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Chronos Uses the Creative Commons License CC BY-NC-SA That Lets You Remix, Transform, and Build Upon the Material for Non-Commercial Purposes Chronos- Revue d’Histoire de l’Université de Balamand, is a bi-annual Journal published in three languages (Arabic, English and French). It deals particularly with the History of the ethnic and religious groups of the Arab world. Journal Name: Chronos ISSN: 1608-7526 Title: Jerusalem vs. Mekkah: Two Pilgrimage Sites between Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey Author(s): Galia Valtchinova To cite this document: Valtchinova, G. (2019). Jerusalem vs. Mekkah: Two Pilgrimage Sites between Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. Chronos, 18, 55-86. https://doi.org/10.31377/chr.v18i0.464 Permanent link to this document: DOI: https://doi.org/10.31377/chr.v23i0.464 Chronos uses the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-SA that lets you remix, transform, and build upon the material for non-commercial purposes. However, any derivative work must be licensed under the same license as the original. CHRONOS Revue d'Histoire de I'Universiti de Balamand Numero 18, 2008, ISSN 1608 7526 «JERUSALEM DES RHODOPES » VS. , « LA MECQUE DES RHO DOPES » : DEUX LIEUX DE PELERlNAGE ENTRE LA BULGARlE, LA GRECE ET LA TURQUIE GALlA VAL TCHINOV A I Dans Ie premier tiers du XXe siecle, Ie massif des Rhodopes, dans Ie sud-est de la Peninsule balkanique, est transforme en une zone de frontieres. Accueillant les delimitations territoriales entre trois des grands Etats modernes de I'Europe du sud-est - la Grece, la Bulgarie et la Republique turque -Ies Rhodopes se transforment, de terrain vague aux portes de la capitale de I'Empire, Istanbul, en peripMrie lointaine, voire, en confins dangereux. La population de confession musulmane a l'appui, l'image des Rhodopes comme une zone sauvage (etlou fermee) reste pregnante dans I'imaginaire national, tant bulgare que grec, jusqu'a la fin de la Guerre froide. C'est precisement au cceur de cette region ou se cOloient des populations et des cultures differentes, dans la partie bulgare des Rhodopes, qu'emergent et se developpent, au cours du XXe siecle, deux Iieux de pelerinage designes par les symboles des deux grandes religions. L'un, Mabli sur Krastova Gora (Mont de la Croix), fut lance dans les annees 1930 par un visionnaire ortbodoxe : son action, insolite ii. premiere vue, se revele prise dans un fI!seau de supports et de complicites. Malgre Ie regime communiste, une activite religieuse se poursuit jusque dans les annees 1960, et la devotion populaire persiste durant toute cette periode. Ce site de pelerinage chretien ortbodoxe se construisait en opposition, implicite ou explicite, au culte developpe autour du tombeau d'un saint musulman, Ie Yellihon bobo tekke, site situe a moins de 20 km (vol d'oiseau) du premier. Ce culte local prit une tournure particuliere dans Ie contexte de I'islam en recul, et est mis en danger par la modernite sous les traits d'un Etat national chretien. A I Academie des Sciences, Sofia (Bulgarie). Chronos It' 18·2008 S6 GALlA VALTCHINOVA l'epoque post-communiste, ce culte prend une tonalite de plus en plus politique pour devenir, au cours des dernieres annees, Ie lieu de ralliement d'une elite politique musulmane il. la fois tenue comme garante du pluralisme democratique et porteuse d'un islam moderne. Le reveil post-communiste des deux sites cOIncide avec des transformations profondes sur Ie plan politique et religieu" ainsi qu'avec un changement economique. En quelques annees, les deux sites furent politiquement construits comme « 1a Jerusalem des Rhodopes » faisant face a la ~(Mecque des Rhodopes », une vision qui prit racine par Ie biais des medias. Dans ce texte, je vais d'abord decrire la situation regionale, pour interroger en suite les circonstances de mise en place, pour chacun des deu" sites, d'une vision de petite Jerusalem ou de Mecque locale, pole d'attraction pour les communautes respectives d'une plus vaste region. La confrontation des deux peJerinages et des logiques qui sont a I'ceuvre dans Ia mise en place de chacun d'eux se prolongera par un bref examen des changements des realites et de la notion meme de « frontiere » a I'epoque post-communiste. En explorant l'appropriation locale des grands centres religieux et de leurs symbolismes, ce papier propose un certain regard sur la grande question du partage etlou de la confrontation religieux/ se qui se jaue dans les sites sacn~s mixtes\ et offre une voie mediane qui privilegie Ie contexle. Lieux de pelerinage, frontieres religieuses et politiques Une premiere mise au point: i1 s'agil d'etudier Ie fonctionnement d'un element central des grandes religions - Ie pelerinage - il. travers Ie role que ces mouvements devotionnels tiennent dans une region frontaliere aux confins de l'Europe. D'une grande puissance suggestive a elles seuIes, les metaphores de «Jerusalem » et de « Mecque » pour deux sites de pelerinage obscurs des Balkans renvoient a la vision nuancee de Fr. Barth (1995 [1969]) de la frontiere comme ligne de separation autant que lieu de reneontre et de brassage. Dans Ie sud-est europeen, une zone de frontiere nationale esl souvenl une peripherie a reconquerir 2 Cette question prend corps avec Ie debat autonr de l'article de R. Hayden 2002 et toute une serie de reunions scientifiques et de papiers publics depuis : v. Albers 2005, Duijzings 2000, en particulier pp. 65-85. .. JERUSALEM OF-S RHODOPES " VS. '" LA MECQU E Di!,s RHODOPES " 57 continuellement, au sens politique et culture! du mot. Peuplee de groupes allophones, elle est souvent marquee par I'alterite confessionnelle : les entites historico-geographiques de Transylvanie, de Kosovo ou de Macedoine sont des exemples de choix dans ce sens. Souvent economiquement sous-developpees, ces peripheries nationales renvoient une image plus compliquee que celle du « colonialisme interne" (Hechter 1974) ; leur conquete et reconquete se traduit beaucoup plus sur Ie plan de I'allegeance politique, ainsi que par I'homogeneite culturelle, que sur Ie plan economique. SOllS la pression des logiques modernisatrices, une ancienne peripherie peut acquerir nne dimension de centre et vice versa: c'est ce qui s'est produit lors du passage de la forme politique et culturelle de l'empire (Empire ottoman, celui des Habsbourg) aux Etats nationaux. Plus recemment encore, suite aux changements de conjonctures economiques et politiques a I'echelle globale, les territoires qui fluent longtemps peripheriques dans une logique nationale acquirent une nouvelle dimension de centralite ; l'essor recent du pays catalan espagnol est une bonne illustration de ce processus. Dans de nombreux cas, les peripheries des pays balkaniques se trouvent investies d'un fort capital symbolique, de regIe lie a un imaginaire historique tres puissant (les « berceaux » des nations modernes)'. Ces hauts lieux historiques, au de grandes idees nationales se trouvent en rivalite, voire en conflit, sont des centres4 d'une grande puissance symbolique se trouvant aux peripheries des Etat-nations modernes. La mise a profit de leur capital historique et symbolique peut produire d'importants reperes d'action politique, avec une connotation nationalistes. Ce qui nous interesse, en l'occurrence, c'est dans queUe mesure, et comment, les tensions accumuIees aux marges territoriales d'un Etat balkanique peuvent s'exprimer - au bien etre transcendees J Pour une illustration visuel1e de l'idee d'un berceau d'Etat moderne, voir la carte dans Valtchinova 1994 ; 233. Ces berceaux coIncident rarement avec Ie centre politique des actuels Etats. 4 Pour brosser ce tour d'horizon, les categories de centre et de peripherie sont utilisees contormement a leur usage dans Greenfield & Martin, eds., 1988, et surtout Martin 1988. S L'exemple Ie plus recent de l'usage politique - avec des consequences devastatrices - d'une 'peripherie nationale' a haut symboJisme historique, c'est l'exemple du Kosovo dans la politique serbe ; Ie champ de bataille de Kosovo polje fut transforme en un veritable lieu de pelerinage politique (Lukic-Krstanovic 1995). D'autres exemples dans ce sens peuvent etre trouves en Transylvanie (d. Losonczy 1997), ou J'on observe une multiplication des lieux de pelerinage aussi bien hongrois que roumains. Chronos n· 18 - 2008 58 GAUA VALTCHINOVA - sous une forme symbolique et plus precisement reli~ieuse. nest demontre qu'en Europe occidentale, les peripheries des Etats-nations modernes comme la France, l'Espagne, l'Allemagne presentent un profil de religiosite et une intensite de vie religieuse fort different de ceux que l'on trouve dans les centres ou les villes capitales. Ces peripheries sont marquees par des explosions devotionnelles qui peuvent se cristalliser en des pelerinages a 1'echelle nationale, voire glohale, comme c'est Ie cas de Lourdes. Elles peuvent aussi bien etre supprimees des qu'elles echappent au controle du pouvoir central, comme c'est Ie cas du pelerinage d'Ezkioga au pays basque espagnol (Christian 1996) ou avec les apparitions de Marpingen (Blackbourn 1993) ; d'ailleurs tous Ies deux furent compares, a leurs apogees respectives, a Lourdes et a Jerusalem. Ce qui fait de ce type de pelerinage un lieu particulierement sensible aux changements de frontiere et a la construction nationale. Frontieres dans les Rhodopes a l'age des nationalismes Nos deux sites de pelerinage emergent dans une region acquise pour Ie projet politique (et dans Ie territoire) bulgare par fragments, entre 1878 et 1913. Pourtant, dans Ia region des Rhodopes, Ie projet bulgare a du mal a etre adopte meme par des groupes chretiens, et ceci bien apres 1878. De fait, depuis Ie XIV e siecle, Ie christianisme et 1'islam y cohabitent, se melangent et, parrois, se confrontent. Avant d'etre traverses par Ies frontieres separant la Bulgarie de Ia Grece et ces deux Btats de la Turquie, les Rhodopes etaient une vaste zone de rencontre entre trois traditions differentes au sein du christianisme orthodoxe (greco-byzantine, iberique et bulgare), et d'un islam balkanique varie.
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