˆÍ§ü »ðM¤° Ïé¡° ·¤è ÕÇ¸Uè ÕÇ¸Uè ÜãUÚðÚ ÌñÚUÌè ãñU ãßæ ×ð´ÐÓÓ (çÌßæÚUè, w®v®, Âë wwz-ww{) z.{ ØàæÜôÖè ÕéçhÁèßè â×æÁ ·ð¤ çÜ° ¥çÖàææÂ Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ Ùð ØàæÜôÖè ÕéçhÁèçßØô´ ·¤ô â×æÁ ·ð¤ çÜ° ¥çÖàææÂ ×æÙæ ãñUÐ ßð ©UÙÜô»ô´ ·¤ô ·¤Ç¸Uæ ÁßæÕ ÎðÌð ãñU¢ Áô çâÈü¤ âÈ¤ÜÌæ ·¤è ¥æ¡¹ âð ÎéçÙØæ ·¤ô çÙãUæÚUÌð ãñÚÐ Áô âÈ¤ÜÌæ ÂýæŒÌ ·¤ÚUÙð ·ð¤ çÜ° ƒæé‚ƒæê Øæ çâØæÚU ·¤æ ÖêÌ ÕÙ ÁæÌð ãñÚÐ ©U‹ãUô´Ùð ¥ÂÙè ·¤çßÌæ Ò·¤ãUÙð Îô ©U‹ãðÚ Áô ØãU ·¤ãUÌð ãñÚÓ ×ð´ ÌÍæ·¤çÍÌ âÈ¤ÜÌæ ÂæÙð ·ð¤ çÜ° Õð¿ñÙ ©UÙ ÕééçhÁèçßØô´ ·¤ô ÜÜ·¤æÚUÌð´ ãñÚ Áô âæ×æçÁ·¤ ×ãUˆß ·¤è ç»ÜõçÚUØæ¡ ¹æÌð ãéU° ¥âˆØ ·¤è ·é¤âèü ÂÚU ¥æÚUæ× âð ÕñÆðU ãéU°, ×ÙécØ ·¤è ˆß¿æ ·¤æ ¥ôßÚU·¤ôÅU ÂãUÙð Õ¢ÎÚUô´ ß ÚUèÀUô´ ·ð¤ âæ×Ùð ÙØè-ÙØè ¥Îæ¥ô´ ×ð´ Ùæ¿Ìð ãñÚ - ÒÒÚUæÁÙèçÌ âæçãUˆØ ¥õÚU ·¤Üæ ·ð¤ ÂýçÌçcÆUÌ ×ãUæâêØü ÕÇ¸ðU-ÕÇ¸ðU ×âèãUæ âÚU·¤â ·ð¤ Áô·¤ÚU-âð çÚUÛææÌð ãñU çÙÚ¢UÌÚU Ùæ¿Ìð ãñÚ, ·ê¤ÎÌð ãñÚ àæôá‡æ ×ð´ çâhãUSÌ Sßæç×Øô´ ·ð¤ âæ×Ùð ¿éÂ¿æÂ ¥æÎàæôZ ·¤ô ÕæÁê ÚU¹ Øæ ÖêÜ·¤ÚU ¥ßâÚUßæÎè Õéçh×žææ »ýãU‡æ ·¤ÚU ¥õ çÁ‹Î»è ·¤ô ÖêÜ·¤ÚU çÕË·é¤Ü çÕ·¤ ÁæÌð ãñÚÐÓÓ (çÌßæÚUè, w®v®. Âë. }z) §â Âý·¤æÚU ·ð¤ ØàæÜôÖè ÕéçhÁèçßØô´ ·¤ô Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ Ùð Ò¥ßâÚUßæÎèÓ, ÒÂê¡ÁèßæÎè ©UËÜê ·¤æ âæçãUçˆØ·¤ ÂÅU÷ÆUæÓ, Ò×ŠØß»èüÓ, ÒÕéçhàæèÜ ¥ßâÚUßæÎè ·ð¤·¤Ç¸UæÓ ¥æçÎ ·¤ãUæ ãñUÐ ßð §‹ãðÚ ß»üàæ˜æé Öè ·¤ãUÌð ãñÚ €Øô´ç·¤ ßð ©Uâ âØÌæ ·¤æ ÁæÙð-¥ÙÁæÙð â×ÍüÙ ·¤ÚUÌð ãñÚ çÁâ·¤è ×ëˆØé ¥çÙßæØü ãñUÐ Øð €Øô´ç·¤ ©UÙ·ð¤ ¥ÂÙð ß»ü ·ð¤ ãñÚÐ ¥ÌÑ Øð â×æÁ ·ð¤ ÖØæÙ·¤ àæ˜æé ãñUÐ ·¤çß SßØ¢ ·¤ô §â ß»ü âð ¥Ü» ÚU¹Ìð ãñÚÐ €Øô´ç·¤ ©UÙ·¤è Âê¡Áè ÎêâÚUè ãñUÐ z.| çÎ×æ»è »éãUæ‹Ï·¤æÚU ·¤æ ç¿˜æ‡æ ·¤çß Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ çÎ×æ»è »éãUæ‹Ï·¤æÚU ·ð¤ ÖèÌÚU §âèçÜ° SßØ¢ ƒæéâÌð ¥õÚU ÂæÆU·¤ô´ ·¤ô Üð ÁæÌð ãñ¢ Ìæç·¤ ßãU ¥ÂÙð ¥âÜè M¤Â ·¤æ âæÿææˆ·¤æÚU ·¤ÚU ¥õÚU ·¤ÚUæ â·ð´¤Ð ©UÙ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ ÒÙæçÖÌæÜÓ, ÒâãUdÎÜÓ, Ò·ñ¤ÜæâÓ, Ò·é¤‡ÇUçÜÙèâÓ, ÒÙæç»ÙèÓ, Ò©U‹×æÙèÓ, Ò¥ÙãUÎ ÙæÎÓ ¥æçÎ ãUÆUØô» ·ð¤ àæŽÎô´ ·¤æ ÂýØô» ¥æˆ×âˆØ ·¤ô ãUè ÂýæŒÌ ·¤ÚUÙð ·ð¤ çÜ° ãéU¥æ ãñUÐ ãUÆUØô» ·¤è àæŽÎæßÜè ÚUãUSØ ·¤è àæŽÎæßÜè ÙãUè´,

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  151 ×ÙôÁ ·é¤×æÚU ŸæèßæSÌß âæÏÙæ ¥õÚU àæÚUèÚU ·¤è àæŽÎæßÜè ãñUÐ z.} Èñ´¤ÅUðâè ·¤æ ÂýØô» ×éç€ÌÕôÏ Ùð ¥ÂÙð ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ Èñ´¤ÅðUâè ·¤æ ÂýØô» çßàæðá M¤Â âð ç·¤Øæ ãñUÐ §âè ·¤æÚU‡æ §‹ãðÚ Èñ´¤ÅðUâè ·¤æ ·¤çß Öè ×æÙæ ÁæÌæ ãñUÐ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ çÁâ Èñ´¤ÅðUâè ·¤è ÚU¿Ùæ ·¤ÚUÌð ãñÚ ßãU ØÍæÍü ×ð´ Öô»ð »Øð ßæSÌçß·¤ ¥ÙéÖß ·¤è ÂýçÌ·ë¤çÌ Ìô ÙãUè´ ãñU, Üðç·¤Ù ØÍæÍü âð çßç‘ÀU‹Ù Öè ÙãUè´ ãñUÐ ©UÙ·ð¤ mæÚUæ ÚUç¿Ì Ò¥¢ÏðÚðU ×ð´Ó àæèáü·¤ ·¤çßÌæ °·¤ SßŒÙ ·¤Íæ ãñU, °·¤ Èñ´¤ÅUâè ãñUÐ ØãU Èñ´¤ÅðUâè ¥¢ÌÑÎàæüÙ ·¤è °ðâè Âýç·ý¤Øæ ·ð¤ M¤Â ×ð´ ÂýØé€Ì ãñU çÁâ×ð´ °·¤ SÌÚU ÂÚU âæ×ýæ…ØßæÎè Âê¡ÁèßæÎè ¥õÚU È¤æçâSÅU ÂýçÌcÆUæÙô´ ·¤è »çÌçßçÏ ·ð¤ ÚUãUSØ ¹éÜÌð ãñÚ ¥õÚU ÎêâÚðU SÌÚU ÂÚU çÎ·¤ ·¤æÜ ·¤è ¥ç‹ßçÌ °ß¢ ÎëàØ Á»Ì ÌÍæ ¥‹ÌÁü»Ì ·¤è çßá×Ìæ ·ð¤ â¢ÎðßÙæˆ×·¤ ™ææÙ ÂÚUSÂÚU âêç˜æÌ ãUôÌð ãñÚÐ SßŒÙ ·ð¤ ¥çÖÂýæØ °·¤Î× ßãUè ÙãUè´ ãUôÌð çÁâ M¤Â ×ð´ ßð çÎ¹æ§ü ÎðÌð ãñÚÐ ©UÙ·ð¤ ¥çÖÂýæØ ·¤ô ÕêÛæÙæ ÂÇ¸UÌæ ãñUÐ ÕêÛæÌð â×Ø SßŒÙ¼ýcÅUæ ·¤è ×æÙçâ·¤ çSÍçÌ ÌÍæ ÂçÚUçSÍçÌ ·¤è ÁæÙ·¤æÚUè Öè ¥ÂðçÿæÌ ãUôÌè ãñU- °·¤ çÎÙ, °·¤ ÚUæÌ ·¤è ÙãUè´ ÕçË·¤ ÂêÚðU ÂæçÚUßæçÚU·¤, âæ×æçÁ·¤ °ß¢ ÚUæcÅþUèØ ÂçÚUßðàæ ×ð´ ç·¤Øð ÁèßÙ ¥æçÎ ·¤ô Öè â×ÛæÙæ ãUôÌæ ãñU- ÒÒ»ãUÙ ×ëÌæˆ×æ°¡ §âè Ù»ÚU ·¤è ãUÚU ÚUæÌ ÁéÜêâ ×ð´ ¿ÜÌè, ÂÚU‹Ìé, çÎÙ ×ð´ ÕñÆUÌè ãñU ç×Ü·¤ÚU ·¤ÚUÌè ãéU§ü áÇU÷Ø‹˜æ çßçÖ‹Ù ÎÌÚUô´-·¤æØæüÜØô´, ·ð¤‹¼ýô´ ×ð´ ƒæÚUô´ ×ð´Ð ãUæØ ãUæØ ×ñ´Ùð ©U‹ãðÚ Îð¹ çÜØæ Ù¢»æ, §â·¤è ×éÛæð ¥õÚU âÁæ ç×Üð»èÐÓÓ (×æÙß ÌÍæ àæ×æü, w®vv. Âë. w®{) ßñ™ææçÙ·¤ô´ ·¤æ ×æÙÙæ ãñU ç·¤ ×ÙécØ ·¤è Áô §‘ÀUæ Îç×Ì ãUô ÁæÌè ãñU ßãU ¥ß¿ðÌÙ ×ð´ ¿Üè ÁæÌè ãñU, ßãUè SßŒÙ ·ð¤ M¤Â ×ð´ çÎ¹æ§ü ÎðÌè ãñUÐ ·¤çß ·¤è âÂê‡æü ÖæßÙæ¥ô´, ÂýØˆÙô´ ÌÍæ ÂýçÌÖæ¥ô´ ·¤è ÂçÚUÂê‡æüÌæ, NUÎØ ×ð´ çÚUâÌð ãéU° ™ææÙ ·¤æ ÌÙæß ÚUãUSØ×Ø ÂéL¤á ·ð¤ M¤Â ×ð´ ÕæÚU-ÕæÚU ©Uâ·¤æ ÂèÀUæ ·¤ÚUÌæ ãñÐ ·¤çß ·¤è ¥æˆ×æ ãUè M¤Â »ýãU‡æ ·¤ÚU·ð¤ ©Uâ·ð¤ âæ×Ùð ·é¤ÀU »ÖèÚU âßæÜô´ ·¤ô ÀUôÇ¸U ÎðÌè ãñÚÐ çÁâð ÕæãUÚUè ÃØßSÍæ ·¤è ãUßæ ·ð¤ Ûæô´·ð¤ âð ©Uâ …ØôçÌ ·¤ô ÕéÛææ Îè ÁæÌè ãñUÐ SßŒÙM¤Âè ØãUè Öæß Èñ´¤ÅðUâè ·ð¤ M¤Â ×ðð´ ©UÖÚU·¤Ú âæ×Ùð ¥æÌæ ãñUÐ

{. ©UÂÜçŽÏØæ¡ çãU‹Îè ·¤è ÙØè ·¤çßÌæ ·ð¤ ßæÌæßÚU‡æ ·¤ô ÕÙæÙð ×ð´ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·¤æ ÕãéUÌ ÕÇ¸Uæ Øô»ÎæÙ ãñUÐ ©U‹ãUô´Ùð ¥ÂÙè ÚU¿Ùæ¥ô´ ·ð¤ ×æŠØ× âð â×æÁ, ÁèßÙ ¥õÚU Øé» ·ð¤ çÁâ ØÍæÍü ·¤æ âæÿææˆ·¤æÚU ·¤ÚUÌð ãñ´U ¥õÚU çÁâð ¥çÖÃØ€Ì ·¤ÚUÌð ãñ´U ßãU ßSÌéÌÑ ÁçÅUÜ ¥õÚU §ÌÙæ ©UÜÛææ ãéU¥æ ãñU ç·¤ ©Uâð âèÏð-âèÏð Â·¤Ç¸U ÂæÙæ Øæ ¥çÖÃØ€Ì ·¤ÚU ÂæÙæ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·ð¤ çÜ° âÖßÌÑ ãUè â¢Öß ÙãUè´ ÍæÐ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ Ùð ¥ÂÙð ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ Èñ´¤ÅðUâè ·¤æ ÂýØô» ç·¤Øæ ãñUÐ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ Ùð ¥ÂÙð ·¤æÃØ ·ð¤ mæÚUæ ¥æ× ÁÙÌæ ·ð¤ ¥æ¢ÌçÚU·¤ °ß¢ Õæsï â¢ƒæáü

152  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ·ð¤ ·¤æÃØ ×ð´ çÙçãUÌ ¥æ¢ÌçÚU·¤ °ß¢ Õæ±Ø â¢ƒæáü ·¤æ ç¿˜æ‡æ ·¤ô ¥ˆØ‹Ì ØÍæÍüÌæ ·ð¤ âæÍ Âý·¤ÅU ç·¤Øæ ãñUÐ ©U‹ãUô´Ùð ¥ÂÙð ·¤æÃØ ·ð¤ mæÚUæ âÂê‡æü ×æÙßèØ â¢ÎÖôZ ·¤è ¥ç‹ßçÌ °ß¢ °·¤è·¤ÚU‡æ ·¤ÚUÙð ·¤æ ÂýØæâ ç·¤Øæ ãñU Ìô ßãUè´ ÎêâÚUè ¥ôÚU â¢˜ææâ °ß¢ çß¼ýôãU ·¤æ ç¿˜æ‡æ ç·¤Øæ ãñUÐ â×æÁ ×ð´ ÃØæŒÌ ×é¹õÅðU ÂãÙð ãéU° ØàæÜôÖè ÕéçhÁèçßØô´ ·¤ô Öè ÕðÙ·¤æÕ ç·¤Øæ ãñUÐ ¥ÌÑ §â Âý·¤æÚU Îð¹æ ÁæØð Ìô ¥æÏéçÙ·¤ çãU‹Îè ·¤çßÌæ ·ð¤ çß·¤æâ ×ð´ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·¤æ ¥ãU× Øô»ÎæÙ ÚUãUæ ãñUÐ

|. çÙc·¤áü çÙc·¤áü M¤Â ×ð´ ·¤ãUæ Áæ â·¤Ìæ ãñU ç·¤ çãU‹Îè ·¤çßÌæ ·ð¤ §çÌãUæâ ×ð´ Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ÃØç€Ì ·ð¤ ¥æˆ×âˆØ ·¤ô ©UÎ÷ƒææçÅUÌ ·¤ÚUÙð ßæÜð ·¤çß ÍðÐ ×éç€ÌÕôÏ ·ð¤ ÁèßÙ ×ð´, v~yx ×ð´ Âý·¤æçàæÌ ÒÌæÚU-âŒÌ·¤Ó °·¤ Ù§ü ·¤æÃØ ¿ðÌÙæ ·¤æ â¢ÎðàæßæãU·¤ ÕÙ·¤ÚU ¥æØæÐ çÁâ×ð´ Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ·¤è ·¤§ü ·¤çßÌæ°¡ Âý·¤æçàæÌ ãéU§ü¢Ð ©UÙ·ð¤ â×Ø â×æÁ ×ð´ Âê¡ÁèßæÎè ÃØßSÍæ çßl×æÙ Íè ¥õÚU Âê¡ÁèßæÎè âØÌæ ·ð¤ çß·¤æâ Ùð ÂêÚUè âæ×æçÁ·¤ ÃØßSÍæ ·¤ô L¤‚‡æ ·¤ÚU çÎØæ ÍæÐ °ðâð ¥ßSÍæ ×ð´ ÂýˆØð·¤ ŸæðcÆU ×æÙßèØ Öæß ¥Ïô»çÌ ·¤ô ÂýæŒÌ ãéU°Ð ¥‹ØæØ, ¥ˆØæ¿æÚU, àæôá‡æ, ¥ßâÚUßæÎ ·ð¤ ·¤æÚU‡æ â×ê¿æ â×æÁ àæôçáÌ ãUô ¿Üæ ÍæÐ âÌãU ÂÚU âÕ·é¤ÀU âãUè çÎ¹Ùð ÂÚU Öè ÖèÌÚU âð ÂêÚUè ×êËØ-ÃØßSÍæ ¿ÚU×ÚUæ »§ü ÍèÐ Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ ·¤ô §â çßâ¢»çÌ ·¤æ »ãUÚUæ °ãUâæâ ÍæÐ ©UÙ·¤è ·¤çßÌæ¥ô´ ·¤è â¢ßðÎÙæ §âè çßâ¢»çÌ-ÕôÏ âð ©UÂÁÌè ãñUÐ ×ãUˆßÂê‡æü ØãU ãñU ç·¤ ØãU çßâ¢»çÌÕôÏ ·¤ãUè´ Öè ·¤çßÌæ ·¤ô çÙÚUæàææ ·¤è ¥ôÚU ÙãUè´ ×ôÇ¸UÌè ÕçË·¤ ¥æˆ×â¢ƒæáü ·¤è ¥ôÚU, ¥æˆ× çßàÜðá‡æ ÌÍæ â¢àæôÏÙ ·¤è ¥ôÚU Üð ÁæÌè ãñUÐ Ò×éç€ÌÕôÏÓ Ùð ¥æˆ×-çßàÜðá‡æ ·ð¤ ×æŠØ× âð §â Øé» ·ð¤ âæ×æçÁ·¤ â¢ƒæáü ·¤ô â×ÛæÙð ·¤æ ÂýØæâ ç·¤Øæ ÌÍæ ¥æ× ÁÙÌæ ·¤ô â×ÛææÙð ¥õÚU ©Uââð ÜÇ¸UÙð ãðUÌé ÂýðçÚUÌ ç·¤ØæÐ

»ý¢Í âê¿è v. çâ¢ãU, ÇUæò. çßÁØÂæÜ, ¥æÏéçÙ·¤ ·¤æÃØÏæÚUæ. â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ Ñ w®vz, ¥ÙéÚUæ» Âý·¤æàæÙ, ßæÚUæ‡æâè w. ŸæèßæSÌß, ÇUæò. ÂÚU×æÙ‹Î ÌÍæ ¥õÚU (âÂæ.), çÎàææ¢ÌÚU, â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ Ñ w®v®, ¥ÙéÚUæ» Âý·¤æàæÙ, ßæÚUæ‡æâè x. ·ë¤c‡æ, ·é¤×æÚU. â×·¤æÜèÙ ·¤çßÌæ ·¤æ ÕèÁ »ç‡æÌ, â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ Ñ w®vy, ßæ‡æè Âý·¤æàæÙ, ÙØè çÎËÜè y. ×æÙß, çßàßÖÚU ÌÍæ ¥õÚU, ¥æÏéçÙ·¤ ·¤çß, ÂýÍ× â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ Ñ w®®}, Üô·¤ÖæÚUÌè Âý·¤æàæÙ, §ÜæãUæÕæÎ z. ãUÚUÎÜæÜ, ÇUæò. ¥æÏéçÙ·¤ çãU‹Îè ·¤çßÌæ, ÂýÍ× â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ Ñ v~~x, àæŽÎ·¤æÚU Âý·¤æàæ·¤ çÎËÜè {. çÌßæÚUè, çßàßÙæÍ ÂýâæÎ, â×·¤æÜèÙ çã‹Îè ·¤çßÌæ, Üô·¤ÖæÚUÌè Âý·¤æàæÙ, ÂýÍ× â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ Ñ w®v®, §ÜæãUæÕæÎ |. ŸæèßæSÌß, ÇUæò. ÂÚU×æÙ¢Î, â×·¤æÜèÙ ·¤çßÌæ ·¤æ ØÍæÍü, Âý·¤æàæ·¤ - ãUçÚUØæ‡ææ âæçãUˆØ ¥·¤æÎ×è, ÂýÍ‡æ â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ Ñ v~}} ¿¢ÇUè»É¸U }. ¥ÚUçß¢ÎæÿæÙ, °., â×·¤æÜèÙ çãU‹Îè ·¤çßÌæ, ÚUæÏæ·ë¤c‡æ Âý·¤æàæÙ, ÂýÍ× â¢S·¤ÚU‡æ Ñ v~~}, çÎËÜè

Manuscript received on 20/04/2018 Reviewed Paper received on 02/08/2018 Revised Paper received on 04/09/2018 Research Paper accepted on 14/09/2018

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  153 PRAG CONSILIENCE: ISSN 2456-6861, RNI No. ASSMUL/2016/70132 A Multi-lingual Peer-reviewed Annual Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Commerce Vol. 3, No. 1 (2018), pp. 154-165

PLATINUM NANOPILLAR CATALYST FOR ENHANCED ANODIC REACTIONS IN PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS

Aziz Khan*

Abstract: Platinum (Pt) nanopillars are sputter deposited on porous carbon paper by dc magnetron sputtering technique and employed as anode electro catalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The formation of Pt nanopillars is confirmed by Atomic Force Microscopy analyses. The prepared nanopillar structures show better performance than electro catalyst prepared by conventional methods. The electrode with Pt loading as low as 0.05 mg cm-2 shows a current density of 2.9 A cm-2 at 0.3 V and a maximum power density of 0.93 W cm-2. Nanopillar structured Pt results in the enhancement of catalytic activity thereby promising to be a better catalyst than other nanostructures. Keywords: Nanopillar Structure, Magnetron Sputtering Technique, Electro Catalyst

1. Introduction Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), an electrochemical device that converts chemical energy of fuel to electrical energy is seen as the potential source of green energy in days to come. In recent years, tremendous research works have been dedicated to the development of highly efficient and low cost

*Assistant Professor (Contractual), Department of Physics, Pragjyotish College, Guwahati, E-mail: [email protected]

154  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Platinum Nanopillar Catalyst for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells fuel cells (Gasteiger et al., 2005; Brouzgou et al., 2012; Liang et al., 2014). One major concern in fuel cell development is the use of expensive platinum (Pt) catalyst that leads to the overall increase in the production cost of fuel cells. Over the last two decades, work has been focused on minimization of Pt loading on the electrodes with no compromise in the final performance of the fuel cell. Researchers have worked on a number of processes for catalyst preparation, such as chemical synthesis, sol-gel method, electrodeposition method, polyol process, glycol method, thermal decomposition of metal salts, plasma sputtering etc. (Andreas et al., 2006; Wee et al., 2007, Yu et al., 2010; Esmaeilifar et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2013; Antolini, 2007; Wang et al., 2014); of which sputtering technique is considered to be the most effective process due to its benefit of producing thin, uniform and highly adhesive nanofilms. In 2005 Alvisi et al. pointed out very elaborately the advantages of sputtering technique compared to the other chemical techniques of preparation of nanofilms. Recent works have revealed that nanostructures have better catalytic activity and act as better catalyst for application in electrochemical cells such as Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC), Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC), Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells, etc. (Simoes et al., 2010, Corradini et al., 2012, Stamatin et al., 2015). The works reported by several group (Caillard et al., 2005; Cavarroc et al., 2009, Brault et al., 2011; Coutanceau, et al., 2011) and devoted to sputter deposition of platinum nanofilms on fuel cell electrodes by Radio Frequency (RF) -2 sputtering technique. In their work, ultra-low Pt loading of 10 µgPt cm is done on fuel cell electrodes using the co-sputtering technique wherein Pt and C are co- sputtered to prepare the required catalyst layer on carbon paper substrates. The efficiency of the prepared MEA is reported to be comparable to chemically prepared electrodes with a high Pt loading of ~1 mg cm-2. Even though sputtering at low pressure (< 10-2 mbar) is generally considered to be the most appropriate process for producing thin uniform films, research in recent years has been focused on sputtering at high pressure (> 10-1 mbar) as it is finding great advantage in preparation of fine structured uniform nano particles (Lai et al., 2012; Chang, 2013). The study of surface morphology and catalytic activity of Pt nanoparticles

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  155 Aziz Khan deposited at high pressure have therefore been actively pursued recently. Slavcheva et al. (Slavcheva et al., 2009; Slavcheva et al., 2010) deposited Pt thin films by high pressure dc sputtering technique and studied the effect of sputtering parameters on the catalytic efficiency of thin Pt films in the pressure range of 2-13 Pa (0.02- 0.13 mbar) and obtained a catalytic utilization of 1.2 A cm-2 mg-1 at 0.1 V. Topalov et al. (Topalov et al., 2011) reported the preparation and study of catalytic properties of Pt-Ir films deposited by co-sputtering process and found the best catalytic activity for films deposited at 9 Pa (0.09 mbar). A similar work has been reported by Yoo et al. (Yoo et al., 2008) wherein it is concluded that the catalyst deposited at high pressure yields better performance as compared to that done at low pressure under the same operating conditions. In this work, conical platinum nanopillars are deposited on porous carbon paper at a pressure of 0.5 mbar using dc magnetron sputtering process. Deposition at such a high pressure results in the formation of nanopillars having higher catalytic activity and better performance of the prepared electrode with low Pt loading. Pt is sputter deposited directly on the Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL) and the as prepared electrode is then used as anode in MEA for fuel cell applications. The MEA is tested in a fuel cell testing station (KPAS Electronics, Chennai, India) with commercial electrode (ElectroChem Inc.) as standard cathode for the study of electrode performance.

2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Electrode preparation by Plasma Process Platinum nanopillars are deposited on porous carbon paper GDL and silicon substrates by dc magnetron sputtering technique. Sputtering is carried out in a 30 cm × 30 cm plasma chamber with a 1 inch planar magnetron attached to it (Khan et al., 2014; Khan et al., 2015). The substrates are placed 5 cm below the target. The chamber is evacuated to a base pressure of 5 × 10-5 mbar, using a diffusion pump backed by a rotary pump and then argon gas is injected into the chamber at a constant flow rate of 90 sccm with the help of a mass flow controller (AALBORG) to achieve a working pressure of 0.5 mbar. Pt thin films are deposited on Si wafer

156  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Platinum Nanopillar Catalyst for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells and porous carbon paper substrates for different sputtering time in the range of 30 – 240s, while the dc power and the target-substrate distance are kept constant at 75 W and 5 cm respectively. Pt loading is determined by weighing the samples before and after deposition, using a micro balance (Shimadzu, AUW220D), and then dividing the difference in weight by the area of the respective substrates. Different Pt loadings obtained for different deposition time in the range of 30 – 240s are tabulated in Table 1.

Table 1. Different Pt loadings with varying Deposition Time

Deposition time (s) Sputtering power (W) Sputtering pressure (mbar) Pt loading (mg cm-2) 30 0.025 40 0.03 60 75 0.5 0.05 120 0.1 240 0.2

2.2 Electrochemical Measurements Cyclic voltammetry electrochemical techniques are employed to study the catalytic activity of the films prepared with different Pt loadings. The electrochemical characterization is performed in 1M H2SO4 solution at room temperature using a three electrode Para cell device with a Pt wire counter electrode and standard Ag/ AgCl reference electrode. Pt film deposited on carbon paper is used as the working electrode with an exposed area of 2.65 cm2. A Potentiostat/Galvanostat (GAMRY Potentiostat/Galvanostat Ref 3000) is employed to record cyclic voltammograms at a scan rate of 50 mV s-1 with nitrogen gas being purged from one end to remove the Oxygen species. The effective electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) is determined by using the formula:

QH ECSA  (1) [Pt]  QPt H 10

where QH is the charge corresponding to the area under hydrogen adsorption -2 region, QPt-H is the contribution of mono layer charge (0.21 mC cm ) and [Pt] is the catalyst loading (Pozio et al., 2002).

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  157 Aziz Khan 2.3 Physical Characterization The surface structure and morphology of the prepared films are studied using Scanning Electron Microcopy (SEM) (FESEM, ZEISS SIGMA/VP) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) (NTEGRA PRIMA NT-MDT). 2.4 Fabrication and testing of Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) Nafion ionomer solution (DuPont Inc.) is added to the plasma prepared electrode which is used as anode and a commercially available electrode from ElectroChem Inc. is used as standard cathode. MEA (2×2 cm2) is fabricated by hot pressing the two electrodes with Nafion 212 membrane (DuPont Inc.) at 130 °C for 150s, under a pressure of 0.5 tons. No prior treatment is done on the Nafion membrane before assembling it in MEA. For the polarization measurements, humidified hydrogen and oxygen are fed to the anode and cathode side of the cell respectively at stoichiometric ratio of 1:2 at a temperature of 80/70 °C. The current-voltage characteristics are recorded in a 4 cm2 single cell maintained at a temperature of 70 °C. The cell voltage of each sample is recorded against increasing current density using a single cell fuel cell test station (KPAS Electronics, Chennai) and the polarization curve is drawn.

3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Electrochemical Studies Table 2 summarizes the CV analyses of five different samples with different Pt -2 -2 -2 loading (E1: 0.025 mgPt cm , E2: 0.03 mgPt cm , E3: 0.05 mgPt cm , E4: 0.1 -2 -2 mgPt cm , E5: 0.2 mgPt cm ). From Table 2, conclusions can be drawn that ECSA takes an increasing trend with increase in Pt loading but then dips with further increase in the Pt loading. It is because at low loading (< 0.05 mg cm-2), the number of electrochemical active sites is very low due to minimal number density of nanopillars, thereby resulting in lower ECSA. On the other hand, at loading higher than 0.05 mg cm-2, the electrochemical active sites decreases due to formation of large hump structured nanopillars with reduced ECSA. The formation of increasing pilars dimensions at loading higher than 0.05 mg cm-2 is revealed from AFM analyses.

158  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Platinum Nanopillar Catalyst for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Table 2. Characteristic Electrochemical Data of the Prepared Samples

-2 -2 -1 2 -1 Sample Pt loading [Pt] (mg cm ) QH (mC cm ) QH/[Pt] (mC mg ) ECSA (m g ) E1 0.025 5 200 95 E2 0.03 6.8 227 108 E3 0.05 12 240 114 E4 0.1 18 180 86 E5 0.2 17.5 87.5 42

3.2 Surface Analysis SEM and AFM analyses are employed to study the surface structure and morphology of the prepared samples. Figure 1 represents the SEM images for samples with different Pt loadings and the corresponding AFM images are presented in Figure 2. The SEM images of the samples prepared at 0.5 mbar are shown in Figure 1 (a,b,c,d) with Pt loading of 0.025, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 mg cm-2 respectively. For all the samples, deposition being done at a high pressure of 0.5 mbar, the mean free path of collision between the Pt atoms (after being ejected from the target) decreases which results in the increase in number of collisions and loss of kinetic energy of the Pt atoms such that nucleated particulates are formed before reaching the substrate [Andreazza et al., 2002]. The nucleated particles thus land smoothly on the substrate with very low kinetic energy thereby resulting in a less film-substrate adhesion. These sputtered particles pile one upon another resulting in the formation -2 of conical nanopillar structures. At 0.025 mgPtcm , thinly populated nanopillars are deposited as seen in Figure 1(a). With increase in Pt loading, cluster size and number density of nanopillars are increased [Figure 1(b)]. The number density of -2 fine nanopillars is maximum at 0.05 mgPtcm [Figure 1(b)]. The formation of these nanoparticle clusters adds to better catalytic activity of the prepared electrodes due to the presence of higher number of electrochemical active sites. However, very large size of the cluster [Figure 1(c),(d)] may do the reverse and indeed decrease the effective reaction site for electrochemical reactions which is also revealed from CV analyses. The cluster sizes for the films deposited for Pt loading of 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 mg cm-2 are calculated by image analysis software and found to be 11 nm, 23 nm and 41 nm respectively.

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  159 Aziz Khan Figure 1. SEM micrographs for samples with Pt loading (a) 0.025 mg cm-2, (b) 0.05 mg cm-2, (c) 0.10 mg cm-2 and (d) 0.20 mg cm-2

AFM analyses confirm the formation of nanopillars. Figure 2 (a, b, c and d) shows AFM images for samples with Pt loading of 0.025, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 mg cm-2 respectively. At ultra-low loading of 0.025 mg cm-2 [Figure 2 (a)], the formation of nanopillars is not prominent enough to take active part in electrochemical reactions. At 0.05 mg cm-2 [Figure 2 (b)], the nanopillars formed are with sharp tops and high number density. With increase in loading the height of the nanopillars increases and the sharp tops are now overlapped by the freshly sputtered particles [Figure 2 (c)]. This results in the formation of thicker nanopillars with decreased number density as compared to that at low Pt loading. With further increase in Pt loading [Figure 2 (d)], the curvature of the pillar tops increases further suggesting a decrease in active surface area for electrochemical reactions in PEMFC. Samples prepared at argon pressure lower than 0.5 mbar result in the formation of

160  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Platinum Nanopillar Catalyst for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells nanostructures other than nanopillars and have been reported in the earlier work (Khan et al., 2014).

Figure 2. AFM micrographs for samples with Pt loading (a) 0.025 mg cm-2, (b) 0.05 mg cm-2 , (c) 0.10 mg cm-2 and (d) 0.20 mg cm-2

3.3 Polarization Curve Measurements To study the catalytic efficiency of the Pt films, polarization curves for the assembled MEAs are recorded. Figure 3 shows polarization curves for MEAs with anode prepared at different argon pressure of 0.05 mbar, 0.1 mbar and 0.5 mbar. The maximum power density is recorded to be 0.5, 0.62 and 0.93 W cm-2 for 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 mbar respectively. The presence of nanopillar at 0.5 mbar argon pressure thus contributes to high anodic catalytic utilization whereas other nanostructures formed at different argon pressure have performance lower than nanopillars.

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  161 Aziz Khan Figure 3. Comparison of Single Cell performance of MEA prepared at different Argon Pressure

Figure 4. Linear Sweep Polarization Curve for MEA with Plasma Prepared Anodes and Commercial Electrode as Standard Cathode

162  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Platinum Nanopillar Catalyst for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Figure 4 shows the linear sweep polarization curve for the MEA assembled with plasma sputtered electrodes as anodes of different Pt loadings and a standard -2 electrode of 1 mgPt cm as cathode. The polarization curve measurements data for various prepared MEAs is shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Polarization Curve Data of the Prepared MEAs

Sample Anode Pt loading Cathode Pt loading Current density at Power density (mg cm -2) (mg cm -2) 0.3 V(A cm-2) (W cm-2) MEA-1 0.025 1 2.31 0.70 MEA-2 0.05 1 2.93 0.93 MEA-3 0.10 1 2.42 0.74 Standard MEA 1 1 2.15 0.67

It is observed from Table 3 that the values of current density of the MEA with -2 -2 anode Pt loading of 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 mgPt cm are 2.31, 2.93, 2.42 A cm respectively at 0.3 V and the corresponding power density is calculated to be 0.70, 0.93 and 0.74 W cm-2 respectively. In these observations it is found that current density first increases with Pt loading due to formation of high -2 electrochemically active nanopillars and becomes maximum at 0.05 mgPt cm . On further increase of Pt loading, the catalytic activity decreases due to the formation of hump topped nanopillars with reduced electrochemical active surface area. The -2 MEA with standard electrodes of 1 mgPt cm shows a current density of 2.15 A cm-2 at 0.3 V and power density of 0.67 W cm-2 under the same operating conditions in fuel cell test station. This shows that the performance of the plasma prepared anodes is comparatively better than the standard electrode. The reason for better catalytic activity of these electrodes is the formation of Pt nanopillars by sputter deposition at high pressure which results in better catalytic utilization as compared to standard electrodes.

4. Conclusion This work reports a novel nanopillar structure of Platinum (Pt) catalyst to be used as anode catalysts in fuel cell electrodes. Pt nanopillars are deposited at high pressure on porous carbon paper to prepare anode for fuel cell applications and

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  163 Aziz Khan the influence of Pt loading on catalytic activity is investigated. It is found that the electrode prepared with low Pt loading of 0.05 mgcm-2 has better catalytic activity as compared to electrodes prepared with higher Pt loading. In this case, the structure, shape and number density of nanopillars play an important role in exhibiting enhanced catalytic activities. It is thus concluded that the maximum power density of 0.93 W cm-2 obtained with anode Pt loading of 0.05 mg cm-2 is approximately 30% higher than standard electrode of Pt loading 1 mg cm-2. Conical nanopillar Pt catalyst prepared at high argon pressure thus has better catalytic utilization as compared to standard Pt catalyst.

Acknowledgement The author wishes to acknowledge Prof. Joyanti Chutia for her guidance as the Ph.D. supervisor and research mentor. The author would also like to acknowledge Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST) for giving an opportunity to carry out the Ph.D. research work at the Fuel Cell Lab, Physical Sciences Division, IASST.

References Alvisi M., Galtieri G., Giorgi L., Giorgi R., Serra E., Singore M. A. (2005). Surf. Coat. Tech., 200, 1325-1329. Andreas H. A., Birss V. I. (2006). Electrochim. Acta, 51, 2554-2564. Andreazza P., Andreazza-Vignolle C., Rozenbaum J. P., Thomann A. L., Brault P. (2002). Surf. Coat. Tech., 151, 122-127. Antolini E. (2007). Appl. Catal. B-Environ., 74(3), 324-336. Brault P., Caillard A., Thomann A. L., (2011). Chem. Vapor Depos., 17, 296-304. Brouzgou, A., Song, S.Q., Tsiakaras, P. (2012). Appl. Catal. B-Environ., 127, 371-388. Caillard A., Brault P., Mathias J., Charles C., Boswell R.W., Sauvage T. (2005). Surf. Coat. Tech., 200, 391-394. Cavarroc M., Ennadjaouia A., Mougenotc M., Brault P., Escalier R., Tessier Y., Durand J., Roualdès S., Sauvage T., Coutanceau C. (2009). Electrochem. Commun., 11, 859-861. Chang I., Woo S., Lee M. H., Shim J. H., Piao Y., Cha S.W. (2013). Appl. Surf. Sci., 282, 463-466. Corradini P.G., Pires F.I., Paganin V.A., Perez J., Antolini E. (2012). J. Nanopart.

164  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Platinum Nanopillar Catalyst for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Res., 14, 1080. Coutanceau C., Brault P., Caillard A., Mougenot M., Baranton S., Ennadjaoui A., Cavarroc M. (2011). ECS Transactions, 41, 1151-1159. Esmaeilifar A., Rowshanzamir S., Eikani M. H., Ghazanfari E. (2010). Energy, 35, 3941-3957. Gasteiger, H.A., Kocha, S.S., Sompalli, B., Wagner, F.T. (2005). Appl.Catal. B- Environ., 56, 9–35. Khan A., Nath B. K., Chutia J. (2014). Electrochim. Acta, 146, 171-177. Khan A., Nath B. K., Chutia J. (2015). Energy, 90, 1769-1774 Lai Y. C., Huang K. L., Tsai C. H., Lee W. J., Chen Y. L. (2012). Int. J. Energ. Res., 36, 918-927. Liang H., Su H., Pollet B. G., Kinkov V., Pasupathi S. (2014). J. Power Sources, 266, 107-113. Liu G., Arellano-Jimenez M. J., Carter C. B., Agrios A. G. (2013). J. Nanopart. Res.,15, 1744. Pozio A., Francesco M. D., Cemmi A., Cardellini F., Giorgi L. J. (2002). Power Sources, 105, 13-19. Simoes M., Baranton S., Coutanceau C. (2010). Appl. Catal. B-Environ., 93(3), 354-362. Stamatin S. N., Borghei M., Dhiman R., Andersen S. M., Ruiz V., Kauppinen E., Skou E. M. (2015). Appl.Catal. B-Environ., 162, 289-299. Slavcheva E., Ganske G., Topalov G., Mokwa W., Schnakenberg U. (2009). Appl. Surf. Sci., 255, 6479-6486. Slavcheva E., Topalov G., Ganske G., Radev I., Lefterova E., Schnakenberg U. (2010). Electrochim. Acta, 55, 8992-8997. Topalov G., Ganske G., Lefterova E., Schnakenberg U., Slavcheva E. (2011). Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 36, 15437. Yu F., Liu Y., Wu C. (2010). J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 26, 705-710. Yoo S.J., Cho Y. H., Park H. S., Lee J. K., Sung Y. E. (2008). J. Power Sources, 178, 547-553. Wang X., Richey F. W., Wujcik K. H., Elabd Y. A. (2014). J. Power Sources, 264, 42-48. Wee J. H., Lee K. Y., Kim S. H. (2007). J. Power Sources, 165, 667-677.

Manuscript received on 20/04/2018 Reviewed Paper received on 12/08/2018 Revised Paper received on 31/08/2018 Research Paper accepted on 01/09/2018

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  165 PRAG CONSILIENCE: ISSN 2456-6861, RNI No. ASSMUL/2016/70132 A Multi-lingual Peer-reviewed Annual Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Commerce Vol. 3, No. 1 (2018), pp. 166-172

NANO-STRUCTURING OF CONDUCTING POLYMERS USING SWIFT HEAVY ION IRRADIATION

Jnanendra Upadhyay*

Abstract: In this work the effect of 100 MeV Si9+ion beam on structural properties of polypyrrole nanotubes (PPy-NTs) and their nanocomposites with silver nanoparticles has been investigated. Initially, polypyrrole nanotubes have been synthesized by reactive self degrade template method. Afterwards, the nanocomposites with silver nanoparticles have been prepared by in-situ reduction method. Fragmentation of the polypyrrole nanotubes during swift heavy ion irradiation have been revealed from electron microscopy, which results the size reduction of the nanotubes. Keywords: Polypyrrole Nanotubes, Nanocomposite, Swift Heavy Ion Irradiation

1. Introduction Ion beams have become an integral part of various surface processing schemes and in modification of surface layers of solids. Recently there has been enormous growth of interest in high energy ion irradiation polymers and other insulating materials. The passage of swift heavy ion (SHI) in materials mainly produces electronic excitation of the atoms in the materials (Singh, 1999). SHI causes exotic effects in different classes of materials which otherwise cannot be generated by

*Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Dakshin Kamrup College, Mirza, Kamrup, E-mail: [email protected]

166  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Nano-structuring of Conducting Polymers any other means.SHI irradiation can modify the molecular structure in polymers in a controlled way leading to changes in their chemical, electronic, electrical, tribological and optical properties (Lee, 1999).The SHI irradiation has potential applications in biomedical, textile, electrical, coating etc. Quantitatively, it is capable of depositing electronic excitation energy of about 1 to 10 keV/Å in the materials. Such a large electronic excitation brings out various changes in materials. Electronic excitation, ionization, chain scission and cross-links as well as mass losses are the events that give rise to the observed macroscopic changes (Lee, 1999). The impinging ions do not get implanted in the material due to their large range typically a few tens of mm. Ionization trail produced by SHI causes bond cleavages producing free radicals, which are responsible for most of the chemical transformations in polymers such as chain scission, cross linking, and double and triple bond formation. Cross linking occurs when two radicals produce on the neighboring polymer units recombine. The relative molecular mass of the macromolecules increases. Along with cross linking degradation also occurs by chain scission which leads to a decrease in molecular mass. During the passage of SHI through materials, neighboring positive target ions are produced by electronic excitation induced ionization. These positive ions are mutually repulsive and they produce a positively charged cylinder, which explodes radially due to Coulombic force, causing coherent radial atomic movements until the ions are screened by the conduction of electrons. Due to the resulting cylindrical shock wave, which is known as Coulomb explosion (Avasthi, 2000), columnar defects are formed. The other competing process, which can lead to the formation of the columns, is thermal spike (Avasthi, 2000). According to this model, during the passage of SHI kinetic energy of the ejected electrons is transmitted to the lattice by electron- phonon interaction, resulting in the increase of local lattice temperature above the melting point of the material. A rapid quenching follows the temperature increase, which results in an amorphous columnar structure when the melt solidifies. The decrease in resistivity of single layer graphene has been reported by SHI irradiation up to fluence of 3× 1011 ion/cm2 by Kumar S. et al. (Kumar et al., 2018). The decrease in resistance is accompanied by five-fold increase in electron

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  167 Jnanendra Upadhyay and hole mobilities. SHI irradiation of Poly (3-Hexylthiophene) thin film with 55 MeV Si4+ ion has been reported (Sharma et al., 2018). The room temperature conductivity of the film is increased up to 7.33 × 10-6 mho cm-1 after irradiation. The increased room temperature electrical conductivity of the films after irradiation is attributed to the improved structural ordering of polymer chains with generation of charge carriers.

2. Objective of the Study In this work, we are going to present the effects of 100 MeV Si9+SHI irradiation over polypyrrole nanotubes (PPy-NTs) and polypyrrole nanotubes silver nanoparticles nanocomposite (PPy NTs-Ag NPs). PPy-NTs have been synthesized by methyl-orange ferric chloride reactive self-degrade template method. On the other hand, PPy NTs-Ag NPs nanocomposite with 15 wt% of silver with respect to polypyrrole has been synthesized by two-step chemical method. These samples are then cast into film by mixing with 2 wt% polyvinyl alcohol to carry out the irradiation. We have investigated the effect of SHI irradiation over structural modification of the nanostructures.

3. Methodology The as synthesized samples are irradiated by using 100 MeV Si9+ ion beam at an ion fluences of 1×1012 ion/cm2 at inter-university accelerator center (IUAC), New Delhi, India. The film thickness is maintained in such a way that the range of the ion beams must be greater than that of the thickness of the film so that no ion will be implanted inside the target material. The time of irradiation is controlled according to the applied fluence.

4. Results and Discussions Figure 1(a) depicts the EDX spectra of PPy-NTs. From the spectra the existence of carbon and oxygen is verified which are the components of polypyrrole backbone. The presence of sulfur and chlorine in the EDX spectra of polypyrrole exhibits the doping of polypyrrole by methyl-orange and ferric chloride during

168  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Nano-structuring of Conducting Polymers synthesis. Therefore, it is confirmed that the synthesized PPy-NTs is in doped state. The formation of Ag-NPs within PPy-NTs has been confirmed by the X-ray diffraction pattern as reported in the article (Upadhyay et al., 2015).

Figure1. (a) EDX spectra of PPy-NTs (b) FETEM image of PPy-NTs, SEM image of PPy-NTs (c) pristine and (d) irradiated with 1×1012 ions/cm2

(a) (b)

The morphology of the pristine as well as irradiated samples is characterized by HRTEM and SEM as shown in Figure 1 (b), 1 (c) and 1 (d). The average outer diameter of the PPy-NTs is found to be ~100 nm as observed from TEM micrograph [Figure 1(b)]. Size reduction and fragmentation of the nanotubes has been observed during irradiation from the SEM images [Figure 1(c) and 1(d)]. During the passes of swift heavy ion through the target material highly ionized zone of cations, anions, free radicals, chemical species is created along the ion track within a time interval of 10-12 s. As the carrier charge mobility in conducting polymer is very less and of the order of 10-2 cm-2 V-1 s-1, the charge neutrality cannot be reestablished within

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  169 Jnanendra Upadhyay the time scale of 10-12 s (Arkhipov et al., 2003). As a result of which shock waves are generated within the target material due to the electrostatic repulsion of the charge carriers. These shock waves lead to the fragmentation of polypyrrole nanotubes which can be seen in SEM micrographs. The morphology of pristine as well as irradiated PPy NTs-Ag NPs nanocomposites as seen by FETEM microscope is shown in Figure 2. The tubular morphology of PPy-NTs and the particle nature of Ag-NPs have been clearly observed from the FETEM images. The reduction of the size of PPy NTs has been observed upon irradiation, while Ag-NPs didn’t undergo any structural transformation during irradiation. Simultaneously, breaking of the nanotubes is also observed due to the high electronic energy deposition. Quantitatively the depositing electronic excitation energy is of the order of 1-10 KeV/Å in the material within an extremely short time of about 10-15 s (Kanjilal, 2001). Therefore it is expected that this very high electronic excitation induced the structural modification of the PPy-NTs. Since the fluence that is used for irradiation purpose is 1× 1012 ions per square centimeter, therefore, we have not observed any morphological change of silver nanoparticles upon irradiation. It has been reported that metal nanoparticles exhibits size modification during irradiation as the fluence increases beyond 1013 ion/cm2 (Ridgway et al., 2009).

Figure 2. FETEM image of PPy-NTs:Ag-NPs nanocomposites, (a) pristine and (b) irradiated with 1×1012 ions/cm2

(a) (b)

170  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Nano-structuring of Conducting Polymers 5. Conclusions In this work the effect of 100 MeV Si9+ion beam at a fluences of 1×1012 ion/ cm2 on the morphology of PPy NTs and PPy NTs-Ag NPs nanocomposites has been investigated. Breaking of the polypyrrole nanotubes is revealed from the FETEM and SEM results. On the other hand, in the electron microscopic analyses of nanocomposite, only the PPy-NTs exhibits size transformation, while the morphology of Ag-NPs remain unaltered. This size reduction of PPy-NTs under irradiation is attributed to the deposition of very high electronic energy on the target material, which leads to the fragmentation of the nanotubes. However, the deposited energy is not sufficient enough for the size transformation of Ag-NPs because of its crystalline structure.

Acknowledgement The authors gratefully acknowledge the help extended for SHI irradiation by the IUAC, New Delhi, India.

References Arkhipov V.I., Heremans P., Emelianova E.V., Adriaenssens G.J., Bassler H. (2003), Charge carrier mobility in doped semiconducting polymers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3245-3247. Avasthi, D. K. (2000), Some interesting aspects of swift heavy ions in materials science, Current Science 78, 1297-1306. Kanjilal D. (2001). Swift heavy ion-induced modification and track formation in materials, Current Science, (80), 1560-1566. Kumar S., Kumar A., Tripathi A., Tyagi C., Avasthi D. K. (2018), Engineering of electronic properties of single layer graphene by swift heavy ion irradiation, J. Appl. Phy. 123, 161533. Lee, E.H. (1999), Ion-beam modification of polymeric materials – fundamental principles and applications, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 151, 29-41. Ridway M. C., Kluth P., Giulian D., Sprouster D. J., Araujo L. L., Schnohr C. S., Lewellyn J., Byrne A. P., Cookson D. J. (2009) Changes in metal nanoparticle shape and size induced by swift heavy-ion irradiation, Nucl. Instrum. Methods

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  171 Jnanendra Upadhyay

Phys. Res. B 267931-935. Sharma T., Singhal R., Visnoi R., Sharma G. D., Biswas S. K. (2018). Effect of high energy ions on the electrical and morphological properties of Poly (3- Hexylthiophene) (P3HT) thin film, Phy B: Cond. Matt. 537, 306-313. Singh, J. P. (1999), Swift heavy ion-based materials science research at NSC, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B156, 206-211. Upadhyay J., Kumar A., Gogoi B., Buragohain A.K. (2015). Antibacterial and hemolysis activity of polypyrrole nanotubes decorated with silver nanoparticles by an in-situ reduction process, Matter. Sci. Eng. 54, 8-13.

Manuscript received on 24/02/2018 Reviewed Paper received on 17/08/2018 Revised Paper received on 18/08/2018 Research Paper accepted on 24/08/2018

172  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 PRAG CONSILIENCE: ISSN 2456-6861, RNI No. ASSMUL/2016/70132 A Multi-lingual Peer-reviewed Annual Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Commerce Vol. 3, No. 1 (2018), pp. 173-182

FLOWERING AS A BOOSTER FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AND AROUND GUWAHATI METROPOLIS, ASSAM

Bhrigu Kumar Nath* and Dipali Baruah**

Abstract: Agriculture is playing the role of a nerve to the Indian economy. However, with the modernization process, a large number of other agricultural activities are being practised by the people apart from the traditional system of agriculture. Earlier people were only attached with the production of food crops but with the passage of time people have motivated themselves to the production of cash crops. The demand of cut flower for different purposes has increased in recent time. To meet such present demand, floriculture has been adopted by a good number of people as a cash earner and side by side this has also led to the rise of flower retail outlets in the city of Guwahati. Here an attempt has been made to critically examine the economic benefit of the people associated with the flower market, both the florist and the cultivator. Another aim of the paper is to focus on the geographical distribution of the flower, market and their association for such location specific reasons. Keywords: Floriculture, Agricultural Activities, Florist, Cultivator

* Research Scholar, Department of Geography, Gauhati University, Guwahati, E-mail: [email protected] ** Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Pragjyotish College, Guwahati, E-mail: [email protected]

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  173 Bhrigu Kumar Nath and Dipali Baruah

1. Introduction With the gradual socio economic development and its effect on people’s living standard, the demand for recreational need and amenities other than basic needs has also grown up. Flower cultivation as a means of recreation has gradually taken the position of commercial commodity with the increasing demand for different purposes. As a result of such activities the cultivators as well as the florist has become able to turn the flower business as a livelihood practice. In the international market, the Netherlands stood first so far production of flower is concerned. India ranks seven in the international flower market. In Asia recently China and Honkong are giving much importance to the flower industry. In recent years, with holding of international conferences and events, such as Olympic games and APEC, Beijing’s flower industry gets unprecedented development ever before (Sun & Zhang, 2015). The South African nations have also shown a promising tendency in the global flower market. The competitiveness of Kenya and Zimbabwe in the international arena has shown that African countries have the ability and potential to compete in Europe (Rooyen & Rooyen, 1998). The market for flower in the city has gained momentum only recently. A few years back this was a much unorganized sector and only seasonal sales were there. But of late the market has become a bit organized as the demand for the flower products increased and at present a few showrooms devoted to flowers only have come up offering very exclusive products to the customers. The selling of the flowers in Guwahati from the past has been linked primarily to religious festivals and for performing puja.The present flower market in the city is quite scattered and is generally concentrated in the city, stretching along the south bank of the river Brahmaputra from the Sukreswar temple in Panbazar area to road connecting Fancy Bazar area. The flowers that are sold in these outlets are not used for religious purposes and as offering to the deities but are also very much used for the purpose of decorations and presentations now-a- days. There is no area solely devoted to the flower business in the city unlike other goods and services. But in general a few important areas dealing in this product

174  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Flowering as a Booster for Economic Development can be identified and one very important observation that can be made is that the growth, development and future of the market for the flowers in the city is very much linked with the religious institutions scattered all over the city. The important flower trading areas in the city as identified from the study can be stated as Sukreswar temple area in Panbazar area, Dr. J.C Das Road linking Fancy Bazar, Kamakhya temple area, Basistha Ashram area, Ganeshguri area near Ganesh Mandir, Balaji temple near Lokhra. In addition to the above identified areas, there are a few more retailing outlets seen nearby the religious centers located almost all over the city. The flowers that are available in the Guwahati markets are brought in from a number of sources, the flowers available from local sources are mostly grown in the areas nearby Hajo and a few of the famous areas for flower cultivation are Dodhi, Kulhati and Ganeshtola. Special varieties and when the demand is more, flower is brought in from the major flower growing centers of the country mainly by the means of air transport. In the present budget session the flowers arriving from outside are taxed to protect and encourage the local flower cultivators. The Borjhar area near the airport serves as a distribution point for the flowers arriving from outside the state.

2. Objectives of the Study The main objectives of the study are: i) To show the locational pattern of the flower market. ii) To examine the potentiality of economic benefit of the flower market.

3. Methodology The data used in the paper were collected by carrying extensive field survey in different flower markets of the study area as well as the flower growing area in the vicinity of the study area. The data collected were analysed with proper quantitative techniques and the same are represented by suitable cartograms. To show the locational pattern, maps have been used to fit the objectives geographically. Citations have been made from different sources related to the flower market from regional to the global perspectives.

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  175 Bhrigu Kumar Nath and Dipali Baruah 4. Analysis 4.1 Locational Pattern of the Flower Markets The distribution of the flower market is scattered into some specific areas, dominated mainly by Hindu shrine (Refer Map 1.). The cause for such localized distributions of the market is because of the demands of flowers that comes from devotes for offering in the temples. However, these flower markets are not solely fulfilling the demands in the temples, but also some other demands like decorations in marriage party, car decorations etc. Altogether four hotspots of flower market in the city have been identified during the study. These are: a) Kamakhya Temple area: This area is the houses the small flower outlets whose existence and growth is primarily linked to the famous Kamakhya temple, atop the Nilachal hill on the south bank of the river Brahmaputra. The flower available in this area is mainly used as offerings in the temple and the business is almost totally dependent on the flow of tourists and devotees to the temple. The outlets of this area is not totally flower based. They deal in a variety of items like pictures and idols of gods and goddesses, earthen lamps (diya), incense sticks (agarbatti), dry fruits, sweets, other religious items, etc. b) Sukreswar Temple area: This is one of the very busy and popular flower trading areas of the city. This area generally extends from the gate of Sukreswar temple to about five hundred meters to the west of the temple along the river bank on the northern side of Mahatma Gandhi Road. This flower market has a large variety to offer to the customers, these are not only used for religious purposes but also for decorations and presentations. Even organiser are available in this area to arrange decorations for special occasions like party, marriage, etc. c) Ganesh Mandir, Guwahati: This area lies very close to Dispur Capital Complex. The outlets in this area are quite unorganized and the amount of trading is also not very high. There are a few number of outlets just at the doorstep of the mandir, they not only sell flower based items but also other items like earthen lamps (diya), incense sticks (agarbatti), ghee, bel pat, betel nut & leaf, cigarettes etc. The sale of flowers in these outlets are very much dependent on the visit of the devotees to the temple and the varieties available are also very few.

176  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Flowering as a Booster for Economic Development d) Balaji Temple, Lokhra: This temple built only a few years back is at present a tourist hotspot of the city. It is located in the Lokhra locality towards the south of the city. It is located in the Lokhra locality towards the south of the city by the side of the National Highway 37. A lot of religious activities take place in this temple and due to its attraction to the flow of tourist is also relatively high. As such, of late a couple of flower outlets have emerged near the temple premises. This location holds a lot of promises for the future of the flower vendors. At present the sale at the outlets is solely dependent on the flow of tourists to the temples and on the religious demands. Map 1. Major Flower Growing Areas in Kamrup District

Source: www.mapsofindia.com

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  177 Bhrigu Kumar Nath and Dipali Baruah 4.2 Income Pattern The economic gain of the flower market seems to be influential though it has not gained widespread acceptance among the businessmen. Only a specific group of people are associated with this business. It has been seen that the flower shop owner could able to earn a lot depending on the flower business. The categories III, IV and V altogether constitutes. Table 1. Monthly Average Income of the Flower Shop Owner Monthly Average Income ( in Rupees) Category of Income No of Shops % to total 5,000-10,000 VI 10 23.25 10,000-20,000 V 11 25.58 20,000-30,000 IV 9 20.93 30,000-40,000 III 7 16.27 40,000-50,000 II 4 9.32 Above 50,000 I 2 4.65 Total 43 100 Source: Field Survey

62.78 per cent of the total income which has an average monthly income ranging from 10,000 to 40,000 rupees. On the other hand it has been seen that there has been also significant income of the category I and category II shop holder who have become able to earn an average income more than Rs 40,000 per month (Table 1 & Figure 1). Figure 1. Monthly Average Income of the Flower Shop Owner

178  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Flowering as a Booster for Economic Development This is definitely a good sign for the people engaged into the business as this requires less investment in comparison to other business to initiate. Though it has been witnessed that 23.25 per cent shop owner belongs to the category VI income group, yet it can boost their economic benefit in the future if the present trend of demand of flower continues One of the main focuses of the study is to address the income pattern of the flower cultivators as the agrarian livelihood is still dominant in India’s rural economy. Therefore, it is felt necessary to identify the probable area for commercial agricultural activities which can burgeon the economic condition of the village people apart from the regular involvement into their traditional subsistence agriculture system. So far the income pattern of the flower cultivators is concerned, it has been observed that category IV income group (26.38%),category III income group (21.05%), category V income group (18.42%) constitutes majority of the people from the cultivators side (Table 2). This can definitely be a promising avenue for the cultivators as the activity is not outside their domain as well as it could add extra income to their livelihood.

Table 2. Monthly Average Income of the Flower Cultivators

Monthly Average Income (in Rs.) No of cultivators Category of Income % to total 5,000-10,000 6 VI 15.78 10000-20000 7 V 18.42 20,000-30,000 10 IV 26.38 30,000-40,000 8 III 21.05 40,000-50,000 5 II 13.15 Above 50,000 2 I 5.25 Total 38 100

Source: Field Survey

It has been witnessed that the income level under different category is higher among the cultivators than the shop owners except the category V and category VI. In the case of category III, IV and V, the percentage of people belong to cultivators are 21 per cent, 26 per cent, and 18 per cent respectively which are 16.27 per cent, 20.93 per cent and 25.58 per cent in case of flower shop owner

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  179 Bhrigu Kumar Nath and Dipali Baruah (Table 1 & 2, Figure 2). This is opposite to the present day market system in Assam. The cause of such reverse condition is because of the fact that the cultivators in the vicinity of the city also sell their products into the city market during the morning time directly and the remaining part is sold out to the retail outlet. On the other hand, the purchase rate of the retailers is found to be high and to fulfill the demand of some special flowers they have to borrow it from outside the state which minimizes their income margin. Figure 2. Comparison of Income Pattern between Flower Shop Owner and Cultivator

Comparison of Income Pattern between Flower shop owner and cultivator 30 25 20 15 10 5 % to total (shop 0 owner) % of shop owner and cultivator Income

4.3 Profession of Flowering and its associated Causes The scattering of flower market as well as the profession of flowering by the people are the result of different causes which are mainly traditional, economic and geographical. It has come to notice that they have learned the flowering and the marketing from their ancestors, which is already an established economic activity to their family. The traditions of offering flowers in different temples of the region by some specific communities (e.g the Malakar People of Hajo Area,) since old days are some traditional causes for opting flowering as profession with the passage of time.

180  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Flowering as a Booster for Economic Development Economic gaining is another reason for opting flowering as a profession. Though there are several livelihoods, yet the practice of flowering is quite exceptional right from the planting to plucking of it which make the profession a unique one from the other and eventually opens up the avenue for a monopoly market to a great extent. On the other hand, the concentration of good number of temples in the area has brought up a huge demand for flower which has ultimately kept the flower growers to retain the profession. Flowering is concentrated in some special fields around the metropolitan area of Guwahati. The main concentration is seen in the north bank of Brahmaputra River in Greater Hajo area. The fields used are suitable for flowering as the areas are naturally free from flood and water logging. This has helped the growers to practice the flowering round the year which help them to meet the demand at every point of time of the year.

5. Conclusion Guwahati, the political and economic capital of Assam, possesses a cosmopolitan character that is comparable to the metro cities of the nation in many aspects. The varied taste of the people renders a very complex mosaic to the character of the city. It has been observed that the trade and market scenario of the city has undergone tremendous amount of changes during the last few couple of years and one of the basic reason that can be stated is that the people of the city now has a greater purchasing power and the living standard of a section of the people has gone up by quite a margin. From the experiences of the present study the following points comes to our observations- (a) The flower market of Guwahati in real terms had its growth due to the presence of the various religious institutions of fame in many areas of the city. (b) The existing flower market of the city is still quite unorganized. (c) The scenario of flower sales has experienced a tremendous change during recent years. This is substantiated by the fact that during this period a few showrooms devoted especially to cut-flowers come up in the city and at

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  181 Bhrigu Kumar Nath and Dipali Baruah present the trend and competition is getting hotter. (d) The future of the flower market in the city can be predicted to be quite bright. (e) The flower market possesses the potential to boost the state economy and also promote entrepreneurship venture among the local youth. (f) Supportive and positive government policies are very much in need for this business to flourish further. The present study is only a humble attempt to bring out some of the aspects of the flower market of the city. The study is just an attempt to encourage other researchers to undertake more exhaustive studies in this lines. The present study is hindered by a lot of limitations in terms of time, resource, etc. and we seek excuse for any mistakes found in this piece of work which may be due to our negligence or lack of knowledge.

References Phukon, N. (2012). The Flower Market in Guwahati City. Guwahati. Rooyen, I. V., & Rooyen, J. V. (1998). Economic Aspects of The South African Flower Industry. Agrekon, 541-550. Sun, X., & Zhang, Y. (2015). Analysis on Structure of Flower Market in Beijing. Asian Agricultural Research, 44-46.

Manuscript received on 22/03/2018 Reviewed Paper received on 20/06/2018 Revised Paper received on 27/08/2018 Research Paper accepted on 30/08/2018

182  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 PRAG CONSILIENCE: ISSN 2456-6861, RNI No. ASSMUL/2016/70132 A Multi-lingual Peer-reviewed Annual Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Commerce Vol. 3, No. 1 (2018), pp. 183-192

IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) IN INDIA

Tandraleem Kashyap*

Abstract: Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a direct investment into production or business in a country by an individual or company of another country, either by buying a company in the target country or by expanding operations of an existing business in that country. FDI plays a crucial role in channelizing transfer of capital and technology and is perceived to be a potent factor in promoting economic growth in developing countries like India. The purpose of this study is to analyze the trend of FDI equity inflows, different sectors attracting highest FDI equity inflows and the share of top investing countries in FDI equity inflows in India, taking secondary data from April 2000 to March 2017. The results showed that the maximum FDI inflow is in service sector and India has received maximum FDI inflow from Mauritius. Moreover, the paper provides major policy implications in interpreting FDI in India. Keywords: FDI, Inflows, Policy

1. Introduction FDI or Foreign Direct Investment, is a fund flow between the countries in the form of inflow or outflow by which one can gain some benefit from their investment, whereas another can exploit the opportunity to enhance the productivity and find

* Research Scholar, Assam University, Diphu Campus, Email- [email protected]

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  183 Tandraleem Kashyap out better position through performance. The potential advantages of the FDI on the host economy are that it facilitates the use and exploitation of local raw materials; it introduces modern techniques of management and marketing, it eases the access to new technologies and creates opportunities for employment and it is the prime objective to make road to FDI. Our research article tries to study the growth of FDI on Indian economy, where FDI is considered to be one of the basic drivers of Indian economy. During the past 15 years, the importance of FDI in the world economy has increased rapidly. The total stock of FDI increased from 8 per cent of world GDP in 1990 to 26 per cent in 2006. Although the bulk of FDI continues to take place between OECD countries, the increase in FDI has been particularly pronounced in developing countries, largely reflecting the integration of large emerging economies, the so-called BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) into the world economy (Misra, 2011). The effectiveness and efficiency of input depends upon the investors perception. If investment is done with long term purpose then it contributes positively towards the economy. On the other hand, if it is for short term for the purpose of making profit, then it may be less significant. Depending on the industrial sector and type of business, a foreign direct investment may be an attractive and viable option. Any decision on investment is thus a combination of an assessment of internal resources, competitiveness, and market analysis and market expectations. The concept of foreign investment comes from the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) in 1991, driven by then finance minister Manmohan Singh. Basically FDI is classified as inward FDI and outward FDI. Inward FDI means those foreign investments which are invested in local resources and outward FDI is referred to as direct investment which is invested abroad. Foreign investors is granted the power of management and voting right if the level of ownership is greater than or equal to 10 per cent of ordinary shares (Goyal, 2014).

2. Review of Literature Alfaro (2003) explored the effect of FDI in the primary, manufacturing, and services sectors. The study concluded that FDI flows into the different sectors of

184  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Impact of Foreign Direct Investment in India the economy (namely primary, manufacturing, and services) exert different effects on economic growth. FDI inflows into the primary sector tend to have a negative effect on growth, whereas FDI inflows in manufacturing sector have a positive one. Hillman et al. (2005) analyzed the impact of regulation of a country on its FDI inflows. In this study, the authors have divided host countries in two parts i.e. developed countries and less developed countries. The finding of the study revealed that regulations played a significant and positive role in mobilising FDI. It was also depicted that in less developed countries, FDI was affected by the opinion of MNC’s about the governance and regional predisposition towards corrupt practices in less developed countries. Aggarwal (2005) found that rigid labour markets in Indian states discourage FDI. The effect of labour market rigidities and labour cost, however, was more pronounced for the export-oriented as compared to the domestic market seeking FDI. The study also pointed out that the presence of Export Promotion Zone (EPZ) worked as a relevant pull factor for export oriented FDI. Econometric evidence found in the study suggested that infrastructure, regional development and human development were also key factors in attracting higher FDI both in the export and domestic market sectors. Yuan et al. (2010) observed the relation between size of government and FDI inflow of host country by taking data for the period 2002 to 2006 of 81countries. It was found that there is a positive relationship between size of the government and FDI inflows. This effect is much stronger in developing countries. The study suggested that government should increase their consumption, develop infrastructure for providing good environment and favorable legal environment to attract foreign investors. Renuka et al. (2013) have conducted a research on impact of FDI in Indian economy with reference to retail sector in India. The objectives of the study were to know the reasons of investing in India, analyze the impact of FDI in retail sector in India and to know the trends in different sectors in India. It was found that most of the foreign countries liked to invest their amount in service sector, construction industry, telecommunications and computer software and hardware, because these

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  185 Tandraleem Kashyap sectors have huge and ready markets in this populous country.FDI in retail sector helps in bringing new technology in India, improve rural infrastructure, reduce wastages of agriculture produces etc.

3. Research Methodology For achieving the purpose of the study, data has been collected from the secondary sources over a period of April 2000-March 2017. The data is collected mainly from several websites, annual reports, World Bank reports, research reports, fact sheet on foreign direct investment, press notes of Government of India, FDI database etc. Simple statistical tool is used to analyze the data. The present study is analytical and descriptive in nature.

4. Objectives of the Study The objectives of this study are as follows – (i) To know the trend of FDI inflows in India. (ii) To study the pattern of FDI inflows in different sectors of India. (iii) To know the share of top investing countries in FDI equity inflows in India. (iv) To discuss the recent policies in India based on secondary data.

5. Discussion and Analysis To achieve the objectives of this study an analysis is done on the basis of collected data. The results on the basis of secondary data are as follows:

5.1 The Trend of FDI inflows in India Table 1 presents the inflows of FDI for the period of April 2000- March 2017 in India. The results show that there is large fluctuation in the pattern of FDI inflows due to flows and withdrawals. In the year of 2001-2002, there is a positive increase in the value of FDI inflows due to various reasons such as heavy demand of Indian consumers, liberalized government policy, communications facilities. But after this period the value of FDI has decreased. The value of FDI has increased from 2004 to 2008, but after this, value of FDI has decreased due to decline in the money value of rupees.

186  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Impact of Foreign Direct Investment in India Table 1. FDI Inflows in India (Amount US$ in Millions)

Sl. No. Financial Year Amount of FDI Inflows Per cent Growth over (April – March) previous year (in In Rs. Crores In US$ Million terms of US $) 1 2000-2001 10733 2463 - 2 2001-2002 18654 4065 +65% 3 2002-2003 12871 2705 -33%% 4 2003-2004 10064 2188 -19% 5 2004-2005 14653 3219 +47% 6 2005-2006 24584 5540 +72% 7 2006-2007 56390 12492 +125% 8 2007-2008 98642 24575 +97% 9 2008-2009 142829 31396 +28% 10 2009-2010 123120 25834 -18% 11 2010-2011 97320 21383 -17% 12 2011-2012 ^ 165146 35121 +64% 13 2012-2013 121907 22423 -36% 14 2013-2014 147518 24299 +8% 15 2014-2015 # 189107 30931 +27% 16 2015-2016 # 262322 40001 +29% 17 2016-2017 # 291696 43478 +9% Cumulative Total (From April, 1787555 332112 2000 to March, 2017)

Source: Fact sheet on FDI from April 2000 - March 2017 Note: # Figures for the years 2014-15 to 2016-17 are provisional subject to reconciliation with RBI. ^ Inflows for the month of March, 2012, are as reported by RBI, consequent to the adjustment made in the figures of March, 2011, August, 2011 and October, 2011.

5.2 FDI inflows in different Sectors in India Table 2 shows the trend of FDI equity inflows in different sector from the period of April 2000- March 2017 in India. The results revealed that maximum contribution (17.92 per cent) of FDI inflows is in service sector. After this, investor prefer to invest in computer software and hardware (7.43 per cent), construction industry (7.32 per cent) and telecommunication (7.21 per cent) because these sectors are more profitable as compared to others. Services sector includes financial, banking, insurance, non-financial, outsourcing, R&D, courier, technology testing and analysis etc.

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  187 Tandraleem Kashyap Table 2. Sectors Attracting Highest FDI Equity Inflows(Amount in Rs. Crores)

Sl. Sectors Amount of FDI Inflows Per cent of Total No. FDI Inflow (In Rs. Crore) (In US $ Million) 1 Service 316567.77 59476.49 17.92% 2 Construction 114638.90 24293.08 7.32% 3 Telecommunication 130163.87 23946.04 7.21%% 4 Computer Hardware and 136789.08 24669.49 7.43% Software 5 Drugs & Pharmaceuticals 75820.05 14706.89 4.43% 6 Chemicals 68951.96 13293.09 4.00% 7 Automobile Industry 92218.42 16673.91 5.02% 8 Power 60086.74 11589.13 3.49% 9 Metallurgical Industries 53074.07 10330.53 3.11% 10 Hotel & Tourism 55849.50 10143.46 3.06%

Source: Fact sheet on FDI from April 2000 - March 2017

5.3 The Share of top investing Countries in FDI Equity Inflows in India Table 3 presents the FDI equity inflows from top ten countries. India received maximum FDI from Mauritius, followed by Singapore, Japan, U.K and Netherlands by securing rank first, second, third, fourth and fifth respectively. The main reason for higher levels of investment from Mauritius was the fact that India entered into a Double Taxations Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) with Mauritius. 5.4 Policy Analysis According to Indian Banker World Investment Report (WIR), FDI flows to the developing economies will remain at a high level in the coming years, where South Asia will remain at the top list. Thereby, India can be an attractive destination for foreign direct investors. According to WIR, India already figures among the top 20 economies for FDI inflows both in 2012 and 2013, along with several developed countries of Europe, besides the US. Further, India is ranked 4th topmost destination for FDI for 2014 to 2016 (the rank was 3rd in 2013) and that of China is number one followed by the US and India, in succession. India needs to be paid more attention to scale up our global ranking in all respect more particularly in ‘competitiveness’ and ‘ease of doing business’. As per World Economic Forum (WEF)’s Global Competitiveness Report 2014-2015 ranks, India as 71st (out

188  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Impact of Foreign Direct Investment in India Table 3. Share of Top Investing Countries in FDI Equity Inflows in India (Amount Rupees in Crores)

Rank Name of the Amount of Foreign Direct Per cent with Country Per cent Investment Inflows Inflows

(In RsCrore) (In US$ million) 1 Mauritius 585,950.38 111,637.56 33.63 2 Singapore 315,042.49 54,590.41 16.44 3 Japan 142,259.65 25,675.42 7.73 4 United Kingdom 125,544.59 24,591.12 7.41 5 Netherlands 117,166.54 20,681.79 6.23 6 U.S.A 110,531.54 20,322.66 6.12 7 Germany 52,044.62 9,698.41 2.92 8 Cyprus 46,730.58 9,156.40 2.76 9 France 30,637.22 5,725.48 1.72 10 UAE 26,186.87 4,704.59 1.42

Source: Fact sheet on FDI from April 2000 - March 2017 of 144 economies) and World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business Report 2016 ranks India as 130th (out of 190 economies). Again, according to the Corruption Perceptions Index (2015) Report by Transparency International, India ranked 76th among the 168 countries, over the 2014 ranked of 85th among the 175 countries as against 94th last year (2013) moving down the China’s rank to 100th from 80th last year. India also shows an improvement in the relative position. The Corruption Perceptions Index score moves up by 2 points to 38 in 2014 from its 2013 score. It has become possible because of the strong anti-corruption measures taken by the NDA Government led by Honourable Prime Minister Narendra Modi to build an investor friendly environment and to draw the attention of the international investors to come over and invest in India. The Central Government has initiated several steps to attract more and more FDI to accelerate the pace of economic growth. Some of these are as follows:

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  189 Tandraleem Kashyap (i) The FDI limit has been hiked to 49 per cent; (ii) The Railways have been opened up for 100 per cent FDI; (iii) Several norms for FDI in the construction and Real Estate sector have been relaxed; (iv) The FDI limit for the insurance sector has been enhanced to 49 per cent, (v) The medical equipment manufacturing has been opened up to 100 per cent FDI and (vi) Measures have been taken to reform land laws. Further, pushing ahead with major reforms, on the 10th of November 2015 the government relaxed foreign investment rules in 15 sectors such as civil aviation, banking, defence, retail and news broadcasting and eased the process for approval of FDI. While 100 per cent FDI has been allowed in DTH, cable network and plantation crop. Overseas investment limit in uplinking of news and current affairs TV channels has been raised to 49 per cent from 26 per cent. The Government also relaxed conditions for FDI in single-brand retail and allowed 100 per cent FDI under automatic route in duty free shops and Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) and eased foreign investment norms in the defence sector. It has also raised the monetary limit of Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) to Rs 5000 crore from Rs 3000 crore for approving FDI proposals. The government’s decision on liberalizing FDI policy is a welcome step and is part of improving ease of doing business (Sarma, 2016).

6. Conclusion Considering the present global environment, it is not at all possible for a country to have a fast pace of economic development on its own. A country needs both domestic resources and huge amount of foreign capital to execute its economic programme for optimum use of its untapped resources. Therefore, our foreign policy should be aimed at promoting global capital inflows. In this respect, soon after assuming the office of Prime Minister our Honourable Prime Minister Narendra Modi rightly visited as many as 29 economically powerful countries within a short span of time across the world to create an atmosphere and build a clear image

190  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Impact of Foreign Direct Investment in India before the world community so that they can find their area of investment interest in India. To run bullet and high speed train in India, attain self-sufficiency in defence production, digitalization of India, smart city projects, 175 Giga watt (24x7) power projects along with atomic energy programme which are assumed to be ambitious (dream) projects needs trillions of USD FDI for its execution,which will lead India to a new height. Moreover, the country is in need of FDI to improve health, education and basic infrastructure in road communication and power in public sector domain also. The government initiatives towards ‘Make in India’ and ‘Start up India’ policy has begun to show some visible results in the country and more is expected in near future.

References Aggarwal, A. (2005). The Influence of Labour Markets on FDI: Some Empirical Explorations in Export Oriented and Domestic Market Seeking FDI across Indian States.Retrieved11March, 2018 fromhttps://www.researchgate.net/.../ 266354210_The_Influence_of_Labour_Markets_on_FdI.pdf. Alfaro, L. & Chauvin, J. (2017). Foreign Direct Investment, Finance, and Economic Development.Retrieved11 April, 2018 fromhttps://www.hbs.edu/faculty/ Publication%20Files/FDICapital_Formatted_20170922_Final_W_c7fcb82c- f318-4632-a589-20118eaeebf8.pdf. Goyal, D. & Jain, R. (2014). Impact of FDI in Indian Economy. International Monthly Refereed Journal of Research in Management & Technology,ISSN – 2320-0073 Hillman, V. S.& Omar, M. (2005). FDI, international business and regulation: The behaviour of UK multinational corporations. European Business Review, 17(1):69-82 Misra, S. (2011).Study of Implications of FDI on Indian Economy. Retrieved 12 March, 2018 from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1971243 Renuka, R., Ganesan, M. & Durgamani, M. K. (2013). Impact of FDI in Indian Economy with Special Reference to Retail Sector in India. GRA- Global Research Analysis, ISSN No 2277 – 8160, 2 (1). Sarma, A. K. (2016). FDI and India.Souvenir of Nalbari Urban Co-operative Bank Limited.

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  191 Tandraleem Kashyap

Yuan, Y., Chen, Y. & Wang, L. (2010). Size of government and FDI: An empirical analysis based on the panel data of 81 countries. Journal of Technology Management in China, 5 (2):176-184, Retrieved 12 March. 2018 from https:/ /doi.org/10.1108/17468771011053180

Manuscript received on 22/03/2018 Reviewed Paper received on 14/06/2018 Revised Paper received on 04/08/2018 Research Paper accepted on 14/08/2018

192  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Book Review

SCHOLARLY LECTURES ON ECONOMIC THOUGHT

Atanu Kumar Chowdhury*

Steven G. Medema & Warren J Samuels, Editors (1998). A History of Economic Thought – The LSE Lectures –Lionel Robbins, Oxford University Press, 359 pages. This is a fascinating book. It is a compilation, to be specific, of transcribed lectures delivered by legendary economist Lionel Robbins at the London School of Economics (LSE) during 1979-80 and 1980-81. He was in his eighties at that time. It may be noted that Robbins was a teacher of repute at the prestigious institute from 1929 to 1961. This book’s publication has an interesting story, as stated by the editors in the introduction:“The lectures were taperecorded by Robbins’ grandson, Philip Robbins, who was then a student at LSE. The original transcription of the tape recordings was done by Rosemary Pedder of Surrey. This transcript, with handwritten edits by Lady Robbins and Christopher Johnson, Robbins’ son-in-law, is on file in the archives at the London School of Economics, where it was deposited by the Robbins family in 1989. When Medema ran across this manuscript while doing some research at the LSE archives in the summer of 1995, it was immediately apparent to him that this was something special, and that a wider circulation was in order. When we contacted the Robbins family about the possibility of publishing the lectures, we were informed that the original tape recordings were available,

*Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Pragjyotish College, Guwahati-781 009, E-mail: [email protected]

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  193 Book Review and, armed with these, we began the lengthy process of editing the lectures for publication.” Robbins’ stature can be understood by the fact that his definition of Economics in 1932 as “The science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses” is one of the most widely used till date. Economics, which as a subject is formally traced from the publication of Adam Smith’s book ‘An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations’ in 1776, over time has been immensely enriched by many thinkers. Robbins is one of them. So a book encompassing Robbins’ understanding and analysis of some of the great minds on economic aspects and theories from Plato and Aristotle to Marshall and Fisher is worth drawing attention of any serious student of Economics willing to delve into the economic thought of iconic economists of yesteryears. Social dynamics is largely a product of man’s ideas and the environment, they both interact on each other and among ideas; economic thought plays a dominant role, at least in the industrial environment of today, stated eminent academician T. N. Hajela in his book ‘History of Economic Thought’ (2008, 17th Edition). So a book highlighting the economic thoughts of world’s leading economists deserves attention. The well-designed book has been categorised into five sections covering 33 lectures. The sections are titled: A. Anticipations, B. Emergence of Systems, C. Nineteenth-Century Classicism, D. Other Mid-Nineteenth-Century Thought and E. Beginnings of Modern Analysis. Besides there is Robbins’ Reading List in Appendix A and Robbins’ Writings in the History of Economic Thought in Appendix B. They offer an insight on the depth of Robbins’ scholarship and a treasure house of materials concerning economic thought. The latter would be of immense help for those interested to explore the ideas of the great thinkers. Eminent economist William J. Baumol of New York University, a former student of Robbins during 1946 to 1949, has written a warm foreword. In fact, it is a tribute to his legendary teacher. He states “these eloquent lectures speak for themselves” and “it was the magnitude of the information he had about

194  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Book Review economics that was really overwhelming, and much of that came out in the lectures”. Baumol mentions that Robbins had immense interest in visual arts, opera, literature and history besides economics. In assessing the book, he commented, “Anyone reading these lectures can, and surely will, admire their style, the range of material they cover, the dazzling intellectual brilliance, and the stimulation they provide.” Delivering his first lecture, Robbins was particular in pointing out the fact that there is a difference between the initiators of economic ideas and initiators of ideas of natural science. Social sciences cannot undertake laboratory experiments. Society is the laboratory and Robbins rightly says that we have recourse to ‘thought experiments’ and the “history of the subject affords you concrete cases of thought experiments about which one already knows a good deal by way of history”. Economic thought is an evolving aspect; there is a continuum in the flow of ideas. Some of the past ideas are relevant at times, some may look outlandish, some may fade for sometime; yet they all are sincere efforts in understanding various aspects of the subject. Many of the ideas aid our understanding of the current happenings, more particularly in the economic field. Robbins rightly remarks “Contemporary institutions and contemporary thoughts are shot through with the heritage of the past, and to know how various ideas originated, what their vicissitudes have been, intrinsically in the development of the subject, extrinsically in their influence on general thought about society, how they have been transformed, their implications in everyday speech—these are subjects with which, even though you don’t become experts, I do think that those who aspire to call themselves economists in some way or another should have a nodding acquaintance”. Prior to every lecture, he addressed the need to involve oneself in the substantial reading of the books available on the topics to be taken up. He would comment on earlier published books along with some latest on the subject. It was evident that he had done sufficient reading, even at such an advanced age, before coming to deliver the lectures and he expected his students to do the same. There are numerous instances across the book urging his students to read relevant books to

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  195 Book Review grasp the ideas better. While discussing Smith, he said, “I recommend to you Professor Samuel Hollander’s [1973] book on Adam Smith. He’s one of our most distinguished academic alumni, and I am now reading his recently published book on Ricardo, and it makes me feel sorry for you that you have to listen to me rather than to Professor Hollander, who is so good”. What better example of humility of a great scholar than this and again when he concluded his final lecture with these words “And that’s the end, and I thank you all for your patience in listening to my imperfect and informal exposition and statements...”. Also a dose of humour, many of it interspersed throughout the deliberations, in mentioning Malthus “You will have to put a towel around your head and brace yourself to keeping at it for quite a long time before you get at Malthus’ point”. But at the same time he highlighted the fact that “it was the reading of Malthus which convinced Darwin of his fundamental principle of evolution”. In his lecture on The Marginal Revolution there are fascinating anecdotes of Jevons being made aware of Gossen’s unpublished pioneering work on marginal utility theory of value in German language and (Jevons) had the intellectual honesty to acknowledge that Gossen’s idea preceeded Walras’s and his. And speaking on Marshall, Robbins stated “Now, there is a very good paper on Marshall which is reproduced in Gherity’s [1965] collection of essays, and which appeared in the Economic Journal for the centenary of Marshall’s birth, by Shove [1942] —Gerald Shove— who was one of the most distinguished of the generation of Cambridge economists after Pigou:Shove, Robertson and last but not least, Keynes”. In conclusion it can be said that for a reader trying to understand a thinker, his ideas and how it evolved, this is one book which can definitely bring clarity as it is based on the master teacher’s analysis on the subject. Even though it may not be perfect as an introductory text, but as a reference and a lead as a rich treasure house of the history of economic thought, one definitely is on the right track. Who else but a scholar like Robbins can say in his introductory lecture, “If there is one thing that universities should teach you, and not all universities have taught that in the past or the present, it is open-mindedness and continual criticism of your own ideas”.

196  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 

 *

Ü¿îÂýÃÃ±¿üßÁ Î›¶ŽÂ±ÂóéÂîÂ ¿àù?Ïûþ±1 Õ¿™¦Q1 üÑßÁéÂ Õ±1n¸ ÕòÅ›¶Ë»ú1 ü÷üÉ±, ÎùàßÁ Ð ëÂ0 ›¶ôÅÂ~ ÷ýÃÃ™L, ›¶ßÁ±úßÁ Ð üÔæÃò ›¶ßÁ±ú, &»±ýÃÃ±éÂÏ-28, ›¶ï÷ ›¶ßÁ±ú Ð 2015

‘Ü¿îÂýÃÃ±¿üßÁ Î›¶ŽÂ±ÂóéÂîÂ ¿àù?Ïûþ±1 Õ¿™¦Q1 üÑßÁéÂ Õ±1n¸ ÕòÅ›¶Ë»ú1 ü÷üÉ±’– ëÂ0 ›¶ôÅÂ~ ÷ýÃÃ™L1 ü±îÂ¿éÂ ›¶»g1 üÑßÁùò¼ ý×ÃÃ¿îÂ÷ËñÉ ‘Õü÷Ïûþ± ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ Î|íÏ1 ý×ÃÃ¿îÂýÃÃ±ü’ ¢¶ËLšË1 Õü÷1 ÎÂõÌ¿XßÁ æÃáîÂîÂ ¿ÂõËúø¸ ¦š±ò Õ¿ñßÁ±1 ßÁ1± ÷ýÃÃ™L1 1äÂò±îÂ Õü÷Ïûþ± æÃ±¿îÂ1 ý×ÃÃ¿îÂýÃÃ±ü1 á¿îÂÂóï1 Âõd¿ò‡Â ÕËi¤ø¸Ëí Õ±÷±ßÁ Õ±ßÁø¸Çí ßÁË1¼ ÎîÂÝÒ1 ¿òË÷Ç±ýÃÃ Âó¿1ËÂõŽÂËí ÂõU Õ¿›¶ûþ üîÂÉ îÅÂ¿ù ñ¿1ËåÃ–¿ûËÂõ±1 Õ±ËÂõá±|ûþÏ ý×ÃÃ¿îÂýÃÃ±ü ÎùàßÁ1 Âõ±ËÂõ ›¶îÂÉ±ý3ÃÃ±ò ¦¤1+Âó¼ ü±¥x¿îÂßÁ üÑßÁùòàòîÂ ÎîÂËò ÂõU ÂõÉ±àÉ± Õ±ËåÃ¼ â±ý×ÃÃÍßÁ ÎùàËßÁ Õü÷1 æÃòæÃ±¿îÂüßÁù1 Õ¿™¦Q1 üÑßÁéÂ1 Ü¿îÂýÃÃ±¿üßÁ ÂóéÂöÓÂ¿÷1 ÕËòßÁ ¿äÂ™LòÏûþ ¿ðÃú ý×ÃÃûþ±îÂ ëÂ×Ëij±äÂò ßÁ¿1ËåÃ Õ±1n¸ Õü÷Ïûþ± ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ1 ÂõíÇÂõ±ðÃÏ ðÔÃ¿©†öÂÑáÏ ÎßÁ±Ëò± ¿Zñ± òßÁ1±ÍßÁ îÅÂ¿ù ñ¿1ËåÃ¼ æÃòæÃ±¿îÂ ü÷±æÃàòîÂ S÷±È áìÂÿ Æù ëÂ×êÂ± ¿Âõ¿26Ãi§îÂ±Âõ±ðÃÏ ÎäÂîÂò±1 ëÂ×Èü ¿ÂõäÂ±¿1 ÎîÂÝÒ ¿ù¿àËåÃ, æÃòËá±‡ÂÏü÷ÓýÃÃ Ûý×ÃÃ öÂ±¿Âõ úÑ¿ßÁîÂ ÆýÃÃ Âó¿1¿åÃù Îû Õü÷Ïûþ± ÂõíÇ ü÷±æÃàò1 ùáîÂ ï±¿ßÁËù ÎßÁ±Ëò±ßÁ±Ëùý×ÃÃ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ËßÁ ëÂ×i§¿îÂ1 ÷ÅÅà ÎòËðÃ¿àÂõ, öÂ±ø¸±- üÑ¦Ô¨¿îÂ1 ¿ÂõßÁ±ú ðÓÃ1Ë1 ßÁï±¼ æÃòæÃ±¿îÂ1 òÉ±ûÉ Õ¿ñßÁ±1 Õ±1n¸ ÂóÔïßÁ æÃ±¿îÂáîÂ Âó¿1äÂûþËßÁ ñ¿1 ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 Õ±ú±-Õ±ßÁ±ÑŽÂ±ËÂõ±1 ÂóÓ1í ßÁ1±1 ÝÂó1ËîÂý×ÃÃ Îû æÃòæÃ±¿îÂ Õ±1n¸ ÕæÃòæÃ±¿îÂ1 ÷±æÃ1 ÜßÁÉ, üÑýÃÃ¿îÂ Õ±1n¸ Õü÷1 ÕàGîÂ±Â ¿òöÇÂ1úÏù, îÂ±ßÁ ßÁîÇÔÂQÂõ±ðÃÏ ¿ýÃÃµÅ ›¶ñ±ò Õü÷Ïûþ± ü÷±æÃàËò ÂõÅ¿æÃÂõÍù ÎäÂ©†± òßÁ¿1Ëù, ¿ûËéÂ±Ë» æÃòæÃ±¿îÂüßÁùßÁ ¿ÂõŽÅÂt ßÁ¿1 îÅÂ¿ùËù¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ÎŽÂ±ËöÂý×Ã Û¿ðÃò æÃòæÃ±¿îÂ1 1±æÃÍò¿îÂßÁ ŽÂ÷îÂ± Õ±ýÃÃ1í1 áíîÂ±¿LaßÁ üÑ¢¶±÷1 1+Âó ù’Ëù¼ ÎîÂÝÒ Õ±ËßÁÌ ¿ù¿àËåÃ, æÃòæÃ±¿îÂüßÁËù ßÁîÇÔÂQÂõ±ðÃÏ ¿ýÃÃµÅ Õü÷Ïûþ±1 ÕòÅßÁ¥ó±îÂ ‘Õ¿ýÃÃµÅÃ’, ‘ÕüöÂÉ’, ÂõËëÂÿ±, ßÁåÃ±1Ï, 1±öÂ±, ¿÷¿äÂÑ, ÎðëÂ×1Ï, ¿ëÂ÷±åÃ±, ¿îÂ»± ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó û±ðÅÃâ1Ïûþ± ÆýÃÃ æÃÏûþ±ý×ÃÃ ï±¿ßÁÂõÍù ¿ò¿ÂõäÂ±Ë1– ¿ÂõäÂ±Ë1 ü÷÷ûÇ±ðÃ±, ü÷Õ¿ñßÁ±1 Õ±1n¸ 1±æÃÍò¿îÂßÁ ŽÂ÷îÂ±1 ü÷öÂ±á Æù Õü÷1 Õ±¿ðÃ÷ Õ¿ñÂõ±üÏ öÓÂ¿÷ÂóÅS ¿àù?Ïûþ± Õü÷Ïûþ± ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó ï±¿ßÁÂõÍù¼

*Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Pragjyotish College, Guwahati-781 009, E-mail: [email protected]

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  197 ¢¶Lš Âó¿1äÂûþ ý×ÃÃ¿îÂýÃÃ±ü1 Î›¶ŽÂ±ÂóéÂîÂ äÂßÅÁ Æï ÷ýÃÃ™Lý×ÃÃ ¿ù¿àËåÃ, Õ±ûÇüßÁËù Ûý×ÃÃ öÅÂàGîÂ Õ±|ûþ ¿ÂõäÂ±¿1Ëûþý×ÃÃ ÕòÅ›¶Ë»ú ßÁ¿1¿åÃù¼ ëÂ×ËVúÉ ý×ÃÃûþ±îÂ Ûàò Õ±ûÇ ëÂ×Âó¿òËÂõú á¿ìÂÿ îÅÂ¿ù îÂ±ßÁ Õ±ûÇ±»îÇÂ1 Õ™LöÓÇÂMÃ ßÁ1±¼ Îüý×ÃÃËéÂ± üy» òýÃÃ’ù¼ Õ±ûÇ öÂ±ø¸±¿üX ò±Ë÷Ë1 ÎðÃúàò Õ±ûÇ±»îÇÂ1 Âõ±¿ýÃÃ1ËîÂ Î¥¡åÃ ÎðÃú1+ËÂóý×ÃÃ ï±¿ßÁ á’ù¼ Âõè±pÁíÉ Õ±ûÇ ü÷±æÃËÂõ±Ë1± ÝÂó¿ãÃÃ ï±¿ßÁù ü±á1 üðÔÃú æÃòæÃ±îÂÏûþ ü÷±æÃàò1 ÂõÅßÅÁîÂ ÛËßÁ±éÂ± ü1n¸ ü1n¸ ZÏÂó1 ðÃË1, ü¥óßÇÁÝ ÎîÂù-Âó±òÏ1 ðÃË1¼ æÃòæÃ±îÂÏûþ ¿ßÁ1±îÂ òÔÂó¿îÂüßÁËù Õ±ûÇ Âõè±pÁíüßÁùßÁ á±ÒÝðÃ±ò, öÓÂ¿÷ðÃ±ËòË1 ÕòÅáÔýÃÃÏîÂ ßÁ1±1 ôÂùîÂ ›¶æÃ±1 ÷±æÃîÂ ÛéÂ± ú¿MÃú±ùÏ ÷ñÉ»îÇÂÏ Î|íÏ1 ëÂ×¾Ã» ýÃÃûþ Õ±1n¸ ü÷±æÃîÂ Âõè±pÁí1 ›¶öÅÂQ1 Âóï ›¶ú™¦ ýÃÃûþ¼ ¿ßÁ1±îÂ òÔÂó¿îÂüßÁËùý×ÃÃ ŽÂ÷îÂ±îÂ ï±¿ßÁËùÝ æÃòæÃ±îÂÏûþ 1±æÃÉàòîÂ ïùÅ»± ¿ßÁ1±îÂ ›¶æÃ±1 êÂ±ý×ÃÃîÂ Õ±ûÇ1ËýÃÃ ›¶±ñ±òÉ Âõ¿MÇÃÃ ï±¿ßÁùÊ, ¿ûËéÂ±Ë» æÃòæÃ±îÂÏûþ ü÷±æÃàò1 Õ¿™¦QÍù üÑßÁéÂ ÷±¿îÂ Õ±¿ò¿åÃù Îüý×ÃÃ üÅðÅÃ1 ›¶±äÂÏò ûÅáËîÂý×ÃÃ¼ ÎîÂÝÒ ¿ù¿àËåÃ Õ±ËýÃÃ±÷ 1±æÃîÂLaý×ÃÃ üßÁËù± æÃòËá±‡ÂÏßÁ ÛßÁ ÎßÁfÏöÓÂîÂ ú±üò1 ÕñÏòÍù Õ±¿ò ¿û ÛßÁ 1±æÃÍò¿îÂßÁ ÜßÁÉ á¿ìÂÿ îÅÂ¿ù¿åÃù, úÑßÁ1ËðÃ»1 ü±Ñ¦Ô¨¿îÂßÁ ëÂ×7ÁÁÁÏ»ò1 Õ±Ëµ±ùòËéÂ±Ë» üßÁËù±ËßÁ ÛËßÁéÂ± ü±Ñ¦Ô¨¿îÂßÁ ÂõÔMÃÃ1 ¿öÂîÂ1îÂ ü±÷¿1 Æù ü÷öÂ±Âõ±Âói§ Ûàò ü÷±æÃ1 ÎöÒÂ¿éÂ Âõ±¿g üÑßÁéÂ Î÷±äÂò1 Âóï ¿òËðÇÃú ßÁ¿1¿åÃù¼ úÑßÁ1ËðÃ»1 ÷ÔîÅÂÉ1 ¿ÂóåÃËîÂ Îüý×ÃÃÂóï Âó¿1îÂÉMÃ ÆýÃÃ Âó¿1ù¼ ¿Âõè¿éÂËåÃ Ûý×ÃÃËðÃú ðÃàù ßÁ1±1 ùËá ùËá Õ±ûÇ ÂõíÇ¿ýÃÃµÅüßÁËù ¿Âõè¿éÂåÃ1±æÃÍù ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 Õ±òÅáîÂÉ üù¿ò ßÁ¿1 ÷ÑËá±ùÏûþüßÁùßÁ ‘ÕüöÂÉ’1 ú±1ÏÍù ÎêÂ¿ù ¿ðÃËù¼ æÃòæÃ±¿îÂüßÁù1 üÑßÁéÂ âòÏöÓÂîÂ ßÁ¿1¿åÃù ÂóÓÂõÇÂõÑá1 Âó÷Å»±1 Õ±á÷Ëò¼ Ûý×ÃÃ Õ±á÷ò ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 æÃÏ¿»ßÁ±1 üg±ò1 Õ±á÷òËýÃÃ, îÂ±ËîÂ äÂ1ßÁ±1àËòÝ Õ¿ñßÁ úüÉ ëÂ×ðÄÃû±Âóò1 òÏ¿îÂË1 ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 Õ±á÷òßÁ ëÂ×Èü±¿ýÃÃîÂ ßÁ¿1¿åÃù¼ ÎùàËßÁ öÂÂõ±1 ðÃË1 Õü÷ßÁ Ûàò Õ¿öÂÂõ±üÏ ÷ÅåÃù÷±ò ›¶ñ±ò 1±æÃÉîÂ Âó¿1íîÂ ßÁ1±1 ùŽÂÉ Æù ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ ÕýÃÃ± ò±¿åÃù¼ 1±æÃòÏ¿îÂßÁ üßÁËùËýÃÃ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁßÁ Æù ŽÂ÷îÂ±1 1±æÃòÏ¿îÂ ßÁ¿1¿åÃù¼ ÎîÂËòðÃË1 ÎùàËßÁ ëÂ×Ë~à ßÁ1±1 ðÃË1 Õ¿öÂÂõ±üÏ ÷ÅåÃù÷±ò1 ÷ÅàîÂ ÕæÃòæÃ±îÂÏûþ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸±ËéÂ± ü±¿ò ¿ðÃûþ± ÂõÅ¿ù ÎßÁ±»± ßÁï±ËéÂ±Ý ü1ùÏßÔÁîÂ ÷™LÂõÉËýÃÃ¼ Õ¿öÂÂõ±üÏ ÷ÅåÃù÷±Ëò Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸± Î¦¤26Ã±ý×ÃÃ ¢¶ýÃÃí ßÁ¿1 Õü÷ßÁ ¿òæÃ1 êÂ±ý×ÃÃ ÂõÅ¿ù ¢¶ýÃÃí ßÁ¿1¿åÃù¼ ÂóÅ¿ïàò1 ÛéÂ± üÏ÷ÂõXîÂ± ýÃÃ’ù Ð ü±¥x¿îÂßÁ æÃòæÃ±¿îÂ ü÷±æÃàòßÁ áìÂÿ Æù ÷ñÉ¿ÂõMÃÃ Î|íÏËéÂ±1 ÛßÁ±Ñú1 ÷±æÃîÂ ¿û üÅ¿Âõñ±Âõ±ðÃÏ äÂ¿1S ÷Åà¿1îÂ ÆýÃÃËåÃ Îüý×ÃÃ ¿Âõø¸Ëûþ ÎùàËßÁ ÂõÉ±àÉ± ßÁ1± ò±ý×ÃÃ¼ ßÁ±1í æÃòæÃ±¿îÂ ü÷±æÃßÁ ÎòîÔÂQ ¿ðÃûþ± üßÁù1 üÅ¿Âõñ±Âõ±ðÃÏ äÂ¿1Sý×ÃÃ ÂõÔýÃÃÈ æÃòæÃ±¿îÂ ü÷±æÃàò1 ëÂ×ÂóßÁ±1 ò±ü±Ëñ¼ ÂóÅ¿ïàò1 &1n¸Q Ûý×ÃÃ¿à¿òËîÂ Îû ý×ÃÃûþ±1 ›¶¿îÂËéÂ± 1äÂò±ý×ÃÃ Õ±÷±1 ÷òîÂ ¿äÂ™L±1 ëÂ×Ë^ßÁ ßÁË1 Õ±1n¸ ý×ÃÃ¿îÂýÃÃ±ü÷ÅàÏ ÎýÃÃ±»±îÂ Õ±÷±ßÁ ÕòÅ›¶±¿íîÂ ßÁË1¼ ÎîÂÝÒ1 Û¿éÂ ëÂ×¿MÃËûþ Õ±÷±ßÁ Âõ1ÍßÁ Õ±ßÁø¸Çí ßÁ¿1ËåÃ– ‘æÃòæÃ±¿îÂüßÁù1 Õ±|ûþîÂËýÃÃ Õü÷ üÅ1¿ŽÂîÂ¼ æÃòæÃ±¿îÂßÁ Âõ±ðÃ ¿ðÃ Õü÷ ÎûËòÍßÁ Õü¥óÓíÇ, Õü÷Ïûþ± æÃ±¿îÂÝÂ Õü¥óÓíÇ¼ Õü÷Ïûþ± æÃ±¿îÂ, Õ±ûÇ-÷ÑËá±ùÏûþ1 üÑ¿÷¿|îÂ ÛßÁ Ü¿îÂýÃÃ±¿üßÁ ›¶¿Sûþ±Ë1 áìÂÿ Æù ëÂ×êÂ± ÛéÂ± æÃ±¿îÂ¼... æÃòæÃ±¿îÂ-ÕæÃòæÃ±¿îÂ, ¿àù?Ïûþ± Õü÷Ïûþ±ý×ÃÃ ÛËßÁùËá Âõ¿ýÃÃ ÕîÂÏîÂîÂ ßÁ¿1 ÕýÃÃ± ü÷™¦ öÅÂù- w±¿™L ÕßÁÂóËéÂ ¦¤ÏßÁ±1 ßÁ¿1 Æù, üßÁËù±ËßÁ 1±æÃÍò¿îÂßÁ ŽÂ÷îÂ±1 öÂ±á ¿ðÃ, Õ±ýÃÃßÁ Õ±¿÷ üßÁËù±Ë» ü÷- Õ¿ñßÁ±1 Æù, ü÷-÷ûÇ±ðÃ±Ë1 Ûý×ÃÃàò ‘æÃòæÃ±¿îÂ Õü÷ËîÂ’ üßÁËù±Ë» ¿òæÃ ¿òæÃ Âó¿1äÂËûþË1 Ûàò ÂõýÃÃù Õü÷Ïûþ± ü÷±æÃ á¿ìÂÿ üßÁËù± ÛËßÁùËá ï±ËßÒÁ±¼’

198  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 



*

¿ëÂßÁéÂò, ›¶ßÁ±úßÁ Ð ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉ ›¶ßÁ±ú, ¿Â¸C¿ÂõëÂ×ò ¿Âõ¿‹Ñ, &»±ýÃÃ±éÂÏ-3, ›¶ï÷ ›¶ßÁ±ú Î÷’ 1998 äÂò

¿ÂõáîÂ ú¿îÂßÁ±1 Õ±úÏ1 ðÃúßÁîÂ ÞÂóòÉ±¿üßÁ ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó Õ±R›¶ßÁ±ú ßÁ1± ëÂ0 ðÃÏÂóßÁ ßÅÁ÷±1 Âõ1ßÁ±ßÁ¿îÂ1 æÃij òá±ÒÝ ¿æÃù±1 1ýÃÃ±îÂ 1948 äÂòîÂ¼ òá±ÒÝ, ¿ëÂÂõèn¸áëÂÿ Õ±1n¸ &»±ýÃÃ±éÂÏ Ûý×ÃÃ ¿îÂ¿òÝàò äÂýÃÃ1îÂ ï±¿ßÁ ¿úŽÂ± ¢¶ýÃÃí ßÁ1± ßÁ±ßÁ¿îÂ ÂóðÃ±ïÇ ¿Âõ:±ò1 ëÂ"ÃÃË1éÂ¼ ¿÷ËæÃ±1±÷1 Õ±ý×ÃÃæÃù¿¦šîÂ Âó±äÅÂãÃÃ± ý×ÃÃëÂ×¿òöÂ±1¿äÂ¿éÂ ßÁËùæÃîÂ [Pauchunga University College] 37 ÂõåÃ11 ¿úŽÂßÁîÂ± ßÁ¿1 ÂóðÃ±ïÇ ¿Âõ:±ò1 ÷Å1ÂõÂõÏ ÕñÉ±ÂóßÁ ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó Õ»ü1 ¢¶ýÃÃí ßÁË1¼ ÂóðÃ±ïÇ ¿Âõ:±ò1 åÃ±S Õ±1n¸ ¿úŽÂßÁ ÆýÃÃËûþ± ßÁ±ßÁ¿îÂËûþ Õü÷Ïûþ± öÂ±ø¸± ü±¿ýÃÃîÂÉÍù ÎßÁý×ÃÃÂõ±àËò± ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü, ðÅÃàò äÅÂ¿éÂáŠ üÑßÁùò, ðÅÃàò ¿úq ëÂ×ÂóËû±áÏ ÂóÅ¿ï [Õ»ËúÉ ý×ÃÃûþ±Ë1 Ûàò ý×ÃÃÑ1±æÃÏîÂ 1¿äÂîÂ]Î1 Õ¿1ýÃÃí± Õ±áÂõìÂÿ±ý×ÃËåÃ¼ ÞÂóòÉ±¿üßÁ ðÃÏÂóßÁ ßÅÁ÷±1 Âõ1ßÁ±ßÁîÂÏ1 ‘¿ëÂßÁéÂò’ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü1 ÂóéÂöÂÓ¿÷ ÆýÃÃËåÃ ëÂ×MÃÃ1 ÂóÓÂõÇ±=ù1 ÕòÉîÂ÷ ÕÑá1±æÃÉ ¿÷ËæÃ±1±÷1 ¿÷ËæÃ± ÎòäÂËòù ôèÂKI× äÂ÷ÅÍßÁ Û÷. Ûò. ÛôÂ ò±÷1 ëÂ×¢¶ÂóLšÏ üÑáêÂòËéÂ±1 ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃ±RßÁ ßÁ±ûÇßÁù±Âó Õ±1n¸ Ûý×ÃÃ üÑáêÂòËéÂ±ßÁ ¿ò÷ÇÓù ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù öÂ±1îÂ 1±©†ªý×ÃÃ äÂËù±»± ü±÷¿1ßÁ Õ¿öÂû±ò1 âéÂò±S÷ Õ±1n¸ ý×ÃÃûþ±1 Âó¿1í¿îÂ¼ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü1 Âó±îÂ¿ò Î÷ù± ÆýÃÃËåÃ ¿÷ËæÃ±Âó±ýÃÃ±11 Ûàò ú±™L-ü÷±¿ýÃÃîÂ á±ÒÝ îÂù±ÑÂóÅý×ÃÃ1 ›¶±îÂÉ¿ýÃÃßÁ æÃÏ»ò1 ÂõíÇò±Ë1¼ á±ÒÝàò1 ÎëÂßÁ±-á±öÂ1n¸ËÂõ±Ë1 Âó±ýÃÃ±1Ïûþ± æÅÃ¿1 ÕïÇ±È éÅÂý×ÃÃàÅ11 Âó1± Âó±òÏ üÑ¢¶ýÃÃ ßÁ1±, Âó±òÏ ¿òÂõÍù ÕýÃÃ± ÎëÂßÁ±-á±öÂ1n¸1 ÷±æÃîÂ ›¶ßÔÁ¿îÂ1 ÕòÅÂó÷ 1+Âó-ÎüÌµûÇý×ÃÃ Î›¶÷1 ëÂ×ßÁ÷ÅßÁ¿ò ÎîÂ±ù±, ›¶ßÔÁ¿îÂ1 Õò±¿Âõù ÎüÌµûÇ üÅñ± Âó±ò ßÁ¿1 Î1÷± ò±÷1 òÍßÁ ÎûÌ»ò›¶±5 ÎëÂßÁ±ËéÂ±Ë» ¿úù1 ÝÂó1îÂ qý×ÃÃ Î÷â÷ÅMÃ Õ±ßÁ±úÍù äÂ±ý×ÃÃ áÏéÂ±1îÂ àèÏ©†ñ÷ÇÏ áÏîÂ Îá±»± Õ±¿ðÃ Âó±¿1Ë»¿úßÁ ÂõíÇò±ý×ÃÃ ¿÷ËæÃ±Âó±ýÃÃ±11 æÃòæÃ±îÂÏûþ ü1ù æÃÏ»ò ›¶í±ùÏ Õ±öÂ±ü ðÃ±¿ãÃÃ ñ¿1ËåÃ¼ ý×ÃÃûþ±1 ÷±æÃËîÂ ÞÂóòÉ±¿üËßÁ Îüý×ÃÃ Õ=ùËéÂ±1 äÂ1ßÁ±1Ï ëÂ×i§ûþò÷ÓùßÁ Õ±ÒäÂ¿ò1 Õ¢¶á¿îÂ1 ÂõÅæÃ ù’ÂõÍù ÕýÃÃ± ÛäÂ. ¿ëÂ. Õ. ñÏË1ò öÂA±äÂ±ûÇ1 ÂõîÂ1± éÄÂù±ÄãÃÃ±ÝËéÂ±1 Îâ±ø¸í±1 ÷±ËæÃË1 ¿ðÃûþ±1 ¿ÂõÂó1ÏËîÂ ù÷¿ßÁ÷± ò±÷1 ÎëÂßÁ±æÃò1 á±Ò»Íù òîÅÂò ÂõîÂ1± Æù ÕýÃÃ±1 Âõ±îÂ¿1Ý ›¶ðÃ±ò ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ ù÷¿ßÁ÷±

*Assistant Professor (Contractual), Department of Assamese, Pragjyotish College, Guwahati- 781 009, E-mail: [email protected]

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  199 ¢¶Lš Âó¿1äÂûþ ò±÷1 ÎëÂÃßÁ±æÃËò Æù Õò± Âõ±îÂ¿11 Õ±Ò1îÂ Õ±ËåÃ ù±ËýÃÃ ù±ËýÃÃ ¿÷ËæÃ± ÎëÂßÁ±üßÁù1 ÷±æÃîÂ áìÂÿ Æù ëÂ×êÂ± öÂ±1îÂ äÂ1ßÁ±11 ¿Âõ1n¸ËX Õüc¿©† Õ±1n¸ ý×ÃÃûþ±1 ôÂù|n¸¿îÂ ¿÷ËæÃ±üßÁùßÁ ÛßÁ¿SîÂ ßÁ¿1 äÂ1ßÁ±11 ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃÏ ßÁ¿1 ÎîÂ±ù±1 ëÂ×äÂéÂ¿ò¼ Ûý×ÃÃ¿à¿òËîÂ ¿÷ËæÃ± ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃ1 &¿1 ßÁï± ¿ßÁåÅÃ÷±Ëò± ÞÂóòÉ±¿üËßÁ ù÷¿ßÁ÷± ò±÷1 äÂ¿1SËéÂ±1 ÷ÅËàË1 ÎßÁ±»±ý×ÃÃËåÃ¼ îÂù±ÑÂóÅý×ÃÃ á±Ò»Íù ÕöÂ±»-Õ¿öÂËû±á1 àÂõ1 ù’ÂõÍù Îû±»± ñÏË1ò öÂA±äÂ±ûÇ Ý1ËôÂ ÂóÅ-öÂéÂßÁ ù÷¿ßÁ÷± ò±÷1 ÎëÂßÁ±æÃËò Îü±ñ± ¿ßÁåÅÃ÷±ò ›¶Ÿ1 Õ±Ò1îÂ Ûý×ÃÃ ¿÷ËæÃ± ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃ1 ßÁ±1í ¿ò¿ýÃÃîÂ ÆýÃÃ Õ±ËåÃ¼ ù÷¿ßÁ÷± ßÁï±¿à¿ò1 ü±1÷÷Ç ÛËòñ1í1– ›¶¿îÂ Âó=±ú ÂõåÃ11 ÷ÓË1 ÷ÓË1 ¿÷ËæÃ±1±÷îÂ ÎßÁ±Ëò± ÛßÁ ü÷ûþîÂ ›¶±ßÔÁ¿îÂßÁ ðÓÃËûÇ±á üÑâ¿éÂîÂ ýÃÃûþ¼ Îüý×ÃÃ ÂõåÃ1îÂ ¿÷ËæÃ±1±÷1 Âõ±ÒýÃÃËÂõ±1 ôÅÂ¿ù ëÂ×ËêÂ, ÛµÅ11 ëÂ×ÈÂó±îÂ ÎÂõ¿åÃ ýÃÃûþ û±Âõ ôÂù¦¤1+ËÂó ëÂ×ÈÂó±¿ðÃîÂ à±ðÃÉ-úüÉ Îò±ËýÃÃ±»± ÆýÃÃ ÷ýÃÃ±ðÅÃ¿öÂÇŽÂ1 ßÁ»ùîÂ ýÃÃ±æÃ±1 ýÃÃ±æÃ±1 ÷±òÅËýÃÃ ›¶±í ¿ðÃÂõùáÏûþ± ýÃÃûþ¼ 1910-11 äÂòîÂ ÎýÃÃ±»± ÛËò ðÅÃ¿öÂÇŽÂîÂ á±Ò»1 äÂÏôÂ Âõ± ÷ÅàÏûþ±ùüßÁËùý×ÃÃ üÒ±äÂîÂÏûþ± úüÉËßÁ ñ¿1 æÃÑâù1 Âó1± Îá±éÂ±ý×ÃÃ Õò± ßÁ±êÂ Õ±ùÅ, ¿÷êÂ± Õ±ùÅ Õ±1n¸ áåÃ1 ¿úÂó± Õ±¿ðÃË1ý×ÃÃ 1±ý×ÃÃæÃßÁ Îû±á±ò ñ¿1¿åÃù¼ ¿ßÁc öÂ±1ËîÂ ¦¤±ñÏòîÂ± ÎÂó±»±1 Âó±åÃîÂ 1954 äÂòîÂ öÂ±1îÂ äÂ1ßÁ±Ë1 ¿÷ËæÃ±1±÷1 Îüý×ÃÃ ÷ÅàÏûþ±ù ›¶ï± ëÂ×êÂ±ý×ÃÃ ¿ðÃËûþ¼ û±1 ôÂùîÂ 1959 äÂòîÂ ÂóÅò1 ðÅÃ¿öÂÇŽÂ1 Õ±áæÃ±òòÏ Âó±ý×ÃÃ ¿÷ËæÃ± 1±ý×ÃÃæÃ Îüý×ÃÃ ü÷ûþ1 Âõ1 Õü÷1 1±æÃñ±òÏ ¿«ùÑ¿¦šîÂ äÂ1ßÁ±11 ßÁ±ø¸ äÂ±ËÂó¼ ¿ßÁc Îüý×ÃÃ ü÷ûþîÂ äÂ1ßÁ±11 ¿Âõø¸ûþ±üßÁËù Ûûþ± ¿÷ËæÃ±üßÁù1 Õg¿Âõ«±ü ÂõÅ¿ù ëÂ×ÂóùÅãÃÃ± ßÁ1±1 ùáËîÂ ÛËßÁ± ü±»ñ±òîÂ± òù’Ëù¼ ýÃÃ±æÃ±1-¿ÂõæÃ±1 ÛµÅË1 Îá±ËéÂý×ÃÃ ¿÷ËæÃ±Âó±ýÃÃ±1 åÃ±¿éÂ ñ¿1 à±ðÃÉúüÉ1 Âóï±1, öÂÒ1±ù Õ±¿ðÃ ëÂ×ðÃÑ ßÁ¿1Ëù¼ ÷ýÃÃ±ðÅÃ¿öÂÇŽÂîÂ ÂóÅò1 ýÃÃ±æÃ±1 ÂýÃÃ±æÃ±1 ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 ÷ÔîÅÂÉ ýÃÃ’ù¼ ¿ûüßÁËù ÎßÁ»ù ÎðÃýÃÃ±1 ÷±æÃîÂ æÃÏ»ËéÂ± Æù æÃÏûþ±ý×ÃÃ Õ±¿åÃù Îüý×ÃÃüßÁËùÝ ÎßÁ±Ëò±ñ1í1 äÂ1ßÁ±1Ï ü±ýÃÃ±ûÉ ò±Âó±Ëù¼ ¿÷ËæÃ±1±÷1 ðÃ¿ŽÂí1 ÷±òÅËýÃÃ Âõò1Ïûþ± âÒ±ýÃÃ à±ý×ÃÃ æÃÏûþ±ý×ÃÃ Õ±¿åÃù¼ ¿÷ËæÃ±1±÷1 æÃòü±ñ±1í1 ›¶¿îÂ ¿«ùãÃÃ1 äÂ1ßÁ±Ë1 ßÁ1± ÕòÏýÃÃ± Õ»ËýÃÃù±1 ëÂ×Âó¿1Ý Îüý×ÃÃ ü÷ûþ1 äÂ1ßÁ±Ë1 ¿÷ËæÃ±1±÷1 Ûý×ÃÃ ðÅÃËûÇ±á, Õ±ßÁ±ù Õ±1n¸ ÷ÔîÅÂÉùÏù±ßÁ Îá±Âóò ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù ßÁ1± ûÈÂóË1±ò±¿™¦ ÎäÂ©†±ý×ÃÃ ¿÷ËæÃ±1±÷1 üËäÂîÂò ÎëÂßÁ±üßÁùßÁ ŽÅÂJ ßÁ¿1 îÅÂ¿ù¿åÃù¼ ù÷¿ßÁ÷±1 ÷ÅËàË1 ›¶ßÁ±¿úîÂ Ûý×ÃÃ ßÁï±¿à¿òËûþ ¿÷ËæÃ± ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃ1 ÎßÁîÂËÂõ±1 ßÁ±1í ÂóÅ-öÂéÂ1 üijÅàîÂ ëÂ×Ëij±¿äÂîÂ ßÁ1±ý×ÃÃ òýÃÃûþ, ù÷¿ßÁ÷±ý×ÃÃ ÛËòñ1í1 ßÁï±Ë1 ¿÷ËæÃ± æÃòü±ñ±1íßÁ S÷úÐ Ûý×ÃÃ ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃËéÂ±1 Â›¶¿îÂ Õ±ßÁ¿ø¸ÇîÂÝ ßÁ¿1¿åÃù¼ ù÷¿ßÁ÷± Õ±1n¸ ï±òû’÷± ò±÷1 Îüý×ÃÃ üú¦a ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃ1 ÎòîÂ±ËéÂ±1 üâò Õ±ýÃÃ-û±ËýÃÃ ú±™L ü÷±¿ýÃÃîÂ îÂù±ÑÂóÅý×ÃÃ á±Ò»1 Âó¿1Ë»úËéÂ±ËßÁý×ÃÃ üù¿ò ßÁ¿1 ÎÂóù±Ëù¼ ù÷¿ßÁ÷±ý×ÃÃ á±Ò»1 ÷±òÅýÃÃ¿à¿òßÁ ÂõÅæÃ±Ëù Îû ¿÷ËæÃ±Âó±ýÃÃ±1 ÎßÁ¿îÂûþ±Ý öÂ±1îÂ1 ÕÑá ò±¿åÃù¼ öÂ±1îÂ ¦¤±ñÏò ÎýÃÃ±»±1 Âó±åÃîÂ ¿Âõè¿éÂåÃüßÁËù ¿÷ËæÃ±Âó±ýÃÃ±1ßÁ öÂ±1îÂßÁ áîÂ±ý×ÃÃ Æï û±ûþ¼ ›¶ï÷±»¦š±îÂ ÎßÁ»ù ðÃýÃÃ ÂõåÃ11 Âõ±ËÂõËýÃÃ ý×ÃÃ ÂöÂ±1îÂ1 ùáîÂ ïßÁ±1 ›¶™¦±» Õ±¿åÃù û¿ðÃÝ ßÅÁ¿1 ÂõåÃ11 ¿ÂóåÃËîÂ± ý×ÃÃûþ±1 ÎßÁ±Ëò± Âó¿1»îÇÂò òâ¿éÂù¼ ¿ßÁåÅÃ÷±ò ¿÷ËæÃ± ÎòîÂ±1 Õ±R¦¤±ïÇ1 Âõ±ËÂõý×ÃÃ ¿÷ËæÃ± Âó±ýÃÃ±1 öÂ±1îÂ1 ÕÑá ÆýÃÃ ï±¿ßÁ ò±ò±ò ÕÂó÷±ò üýÃÃÉ ßÁ¿1ÂõùáÏûþ± ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ ÎüËûþ Ûûþ±ý×ÃÃ ÎýÃÃ1n¸»± üij±ò âÓ1±ý×ÃÃ Õò± ÕïÇ±È ¦¤±ñÏò ¿÷ËæÃ±Âó±ýÃÃ±1 áêÂò1 ü÷ûþ¼ ÛËò ñ1í1 ÂõÅæÃ¿òËûþ ¿÷ËæÃ±Âó±ýÃÃ±11 Î1±÷±=¿›¶ûþ ÎëÂßÁ±üßÁùßÁ üú¦a ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃËéÂ±1 ›¶¿îÂ ëÂ×ËÁZ¿ùîÂ ßÁ¿1¿åÃù¼ ù±ËýÃÃ ù±ËýÃÃ îÂù±ÑÂóÅý×ÃÃ á±Ò»1 ÎëÂÃßÁ±üßÁù 1’åÃ±ãÃÃ±, æÃ±1ùÏûþ±ò±Ý, Î÷±»±ò±, ãÃÃ±ßÁ±, Õ±¿ðÃËÂõ±Ë1 Û÷. Ûò. ÛôÂ üÑáêÂòîÂ Îû±á ¿ðÃËù¼ Û÷. Ûò. ÛËôÂ ú¿MÃú±ùÏ 1+Âó ñ±1í ßÁ¿1 ùÅÑËù1 ¿÷¿ùËéÂ1Ï ÎßÁ¥ó

200  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 ¢¶Lš Âó¿1äÂûþ Õ±S÷í ßÁ¿1 ùÅéÂ ßÁ¿1Ëù¼ 28 ÎôÂÂõèn¸»±1Ï ÷±æÃ¿òú± ¿æÃ1’ Õ±»±1, ÛËßÁ ü÷ûþËîÂ ßÁù±¿åÃÂõ, äÂ±÷ôÂ±ý×ÃÃ Õ±¿ðÃ éÂ±ëÂ×òËÂõ±1 Û÷. Ûò. ¿öÂËûþ ðÃàù ßÁ¿1Ëù¼ ¿÷ËæÃ± ¿æÃù±1 üðÃ1 Õ±ý×ÃÃæÃùË1± ÎÂ¸CæÃ±1Ï ùÅéÂ ßÁ1± ýÃÃ’ù¼ ÎéÂ¿ùËôÂ±ò ÛßÁËäÂ= ñÃõÑü ßÁ¿1Ëù¼ Û÷. Ûò. ¿öÂËûþ ûÅXüðÔÃú ÂóLš± ¢¶ýÃÃí ßÁ¿1 Õ±ý×ÃÃæÃ’ù1 Õ±ü±÷ 1±ý×ÃÃôÂùäÂ1 ÎßÁ±»±éÇÂ±1 Õ±S÷í ßÁ¿1Ëù¼ ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃÏüßÁËù ùÏË÷ò, ùÅÑËù Õ±¿ðÃ ðÃàù ßÁ¿1 ¿÷ËæÃ±Âó±ýÃÃ±11 ðÃ¿ŽÂí1 üÏ÷±÷Ó1Ïûþ± ›¶ñ±ò äÂýÃÃ1 ÎëÂ÷±¿á1Ï1 ôÂ±Ëù û±S± ßÁ¿1Ëù¼ ùÅÑËù ðÃàù1 ÎëÂ1â°I×± ÷±ò1 Âó±åÃËîÂý×ÃÃ Õ±ý×ÃÃæÃù äÂýÃÃ11 ÝÂó1îÂ öÂ±1îÂÏûþ Âõ±ûþÅËüò±ý×ÃÃ ÎÂõ±÷± Âõø¸Çí ßÁË1¼ ù±ËýÃÃ ù±ËýÃÃ öÂ±1îÂ1 ü±÷¿1ßÁ Âõ±¿ýÃÃòÏËûþ ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃÏüßÁËù Õ¿ñßÁ±1 ßÁ1± êÂ±ý×ÃÃËÂõ±1 ëÂ×X±1 ßÁ¿1 ÷±äÇÂ1 ÎúýÃÃÍù ü÷¢¶ ¿÷ËæÃ±Âó±ýÃÃ±1 ¿òæÃ1 ðÃàùÍù Õ±Ëò¼ Û÷. Ûò. ÛËôÂÝ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 1±æÃÍò¿îÂßÁ Õ±1n¸ ú±üò1 ÷ÅàÉ ßÁ±ûÉ±ùûþ ¿1ËûþßÁ Î1?Íù ¦š±ò±™L¿1îÂ ßÁË1¼ îÂù±ÑÂóÅý×ÃÃ á±Ò»ËîÂ± ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃ±RßÁ ßÁ±ûÇ1 ëÂ×÷±ò ÎÂó±»±îÂ öÂ±1îÂÏûþ Îüò±ý×ÃÃ üâËò Õ±¿ýÃÃ ÎëÂßÁ±üßÁùßÁ Û÷. Ûò. ÛôÂ1 ßÁï± q¿ñ ò±ò±ò ÕîÂÉ±äÂ±1 ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù ñ¿1Ëù¼ ÎßÁ»ù ý×ÃÃ÷±Ëòý×ÃÃ òýÃÃûþ îÂù±ÑÂóÅý×ÃÃ á±Ò»1 1’åÃ±ãÃÃ±1 ÂóPÏ åÃ±-ãÃÃÏ Îüò±1 ýÃÃ±îÂîÂ ñ¿ø¸ÇîÂ± ýÃÃûþ¼ ý×ÃÃûþ±1 ›¶¿îÂËú±ñßÁËŠ Î÷±»±ò±ý×ÃÃ éÂýÃÃùðÃ±1Ï Îüò±1 ÝÂó1îÂ Îá¿1ù± Õ±S÷í äÂù±ý×ÃÃ ÷ÔîÅÂÉ Âõ1í ßÁË1¼ Ûý×ÃÃ âéÂò±1 Âõ±ËÂõ îÂù±ÑÂóÅý×ÃÃ á±Ò»1 ÝÂó1îÂ Îüò±1 îÂÏŽ®Â ðÔÃ¿©†îÂ ÂóË1 Õ±1n¸ Õ±ò ÛßÁ òîÅÂò ðÅÃËûÇ±á Õ±¿ò ¿ðÃËûþ¼ áÒ±Ýàò1 ¿¦š¿îÂ üù¿ò ýÃÃûþ¼ ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃ ðÃ÷ò1 ò±÷îÂ ¿÷¿ùËéÂ1ÏËûþ îÂù±ÑÂóÅý×ÃÃ á±Ò»1 ÷±òÅýÃÃ¿à¿òßÁ Õ±ý×ÃÃæÃù ùÅÑËù Âóï1 ßÁ±ø¸1 ò±-ïÏûþ±ù ¢¶nÂó ‘ÎäÂKI×±1’Íù ¦š±ò±™L¿1îÂ ßÁË1¼ Î1÷±ËßÁ ñ¿1 ÎßÁý×ÃÃÂõ±æÃËò± ÎëÂßÁ±ßÁ ¿÷¿ùËéÂ1ÏËûþ Î¢¶5±1 ßÁ¿1 ÎæÃùÍù Âó¿êÂûþ±ûþ¼ ÎæÃù1 Âó1± Ýù±ý×ÃÃÃÃ Î1÷± ò±-ïÏûþ±ù ¢¶nÂó ÎäÂKI×±1Íù Õ±¿ýÃÃù¼ ÎßÁ¥óîÂ ï±ËßÁÒ±ËîÂý×ÃÃ Î1÷±ßÁ ¿÷åÃ± ßÁï±Ë1 ›¶Ë1±¿äÂîÂ ßÁ¿1 ï±òû÷±ý×ÃÃ ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃÏ ßÁ±ûÇîÂ ùá±ÂõÍù üŽÂ÷ ýÃÃûþ¼ Î1÷±1 û1±÷ï±ãÃÃ±1 æÃÏûþ±1Ï ¿ßÁ¿÷1 ›¶¿îÂ Î›¶÷1 öÂ±Âõ ÛéÂ± áìÂÿ Æù ëÂ×¿êÂ¿åÃù¼ ï±òû÷±ý×ÃÃ ¿ßÁ¿÷1 ›¶¿îÂ ïßÁ± öÂ±ùÎÂó±»±1 üÅËû±á Æù Î1÷±ßÁ ÂõÅæÃ±Ëù Îû ÂóÅ-öÂËéÂ ¿ßÁ¿÷ßÁ Î1÷±1 Âó1± Õ±ÒîÂ1±ý×ÃÃ ¿òÂõ àÅ¿æÃËåÃ¼ ÎüËûþ ¿÷ËæÃ±Â á±öÂ1n¸ ¿ßÁ¿÷ßÁ ÆöÂûþ±÷1 ÷±òÅýÃÃ1 ýÃÃ±îÂ1 Âó1± 1ŽÂ± ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù Î1÷±1 ýÃÃ±îÂîÂ ï±òû÷±ý×ÃÃ ¿1öÂùöÂ±1 &¿æÃ Æï á’ù¼ Î1÷±ÃËûþ± Û¿ðÃò äÂù äÂ±ý×ÃÃ ¿ßÁ¿÷ýÃÃÒîÂ1 â1Íù ÕýÃÃ± ÂóÅ-öÂéÂßÁ &ùÏûþ±ý×ÃÃ Û÷. Ûò. ÛôÂ. üÑáêÂòîÂ ü¿SûþöÂ±Ë» Îû±á ¿ðÃËù¼ ¿÷ËæÃ±Âó±ýÃÃ±11 ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃÏ ßÁ±ûÇßÁù±Âó¿à¿ò Õ±™LæÃÇ±¿îÂßÁ ßÁ¿1 á¿ìÂÿ ÎîÂ±ù±1 Âõ±ËÂõ Û÷. Ûò. ÛËôÂ ÂõèpÁËðÃú1 ëÂ×MÃÃ1 Õ=ù1 ¿÷ËæÃ± öÂ±ø¸ÏüßÁùßÁ ÷±æÃîÂ üÑáêÂòËéÂ±1 Õ±¦š± ¦š±Âóò ßÁ1±1 ÎäÂ©†± äÂù±Ëù¼ ý×ÃÃûþ±1 Âõ±ËÂõ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ËßÁ ÂõèpÁËðÃú1 ÎßÁý×ÃÃÂõ±àËò± äÂýÃÃ1 Õ±S÷Ëí± ßÁË1¼ Ûý×ÃÃ âéÂò±1 Âõ±ËÂõ ÂõèpÁËðÃú1 äÂ1ßÁ±1 ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 ÝÂó1îÂ àëÿáýÃÃ™¦ ÆýÃÃ ÂóË1 Õ±1n¸ ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃÏüßÁù1 á¿îÂ¿Âõ¿ñîÂ Âõ±ñ± ¿ðÃÂõÍù ñË1¼ öÂ±1îÂ Õ±1n¸ ÂõèpÁËðÃú äÂ1ßÁ±11 ûÅéÂÏûþ± ÎýÃÃÒäÂ±îÂ S÷úÐ ðÅÃÂõÇù ÆýÃÃ Âó1± Û÷. Ûò. ÛËôÂ äÂÏò ëÂ×Âó÷ýÃÃ±ËðÃú1 ùáîÂ òîÅÂò ü¥óßÁÇ ¦š±ÂóËòË1 ¿òæÃßÁ ú¿MÃú±ùÏ ßÁ¿1 ÎîÂ±ù±1 ›¶ËäÂ©†± äÂù±ûþ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ü÷ûþËîÂ ù÷¿ßÁ÷±, ù’÷± Õ±¿ðÃ ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃÏ üßÁËù ¦¤±ñÏòîÂ±1 ò±÷1 ¿ÂõËðÃúÏ ú¿MÃ1 ¿òËðÇÃúîÂ ¿òæÃ1 æÃijöÂÓ¿÷îÂ &ÂóÅîÂ ñÃõÑüùÏù± äÂËù±»±1 ßÁï±ËéÂ± ÷±¿ò ù’Âõ Îò±»±¿1 Õ±Rü÷ÂóÇí ßÁË1¼ ù÷¿ßÁ÷±ý×ÃÃ ßÁÑË¢¶åÃîÂ Îû±á ¿ðÃ 1972 äÂò1 21 æÃ±òÅ»±1ÏîÂ ÎßÁfÏûþ ú±¿üîÂ Õ=ù ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó ¦¤ÏßÔÁ¿îÂ ÎÂó±»± ¿÷ËæÃ±1±÷îÂ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ¿êÂßÁ±-êÅÂßÁ¿ù ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù ù’Ëù¼ ù’÷±ý×ÃÃ Âóù÷ÍßÁ ýÃÃ’ËùÝ ÂóÅò1 ÂóìÂÿ±-qò± Õ±1y ßÁ¿1Ëù¼ Î1÷± ¿ßÁc ëÂ×öÂ¿îÂ ò±¿ýÃÃù¼ ¿ü Û÷. Ûò. ÛôÂ1 ÛéÂ± ðÅÃñø¸Ç Îá¿1ù± ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ ßÓÁéÂ±â±îÂ üÑâ¿éÂîÂ ßÁ¿1Ëù¼ ï±òû÷±1 ùáîÂ Õ±¿ýÃÃ Û.Õ’ Âó±êÂßÁßÁ ýÃÃîÂÉ± ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ýÃÃîÂÉ±ßÁ±G1 Âó±åÃÃËîÂý×ÃÃ ¿÷¿ùËéÂ1Ï1 ùáîÂ

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  201 ¢¶Lš Âó¿1äÂûþ ÎýÃÃ±»± üÑâø¸ÇîÂ Î1÷± &1n¸îÂ1öÂ±Ë» Õ±ýÃÃîÂ ýÃÃûþ Õ±1n¸ ›¶±ûþ ÎëÂ1ÂõåÃ1 ßÁ±ù ñ¿1 1±åÃÏËöÂãÃÃ á±Ò»îÂ ßÁéÂ±ÂõùáÏûþ±îÂ Âó¿1¿åÃù¼ ý×ÃÃûþ±îÂ ï±ËßÁ±ÒËîÂý×ÃÃ Î1÷±1 ùáîÂ îÂ±1 q|+ø¸±ßÁ±1Ï â11 æÃÏûþ1Ï ¿åÃÑÂóÅý×ÃÃ1 ùáîÂ Î›¶÷1 ü¥óßÇÁ á¿ìÂÿ ëÂ×ËêÂ Õ±1n¸ Âó±åÃÍù ¿üýÃÃÒîÂ ðÅÃËûþ±éÂ±Ë1 ¿ÂõÂõ±ýÃÃ ýÃÃûþ¼ ¿Âõûþ±1 Âó±åÃËîÂý×ÃÃ Û÷. Ûò. ÛôÂ1 ùáîÂ äÂ1ßÁ±11 ú±¿™L äÅÂ¿MÃ öÂÑá ÎýÃÃ±»±îÂ Î1÷±ý×ÃÃ ÂóÅò1 æÃÑáùÍù û±ÂõùáÏûþ±îÂ ÂóË1¼ Î1÷±ý×ÃÃ ÂóPÏ ¿åÃÑÂóÅý×ÃÃßÁ Æù Õ±1±ßÁ±ò1 òîÅÂòÍßÁ ÂóîÂ± á±Ò»àòîÂ ï±¿ßÁÂõÍù ù’Ëù¼ Âó±ýÃÃ±1Ïûþ± Õ¿îÂ ðÅÃáÇ÷ Õ±1±ßÁ±òËîÂý×ÃÃ Î1÷±ý×ÃÃ ÂóPÏ ¿åÃÑÂóÅý×ÃÃ Õ±1n¸ ÎßÒÁäÅÂ»± ÂóÅËîÂßÁËßÁ± ÎýÃÃ1n¸»±ûþ¼ Ûý×ÃÃ âéÂò±ý×ÃÃ Î1÷±1 ÷òËéÂ±ßÁ Îà¿ùË÷¿ù ßÁ¿1 îÅÂ¿ùËù¼ ¿ÂõËúø¸ÍßÁ åÃ±ãÃÃÏßÁ ùá ÎÂó±»±1 Âó±åÃîÂ åÃ±ãÃÃÏ1 ßÁï±ËÂõ±Ë1 Î1÷±ßÁ öÂÂõ±ý×ÃÃ îÅÂ¿ùËù¼ ÎÂõ÷±11 ü÷ûþîÂ ¿åÃÑÂóÅý×ÃÃßÁ ›¶ßÔÁîÂ ¿äÂ¿ßÁÈü± ¿ðÃÂõ Âó±¿1ËùËò· ÂóÅËîÂßÁßÁ à±ðÃÉ-¦¤±¦šÉ, üÅ1ŽÂ± ¿ðÃûþ±ËéÂ± îÂ±1 ßÁîÇÂÂõÉ Õ±¿åÃù Îüûþ± ¿ü ¿ðÃÂõ Âó±¿1ËùËò· åÃ±ãÃÃÏËûþ ÷ÅMÃ ¿äÂ™L±, ÷ÅMÃ ßÁ±ûÇ, ú±¿™L, üÅ1ŽÂ± Ûý×ÃÃ ÎßÁý×ÃÃéÂ±ßÁ ¦¤±ñÏòîÂ± ÂõÅ¿ù öÂÂõ± ßÁï±1 ¿ÂõÂó1ÏËîÂ Î1÷±1 ¦¤±ñÏòîÂ± üÑ¢¶±÷1 ò±÷îÂ ðÅÃáÇ÷ Õ1íÉ1 ÷±æÃ1 ðÅÃ¿Âõø¸ÇýÃÃ æÃÏ»ò û±S±1 Âó±ïÇßÁÉý×ÃÃ Î1÷±1 ÷òßÁ Õ¿ñßÁ ¿Âõw±™L ßÁ¿1 îÅÂ¿ùËù¼ ÷±ËæÃ ÷±ËæÃ Î1÷±ý×ÃÃ ù÷¿ßÁ÷± Õ±1n¸ ù÷±1 ðÃË1 Õ±Rü÷ÂóÇí ßÁ1± ßÁï±Ý ÷òÍù Õ±ËýÃÃ û¿ðÃÝ Õ±Rüij±ò1 Õ¿ñßÁ±1Ï Î1÷±ý×ÃÃ Õ±Rü÷ÂóÇí1 ßÁï±Ý öÂ±¿ÂõÂõ Îò±»±Ë1¼ ÛËòðÃË1 üßÁËù± ÎýÃÃ1n¸»±ý×ÃÃ Î1÷±ý×ÃÃ ü±îÂéÂ± ÂÂõåÃ1 Âó±1 ßÁ1±1 Âó±åÃîÂ Õ±Ëµ±ùòËéÂ±1 ßÅÁ¿1 ÂõåÃ11 ÷Ó1îÂ äÂ1ßÁ±11 ùáîÂ Û÷. Ûò. ÛôÂ1 ú±¿™L äÅÂ¿MÃ ¦¤±ŽÂ¿1îÂ ýÃÃ’ù¼ Ûý×ÃÃ äÅÂ¿MÃ÷ËîÂ, Û÷. Ûò. ÛËôÂ Õ¦a ü¥¤1í ßÁ¿1 äÂ1ßÁ±1 áêÂò ßÁ¿1Âõ¼ äÅÂ¿MÃ ÕòÅü¿1Ëûþý×ÃÃ Î1÷±ý×ÃÃ úÓòÉ ÷ò, úÓòÉ ýÃÃ±ËîÂË1 ¿üýÃÃÒîÂ1 Âõ±ËÂõ äÂ1ßÁ±Ë1 ¦š±Âóò ßÁ1± Î1÷±ò± 1n¸ò ò±÷1 ÎßÁ¥óËéÂ±Íù ëÂ×öÂ¿îÂ Õ±ËýÃÃ¼ ¿÷ËæÃ±1±÷îÂ Û÷. Ûò. ÛôÂ1 äÂ1ßÁ±1 áêÂò ýÃÃûþ¼ ¿ßÁc Ûý×ÃÃ äÂ1ßÁ±1 ÎÂõ¿åÃ ¿ðÃò ¿ò¿éÂ¿ßÁù¼ ¿Âõñ±ò üöÂ±1 üðÃüÉüßÁù1 ÷LaÏüöÂ±1 ÝÂó1îÂ Õ±¦š± òïßÁ±1 Âõ±ËÂõ äÂ1ßÁ±1 öÂÑá ßÁ¿1 ¿ðÃûþ± ýÃÃûþ Õ±1n¸ îÂ±1 Âó±åÃ¿ðÃò±ý×ÃÃ Ûü÷ûþ1 Û÷. Ûò. ÛôÂ1 ÎòîÂ± îÂï± Û÷. Ûò. ÛôÂ1 òîÅÂò äÂ1ßÁ±11 1±¿æÃÉßÁ ÷LaÏ ï±òû÷±1 ÷ÔîÅÂÉ ýÃÃûþ¼ ï±òû÷± ÷LaÏ ÎýÃÃ±»±1 Âó±åÃîÂ ¿ßÁc îÂ±1 ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃÏ æÃÏ»ò1 ÂóPÏ îÂùÅ»±ãÃÃÏßÁ Õ±1n¸ îÂ±ý×ÃÃ1 ü™L±ò ðÅÃ¿éÂßÁ ÕÒ±ËßÁ±»±¿ù òù’Ëù¼ Î1÷±1n¸ò ÎßÁ¥óîÂ ï±ËßÁ±ÒËîÂý×ÃÃ Û÷. Ûò. ÛôÂ1 ÎßÁëÂ±1üßÁùßÁ ¿Âõ¿öÂi§ñ1í1 äÂ1ßÁ±1Ï üÅ¿Âõñ± ¿ðÃûþ± ÆýÃÃ¿åÃù¼ ÎßÁëÂ±1üßÁù1 ý×ÃÃ26Ã± ÕòÅü¿1 ¿üýÃÃÒîÂßÁ äÂ±ßÁ¿1, ¿êÂßÁ±-êÅÂßÁ¿ù, ÂõÉ»ü±ûþ Õ±¿ðÃ ßÁ¿1Âõ1 Âõ±ËÂõ ÙÂí1 ÂõÉ»¦š± ßÁ1± ÆýÃÃ¿åÃù¼ ÂõUËîÂ± ÎßÁëÂ±Ë1 ÛËò üÅ¿Âõñ± Æù ÎßÁ¥ó Û1±1 Âó±åÃîÂ Î1÷± ÎßÁ¥óîÂ ›¶±ûþ ÕßÁùú1Ïûþ± ÆýÃÃ Âó¿1¿åÃù¼ Î1÷±1 Ûý×ÃÃ Âó¿1¿¦š¿îÂîÂ àÅ÷ÏËûþ îÂ±ßÁ ¿ßÁ¿÷, ÂÂóÅ-öÂéÂ, ù÷¿ßÁ÷±, ù’÷± Õ±¿ðÃ1 ùáîÂ üÑËû±á âéÂ±ý×ÃÃ ¿ðÃ¿åÃù¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ÷±òÅýÃÃ¿à¿ò1 ùáîÂ ÎýÃÃ±»± ßÁï±-ÂõîÂ1±1 Îû±Ëá¿ðÃ Î1÷±ý×ÃÃ Âó¿1»¿îÇÂîÂ ¿÷ËæÃ±1±÷ßÁ ÕòÅñ±»ò ßÁ¿1¿åÃù¼ Õ±ò¿Âõù±ßÁ1 ðÃË1ý×ÃÃ Î1÷±Ëûþ± ÛßÁ±ù1 Î›¶ûþüÏ1 Õ¿ôÂäÂîÂ ÛéÂ± äÂ±ßÁ¿1 Âó±ý×ÃÃ¿åÃù û¿ðÃÝ Õ±R±¿öÂ÷±òÏ Î1÷±ý×ÃÃ ›¶ï÷¿ðÃò±ý×ÃÃ äÂ±ßÁ¿1 Âõ±ðÃ ¿ðÃ¿åÃù¼ ý×ÃÃûþ±1 Âó±åÃîÂ Î1÷± ÆýÃÃ Âó¿1¿åÃù ÛßÁ›¶ßÁ±1 ï±òÄ¿ïîÂ Îò±ËýÃÃ±»±1 ðÃË1ý×ÃÃ¼ Îúø¸îÂ ù’÷±1 ›¶™¦±» ÕòÅü¿1 Î1÷±ý×ÃÃ äÂßÁÏ-Î÷æÃ, ¿ÂõåÃò± Õ±¿ðÃ ÆîÂûþ±1 ßÁ1± ßÁ±1à±ò± ÛéÂ± àÅ¿ù ¦¤±»ù¥¤Ï ÎýÃÃ±»±1 ßÁï± öÂ±¿ÂõËåÃ¼ ý×ÃÃ÷±òËîÂ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±üàò1 ü±÷1¿í â¿éÂËåÃ¼ ÞÂóòÉ±¿üËßÁ Î1÷± äÂ¿1SËéÂ±ßÁ ¦¤±¿öÂ÷±òÏ äÂ¿1S ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó ÕÑßÁò ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ ùáËîÂ Õ±ò Õ±ò üÅ¿Âõñ±Âõ±ðÃÏ îÂï±ßÁ¿ïîÂ ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃÏ1 ðÃË1 Î1÷± òýÃÃûþ¼ Õ±ò¿Âõù±ËßÁ ¿ûðÃË1 üÅÒ¿îÂ üù±ý×ÃÃ Âó1»îÇÂÏ ü÷ûþîÂ äÂ1ßÁ±1Ï ü±-üÅ¿Âõñ± ¢¶ýÃÃí ßÁ¿1 ¿Âõù±üÏ æÃÏ»ò ßÁéÂ±ý×ÃÃËåÃ, Î1÷±ý×ÃÃ Îüý×ÃÃ ßÁ±÷ ßÁ¿1Âõ Îò±»±Ë1¼ Î1÷±ý×ÃÃ ¦¤±»ù¥¤ò1 1±™¦±ËýÃÃ ¿ÂõäÂ±¿1 ÆùËåÃ¼ ÞÂóòÉ±¿üËßÁ Î1÷±ßÁ ÛßÁ Õ±ðÃúÇ ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃÏ äÂ¿1S ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó

202  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 ¢¶Lš Âó¿1äÂûþ ÕÑßÁò ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ Î1÷±1 Ûý×ÃÃ òîÅÂò ÂóïËéÂ±1 ¢¶ýÃÃí1 Îû±Ëá¿ðÃ ÞÂóòÉ±¿üËßÁ ü±1úÓíÉ üú¦a ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃ1 ¿ÂõÂó1ÏËîÂ ßÁ÷Ç÷ÅàÏ ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ ¿Âõ›»ßÁËýÃÃ Õ±R›¶¿îÂ‡Â±, Õ±RÂó¿1äÂûþ Õ±1n¸ ëÂ×MÃÃ1-ÂóÓ»1 ü÷üÉ±ü÷ÓýÃÃ1 ü÷±ñ±ò1 Âóï ¿ýÃÃäÂ±ËÂó ÎðÃàÅ»±ý×ÃÃËåÃ¼ ëÂ×MÃÃ1-ÂóÓ» öÂ±1îÂ1 ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃÏ ü÷üÉ±ËéÂ± ÛßÁ Õ¿îÂ ðÃÏâùÏûþ± Õ±1n¸ æÃ¿éÂù ü÷üÉ±¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ü÷üÉ±ËéÂ±1 ¿öÂ¿MÃÃ úÓòÉ òýÃÃûþ¼ ÕîÂÏîÂË1 Âó1± Âó1¥ó1±áîÂ ÷ÅàÏûþ±ù ÂõÉ»¦š±Ë1 ü÷±æÃ Âó±¿îÂ ÂõüÂõ±ü ßÁ¿1 ÕýÃÃ± ü1ù æÃòæÃ±îÂÏûþ Îù±ßÁüßÁËù öÂ±1îÂ1 ùáîÂ äÂ±¿÷ù ýÃÃ’ÂõùáÏûþ± ÎýÃÃ±»±îÂ òîÅÂò 1±æÃÍò¿îÂßÁ Âó¿1¿¦š¿îÂ1 ÷Åà±÷Å¿à ÆýÃÃ ÕüÅ¿Âõñ±îÂ Âó¿1¿åÃù¼ îÂðÅÃÂó¿1 1±©†ªý×ÃÃ ÎîÂÝÒËù±ßÁ1 ü÷üÉ±ü÷ÓýÃÃßÁ &1n¸Q ›¶ðÃ±ò ßÁ1± ò±¿åÃù¼ ÎßÁ»ù ü¥óðÃ Õ±ýÃÃ1Ëíý×ÃÃ 1±©†ª1 ÷Óù ßÁï± ÆýÃÃ Âó¿1¿åÃù¼ ôÂù¦¤1+ËÂó ú±™L-ü÷±¿ýÃÃîÂ æÃòæÃ±îÂÏûþ Îù±ßÁ îÂï± ÎëÂßÁ±üßÁù ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃÏ ÆýÃÃ Âó¿1¿åÃù¼ Ûý×ÃÃ ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃ ðÃ÷ò ßÁ¿1ÂõÍù 1±©†ªý×ÃÃ ßÁËêÂ±1 ÂõÉ»¦š± ¢¶ýÃÃí ßÁ¿1¿åÃù¼ ¿÷ËæÃ±1±÷îÂ öÂ±1îÂ1 ¿Âõ÷±ò Âõ±¿ýÃÃòÏ1 Z±1± ÎÂó±ò›¶ï÷ Õ±S÷í ßÁ±ûÇ üÑâ¿éÂîÂ ÆýÃÃ¿åÃù¼ üýÃÃæÃ-ü1ù ¿÷ËæÃ±üßÁù1 ü±ñ±1í æÃÏ»òñ±1± ü¥óÓíÇ1+ËÂó öÂ±¿á Âó¿1¿åÃù¼ 1±©†ªüLa±Ëü ¿÷ËæÃ±üßÁù1 æÃÏ»òñ±1±1 ÛßÁ›¶ßÁ±Ë1 ÎßÁ±ãÃÃ± ßÁ¿1 îÅÂ¿ù¿åÃù¼ Ûý×ÃÃ Âõ±™¦», æÃÏûþ± ßÁ±¿ýÃÃòÏ ßÁù±üijîÂ 1+ÂóîÂ ëÂ0 ðÃÏÂóßÁ ßÅÁ÷±1 Âõ1ßÁ±ßÁ¿îÂ1 ‘¿ëÂßÁéÂò’ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±üîÂ ›¶¿îÂôÂ¿ùîÂ ÆýÃÃ¿åÃù¼ ëÂ×MÃÃ1-ÂóÓ»1 ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃÏ ü÷üÉ±ËéÂ±ßÁ Æù ÕËòßÁ ¢¶Lš 1¿äÂîÂ ÆýÃÃËåÃ¼ ¿ßÁc ÛËò ü÷üÉ±1 ÂóéÂöÂÓ¿÷îÂ 1¿äÂîÂ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü Õ¿îÂ üÏ¿÷îÂ¼ ¿ÂõË^±ýÃÃÏ ü÷üÉ±ßÁ Æù ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü ¿ùà±ËéÂ±Ý Õ¿îÂ ßÁ©†ü±ñÉ¼ Âõ1ßÁ±ßÁ¿îÂËûþ ü±îÂ¿Sú ÂõåÃË1 ¿÷ËæÃ± Âó±ýÃÃ±1îÂ ï±¿ßÁ ¿÷ËæÃ±üßÁù1 ü±÷±¿æÃßÁ, 1±æÃÍò¿îÂßÁ ý×ÃÃ¿îÂýÃÃ±ü ÕËi¤ø¸ËíË1 Ûý×ÃÃ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±ü 1äÂò± ßÁ¿1ËåÃ¼ ëÂ×ÂóòÉ±üàËò üÑâ±éÂ æÃæÇÃ1 ¿÷ËæÃ±1±÷1 ÛËåÃ±»± ü÷ûþ ÂóìÂÿÅÍ»1 äÂßÅÁ1 Õ±áîÂ îÅÂ¿ù ñ¿1ËåÃ ÂõÅ¿ù ¿Âõò±¿ÁZñ±ý×ÃÃ ßÁ’Âõ Âó±¿1¼

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  203 INSTRUCTIONS TO THE AUTHORS

PRAG CONSILIENCE (ISSN 2456-6861; RNI No. ASSMUL/2016/70132) is a Research Journal of Pragjyotish College and is being published annually by Pragjyotish College Research Council, Pragjyotish College, Guwahati-09. This Journal is the first research journal of its kind in the history of Pragjyotish College. The journal has tried to critically analyse the complex process of the political, social, economic and cultural transformation. The aim of the journal is to provide an academic platform to scholars to discuss issues focused particularly on the North Eastern Region. The topic coverage of the journal is broad and the journal incorporates a wide variety of topics, related to any branches of science, languages, environment, economics, politics, and social life etc. As a multi-lingual and multi-disciplinary journal, PRAG CONSILIENCE encourages the contributors to submit research papers of relevance to many fields. All research papers should reflect rigorous analysis, critical examination, and creative and innovative thinking. All research papers should be both relevant and accessible to a general population interested in the respective fields.

Instructions to the Authors Editorial Review Process Since the journal is a double-blind peer-reviewed journal, all papers selected for submission will undergo review by the eminent Reviewers of the specific fields. Submission Procedure Articles should be sent through e-mail ([email protected]) and also as a hardcopy duplicate to the address given below:

To The Editor, PRAG CONSILIENCE Pragjyotish College Bharalumukh Guwahati-781 009 Assam Contact Nos. 9435347132, 9859264499, 9864081828, 9435017775

204  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018 Instructions to the Authors

Author’s Declaration All research articles should be the original work of the authors. The author must declare that the sent manuscript is an unpublished work and it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.

Specifications 1. Research article/paper should be within 3000 words. 2. An abstract of not more than 200 words is required. Authors should include 3-6 Keywords in the abstract describing the content of article. Since the journal is multi- lingual in nature and it should be accessible to a general population interested in the respective fields, authors should submit the abstract in English only whatever may be the language of the paper. 3. The language of the Research article/paper may be English, Assamese, Bodo, Bengali and Hindi. 4. The font for English : Times New Roman; Vernacular language : Geetanjali; Hindi : Chanakya. 5. Research Methodology must be followed. 6. There is no publication fee to publish research papers in this journal.

Formatting Guidelines (for Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Commerce Section) 1. There must be a cover sheet with the title of article, full name, designation, affiliation, address, e-mail address, and contact number. 2. Author’s declaration should be put in the cover page. 3. The paper should be typed in MS Word and Font size would be 12 with 1.5 spacing. The language papers must be typed in page maker format. 4. All tables and figures need to be numbered serially with appropriate title. The place of insertion in the text should be clearly marked. 5. Any relevant photographs, charts, or graphs may be included within the body of the article itself. These should be cited appropriately and give the source under the same. 6. The authors should use only British spelling in the text. However, the words ending with –ze, –zation etc. may be allowed. 7. The research article should follow the following format - Introduction - Theoretical/Conceptual Background and Review of Literature (if not given in introduction) - Objectives of the Study

PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018  205 Instructions to the Authors

- Hypotheses (if any) - Methodology - Results and Discussion /Analysis - Conclusion - Acknowledgement (Optional) - End note (if any) - References 8. In the text mention only the Author’s surname with the year of publication. Also the page number if a quotation is cited. As for example, Sen (2002) says that …………(Dreze & Sen, 2004) According to Sen,”fgfnjkj” (Sen, 2003) 9. American Psychological Association (APA) styles for referencing should be followed. Modern Language Association (MLA) may be followed for language subject. 10. Only those references which are cited in the text should remain in the reference list. 11. References should be listed in alphabetical order. 12. All papers must carry full and correct references. Works by multiple authors can be cited in the text as: One report describes 2,123 occurrences (Smith & Williams, 2001). Smith et al. (2001) also discovered that the chicken crossed the road. Multiple references of the same data/information by the same authors should be properly identified e.g (Sharma, 1991a; Sharma, 1991b). American Psychological Association (APA) Style should be followed for referencing as follows: Books Sen, A.K. (1999). Choice, Welfare and Measurement, New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Gordon, E.E. & Gordon, E.H. (2003). Literacy in America: Historic journey and contemporary solutions. Westport, CT: Praeger. Journal Articles Parke, B., Zeira, Y. & Hatem, T. (1996).International joint venture managers. Journal of International Management. 1(1): 1-29. Article from Edited Volumes Sarkar, N. (1997). A note on customary laws of the Tagins.In P C Dutta & D K Duarah (Eds.), Aspects of Customary Laws of Arunachal.Directorate of Research, Government of Arunachal Pradesh. Unpublished Works Sandee, H. (1995). Innovations in Production, Unpublished PhD Thesis.Amsterdam Free University. Electronic Copy of an Article available by Search Bajaj, M. (2004). Mobile Creches. Retrieved June 21, 2014 from http://www.indianngos.com/ issue/education/interviews/mridulabaja/fullinterview.htm ] ] ]

206  PRAG CONSILIENCE/ VOL.3, NO.1/ AUGUST, 2018