From the Early Late Cretaceous of Egypt

Home , Hongshanornis, James Ross Island, Paralititan, Vegavis, Yanornis

The end of the Age of Dinosaurs in Antarctica Matthew C. Lamanna, Carnegie Museum of Natural History Pangaea: ancient supercontinent

220 Ma (Late Triassic)

Blakey 2003 Mid-Mesozoic breakup of Pangaea

150 Ma (Late Jurassic)

Blakey 2003 Mid-Mesozoic breakup of Pangaea

Laurasia: northern supercontinent

Blakey 2003 Mid-Mesozoic breakup of Pangaea

Gondwana: southern supercontinent

Blakey 2003 Geography influences evolution

Laurasian Cretaceous dinosaurs Josh Franzos Josh Gondwanan Cretaceous dinosaurs

Gondwanan dinos much less known Ron Ron Blakey

Exploring the Gondwanan Cretaceous Ron Ron Blakey

Exploring the Gondwanan Cretaceous Ron Ron Blakey South America

Exploring the Gondwanan Cretaceous Ron Ron Blakey Africa & Arabia

Exploring the Gondwanan Cretaceous Ron Ron Blakey Australia Exploring the Gondwanan Cretaceous Ron Blakey Madagascar

http://www.ankizy.org Exploring the Gondwanan Cretaceous Ron Blakey India& Pakistan

Jeff Wilson

Gondwanan Cretaceous dinosaurs Ron Ron Blakey Abelisauroid theropods

Bonaparte 1985; Bonaparte et al. 1990

Jose Bonaparte Jose Ron Ron Blakey

Carnotaurus sastrei Abelisauroid theropods

Lavocat 1955; Sampson et al. 1998; Sampson & Krause 2007

Jose Bonaparte Jose

Dave Krause Dave Ron Ron Blakey

Carnotaurus sastrei Majungasaurus crenatissimus Abelisauroid theropods

Wilson et al. 2003 Project Exploration Project

Rajasaurus narmadensis

Jose Bonaparte Jose

Dave Krause Dave Ron Ron Blakey

Carnotaurus sastrei Majungasaurus crenatissimus

Spinosaurid theropods Davide Bonadonna/National Bonadonna/National Davide Geographic

Carcharodontosaurid theropods University of Chicago of Chicago University

Rebbachisaurid sauropods Todd Todd Marshall Titanosaurian

sauropods Mark Hallett Mark Titanosaurian sauropods

Paralititan stromeri Todd Todd Marshall Antarctica Antarctica? zimbio.com Antarctica: the missing piece Antarctica: the missing piece

~70 Ma (Late Cretaceous) Antarctica: the missing piece

South America

Antarctica

Australia

~70 Ma (Late Cretaceous) Antarctica: the missing piece

South America

Antarctica

Australia

~70 Ma (Late Cretaceous) Antarctic Peninsula Antarctic Peninsula Robert Nicholls Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula Antarctic Peninsula

Vega Is.

James Ross Is. James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula

Vega Is.

James Ross Is. James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula

66 Maastrichtian 66 71 Campanian 84 Santonian 86 Cretaceous Coniacian 89 Turonian 94 Cenomanian 100 146 Albian 112 Jurassic Aptian 125 Barremian 130 200 Hauterivian 134 Valanginian Triassic 140 Berriasian 146 251 Ma Ma James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula

66 Maastrichtian 66 71 ~90Campanian-70 Ma 84 Santonian 86 Cretaceous Coniacian 89 Turonian 94 Cenomanian 100 146 Albian 112 Jurassic Aptian 125 Barremian 130 200 Hauterivian 134 Valanginian Triassic 140 Berriasian 146 251 Ma Ma James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula

Antarctic Cretaceous vertebrates Robert Robert Nicholls Antarctic Cretaceous vertebrates

Sharks Robert Robert Nicholls Antarctic Cretaceous vertebrates

Bony fishes Robert Robert Nicholls Antarctic Cretaceous vertebrates

Plesiosaurs Robert Robert Nicholls Antarctic Cretaceous vertebrates

Mosasaurs Robert Robert Nicholls Antarctic Cretaceous vertebrates

Non-avian dinosaurs Robert Robert Nicholls Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs Dinosauria Ornithischia Thyreophora Ankylosauria Antarctopelta oliveroi Ornithopoda Morrosaurus antarcticus Trinisaura santamartaensis Unidentified ornithopod(s) Hadrosauridae indet. Saurischia Sauropoda Titanosauria indet. Theropoda Tetanurae indet. ?Dromaeosauridae ?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov. Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs Dinosauria Ornithischia Thyreophora Ankylosauria Antarctopelta oliveroi Ornithopoda Morrosaurus antarcticus Trinisaura santamartaensis Unidentified ornithopod(s) Hadrosauridae indet. Saurischia Sauropoda Titanosauria indet. Theropoda Tetanurae indet. ?Dromaeosauridae ?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov. Olivero et al. 1991; Salgado & Gasparini 2006 Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs Dinosauria Ornithischia Thyreophora Ankylosauria Antarctopelta oliveroi Bones preserved Ornithopoda Morrosaurus antarcticus Trinisaura santamartaensis Unidentified ornithopod(s) Hadrosauridae indet. Saurischia Sauropoda Pelvis Titanosauria indet. Left lateral (side) view Theropoda Tetanurae indet. ?Dromaeosauridae ?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov. Coria et al. 2013 Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs Dinosauria Ornithischia Thyreophora Ankylosauria Antarctopelta oliveroi Ornithopoda Morrosaurus antarcticus Trinisaura santamartaensis Unidentified ornithopod(s) Hadrosauridae indet. Saurischia Sauropoda Titanosauria indet. Theropoda Tetanurae indet.

?Dromaeosauridae Robert Nicholls ?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov. Milner et al. 1992; Barrett et al. 2014 Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs Dinosauria Ornithischia Thyreophora Ankylosauria Antarctopelta oliveroi Ornithopoda Morrosaurus antarcticus Trinisaura santamartaensis Unidentified ornithopod(s) Hadrosauridae indet. Saurischia Sauropoda Right dentary (lower jaw) Titanosauria indet. Lateral (side) view Theropoda Tetanurae indet. ?Dromaeosauridae ?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov. Milner et al. 1992; Barrett et al. 2014 Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs Dinosauria Ornithischia Tooth Thyreophora Ankylosauria Antarctopelta oliveroi Ornithopoda Morrosaurus antarcticus Trinisaura santamartaensis Unidentified ornithopod(s) Hadrosauridae indet. Saurischia Sauropoda Titanosauria indet. Theropoda Tetanurae indet. Labial (side) view Mesial (front) view ?Dromaeosauridae ?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov. Case et al. 2000 Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs Dinosauria Ornithischia Thyreophora Ankylosauria Antarctopelta oliveroi Ornithopoda Morrosaurus antarcticus Trinisaura santamartaensis Unidentified ornithopod(s) Hadrosauridae indet. Saurischia Sauropoda Titanosauria indet. Theropoda Tetanurae indet. ?Dromaeosauridae

?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov. Michael Skrepnick Michael Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs Dinosauria Ornithischia Thyreophora Ankylosauria Antarctopelta oliveroi Ornithopoda Morrosaurus antarcticus Trinisaura santamartaensis Unidentified ornithopod(s) Hadrosauridae indet. Saurischia Sauropoda Titanosauria indet. Theropoda Tetanurae indet. ?Dromaeosauridae

?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov. Michael Skrepnick Michael

Hadrosaur paleobiogeography Ron Ron Blakey

Originate North America/Eurasia ~100 Ma

Hadrosaur paleobiogeography Ron Ron Blakey

Disperse to South America ~80 Ma

Hadrosaur paleobiogeography Ron Ron Blakey

Disperse to Antarctica ~80-70 Ma

Hadrosaur paleobiogeography Ron Ron Blakey

South America-Antarctica land connection operative in latest Cretaceous Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs Dinosauria Caudal (tail) vertebra Ornithischia Thyreophora Ankylosauria Antarctopelta oliveroi Ornithopoda Morrosaurus antarcticus Trinisaura santamartaensis Unidentified ornithopod(s) Hadrosauridae indet. Saurischia Sauropoda Titanosauria indet. Theropoda Anterior (front) Right lateral (side) Posterior (rear) view view view Tetanurae indet. ?Dromaeosauridae ?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov. Cerda et al. 2012 Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs

Dinosauria Tibia (ankle end only) Ornithischia Thyreophora Ankylosauria Antarctopelta oliveroi Ornithopoda Morrosaurus antarcticus Trinisaura santamartaensis Unidentified ornithopod(s) Hadrosauridae indet. Saurischia Sauropoda Titanosauria indet. Theropoda Tetanurae indet. Posterior (rear) view ?Dromaeosauridae ?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov. Molnar et al. 1996 Antarctic Cretaceous dinosaurs

Dinosauria Tarsus & pes Ornithischia (ankle & foot) Thyreophora Ankylosauria Antarctopelta oliveroi Ornithopoda Morrosaurus antarcticus Trinisaura santamartaensis Unidentified ornithopod(s) Hadrosauridae indet. Saurischia Sauropoda Titanosauria indet. Theropoda Tetanurae indet. ?Dromaeosauridae ?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov. Anterior (front) view Case et al. 2007 Nature of Antarctic dinosaur fauna Nature of Antarctic dinosaur fauna

“The majority of the dinosaur assemblage from the Antarctic Peninsula… are remnants of a cosmopolitan dinosaur fauna more typical of other areas at earlier times (e.g. mid-Cretaceous of North America and Australia…).” Case et al. 2007 Antarctica ~70 Ma Antarctic dinosaurs ~70 Ma

Dromaeosaurids Titanosaurs Basal ornithopods Ankylosaurs Hadrosaurids Gondwanan dinosaurs ~70 Ma

Dromaeosaurids Titanosaurs Basal ornithopods Ankylosaurs Hadrosaurids South American dinosaurs ~70 Ma

Dromaeosaurids Titanosaurs Basal ornithopods Ankylosaurs Hadrosaurids Antarctic dinosaurs ~70 Ma

?Dromaeosaurids Titanosaurs Basal ornithopods Ankylosaurs Hadrosaurids

= No evidence for ‘relictualism’ in Antarctic latest Cretaceous dinosaur fauna

Antarctic Cretaceous vertebrates Robert Robert Nicholls Antarctic Cretaceous vertebrates

Birds Robert Robert Nicholls Modern birds (Neornithes)

>10,000 species When did modern birds evolve?

Modified from Dyke & van Tuinen 2004 T I M E

Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya)

Mya) Avian fossil record Confuciusornis Archaeopteryx Hesperornis Ichthyornis Yixianornis (Neornithes) modern birds Gansus Yanornis neornithines Paleogene Hongshanornis Cretaceous Cretaceous origin of modern birds? T I M E

Vega Is.

James Ross Is. Vegavis iaai

Clarke et al. 2005

Vegavis iaai

Skrepnick Michael Michael

Clarke et al. 2005

Vegavis iaai

Skrepnick Michael Michael

Clarke et al. 2005 Relationships of Vegavis

Clarke et al. 2005 Vegavis: a Cretaceous ‘duck’

Clarke et al. 2005 James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula

Vega Is.

James Ross Is. Polarornis gregorii

Chatterjee 2002

Polarornis: a Cretaceous loon?

Krishnaswamy Aravind

Chatterjee 2002 Cretaceous Cretaceous origin of modern birds? T I M E

Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic (200-146 (146-66 Mya) (66-0 Mya) Mya) Confuciusornis Archaeopteryx Hesperornis Ichthyornis Yixianornis (Neornithes) modern birds Gansus Yanornis Antarctic Cretaceous neornithines Hongshanornis Unanswered questions Unanswered questions • How, precisely, are Antarctic Late Cretaceous vertebrates related to contemporaneous species from elsewhere in the Gondwanan continents? Unanswered questions • How, precisely, are Antarctic Late Cretaceous vertebrates related to contemporaneous species from elsewhere in the Gondwanan continents? • Hadrosaurid dinosaur indicates Late Cretaceous immigration from South America – but when, more specifically, was this land route available? Unanswered questions • How, precisely, are Antarctic Late Cretaceous vertebrates related to contemporaneous species from elsewhere in the Gondwanan continents? • Hadrosaurid dinosaur indicates Late Cretaceous immigration from South America – but when, more specifically, was this land route available? • Only definitive neornithine (i.e., modern) birds from Age of Dinosaurs come from Antarctica – did the group originate and/or diversify there? Unanswered questions • How, precisely, are Antarctic Late Cretaceous vertebrates related to contemporaneous species from elsewhere in the Gondwanan continents? • Hadrosaurid dinosaur indicates Late Cretaceous immigration from South America – but when, more specifically, was this land route available? • Only definitive neornithine (i.e., modern) birds from Age of Dinosaurs come from Antarctica – did the group originate and/or diversify there? • Where are the mammals? (And crocodilians, and lizards, and snakes, and amphibians…) Antarctic Peninsula Paleontology Project (AP3) Project objectives • Recover additional Late Cretaceous vertebrate fossils from Antarctica Project objectives • Recover additional Late Cretaceous vertebrate fossils from Antarctica • Situate these fossils within accurate evolutionary, temporal, paleoenvironmental & paleoecological contexts 2009 Antarctic Peninsula expedition Target: Vega Island 2009 Antarctic Peninsula expedition 2009 Antarctic Peninsula expedition 2009 Antarctic Peninsula expedition Cape Lachman, James Ross Island

Vega Is.

James Ross Is. Cape Lachman, James Ross Island Hidden Lake Formation

Wow! A new fossil crab!

Hadrocarcinus tectilacus Schweitzer, Feldmann, & Lamanna 2012 2011 Antarctic Peninsula expedition The Naze, James Ross Island

Vega Is.

James Ross Is. The Naze, James Ross Island Snow Hill Island Formation Cape Lamb & Sandwich Bluff, Vega Island

Vega Is.

James Ross Is. Cape Lamb & Sandwich Bluff, Vega Island López de Bertodano Formation Conditions less than ideal

2011 expedition discoveries Robert Robert Nicholls 2011 expedition discoveries

1 cm Plants cf. Sapindaceae

Winged seed Robert Robert Nicholls 2011 expedition discoveries

Sharks

1 cm Robert Robert Nicholls Robert Nicholls 2011 discoveries expedition Bony fishes Bony Articulated vertebral column 2 cm Robert Nicholls 2011 discoveries expedition Plesiosaurs 5 cm Articulated partial skeleton Robert Nicholls Non 2011 discoveries expedition - avian dinosaurs avian Pedal phalanx phalanx Pedal (toe bone) Lateral (side) view (side) Lateral 1 cm Tooth 1 cm 2011 expedition discoveries

Birds Tarsometatarsus (foot bone) Coracoid Thoracic (back) vertebra (shoulder bone)

1 cm 1 cm 1 cm Robert Robert Nicholls 2011 expedition discoveries

Roberts et al. 2014 2011 expedition discoveries

Roberts et al. 2014 A K–Pg boundary section on Vega?

Roberts et al. 2014 2013 & 2014 Antarctic expeditions Satellite images of James Ross Basin

January 8, 2013 January 6, 2014 Sea ice extremely extensive

January 8, 2013 January 6, 2014 2009 Antarctic Peninsula expedition Sea ice extremely extensive

January 8, 2013 January 6, 2014 = terrible for us 2013 & 2014 Antarctic expeditions 2013 & 2014 Antarctic expeditions So now what?

2016 Antarctic expedition Ron Ron Kaufmann

A bigger boat! And better yet… Ron Ron Kaufmann Helicopters! Helicopters! Plus small boat support Small boat support James Ross Island Vega Island Robertson Island Cape Lamb & Sandwich Bluff, Vega Island The Naze, James Ross Island Theropod dinosaur fossils! ?Unenlagiinae gen. et sp. nov.

Ankle & foot (front view)

Case et al. 2007 More to come… Acknowledgments

Research collaboration & scientific discussion Julia Clarke, Ross MacPhee, Pat O’Connor, Steve Salisbury, Joe Sertich, Eric Roberts, Kerin Claeson, Zubair Jinnah, Meng Jin, Eric Gorscak, Chris Torres, Abby West, Matt Koshmrl, Jane Francis, Judd Case, Ricardo Ely, Dale Malinzak, Sam Gutherz, Carrie Schweitzer, Rodney Feldmann, Nick Swanson-Hysell, Chris Strganac, Joe Kirschvink, Peter Ward, Tom Tobin, Dave Barbeau, Sarah Slotznick, Ross Mitchell Logistical support United States Antarctic Program, Lockheed Martin Antarctic Support Contract, Raytheon Polar Services Corporation, Edison Chouest Offshore, Cara Ferrier, Brett Pickering, Phil Austin, Ken Vicknair, Kelley Watson, Chris Denker, John Evans, Matthew Erickson, Adam Jenkins, Tim McGovern, Alexandra Isern, Mark Kurz, Thom Wilch, Peter West, all personnel on USAP cruises LMG09-11, LMG11-02, & NBP16-02 Funding National Science Foundation (grants ANT 0636639 [PI MacPhee] & ANT 1142129 [PI Lamanna]) Questions? http://antarcticdinos.org @antarcticdinos