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Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company

The First One Hundred Years

Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company

The First One Hundred Years

Eileen Mountjoy Cooper

the chapter "Decade of Promise: R&P in the Seventies" by W. Joseph Engler, Jr. Acknowledgments

During the course of researching the history of the

Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company, I have been assisted by a countless number of interested individuals. Grateful thanks is hereby extended to those who loaned photos, shared their memories, and gave encouragement.

I also wish to thank all those employees at 655 Church Street who designed maps, typed, proofread, and gladly shared their wealth of information on the mining industry, past and present. Particularly, I want to mention C. Merle Craig, who on many consecutive Thursdays helped me dig through masses of records searching for dates and tonnages. In addition, I am most grateful for the valuable editorial suggestions contributed by Mr. Peter Iselin.

Most of all, I wish to thank Dr. Charles J. Potter, who gave me the opportunity to research and write this book.

It has been an enriching experience, made all the more memorable by the many friends I've made along the way.

Eileen Mountjoy Cooper November, 1981 Contents

The First One Hundred Years

Coal, Capital, and Railway Come Together 10

Beechtree and Walston: First Mines in Jefferson County 17

A New Direction 23

Plans Become Reality 27

Early Profits Bring Expansion 34

1896: A Year of Major Acquisitions 40

Looking Toward Indiana County 47

New Corporations for New Coal Fields 52

Lucius Waterman Robinson: A New Leader for a New Century 57

A Typical Company Town 61

1903—1910: Mines at Iselin and Lucerne 69

Indiana County: "A Great Coal Center" 78

November 23, 1927: "The Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company" 85

Depression, War, and New Solutions 92

Beyond Pennsylvania: Out-of- State Explorations 100

Coal into Electricity: Mine-Mouth Generating Plants 109

1970—1981: Three Presidents 113

Decade of Promise: R&P in the Seventies 115 Bibliography 128 R&P People

R&P Today 130

R&P Sales Companies 168

The Iselin Family and the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company 170

Chronologies 175

A Family-Oriented Company 178

Financial Statements 213 r^Pi 10

Coal, Capital, and Railway Come Together

m he year nineteen hundred and eighty-one marks the M hundredth consecutive year that the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company has engaged in the business of mining bituminous coal. Its founding company, the Franklin Piatt (Pennsylvania Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company (R&PC&I), Bureau of Topographic and was incorporated in November, 1881, began the development Geologic Survey, Harrisburg) of mines in 1882, and sold coal commercially by 1883. The story begins with the Second Geological Survey, authorized in the Pennsylvania State Legislature in 1874. Origins of the Second Geological Survey date to the years following the Revolution, when Americans felt a renewed interest in the animal and mineral life of the country now wholly their own. First mention of Pennsylvania coal occurred in January, 1786, in a paper read before the newly formed American Association of Geologists and Naturalists. This

brief report called coal "measure rock" and referred to it as a species of marble. In April, 1832, a group of Philadelphians formed the Geological Society of Pennsylvania. The object of the Society was "to have an exact knowledge of the mineral resources of this State." The Society proposed to make a

geological survey of Pennsylvania if the State Legislature would contract to purchase the resulting maps and other scientific data. However, the Legislature debated the issue until 1836 when an Act passed the assembly authorizing the First Geological Survey. The Survey group was awarded a budget of $6,400 for a period of five years to pay the salaries of a geologist, two assistants and a chemist. In 1838, as the First Survey entered its third year, the geological team discovered that "the coal beds of Pennsylvania were deposited in two geological series, one above the other." 11

Their data presented many details which showed a remarkable regularity in the position of the coal "throughout the belt of country embraced between the Allegheny Mountains and the Chestnut Ridge, and from the southern end of the state to the counties of Clearfield and Jefferson. Of the coal there would appear to be ... a bed of considerable size, and usually of superior quality." The State Legislature, belatedly encouraged by the results of the First Survey "which discovered and refined our knowledge of what lies under the soil of Pennsylvania," on May 14, 1874, authorized a Second Geological Survey. The Second Survey employed nine men, among them Franklin Piatt, who eventually became president of the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company. Franklin Piatt was born in Philadelphia on November 19, 1844. After completing two years at the University of Pennsylvania, he secured a position as an aide on the United States Coastal and Geodetic Survey. He served in a party of topographers and W. G. Piatt (Pennsylvania accompanied Sherman's army on its "March to the Sea." Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey, Harrisburg) After the Civil War, Franklin Piatt continued his education, and studied geology in the office of Benjamin S. Lyman, a distinguished geologist and Harvard graduate. As a geologist on the Second Survey, Piatt was placed in charge of the Clearfield and Jefferson bituminous coal districts. In his First Report of these two counties, completed in 1875, he confirmed the findings of the First Survey concerning the great beds of coal, and mapped and measured the area and its deposits. Franklin Piatt's brother, W. G. Piatt, also a member of the survey team, published a report on his own assigned area, which extended from Clearfield County southward to the state line. By 1876, Fayette, Westmoreland, Armstrong, and other counties west of the Allegheny River had been surveyed, and in 1878 W. G. Piatt published his Report of Progress in Indiana County. When the Second Geological Survey came to an end in the late 1870's, Franklin and W. G. Piatt opened an office in Philadelphia. They offered their services as consulting geologists, specializing in the location of marketable coal fields. At the same time, Franklin maintained a membership in the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, and became an original Fellow of the Geological Society. He published several books on the Pennsylvania coal fields, as well as an in-depth report on anthracite mining. 12 13

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Property deed, dated August, 6,000 tons in 1872, the year prior to the opening of the 1881, showing coal rights railroad, coal production reached a total of 410,000 tons per conveyed to Herbert P. Brown year by 1880. Mining itself, however, was at first limited to the short distance adjacent to the Allegheny Railroad, in and around Reynoldsville. As Franklin and W. G. Piatt considered the possibilities of commercial mining in Jefferson County, they knew that significant capital was needed to provide both a larger railroad

and a huge labor force if such an enterprise was to succeed. Therefore, the geologists became associated with Walston H. Brown, a New York financier who, with his brothers Herbert and Frederick, maintained an investment company with offices at 20 Nassau Street. Walston H. Brown was also involved in the firm of Brown, Howard & Company of New York and Chicago. At the time of the initial meetings between the Platts and Walston Brown, the financier also represented a New York syndicate actively engaged in the construction of a 14

Jefferson County railroad to haul coal for the Bell, Lewis & Yates Mining Company. He also had a strong financial associate in the Iselin family of New York, who shared his intention of transporting Jefferson County coal to Rochester

and Buffalo. Soon the Brown interests decided that still more profits could be gained by the formation of a second major mining company. Thus, as Brown continued with plans to transport Bell, Lewis & Yates coal, he also invested considerable capital in a proposed mining company destined to become the parent company of today's Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company. With monetary support assured, the Piatt brothers, with maps in hand, began a serious study of the Jefferson County coal situation. By July, 1881, farmers' deeds and Walston Brown's money began to change hands, and reality rapidly took the place of theory as plans for the new coal company materialized. Proceding carefully, the Platts first surveyed and evaluated the Jefferson County coal lands accumulated by the Browns for a proposed corporation tentatively named the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company. In their finished report, addressed to Walston Brown, the geologists observed: "The coal at Brockwayville will travel over the proposed Rochester & Pittsburgh Railway (now partly completed) 186 miles to Rochester; the distance to Buffalo from Brockwayville will be 145 miles. From Punxsutawney to Rochester will be 221 miles, and from Punxsutawney to Buffalo will be 180 miles." They further observed: "At

Punxsutawney . . . collieries can be located to command millions of tons of coal. It would be a fair estimate to say that these lands are worth to your company $125 per acre, or $750,000 for the 6,000 acres in your possession." Encouraged by the Platts' favorable opinions, Walston Brown and the Iselin banking interests acted to join coal, capital, and railway system together. In a series of strategic moves, Brown and his associates gained control of the Rochester & State Line Railroad, which ran south from Rochester to a point just across the Pennsylvania State Line and connected with a locally sponsored line which ran from Rochester to Salamanca, New York. Then, Brown consolidated the new railroad with several other shortline railways in the area. This reorganization resulted in one large railroad which was named the Rochester & Pittsburgh Railroad Company. The first officers included: .

15

President, Walston H. Brown of New York; Secretary, Thomas A. Wentworth of New York; General Manager, George E. Merchant of Rochester, New York. The recently established railroad, using a common business practice of that day, then subscribed to all the stock of a second new company, the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company (R&PC&I). Coal company officers held their first meeting on November 5, 1881, at the New York office of Walston H. Brown. Brown, acting as

Minutes of the first meeting of the organizers of the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company, November 5, 1S81

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chairman, stated at that meeting that $4,000,000 of capital stock had been subscribed to the new corporation. There were five directors chosen that day: James Callery, Augustus Kountze, Walston H. Brown, Thomas A. Wentworth and Frederick A. Brown. On November 28, 1881, Pennsylvania

Governor Henry M. Hoyt directed that "letters patent . . . according to law" be issued for the Coal & Iron Company. On December 5, 1881, the directors of the new company met and elected Walston H. Brown president. As treasurer they selected his brother, Frederick A. Brown. Under the direction of Walston H. Brown, the Coal & Iron Company then purchased the 9,000 acres of coal-bearing land in Jefferson County which the Platts had surveyed the preceding July. During the months before the official incorporation of the new coal company, Herbert P. Brown had been busy in that area securing coal rights and property from farmers and other landowners. The minutes of the Company record: "The President was instructed (by the Board of Directors) to procure from Henry P. Brown, a deed for land held in his name and subscribed as part of the ." capital stock of this company . . With coal, capital, and a railroad system at least partly completed, the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company was ready for business.

Tools of the early miner: pick and shovel 17

Beechtree and Walston: First Mines in Jefferson County

m he Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company M opened its first mine at Beechtree, in Washington Township, Jefferson County, on the line of the new Rochester & Pittsburgh Railroad. A financial journal for Beechtree kept by Treasurer Frederick A. Brown records the event on its first page: "Operations for developing the coal fields of this company began in January 1882, under the direction of W. G. Piatt, General Manager." Always thorough in his entries, Brown carefully recorded costs which indicated some of the processes and expenses that were necessary when a new mine was opened in the late 1800's: "for initial opening of drifts and headings in preparation for mining coal — laborers, carpenters and miners: $8,445.71." Other expenses included hauling logs for supporting the mine's roof, making a road to the mine mouth, analysis of coal, cost of rails and spikes, ventilation fans, boilers, axes, handles and mauls. Crews of men labored steadily at Beechtree throughout 1882. Even as work continued on mine #1, a second opening was begun. A new year unfolded and sparks flew as sledge hammers pounded spikes; each day brought the railroad closer to the site of the Company's first mine. By early summer, 1883, the track reached Beechtree from Buffalo, and the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company made its first coal shipment on July 1. Some of the Coal & Iron Company's first profits were spent on the development of the company town at Beechtree; expenses listed in the books for 1884 indicate a growing community. That year, the Company constructed 28 blocks of miners' houses, a superintendent's house and a store. Miners' houses at Beechtree cost $250 to build 18

and rented for $60 per year. Another entry shows that a boarding house, fan house, offices, blacksmith shop, tipple and ice house also stood near completion by the end of 1884. In 1883, the Coal & Iron Company, while still engaged in the founding of its first town, began a second mining complex at Walston, near Punxsutawney. Frederick Brown's financial records for Walston, while containing many expenses similar to those listed for Beechtree, also show that the Company spent over $10,000 in preparation for the coking industry destined to rise to gigantic proportions. In the first few months of Walston's existence, reports include expenditures for: "Coke ovens, cost of same, including brick, labor, testing of coke at Reynoldsville and analysis at Philadelphia."

Walston mines and Beechtree mines 19

Coal washing plant at Waist on Commercial sales of coke, at $2.00 per load, began at as it appeared circa 1900 Walston in 1884. The production of coke in beehive ovens (Nick Vallala) eventually became not only an important industry of itself in Jefferson County, but was the principle consumer of coal for several mines in the immediate area. By 1885, the Coal & Iron Company operated 356 ovens at Walston and produced a highly desirable grade of coke from coal supplied from the mines of Walston and Beechtree. The coking coal used was taken from what the Second Geological Survey termed the Lower Freeport bed of coal, which averaged six feet in thickness. This coal contained few damaging impurities or slate partings and required little washing before being charged (loaded) into the ovens. Walston also had its own deep well for quenching the hot coke before drawing (taking

it out of the ovens). This combination of good coal and pure water made a high grade of coke which competed profitably for decades with the coke of the famous Connellsville region. The line of coke ovens at Walston extended in two rows across and down both sides of the area known as the Saw Mill Run Valley. One of these rows was the longest continuous string of coke ovens in the world and consisted 20

Coke workers, circa 1920 (Andrew Mizerack) of 474 ovens in a line one and a quarter miles in length. While Company records do not disclose the exact number of ovens, longtime employees of R&P say that the site supported nearly 1,000 beehive coke ovens. By July, 1885, over 500 men worked at Walston, and a local newspaper expressed the hope that the output of the ovens would make Punxsutawney into "a second Connellsville." Production of one ton of coke required approximately one and one-half tons of coal, and by 1887, 50% of the total production of the Walston mines was used for making coke. Cost and maintenance of ovens and rail system also represented a large investment of capital. That year the coke plant at Walston was evaluated by the R&PC&I at $500,000 — a substantial sum of money for that era. While the securing of coal and capital was necessary for production at Beechtree and Walston, success of the venture also depended on having an adequate labor force to mine the coal buried underground. As the existing population of Jefferson County could not meet the sudden demand for workers created by the opening of the mines, the Coal & Iron Company looked to the shores of Europe. Frederick Brown's otherwise detailed records contain only one reference concerning the hiring of the Company's The Walston coke ovens at first miners: "For foreign miners — fares from New York night, 1905 — advanced $376.65." Despite the scarcity of official records, memories shared by second generation R&P employees indicate that word of job openings reached New York ports of entry via railroad personnel and commercial advertisements. 21 22

In response to the promise of steady work, countless How Coke Was Made immigrants daily boarded passenger trains headed for Andrew Mizerack, a resident Jefferson County's new coal towns. While most men arrived of Ernest, Pennsylvania was born in Walston in 1904 in their new homes alone, many brought wives and children. and has many memories of life around All struggled with bundles and trunks containing their the beehive coke ovens. Mr. possessions. non-English Commonly, some speakers wore Mizerack often helped his father labels sewn on their clothing bearing the name "Walston," or at work and remembers the "Beechtree," which enabled the train's conductor to help coking process: "A high grade each newcomer locate his destination. of washed, crushed coal was loaded into special cars called Settlement in America and adjustment to a new way 'dinkeys', which were then run of life was a bewildering experience for the men, women and along the top of the coke ovens. children so recently arrived from Europe. But within a The dinkey dropped its load into short time, men learned mining skills and families settled into the ovens and a worker known as their new homes. Many recent retirees of today's R&P look a 'scraper' leveled off the coal by reaching in through the back with pride to parents who shared in the success and door at the front. Every third oven was hardship of those early days in Jefferson County. fired at the same time so that shifts of men were kept working uniformly. Once fired, the heat remaining ignited the coal and the coal was baked for three days. During that time, most of the opening of the oven was bricked up and sealed with mud." Mr. Mizerack recalls that as a small boy he often mixed the mud for his father when the time came for this step in the coke-making process. Seventy-two hours having passed, workers drenched the hot coke with water to prevent it from further baking. The drenched coke, when cool, was loaded into wheelbarrows, pushed across a plank, and dumped into waiting railroad cars. This method of making coke remained basically the same until the gradual introduction of machine-charged and machine-drawn ovens began

prior to World War I. It is interesting to note that early in 1980, a sample of Walston coke was obtained from the old ovens, and modern analysis revealed an ash content of 7.2 and 0.76 sulphur. Very fine coke by any standards! 23

A New Direction

m respite the prosperity of their coal and coke industries MJ both the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company and the Rochester & Pittsburgh Railroad Company encountered many difficulties in the early years. In 1885, the railroad went into receivership. Its property, including all the stock of the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company, was purchased at a foreclosure sale by Adrian Iselin, an investment banker of New York City. With the leadership of the Iselin family established, the Coal & Iron Company entered a period of steady growth. Adrian Iselin, founder of the family's banking firm, was born in New York on September 18, 1818. Family letters reveal that Iselin's parents, who had traveled to America from Switzerland early in the century, devoted a great deal of care to the education of all their children, with an emphasis on sound training in the management of the family finances.

Adrian Iselin developed his independence early in life. When the future financier of the Coal & Iron Company was only seventeen years old, his parents returned to Switzerland. Iselin and his older brother John were left in New York to embark upon their own careers. Even at this relatively young age, Iselin demonstrated his flair for business. He began his career by joining the New York dry goods firm of Cattenet, Barbey & Company. Soon, the young man was financially able to establish a business with a partner: the dry goods firm of Moran and Iselin. At first, this business imported and sold fine dry goods but soon branched off into banking and investing. The company Adrian George Iselin: Swiss thrived from 1840 until 1854 when Moran retired and left investment banker and chief Iselin to manage the firm alone. investor in the Rochester Pittsburgh Iron Iselin soon proved himself ready to utilize the training he & Coal & Company (Iselin family) received from his father and through years of experience in the New York business world. Upon Moran's withdrawal from their partnership, Iselin changed the name of the firm to A. Iselin and Company, and moved into an office at 36 Wall Street. There, he conducted his business of investment banking and served American and Swiss clients. 24

Adrian Iselin retired in 1878 at the age of 60 and left the The Iselins Acquire a management of the firm and his investments to his sons, Railroad Adrian, Jr. and Columbus. The story of the Iselin Thereafter, he devoted himself to various cultural family's acquisition of the Rochester Pittsburgh Railroad pursuits. He was a founder of the Metropolitan Opera (1869) & Company and its stock in the and the American Museum of Natural History (1870). Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Upon purchase of the railroad, the Iselins did not forget Iron Company has been carefully the Coal & Iron Company. In the fall of 1884, Walston researched by Dr. Robert R. Brown resigned his office and was briefly replaced by a Rothfus of Carnegie-Mellon little-known figure named A. H. Stevens. Due to the financial University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In an article for a collapse of both railway and coal company, Stevens resigned his 1971 issue of The Western position on November 18, 1885. Upon assuming control of his Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, new companies, Adrian Iselin appointed his son, Columbus Dr. Rothfus explains the sequence O'Donnell as president of the R&PC&I. Columbus O'Donnell of events: held the office for seven months, until May 4, 1886. "From 1881 to 1885, annual gross The years from 1884 to 1887 were also marked by the earnings of the Rochester & Pittsburgh Railroad increased death of one of the Company's original founders. In remarkably from $170,593 commemoration, the November 18, 1885, minutes of the to $1,216,679. Net earnings, Board of Directors of the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron however, were far below the Company record the passing of W. G. Piatt, general amounts necessary to keep superintendent of the firm. "Mr. Piatt," wrote the secretary, yearly deficits from climbing; in fact, they rose from $29,315 "has been with this Company since its inception, and its in 1881 to a staggering $324,495 success has been largely due to his foresight and skillful in 1885. The figures leave little management." At the same meeting, Franklin Piatt doubt that coal traffic was heavy was unanimously elected to take his brother's place, at a enough to have sustained the salary of $6,000 per year. Thus, the operative leadership of enterprise had the profit per ton been held at a reasonable the Coal & Iron Company passed from the capable hands of level. Due to keen competition W. G. Piatt to the equally competent care of his brother, with other railroads, this was not Franklin. the case, and the management For several months, Franklin Piatt served the Company undertook financial maneuvers in the capacity of general superintendent, but in May, 1886, which eventually led to in recognition of his value and importance to the firm, the foreclosure. "Early in 1884, the company Board of Directors elected him president. Soon, the days of issued $2,800,000 of second uncertainty were forgotten as the unique talents of Franklin Piatt mortgage bonds and shortly and Adrian Iselin combined to lead the Coal & Iron Company afterwards claimed that forward into the future. $1,100,000 of these bonds had been taken by stockholders. Actually, $2,000,000 of the bonds had been offered to stockholders of the company, but none was taken, and it was Walston H. Brown and Brothers who finally took the $1,100,000 parcel and purchased new rolling stock with the proceeds. 25

It was intended to use the $1,700,000 not taken to liquidate the R&P Railroad's floating debt, but business was depressed and no money could be borrowed on the bonds. When an attempt to assess the stock of the company in order to pay the floating debt was rejected by most of the stockholders, plans were set in motion to effect reorganization through foreclosure of the second mortgage. Immediate resistance was encountered from Jefferson County Field circa a group of minor stockholders 1898 who questioned the validity of so-called loans made to the railroad by Adrian Iselin and Company and Walston H. Brown and Brothers, for which those firms held second mortgage bonds as security. In spite of the opposition, the company defaulted on the interest due August 1, 1884, and foreclosure JEFFERSON hearings were begun in October at Lock Haven, Pennsylvania. Accordingly, on October 16, 1884, the referee sold the property of the Rochester & Pittsburgh Railroad Company to the Iselins. "Those who objected to the sale began legal proceedings which ended in Federal Courts. Finally, in March, 1887, all property was at last transferred to the Iselins." In a final step, the Iselin banking firm brought the Rochester & Pittsburgh Railroad Company and the Rochester & State Line Railroad together in a consolidation agreement dated March 11, 1887. Then, the bankers chose a new name for the railroad: The Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railway. 26 Right and center: Oil-wick lamps were used for underground illumination. Worn on the miners' caps, the lamps burned lard oil, a packing house product. The can on the left held oil for pouring into lamps. Such lamps were used by miners until the World War I era.

First Substitute for the Miner's Pick By the turn of the century, 80% of the coal mined by the R&PC&I was undercut by compressed-air driven "punching machines" such as the one shown here. The chief purpose of undercutting the solid coal seam was to obtain a greater proportion of coarse, lumpy coal which brought higher prices on the market. The pick miner had to lie on his side to dig a channel in the coal; now he could sit and the "puncher" did the job much faster. The machine proved to be more than satisfactory, and all existing R&PC&I mines were quickly changed over to compressed-air cutting. (State Archives, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania) 27

Plans Become Reality

/M/ith the support of the Iselin banking firm solidly V V behind it, the Coal & Iron Company made significant advancements in the next several years. Under the direction of Franklin Piatt, new lands and coal rights were purchased in Jefferson County. For example, the minutes show that in January, 1886, Piatt successfully negotiated for the coal-rich Miller tract, "embracing about 50 acres, at the price of $65 per acre." In March of the same year, the Company leased an additional 300 acres from the Jenks heirs. Early in 1886, the Company enlarged operations even more. At the May 4 meeting, the Board voted to issue a series of 1 ,200 bonds at the cost of $ 1 ,000 each, also "a mortgage of the property of this Company," so that the R&PC&I could acquire "5,000 additional acres of coal lands and mineral rights needed to meet the increasing demands of its trade." Furthermore, "whereas the Company will need to construct a railroad to its mines, especially up the Elk Run, a further sum ." of money will be required, also money for more coke ovens . . As the Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railway Company continued to own all the stock of the coal company, the railroad had to authorize a guarantee of the principal and interest on the bonds, which railroad officers voted to do. The Coal & Iron Company proved to be a secure investment; net earnings for the year which ended September 25, 1886 totalled $98,845. With the infusion of new capital, the Company's ledgers soon showed an increase in profits, and operations at Beechtree and Walston continued to grow. Improvements in the town of Beechtree included details such as paint for the pumphouse, and larger investments such as new office buildings for clerical employees. A Company doctor, T. R. Williams, rented an office in Walston for the sum of eight dollars per month. In September, 1887, the town saw the addition of a hotel with Mrs. Calvin Jamison as manager. Six new fire hydrants and a cemetery were also added to deal

with the harsher realities of life. At Walston, the Company raised a new tipple in 1886, 28

Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railway locomotive on the turntable at Butler, Pennsylvania (Mr. and Mrs. Jack Stern)

bringing the total number there to three. Construction of more houses continued throughout 1886 and 1887, and water tanks were installed for the convenience of the town's inhabitants. And, at the cost of $68.55, a telephone became part of the office equipment. Walston, not to be outdone by Beechtree, also boasted a hotel by 1887. These establishments fulfilled an important function in the early days when Company officials and construction personnel often journeyed out by horse and wagon and needed a place to spend the night. Although no photographs of Walston's hotel survive, old records show that over $1,000 was spent by the R&PC&I to make the rooms comfortable. Of this sum, $130.53 was spent on "sheeting and quilts" to grace the beds, and $80.34 on "the best" glassware to enhance the dining room. Guests and boarders evidently found the Walston Hotel accommodations excellent. Even the stables at Walston benefited by funds received from the mortgage and from the sale of bonds. By October, 1886, the Walston mines had a large barn containing six horses and 62 mules, an increase of two horses and 20 mules over the previous year. As winter approached, the superintendent ordered a sleigh, two laprobes, and a string of brass bells to round out Walston's stable equipment. While the refinements of coal town life gradually came to the communities of Walston and Beechtree, the R&PC&I formulated plans for the opening of another new mine at a location in Young Township, two miles from Punxsutawney. 29

Both the proposed mine and the town planned for the site were named "Adrian," after Adrian Iselin. By September, 1886, laborers armed with picks and shovels completed the opening of mine #1. In preparation for shipping coal, wooden mine cars were brought over from Beechtree on the extended line of the BR&P. The new mine at Adrian made its initial The "Black Hand" in coal shipment in January, 1887. Between this date and the Florence abandonment of the mine on November 1, 1941, R&P mined In addition to being remembered a total of 36,409,904 tons of coal at Adrian. as one of the first sites mined by In 1899, another opening, Florence #1, was begun the R&PC&I, the town of Florence northeast of Adrian. Shortly thereafter mine #2 was begun. also secured a place in the Both Florence #1 and #2 were operated by R&P until 1924, annals of crime in Jefferson when the mines were closed. The Company reopened County. The flow of immigrants into early coal towns often Florence in 1937 and mined coal again at the site until 1941 resulted in exploitation of the when the operation was permanently shut down. All coal "New Americans" by a few mined at Florence was transported back to Adrian and unscrupulous individuals. processed over Adrian's tipple. Most of the men who mined In 1906, a Punxsutawney Florence #1 and #2 lived in Adrian although a few houses were newspaper reported accounts of a pitched battle between eventually built at Florence for the convenience of some of Troop D of the Constabulary the workers. of Punxsutawney and a group of As the Company developed the mines in and around the "Black Handers," a gang of petty site of Adrian, plans for the new town were drawn up and extortioners. At the height of the put into action. In October, 1886, crews of carpenters began fray, the alleged Black Handers themselves into a working on double and single houses. By May of the barricaded house near the Florence Mine. In following year, a painter named J. L. Greene went door-to-door the resulting gunfire, two troopers in the of new town and painted a number on each the 200 were killed and two wounded. homes. Late in June, workmen laid wooden sidewalks and built "There are many treacherous fences around the dwellings. A schoolhouse and a visiting members of the Black Hand in doctor added finishing touches to the mining community. and about Florence Mine and the surrounding mines," stated the An eye witness has left us this visual image of Adrian as newspaper at the time of the 1906 it appeared in 1887: conflict. Reports of Black Hand Adrian is a very pretty town for a coal town. It stands upon a crimes died out in the twenties, gentle hill. The houses are all of the same styled architecture — when Prohibition paved the way Corinthian, and look so much alike that it is impossible to tell which for more profitable methods of is the most alike. Now we have frequently heard of people painting making money for those a town red, but the Rochester & Pittsburgh is perhaps the first disinclined to work at legal individual or organization to carry this out literally, and actually occupations. paint a whole town red. As the town neared completion, Adrian joined Walston in the production of coke. In October, 1886, laborers began a battery of beehive ovens at Adrian. Outside workmen built track to the doors of the ovens using 22 tons of old rails from a unused section of the BR&P Railway. More coke ovens were constructed in March and April, 1887. To complete the entire string of ovens, the Company 30

purchased over $7,000 worth of brick from a firm named Giossen and Kilpatrick. The men who worked at Adrian's coke ovens and mines bought all their families' needs at the Company-owned store. In the late 1880's, H. P. Brown, one of the first directors of the Coal & Iron Company, operated stores in each of the three original R&PC&I towns. Large boarding bills at the Beechtree Hotel paid by Brown for the care of his horse indicate that he lived there while supervising his business establishments. Brown's storebooks and voucher records, meticulously kept, help give us an impression of

everyday life in mining communities before the turn of the century. Miners and their families shopped daily at Brown's company stores. The stores sold furniture brought in on the BR&P from a Buffalo manufacturer, overalls, suspenders from the Wire Buckle Suspender Company, stoves from the South Erie Iron Works, and even baby carriages from a company named Francis L. Hughes and Sons. September accelerated sales of schoolbooks. The coming of winter was anticipated late in the fall by increased purchases of gloves, mittens and flannel. Miners bought squibs (fuses) and dynamite from the Lafflin and Rand Powder Company, pick handles, and lamp burners. Housewives chose from a selection of stovepipes, mop handles, "chamber furniture", bureaus, writing desks, and for the more affluent, sewing machines from the Domestic Sewing Machine Company. Florence mines, 1910. The Brown's stores carried a small selection of toys, mirrors, and large building in the center is costume jewelry, but those were luxury items in early mining the boiler house and power plant. The small structure on towns. Families also bought the expected staples at the the hill to the right held store: E. M. Gillett's Magic Yeast, flour, sugar, lard, salt and water for making steam. meats, but a more surprising delicacy was available, too, in (Norman Pifer) the form of fresh fish brought in on the BR&P from the Buffalo Fish Company; and one January, Brown recorded the sales of $92.67 worth of oysters.

If business was brisk at Brown's company stores, this prosperity was mirrored in bookkeepers' offices at 36 Wall Street. By the close of the 1880's, the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company had taken a secure place in the Jefferson County bituminous coal industry. For the year which ended September 30, 1887, net earnings totalled $73,589.92. After the declaration of dividends in January and May, $19,589.92 remained in the balance, a significant amount of money for that day. A statement of earnings for October, November, and 31

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This photo of old-time miners shows two youngsters in the center of the group. In the days before World War I, it was common for boys to enter the mines with their fathers to learn mining skills first-hand. (J. J. Jeffrey)

December showed that net profits totalled $27,966.04. The Company's Directors declared that a dividend of 5/8 of one percent should be paid to stockholders of record. Production figures for the Company's three mines for the period which ended December 31, 1888 showed how the Corporation had expanded in the seven years since its Breast auger, used by the inception. The production of the Beechtree mines for 1888 old-time miner to drill holes totalled 138,743 tons of coal; 254 men worked in and around in the coal seam for placement the mines. Walston mines #1, #2 and #3 produced 457,964 of blasting powder tons of coal and 153,492 tons of coke and employed 647 men. At Adrian a new slope, #3, was sunk and a connection made with #2 mine; this improvement enabled the fan to supply both mines with ample currents of air. Adrian's production for 1888 totalled 278,695 tons of coal and 25,252 tons of coke. Coal and coke shipped from early R&PC&I mines found a ready market in the developing iron and steel industry along the Great Lakes. The BR&P Railway afforded a shorter route to the Buffalo-Rochester market than any other railroad serving a major coal field. R&PC&I coke, being of high quality, was particularly suitable for foundry use and the

markets for it extended as far west as the Mississippi River, with large shipments made to Chicago, St. Louis and Milwaukee. Coal shipped to Buffalo and Rochester entered Great Lakes traffic; lake vessels carrying iron ore from the Lake Superior region carried the coal as ballast on the return 33

trip to the Upper Lakes. On Lake Ontario, coal also moved to Canadian destinations as far east as Quebec. R&PC&I coal was important in the development of the iron and steel

industry in Buffalo itself. Situated as it was in the western section of the central Pennsylvania coal fields, R&PC&I coal was nearer all the bituminous market areas of Buffalo, Canada, New England, and New York than were most other coal fields. Naturally, this constituted the area developed by the Company for the marketing of its products, and names recorded in the Coal & Iron Company's Customer's Ledger for the late 1880's include: Atlas Refining Company, Buffalo, New York; American Scotch Iron Company, Syracuse, New York; Ansted and Higgens, Racine, Wisconsin; Acme White Lead and Color Works, Detroit, Michigan; Tonawanda Iron and Steel Company, Tonawanda, New York; and the Attica Malthouse, Attica, New York. R&PC&I coal destined for New England was transported in an all-rail haul. Coal & Iron Company customers in New England during 1888 and 1889 included: The Atherton Machine Company, Lowell, Massachusetts; Ashland Cotton Company, Jewett City, Connecticut; and in 1891, the Atwood Manufacturing Company in Amesburg, Massachusetts. Oil burning ships had not yet come into existence and the market for steam coal was also good. In fact, the first steamship to cross the Atlantic in six days and 15 hours brought honor to the R&PC&I, as the steam for the journey was made with Beechtree coal! At the turn of the century, many steamships with picturesque names made their ocean voyages powered by R&PC&I coal. Among them: the steamers "Rhoda Emily," "Columbia" and "Sir Robert Fulton." Others included "The City of New York," "The City of Venice" and the "Massachusetts." New York tugboats, such as the "Cadillac," and the "Trenton," also ran on steam produced by coal from Beechtree, Walston and Adrian.

h 34

Early Profits Bring Expansion

A k. r*

/nitial financial success in Beechtree, Walston, and Adrian resulted in market expansion and rising profits for the R&PC&I. Accordingly, the late 1880's were marked by additional purchases of new coal lands. In May, 1887, the Board of Directors voted to buy a right of way for the BR&P which extended up the Elk Run in Jefferson County. To purchase the new property, officers of the BR&P secured a Original Adrian Hospital, of bought the right of way from the incorporated in 1888 mortgage $40,000 and (Punxsutawney Area Brockwayville & Punxsutawney Railway Company, but gave Hospital) control of the ground to the Coal & Iron Company. The Punxsutawney Spirit noted the transaction and remarked with great foresight that "this coal company means business, and soon another industrial little city like Walston will grow up along the banks of the Elk Run." In two years, the Spirit reporter's prediction proved accurate. Coal & Iron Company profits soon found their way into improvements in the village of Adrian. As the population of

the mining town grew, it soon became apparent that a hospital was required to supplement the care given by Company doctors. In 1888, in response to the need, Adrian Iselin incorporated and built the Adrian Hospital, which

existed as an institution until 1977, when it was replaced by the Punxsutawney Area Hospital. The first building, a frame structure, was located in the town of Adrian. Equipment for the new hospital was provided by members of the Board of Trustees of the Coal & Iron Company and their friends. The Adrian Hospital received its first patients on February 11, 1889. An 1890 issue of the Spirit observed that the average cost of a week's stay at the original hospital totalled five dollars. The facilities were primarily intended for the use of Company miners and their families, and supported by employee deductions and Company funding. Within a short time, however, residents from the entire Punxsutawney area began coming to the hospital for medical care. Therefore, 35

in 1898 the hospital began receiving state aid, and a larger structure was established on Jenks Street in Punxsutawney. In the early 1970's, a still larger site was chosen on Route 36, and the new facility was renamed the Punxsutawney Area Hospital. The completed building was dedicated on July 16, 1977. In addition to the much needed Adrian Hospital, the R&PC&I also assisted in the construction of churches for its early mining towns. In 1887 President Franklin Piatt was instructed by the Board of Directors to give deeds in the name of the Company to the communities of Beechtree, Walston and Adrian to provide "suitable church lots" in each of the three towns. Provision of church lots enabled residents of Beechtree and Walston, with the help of the Company, to erect houses of worship for the miners and their families. The finest of these structures was built in 1889 at Adrian by the Iselin family. Mrs. Eleanora O'Donnell Iselin, who bore the expense of construction, named the church St. Adrian's in honor of both her husband, Adrian George, and of several Roman Catholic popes. Actual dedication of St. Adrian's provided local residents with a festive occasion. To encourage participation of all who wished to attend, BR&P officials provided a free excursion train which ran from Walston to Adrian. A

Adrian Hospital, Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania: men's ward, circa 1900 (Punxsutawney Area Hospital) 36

newspaper reporter who was present that day described the church as possessing "a very pretty architectural design," and an exterior decorated with colored bricks brought especially from Chicago. Total cost of the building exceeded $15,000. Not to be outdone by his wife, Adrian Iselin immediately donated $2,000 to a fund started by the citizens of Adrian so that a protestant church, too, could be built in the town. Later in 1889, revealing his concern for the secular, as well as the spiritual side of life, Iselin opened a small savings bank in Adrian, designed "to encourage the miners to lay up something against the many disasterous chances of life," and paid all patrons suitable interest on their deposits. The year 1889 also brought the election of a new Coal & Iron president, George Merchant, who held the office for ten years. While president, one of the Merchant's first acts of office was the purchase of 4,163 acres of coal land on Big Run in Jefferson County. The Company bought the lands from Adrian Iselin for the sum of $350,000 paid for by bonds of $1,000 each, secured by a purchase money mortgage. This purchase added substantially to the R&PC&I's coal reserves. In December, 1889, the Board of Directors of the Coal & Iron completed transactions securing the purchase of still more coal lands. This entailed "the purchase of certain lands, coal rights, and coal situated in Jefferson County, known as 'Eleanora property.' " The purchase price totalled $350,000 in Company bonds. The mining town of Eleanora, named in honor of the wife of Adrian Iselin, came into existence in December, 1887, but work at the location proceeded slowly until the Company's purchase of the lands from the Iselin family. Construction of miners' houses for the new community began in February, 1888, and by the next year were completed. The Coal & Iron Company made its first St. Adrian's Church, built by shipment from Eleanora in December, 1889. In 1890 the Eleanora O'Donnell Iselin Inspector of Mines noted in his annual report for the state of for the mining town of Adrian, mine, although a new one, Pennsylvania (James Pennsylvania that the Eleanora #1 Wiley, Jr.) "was in first-class condition as to draining and ventilation." The plan adopted for this mine, with separate and fresh air for each heading or section of work, was "the only true and proper method of ventilating mines." The inspector concluded in his report that "until this plan is universally adopted, ventilation and drainage will not be what they should be in regard to healthfulness for men." Eleanora's output for the first full year of production 37

The town of Eleanora, was listed at 143,607 tons of coal. By 1894 Eleanora #1 and founded in 1SS7 and named for #2 were being mined by mining machines of Ingersoll-Sergeant the wife of Adrian George (compressed air) type. To furnish the air to operate the Iselin (Richard Albert) machines, two Norwalk Compressors were installed by Heyl & Patterson Company of Pittsburgh. These cutting machines eliminated a great deal of pick work. Mules, of course, were

still used to transport the empty cars from the slope to the face, and to return the loaded cars to the same point. By 1898, Eleanora also had coke ovens and produced 100,164 tons of coke that year. For the period ended December 31, 1898, Eleanora produced 232,123 tons of coal, and the total number of men employed had grown to 902. Two years later the mining town of Eleanora contained approximately 80 houses, and an independent town named Desire developed nearby to house the population overflow from the main community. Today, only a very few houses remain at Eleanora. In addition to the development of its own mines, the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company, in 1890, 38

began a relationship with the Bell, Lewis & Yates Mining Company which culminated in 1896 with its acquisition by the R&PC&I. An agreement, approved by the Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railway "on account of its ownership of the whole capital stock of the Coal & Iron Company" was made between the two coal companies and dated April 23, 1890. The contract stated that the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company and the Bell, Lewis & Yates Mining Company would in the future pool all their saleable coal, to be sold together "as a common lot," with the latter company acting as sales agent. For their services, the Bell, Lewis & Yates firm received a commission of four percent on all coal sold under this agreement. The only exceptions were coal reserved to be

Adrian and Eleanora mines circa 1896

ELEANORA

ANITA

CLAYVILLE 39

sold by the Bell, Lewis & Yates Mining Company to its railroad, the Reynoldsville & Falls Creek, and the coal sold by the R&PC&I to the Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railway. At that time, Adrian Iselin, Jr. was president of the railway and his signature verifies the agreement. The name of Lucius Waterman Robinson first appears in the 1891 minutes of the proceedings of the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company. At the January 20 meeting of stockholders, Robinson was elected one of the Company's five directors. Robinson came to the R&PC&I by way of Bell, Lewis, & Yates. In 1888, he was listed in the Bureau of Mines Report as the superintendent of that company's Rochester mine near DuBois. In time, Robinson ascended to the presidency of the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company. By 1891 rising production enabled the Coal & Iron Company to open an office located at 62 West Avenue in Rochester, New York. The next year the Board of Directors voted to establish the Company's principal offices at Punxsutawney, near its area of greatest production. The This cork five-pound powder building at Punxsutawney still stands, and is in use by the flask was used to carry railroad, now the Chessie System. explosive powder into the B&O mines for making explosive Franklin Piatt retired in 1891. In his later years he cartridges. became an invalid, rarely leaving his bachelor apartment in Philadelphia. He died suddenly in 1898 after a brief illness. A friend who knew him well wrote that Franklin Piatt was "a superior man intellectually, with a phenomenal memory. He was calm in judgment, with a great power of estimating the relative value of things." In his lifetime he had seen the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company grow from a sheaf of maps and surveys into a business ready to negotiate million-dollar transactions.

Tin squib (fuse) holder for setting off handmade powder charge 40

18%: A Year of THE ROCHESTER AND rirTSBCRGH COAL AND IRON CO UPANY CENTRAL TRDST COMPANY OF NEW YORK, oft Trustee. Major Acquisitions Purchase Money Mortgage upon the "Helvetia" Property

$1,100,000.

ADKI>N ISELIN & CO.. MAHONING VAtLEY RAILROAD COMPANY

CENTRAL TROST COMPANY OF NEW YORK, Tnifltee.

in States to Hgrccincnt. / s consumption of coal the United grew due A M. expanding industry and population, the coal reserves

ADRIAN ISELIN, Jr., rt «1„ WITH and output of the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron CENTSAX TROST COMPANY OP NEW YORK, Tm«tM Company grew with the demand. In the late 1890's and early 1900's, additional coal lands were acquired in Armstrong, Horecmcnt. Clearfield and Indiana Counties, Pennsylvania, where new Dated Mb; I, 1896. mines quickly opened. The first major purchase was made in Clearfield County. This describes document part At the 1896 Board of Directors meeting held at the of the mortgage negotiations Company offices at 36 Wall Street, New York City, Adrian for the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Iselin met with Coal & Iron Company officials and presented Company's 1896 purchase of a proposition to sell to the firm his Helvetia mines the Helvetia mine in and the accompanying Mahoning Valley Railroad. The Clearfield County. Helvetia mines had been opened and developed by the R&PC&I and the Iselin interests cooperatively in 1892, but deeds to the operation had been held solely by Iselin and his family's banking firm. To finance the Helvetia purchase, the Coal & Iron Company gave a $1.1 million mortgage on all its properties. The Helvetia mines, located near Sykesville in Clearfield County, involved between 7,000 and 8,000 acres. Although coal had previously been mined from about 150 acres, the balance remained untouched at the time of the sale to the R&PC&I. As a "going" mine, Helvetia, for the year ended December 3, 1895, produced 252,142 tons of coal and 9,331 tons of coke. A company town also stood at Helvetia and consisted of houses "substantially built — and located on streets well laid out and kept in good condition," according to an 1896 engineer's report. In addition to the mines at Helvetia, the Company also voted to "purchase of Mr. Adrian Iselin, Jr., the barge and fueling scow 'Eleanora' recently constructed in the Buffalo 41

Harbor." The R&PC&I bought the barge for a price equal to the cost of construction: approximately $19,000. The Mahoning Valley Railroad, a major part of the "Helvetia Property," consisted of "400 30-ton cars and one locomotive." This little railroad ran from the Helvetia mines to a junction with the BR&P at nearby Stanley. The main line of the Mahoning Valley "spur" traveled for only one and three-quarters of a mile. Including all tracks and sidings, the railroad covered a distance of eight and one-quarter miles. The Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company made another major acquisition in 1896 when the Company The Rochester mine was obtained a controlling interest in a new corporation formed acquired in 1896 by the to purchase the Bell, Lewis & Yates Mining Company. Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal contract dated June 15, 1896, states that the new & Iron Company as part of the A purchase of the Bell, Lewis & corporation, "organized and existing under the laws of Yates Mining Company. Pennsylvania," planned to operate under the name "Jefferson

V-. 42

& Clearfield Coal & Iron Company," and that its offices would be at Reynoldsville. The Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company held the controlling interest in the new corporation. Money for the Bell, Lewis & Yates purchase was borrowed from the U.S. Mortgage & Trust Company of New York, with the Guaranty Trust Company of New York as Trustee. Two separate mortgages were negotiated totalling $3,000,000. With the acquisition of the Bell, Lewis & Yates Mining Company the R&PC&I obtained controlling interest of several large and productive mines. The most significant of these was the old Rochester mine in Clearfield County, located on the Reynoldsville & Falls Creek Railroad, one mile west of DuBois. This mine had been in operation since 1877. In 1890 the Rochester mine shipped a total of 504,720.19

Helvetia mines, circa 1S96 43

tons of coal and employed 600 men. By 1896 a second mine, called Sandy Lick mine, opened 1,000 feet west of the mouth of the Rochester mine and processed its coal over the Rochester tipple. The old Rochester mine was famous for its double-track The Rope-Haulage System rope-haulage system which used four drums powered by two Heath Clark, president of large steam engines. This was a very complicated but highly Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal efficient means of hauling coal from the mine workings to the 1948, Company from 1933 to tipple and returning the empty coal cars underground. When noted that: "One of the marvels necessary, as many as 50 cars could be handled at one time. of the efficiency of the Rochester engineers from all over the United States and many Mine's rope haulage system was Mining the haulage system in the fact that only one man was parts of Europe came to see needed to operate it. Only three operation. employees of the Company As well as the Rochester and Sandy Lick mines, several knew how to use the haulage system, among them Lucius Waterman Robinson, one-time superintendent of the mine. It is Tilling"—w < history that Mr. Robinson, while president of R&PC&I, actually did man the hoist for several days ^*I-U when a majority of the miners struck for higher wages."

Properties acquired by the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company in 1896 with the purchase of the Bell, Lewis & Yates Mining Company. 44

S Mouth of Slop*. Reverse grade track for empty cars from chute hand Mint. point at which ropts are attachtd to rtturn to mint. I Trock into right sidt of J Track into left hand sidt of Mint. Slides for main ropt to climb in pulling empty cart out of tracks or P from gradient N and to land the K Track on to which coal from I 8 J opproochtt chuU. their rollers Empty track from chutes for cart going bock on track I. main ropes on B and C. P Empty track from chutes for cars going back on track J. Curve whttl. A Trail ropt for right hand branch of haulagt. Planking. B Main ropt for right hand branch of haulagt. Formtd block from rail to groove of whttl to guide ropt. C Main ropt for Itft hand branch of haulagt. Pott. D Trail rope for left hand branch of haulagt. Planking to guide car and prottct whttl In cast car L Ltvtl track at latchts on summit. jumps track on curve. M Gradient of 16" to 100 feet for loads on main single track K at which point ropts art cut off and trips run to chutes by gravity.

m

M w**w

PROFILE OF GRADES TO CHUTES

* ' '

SECT ION a • b 45

The Big Soldier mine was purchased bv the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company in 1896. At that time, this property was billed locally as "the largest bituminous coal mine in the world."

Diagram of the Rochester mine's famous rope-haulage system (Adapted from the 1889 Report of the Department of Mines, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania) 46

other valuable properties came to the R&PC&I with the Bell, Lewis & Yates purchase. Among them was the Big Soldier Run mine, also called simply "Big Soldier," or "Soldier." This mine opened on the northwest outcrop of the Reynoldsville basin on the east side of the west branch of Soldier Run. The first opening at the site was begun in 1890. Within a few years, Soldier was known as the largest coal mine in the world and a picture of the mine was featured in several editions of turn-of-the-century schoolbooks. By 1895, Bell, Lewis & Yates had constructed a large loading tipple at the mine which was reputedly the first steel coal tipple in the United States. In 1896, average daily shipment of coal from Soldier mine was estimated at 3,500 tons, or fully 1,000 tons per day more than were shipped from Rochester mine. Three smaller mines, the Hamilton, the Sprague, and the Henry completed the group near Soldier mine and taken together, were known as the Reynoldsville mines. The London mine, a 1,600 ton per day operation, belonged to the Rochester group of mines, and was located on the Falls Creek Railroad about two miles west of DuBois. Another small mine, the Sherwood, was also situated on the Reynoldsville & Falls Creek Railroad, about three miles northeast of Reynoldsville. The purchase of these vast properties from the Bell, Lewis & Yates Mining Company categorized the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company as one of the largest These three tools were used coal regions of the bv early miners to prepare mining corporations in the bituminous the drill hole and place a United States. But, within two years, the impetus for growth powder charge for blasting could no longer be contained within the boundaries of down coal from the seam. At Jefferson County. bottom: Metal scraper for clearing dirt from the drill hole. Center: Copper needle, and (top) tamping bar used for packing clay into the drill hole after placement of the powder charge

— 47

Looking Toward Indiana County

J\ s the nineteenth century drew to a close, the Rochester Am\ & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company began to outgrow its Jefferson County limits. In 1898, the BR&P Railway obtained trackage rights into Pittsburgh over the rails of the B&O, finally justifying the word "Pittsburgh" in the title of both coal company and railway. The next year, R&PC&I officials consulted with engineers and surveyors as they planned an extension of the BR&P into Indiana County, where huge coal fields lay virtually untapped. As plans for the Company's expansion into Indiana County were made public, several newspapers commented eagerly on the news, and a reporter for the Punxsutawney Spirit summed up the situation in a story published on October 11, 1899: Indiana has enjoyed a peculiar position regarding her coal. For a area was a branch of the Tin powder flask with long time the only railroad into the upon coal mining extensively attached holder for squibs Pennsylvania. Nobody cared to enter ... In Westmoreland, Cambria, (fuses) with no means of regress Clearfield and Jefferson Counties, railroads have been built and mines opened. But while railroads approached from all sides, they stopped outside of Indiana County. Now the coal fields in the surrounding counties are giving up their treasures, and from all directions railroads are heading into the Indiana Coal Basins. On it to tap the north is the BR&P ... it is not out of reason to expect some of the best fields in the county. Indiana County has plenty of in the state. It is far coal, (and) it will be among the famed counties enough north that coal can be shipped to Lake markets, and far enough east for the seaboard markets. The Punxsutawney Spirit may again be credited with an accurate prediction, for in April, 1900, the R&PC&I bought several thousand acres of coal lands in White, Rayne, and Washington Townships, northwest of Indiana. The Indiana Progress also commented on the proceedings, and that same month reported that the Company paid $25 to $30 an acre for the land. Area newspapers announced in May of that same year that Lucius Waterman Robinson, then president 48

of the Company, came to Indiana personally and bought up $40,000 worth of land for the R&PC&I. Judge Harry White, one of Indiana County's leading citizens, sold 424 acres of land for the sum of $12,734 which further increased R&PC&I coal reserves in the new field. While looking to Indiana County for new coal reserves, the Coal & Iron Company continued to expand its operations in Jefferson County. In 1899, it will be recalled, the R&PC&I began mining at the Florence location, and by 1906 a second opening had been made; numbers one and two combined produced an annual tonnage of nearly 509,000 tons and employed 859 men. The Adrian mines, although severely damaged in the 1936 flood, continued to produce

until November 1, 1941. The Helvetia mines produced until they were finally abandoned on February 25, 1954. Also, the Company continued to build new coke ovens at Walston until 1904 and the mines there were in operation until they were closed on July 5, 1924. By the late 1890's, however, R&PC&I officials began to envision eventual problems for their beehive coke industry. The advent of modern byproduct ovens led other Jefferson County producers to experiment with tunnel-type ovens which could be charged and drawn by machine. Then too, Connellsville coke producers, the Coal & Iron Company's chief competitors, enjoyed the decided advantage of closer proximity to Pittsburgh and had a shorter and more direct railroad route to foundries and mills. Therefore, although R&PC&I reserves of coking coal were still adequate, the turn of the century marked the end of the Company's The Ceag trip light was hung large-scale coke business. on the last loaded mine car on In anticipation of marketing difficulties for its coke each "trip" of cars for easier output, and showing the same kind of spirit which has visibility underground. enabled R&P to weather many subsequent storms on the seas of corporate existence, officers of the Company made a decision to enter the blast-furnace industry. The Coal & Iron Company obtained a controlling interest in two corporations formed for the construction of blast furnaces at DuBois and Punxsutawney which afforded outlets for much of the Company's coke production. The first blast, or "pig iron," furnace opened in 1896 and operated under the name "Punxsutawney Furnace." The impact of the first furnace

was immediate: in the year after it began to produce, the coke production of the entire county doubled. The Punxsutawney Furnace had a daily capacity of 200 tons of 49

Early photo of a hand-loading operation in an "old field" (Jefferson County) mine. At that time, long railroad hauls made large lump coal more desirable, as small sizes of coal tended to pulverize during transportation. (R. M. Hunter)

Miners' checks. One of these was hung on each loaded mine car as it left the mine. The tonnage in the car was then credited to the miner whose name corresponded to the number on the check. 50

pig iron and had in its stockpile 150,000 tons of iron ore brought from the Lake Superior region. The Punxsutawney Furnace sold most of its pig iron locally; the DuBois Iron Works, the Mahoning Foundry, and the Punxsutawney Foundry were among the firm's best customers. A second foray into the blast furnace industry came about in June, 1902, when the R&PC&I called a special stockholder's meeting at Punxsutawney for the purpose of increasing the indebtedness of the Company by the sum of $2,000,000. This was done "in order to purchase a certain tract of land situated in Sandy Township in Clearfield County near DuBois: 75 acres ... for the erection of a blast furnace; and said directors are hereby authorized to erect, build, complete and equip a blast furnace thereon ... to be known

North & South Line of BR&P Railway LAKE ONTARIO

SALAMANCA L N £*__Y£RK PE "NSYl va ;T7J

JOHNSONBURG

RIDGWAY CARMAN BROCKWAY HYDE FALLS CREEK DUBOIS

PUNXSUTAWNEY 51

The Adrian Furnace, and designated as the Adrian Furnace." The Company incorporated in 1896 (Donald issued bonds of $1,000 each, totalling $2,000,000. Gaspar) On November 1, 1904, the R&PC&I, which had a

controlling interest in the Adrian blast furnace, leased it to the Adrian Furnace Company for $36,000 per year. The December, 1904, minutes of the Adrian Furnace Company reveal that its stockholders had formed the corporation for the purpose of "manufacturing iron or steel or both, bar rails, plates, pipe and mine cars." In 1904 stockholders were Adrian Iselin, Jr., trustee, Arthur G. Yates, Lucius Waterman Robinson, Thomas Kennedy, and B. M. Clark. Until the mid-twenties, the furnaces were profitable enterprises in themselves. By 1935, however, the furnaces became obsolete; they were scrapped and the companies liquidated. 52

New Corporations for New Coal Fields

/ s the Coal and Iron Company began the series of Am. steps which eventually changed its base of operations from Jefferson to Indiana County, additional corporations were formed to develop the newly leased and purchased coal fields. This organization of numerous subsidiary companies by a major corporation was a common business practice at the time. The banking firm of A. Iselin & Company furnished the capital for the acquisition of new properties and titles for them were taken in the name of Adrian George Iselin. Following the accumulation of sufficient acreage for one or more mines, a new corporation would -1 then be formed and the coal lands purchased from Adrian Iselin for the exact amount he had paid for them, including the expenses involved and interest at prevailing rates. The Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company acquired no stock interest in these companies, but its American safety lamp of English design, circa 1860. officers and managers were also the officers and managers The prototype of this lamp of the new corporations, and the Iselin family continued was developed in 1815 to test to hold a controlling interest in each. for flammable gas in coal Following this pattern, in 1899 officers of the Rochester mines, on the principle that & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company organized and the flame inside the incorporated the Cowanshannock Coal Coke Company. wire-gauze screen would not & pass through to ignite an As Lucius Waterman Robinson was elected president explosive mixture. of the R&PC&I that same year, he also held the presidency of the new corporation. This company comprised R&PC&I's Armstrong County holdings. The Cowanshannock Coal & Coke Company was also the sole stockholder of the Plum Creek Coal Company. The Yatesboro mines in Cowanshannock Township were the principal operations of the Cowanshannock Coal & Coke Company. A small railway, the Rural Valley Railroad, served the Yatesboro mines and transported the coal to the BR&P Railway line. Most of the coal mined at 53

Yatesboro was sold to George Eastman, the famous camera Mule collar magnate, for use at his New York manufacturing firm. This was the result of Eastman's close friendship with his Rochester, New York neighbor, Lucius Waterman Robinson. The first of the Yatesboro mines opened in 1899 and was named for Arthur G. Yates, then president of the BR&P Railway. The mine continued to produce until 1932. A second opening followed and in 1903 combined production for #1 and #2 totalled 684,515 tons; 846 men were employed in and around the mines. By 1907 the Yatesboro mines had four openings, produced 781,329 tons of coal and employed 998 men. That year, the state mine inspector noted in his report: "(This company) has one of the most modern and complete mining plants in the state. During the year they put in a large electric plant of the alternating current type, run by turbines made by the General Electric Company." According to a report by Guy Kanable, an electrical engineer for the Company during the 1920's and 1930's, electricity was introduced at Yatesboro in 1899 when a 150 KW steam-driven generator was installed at the plant to furnish power for electric haulage locomotives. This was the first electric haulage installed at any of the plants

Miners and their four-footed "buddy," in the days before electric mine haulage. Note that the mule also wears protective headgear. (J. J. Jeffrey) 54

of the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company or its allied companies. At this time, compressed air was still used for pumping and for coal cutting, but haulage at the various mines were rapidly changed to electric. In 1900, electric haulage systems were installed at Walston and Florence. Adrian, London, Sykesville, Trout Run, Eleanora and Helvetia followed in the next year or so. These plants were small and rather inefficient, but were considered modern and up-to-date at that time, and on the whole they operated very satisfactorily. In 1907, the electric haulage system at Yatesboro was considered to be a wonder of modern technology, and mining engineers from all over Pennsylvania visited the plant to study the advantages of electricity in the mining industry. The Yatesboro #5 mine opened in 1909 and had the company town of Numine at its edge. By 1928 Yatesboro #5 was fully developed and had an average daily capacity of 1,500 tons. This mine produced until 1953; the town still exists. Much of the credit for the efficient mining methods The Yatesboro company employed at the Yatesboro mines goes to James H. Craig store, "The Valley Supply," and his son R. J. "Jim" Craig. James Craig, as general circa 1920 (Michael Genchur) manager of the Yatesboro mines, directed both the opening of the mines and the building of the company town at the site. In the 1920's, father and son worked together on the opening of the nearby Margaret mines and the company town at that location. The Margaret mines and the town of Margaret were named for Margaret Patterson Craig, wife of James Craig and mother of Jim Craig. Upon the retirement of James Craig in 1932, his son Jim followed him as general manager of the Cowanshannock Coal & Coke Company and later became the Company's general manager of operations. With Jefferson and Armstrong County operations running smoothly, the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company began the twentieth century by initiating plans for expansion into new territory: Indiana County. To help achieve this end, Company officials formed still more subsidiary corporations to organize new mines as they opened. The first name used by investors for this purpose was "The Jefferson & Clearfield Coal & Iron Company." This company was incorporated in 1896 at the time of the Bell, Lewis & Yates purchase; Lucius Waterman Robinson was appointed general manager on the date of incorporation. The name "Jefferson & Clearfield Coal & Iron Company" 55

Miners' wives and children at Yatesboro, circa 1905 (R. J. Craig)

A Career in Coal Mining The Trout Run mines at Wishaw proved an able training ground for one of R&P's retirees who went to work for the Jefferson & Clearfield Coal & Iron Company 67 years ago. Lawrence J. Redding II, of Indiana, Pennsylvania, began his was used originally to operate certain R&PC&I mines in career in 1914 "outside, on the Jefferson County, including: Trout Run mines #1 and #2 tipple," but went underground a at Wishaw, Soldier #1, #2, and #3 and Sykes Shaft, also at year later. His father, Henry Soldier. Indiana County holdings eventually listed under this Redding, was superintendent at name included all the mines at Ernest and Jacksonville. the mines, and in 1919 Lawrence, after completing two years of After deciding that the Jefferson & Clearfield Coal & military service, returned to Iron Company would be the first subsidiary used in the new Wishaw as his father's assistant. field, R&PC&I officials acted quickly. As had been In March, 1921, Henry Redding predicted in 1899 by the Punxsutawney Spirit, the died, and Lawrence was R&PC&I, by November, 1900, had purchased several appointed to his father's place. thousand acres of Indiana coal lands in addition to acreage At the time of his father's death, Mr. Redding was only 21 acquired in April of that same year. Early in November, years old — the youngest mine Lucius Waterman Robinson came to Indiana in his private superintendent in Pennsylvania. railroad car, the "Ruth," and took a horse and buggy tour He remained at Trout Run until over a portion of the 20,000 acres of coal lands in Young, January, 1923. After that date, he Center, and Armstrong Townships. Thomas Bruce, a continued his career at several of geologist hired by the Company, also had good news to the Company's Indiana County mines. When he retired in 1962, impart after completing testing near Jacksonville. His Mr. Redding was assistant to the in hill!" enthusiastic report read: "Coal every Within days, general manager in charge of the Coal & Iron Company engaged a local attorney, John A. operations. Scott, to begin work on necessary titles and leases for the acres involved. By December, 1900, an Indiana County newspaper reported that the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company had leased 36 more tracts of land in White and Center Townships. The transaction brought the 56

Company 4,495 acres of ground at $25 per acre, or a total of $112,375 for land purchased. The paper informed its readers that all money owed individual property holders would be paid by the R&PC&I within two years, and that terms would be one third cash down. Coal Train The excitement contined when on January, 9, 1901 the of smoke is seen and a A puff Indiana Evening Gazette utilized large type to communicate shrill whistle sounds through the this message: "Other Thousands for Indiana Coal!" With valley. The train moves slowly to toward you with its engine Lucius Waterman Robinson personally on hand "dump laboring under a heavy strain. good money into the hands of Indiana County farmers," the On and on; the cause of this R&PC&I purchased $89,425 worth of coal-bearing land in exertion winds into view. Great Center and White Townships. steel hopper coal cars, all filled In addition to the buying up of new coal lands by the to full measure with bituminous Buffalo, Rochester Pittsburgh coal, the potential force of a Coal & Iron Company, the & nation's industries. Railway generated a great deal of interest in Indiana as it "Coal train," the bystander surveyed for a route southwest from Jefferson County to indifferently if he turns his head serve the new fields. From late in 1900 until February 1901 is of the average kind. rumors flew through the town as citizens speculated on "Coal train," that's all. Simply which route the railroad would finally take. In October, 1900, tons and tons of coal. Where it comes from, he neither knows the Gazette noted that "It Looks Like a New Railroad!" nor cares. Of how it is mined he The paper also reported that the BR&P had awarded a may have an inkling. It is taken contract to Carnegie Steel Corporation for 2,500 tons of from the ground by miners. For steel rails, conclusive evidence that something was afoot. By what is it used? For making steam January, 1901, BR&P surveyors were seen "nosing about for for locomotives, manufacturing Iselin himself, then plants, and creating comfort for a new line." Furthermore, Adrian George mankind. 86 years old, made a trip to Indiana and drove over some of Coal. The gift of a wise the favorable routes for the extension of the railroad. Providence to form the The route finally decided upon by BR&P officials and foundation of the world's wealth. surveyors entered Indiana County at a point near Juneau. (Excerpts from an essay in the there, it traveled through Richmond (Rochester Mills) Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh From Railway Employees' Monthly, on through Marion Center to McKees Mills, future site of February, 1915) Ernest, R&PC&I's first company town in the new territory.

Coal, in the Company's early years, traveled by rail laid down at record speed by crews such as the group pictured here. (Indiana Evening Gazette) 57

Lucius Waterman Robinson: A New Leader for a New Century

m mn July 12, 1899, George E. Merchant resigned the \*r presidency of the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company to become general superintendent of the BR&P Railway. Very likely he considered this a substantial

promotion and probably it was, for at the time, managerial control of the coal company was basically vested in railway officials and investors. On the day of Merchant's resignation, Lucius Waterman Robinson began a 20-year term as chief Lucius Waterman Robinson executive of the Coal & Iron Company. (1855-1935) Robinson came to the Company bearing impressive credentials. He entered the coal fields of Tioga County, Pennsylvania, shortly after his graduation as a mining engineer from the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. On the job, Robinson quickly learned to mine coal and to handle men. Within a few years, he became known as one of the most powerful coal operators in the United States. With his mustache and cane, Robinson brought a certain dash to Company offices. In time, he became a fabulously wealthy man. In fact, upon his death a Rochester, New York newspaper reported that Robinson "has

generally been rated as among the first, if not actually the wealthiest Rochester citizen." Although his main office was located in the Main Street West Building of the BR&P Railway in Rochester, New York, Robinson spent most of his

life near his mining interests. During his presidency, he and his family maintained luxurious homes in several states. Their New York residence was 850 East Avenue, Rochester, where Robinson's "next-door neighbor" was George Eastman, the 58

camera pioneer. Other homes owned by Robinson included a winter retreat at Hobe Sound, Florida, and the majestic "Claypoole Manor" in Indiana County, Pennsylvania. During his long career in the mining industry, colleagues and adversaries alike often experienced the forcefulness of Robinson's personality. One of the earliest stories about him is recorded in the private papers of S. B. Elliott, general manager of Bell, Lewis & Yates at the time of this incident in 1896: On the 23rd of March there was an accident near Punxsutawney, at the Adrian Mine, whereby two men lost their lives and two others were overcome by gas, but were finally resuscitated. Among the

latter was Edwin Robinson, Mr. L. W. Robinson's brother. It appears that a fire occurred in the mine on Sunday night, and the fire gave injury to the boss and mining boss who had been

endeavoring to put it out. Edwin came there just at the dawn of

day, and insisted on going in where it was dangerous, and where he

was warned against it, but he persisted and was overcome, together with two companions who were with him. Others went in to their rescue, but were unable to get them out alive, except that Mr. Robinson himself went in and got out Edwin, and some other parties got out the mine foreman who was brought to life after 12 or 15 hours. Edwin Robinson was unconscious a less length of

time . . . Happily, Edwin recovered and eventually became chief engineer of the BR&P Railway Company. His brother, known as "L. W.," went on to lead the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company into great expansion of both production and coal reserves.

Miners with "danger" board, warning of the gaseous conditions or an unsafe roof within the mine (J. J. Jeffrey) 59

Predictably, when railroad extensions from Jefferson County to Indiana County became a certainty, Robinson lost little time. February 25, 1901 found him in Indiana completing negotiations for another large block of coal lands in White and Blacklick Townships. That evening, he addressed the members of the Indiana Board of Trade. At the meeting, brought to order by its president, the Honorable Judge Harry White, Robinson explained that:

For quite a number of years back I have had an eye on Indiana County. (But) coal under the ground has little intrinsic value; value has to be created. When an aggregation of capital comes in and develops your mineral resources, value is created. (This capital) assists your community in creating value, bringing other industries and reaching out to their communities, so that each one, in whatever station

of life he may be, will glean some benefit. In his address, Robinson also revealed that his company intended to go on "quietly and persistently acquiring a

considerable property" in Indiana County, and that it would require the investment of millions of dollars. Robinson proved true to his word, and by March 27, 1901, local excitement had spread to Pittsburgh, where the Pittsburgh Chronicle Telegraph summed up Indiana County activities: The era of coal purchasing and the promised development of new coal fields has given rise to the necessity for a new railroad in one of the counties of Pennsylvania which so far has been backward in its development on account of the lack of railroad facilities. During the last eighteen months enormous purchases of coal have been made in Indiana County, the investment running up into millions of dollars. Much of this capital has been furnished by WW" the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company, which is estimated to control between 15,000 and 20,000 acres of virgin coal land in the county. This company, which is a corporation closely allied to the Buffalo, Rochester, and Pittsburgh Railway, has been lannv. The C lamp, circa 1890. eagerly acquiring new coal lands all over the county and is still In this design, a glass cylinder leasing. It was with the idea of an early railroad development that is fitted over the gauze. This is seeking a greater these investments were made . . . The R&PC&I particular lamp was field from which to draw its tonnage, and the underdeveloped coal fields manufactured in Manchester, of Indiana County will supply the wants. England, and brought to The estimate of Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron America from Wales by the Pittsburgh newspaper grandfather of Eugene H. Company holdings made by the Jones, R&P's vice president proved to be a conservative one, for by August, 1902, a total in charge of operations. of 40,000 acres comprised Indiana County assets. With the bulk of their coal lands in Indiana County finally deeded to the Company, R&PC&I executives waited anxiously for the completion of the railroad extension while

all of Indiana watched. Tunnel work began in November which 60

would eventually connect Indiana with Punxsutawney, and engineers travelled to Creekside with the purpose of surveying a route to Shelocta. Local interest in the progress of the new railroad at Indiana Branch Local extension ran high. In March, 1903, nearly 300 Indiana Creekside, Pennsylvania, natives took advantage of the fine weather one Sunday and circa 1909 (Paul Pietrak) strolled all the way to Chambersville to see the steam shovel used in construction of the new line. Local impatience to see the completion of the extension was due to the fact that although the Pennsylvania Railroad had preceeded the BR&P into Indiana County, that railroad failed to connect the county seat with nearby towns.

JEFFERSON CO. / PUNXSUTAWNEY

/

INDIANA CO Buffalo, Rochester & "Y Pittsburgh Railway route \A from Jefferson into Indiana County V-. "I .-' 61

A Typical Company Town

m mne result of the sudden boom in Indiana County coal \J mining was the establishment of the company towns which quickly grew up wherever a new mine opened. Beginning with operations in Jefferson County, the need for housing near the mines became imperative since most were located at a distance from previously settled communities. This close association of mine and town lasted well into the 1920's, when the automobile made easy transportation possible. The town of Ernest presents a typical example of the mine-centered, self-contained community. In its position as the first large town of its type in Indiana County, Ernest represents the lifestyle of all the mining families who lived in R&P communities. In addition, many of the town's original inhabitants remain in Ernest today, and still occupy the same house they once rented when the community was company-owned. The following short history of Ernest was, in part, told to the author by the people who lived there. In May, 1903, the rails of the Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railway reached McKees Mills, four miles north of Indiana, furnishing an outlet for the Coal & Iron Company's new fields. When the last spike was driven, members of the Iselin family arrived from New York via special railway coach to conduct an official inspection tour. The visit was evidently a pleasant one, for the name of the town was soon changed from McKees Mills to Ernest, in honor of Ernest Iselin, born in 1876. Ernest shipped its first coal late in May, and by July, 1903, the Company made three additional mine openings. As building materials were needed in huge quantities, a brick works was established at Ernest near McKee's old mill. The R&PC&I under the name Jefferson & Clearfield Coal & Iron Company, employed 400 men at Ernest in May, 1903, but of that number, only 25 were miners. Others worked on the construction of 62

The Ernest tipple and cleaning sidings and tipple. Still more worked at the brickyards and in plant as it appeared in 1965. the construction of the brick powerhouse, boiler house, and The large structure on the machine shop. Additional laborers began grading land in right is the storage bin for the preparation for coke ovens. coke ovens. (W. L. ( offman) W. F. McQuivy, manager of Hyde-Murphy Company of Ridgeway, was awarded the contract for the building of miners' dwellings and the company store. He and his crew finished 156 houses by October 15, 1903, just 120 days from the time construction began. Masons, bricklayers, and carpenters employed at the site ate in a large dining tent where they paid four dollars a week for three meals a day. In all, 1,000 men worked at Ernest in its days of infancy. By December 31, 1903, seven months after the railroad reached the site, the company town stood near completion. The output of its mines for that period totalled 684,161 tons. In 1904, a power plant was constructed at Ernest consisting of large water tube boilers carrying a steam pressure of 150 pounds and equipped with mechanical underfed stokers. The electrical equipment consisted of 300 KW direct connected engine drive sets to provide power for the haulage. A 2,500 cubic ft. cross compound air compressor produced compressed air for mining machines and pumps. Electric motors hauled coal to the steel tipple 63

Loaded coal cars at the Ernest coke ovens. (W. L. Coffman)

where a system of endless chains hoisted it up to be cleaned and graded. By 1906, 1,026 men worked inside the Ernest mines. Of that total, four were mine foremen, 51 machine runners, 237 machine loaders, 51 machine scrapers, nine drivers and runners, 558 miners, one fire boss, and 115 other men working at miscellaneous tasks. The state mine inspector for the year 1906 noted that R&PC&I management kept all four Ernest mines in good condition, and that they were well ventilated by Capell, Robinson, and Clark fans. Many of the miners who settled and worked in Ernest followed the industry from Jefferson County, but others came directly from Europe via New York. Many heard that there was money to be made in the mines, and they arrived from England, Scotland, Wales and Czechoslovakia. Still more came later from Poland, Lithuania, Italy, and other countries. By 1909, 13 different nationalities were represented in Ernest, epitomizing the "melting pot" ideal of

American life. In addition to housing, the growing population needed other buildings. In 1905 the R&PC&I built a two-story public school and a community hall furnished with complete kitchen facilities. Churches were centers of community 64

activities from the beginning. In 1905, Amos Cravener organized the American Sunday School Union. In 1909, aided by the coal company, the congregation built a frame structure named the Union Church to denote the fact that several protestant denominations were included in the parish. The Roman Catholics built their church in 1911.

Unfortunately, fire destroyed the building and it was replaced in 1919 by the brick structure presently in use. Church suppers, both protestant and catholic, provided a source of fellowship in the community and were attended by all faiths. A brief look at some events in the daily lives of residents of Ernest indicates a lifestyle similar to that of other mining communities within the same time period. Given the variety of national backgrounds found among coal town residents, many of the town's social occasions were of ethnic origins. "Ducking Day," for example, probably came to Ernest with the Poles. Practiced on the first Monday and Tuesday after Easter, this harmless spring ritual consisted of men and women, on alternate days, attempting to douse each other

with pails of water. The religious meaning of this sport, if any, has been lost in time, but many in Ernest fondly remember "Ducking Day" as part of the town's past. In another ethnic festival, the Scottish contingent in Ernest had their day on January 25, the birthday of their beloved poet Robert Burns. Each year on this date the Scots held a festive celebration at the community hall. A dance orchestra, composed of members of the community, played to a full house as Scots, Italians, Russians, Lithuanians, Czechs, and representatives of several other nationalities joined together to commemorate the birth of the great Scottish literary figure. In 1906, the R&PC&I, under the name J&CC&I, made another mine opening at nearby Fulton Run. According to several retired miners who were born in Ernest, some of the houses at Fulton Run originally stood along the "top row" (towards Indiana) in Ernest. When the mine opening was made in Fulton Run, the houses were dismantled, moved to the new site "by railroad," and rebuilt. Within a few years, Fulton Run also had its own school building. While many of the original houses have been razed, the company store still stands at Fulton Run, and a few of the town's original "settlers" remain. In the 1920's and 1930s R&P sponsored a baseball league made up of players from each of the mining towns in 65

Ernest ball team circa 1930, part of the Rochester & Pittsburgh league (Vincent "Runt" O'Hara) both Indiana and Jefferson Counties. Each coal town had a team headed by a manager appointed by the Company superintendent. Enthusiasm ran so high that preference in hiring miners was given to those who were good ball players so that the teams could be improved. Former residents of R&P coal towns carry fond memories of those exciting days. Whole communities became "ghost towns" when a team went to play against a neighboring community, as every able-bodied soul followed to see the game. "Zip" Zentner, "Power House" King, "Rabbits" Bernard, Mario "Romeo" Romoli, "Cofy" Davis, "Runt" O'Hara, and Lou Calvetti are only a few in the long roster of talented ball players who thrilled the crowds in those bygone days. Costs of maintaining the ball teams, before the advent of the United Mine Workers, were underwritten by a 50

R&P mine rescue team at difficult and dangerous, and inevitable clashes took place Ernest, circa 1930. Pictured between Company and employees. But memories and left to right are William records reveal that in the hey-day of the mining towns, the Northover, Chuck Bush, Duane Jones, Pete Gottardi, R&PC&I and its labor force enjoyed long periods of 'Timer" Gearhart, Willard harmony. As early as July 2, 1908, at a Board of Directors' "Nook" McQuown, Ralph meeting, R&PC&I executives authorized the treasurer to Chapman, and Pat Loughney. "set aside out of the earnings of the Company for the year which ended June 30, 1903, the sum of $25,000 as an accident insurance fund for the benefit of men injured in the employ of the Company." The Coal & Iron Company maintained a doctor's office in each mining town; a qualified physician and his nurse stood ready around the clock in case of illness or accident. Popular folklore may preserve an image of the company store taking unfair advantage of coal town residents, but in Ernest and other R&PC&I communities, memories are different. People who lived in Ernest during the 1920's and 67

1930's say that better quality shoes, clothing, household items and groceries could not be found anywhere in Indiana County. Ernest citizens were not forced to buy at the company store, but with only the hourly street-car to Indiana for transportation, trading in one's hometown seemed more practical.

In the spring and fall a tailor set up shop in the store, taking orders and measurements for Sunday suits. Many older people in Ernest remember that on the evening before the Fourth of July, the store sent around a clerk to take special orders for a once-a-year treat — ice cream, which arrived early on the holiday morning packed in dry ice. In addition to food and clothing, each miner bought his own tools, dynamite, and cap lamp carbide at the same place. During its peak years, the Ernest company store employed two butchers and six clerks. With a post office as part of its services, the store made a fine place for neighbors to meet and discuss current events. The more enterprising citizens of Ernest supplemented their company store orders with flocks of chickens, an occasional pig, and large well-tended gardens. These vegetable patches filled every available inch of space around the house; one long-time dweller in Ernest recalls that when she and her family moved to the town in the early 1900's "there wasn't a blade of grass to be seen!" Beginning with the depression years, the R&PC&I held garden contests with cash prizes offered for the best display in each Indiana County coal town.

The R&PC&I also constructed public schools in its communities; in Ernest, the school was built in 1905. In 1936 Ernest's parish priest, Father Emilio Farri, directed the building of a parochial school as well as a convent to house the nuns who came there to teach. R&P supplied free coal to both schools, as well as to all other public facilities; male graduates of the Ernest school system remember filling the scuttles on frosty mornings. Many of the town's sons and daughters have gone on to college; Ernest has produced 14 Flame safety lamp of the teachers, 11 registered nurses, eight clergymen and three 1930s. Modern versions of physicians, as well as a coal company president. Several this lamp are still used today families are proud to say that their sons have gone into the in mines to test for explosive gases and insufficient oxygen. mines; many second generation miners work for the R&P as their fathers did before them. The mines at Ernest continued to produce a good grade of bituminous coal throughout the 1950's, but in the 1960's, 68

R&P began to taper off the operation. The Ernest mine closed in 1965. The Company attempted to mitigate the economic shock to the community by relocation of as many Ernest miners as possible. Some men found employment in other mines, while some went to the University to work, or found jobs with other Indiana County industries. Other men were ready for retirement and took their pensions. The public school and the company store no longer stand at Ernest, and the community hall has been torn down. But Ernest, unlike some old coal towns, is experiencing a period of revitalization. The houses are well known for their sound construction. Many older persons who came to Ernest in the town's early days still live there, often in the same homes in which they "went to housekeeping." Instead of the uniform grey paint, however, many of the houses presently seen at Ernest sport bright exterior colors and aluminum siding. Younger couples on limited budgets are coming to live in Ernest, drawn by both the modest price tags of the houses and by the friendly atmosphere prevalent in the town. Today, Ernest is incorporated as a borough with its own

water system. If present developments are any indication, it seems reasonable to predict that within a few years the former coal town will complete its transformation from mining town to modern community.

The Ernest company store circa 1910 (Michael Genchur) 69

1903 1910: Mines at Iselin and Lucerne

/n February, 1903, the Indiana Evening Gazette announced that the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company had purchased still another new coal field, this time in Armstrong and Young Townships. As a result of this latest transaction, an additional $500,000 had been "dropped into the laps of Indiana Countians." The newspaper informed its readers that the Company intended to open new mines in that area as soon as a branch of the BR&P could be built from Ernest through the new territory. The new mines in this group eventually included those at Iselin, Hart Town, Big Run and the notorious Whiskey Run. In 1903 another subsidiary company, the Pittsburgh Gas Coal Company, was incorporated for this new group of mines. In addition to coal mines, the Pittsburgh Gas Coal Company also operated a profitable field of gas wells. Soon, work on the railroad branch was underway, and by the end of May, 1903, 400 men were settled into several work camps along the proposed route between Parkwood and West Lebanon. Less than one year later, in January, 1904, the tracks of the BR&P reached West Lebanon, and a steel bridge was completed over Crooked Creek in Shelocta. In March, the first scheduled train traveled over the Elder's Ridge Branch. The regular Punxsutawney to Ernest train, after reaching Ernest in the morning, went back to Ridge Junction at Creekside, and from there chugged out to Iselin. The first mines on the new branch of the BR&P were located one mile southeast of Elder's Ridge. Both the mines and proposed company town were appropriately named Iselin. By August, 1903, two drift mines operated at the site under the supervision of Richard Smith, the first superintendent. Attracted by the high coal of Iselin's six foot Pittsburgh seam, 42 miners came in the initial months and the number of men grew steadily. Houses at Iselin were built by the Hyde-Murphy 70

Company of Ridgeway, who, at the same time, were completing the town of Ernest. In June, 1904, Charles Rowe secured a contract for a hotel building at Iselin. The three-story structure contained 39 rooms and cost $9,000. Soon a school, theater building, and brick company store added the final touches to the town. By the end of 1908, total employment at Iselin rose to 1,203 men, and by the close of 1910 to 1,695. As the native population of Indiana County could not possibly meet the demands of this sudden need for labor, immigrants arrived constantly in the newly completed town. In time, additional mines opened along the Ridge Branch of the BR&P. Iselin #4 mine was known locally as Nesbit Run. A tiny village stood at the opening, although today not a single house remains. The Pittsburgh Gas Coal Company also operated two small mines at nearby Big Run; these mines were named Fritz #1 and #2 after the farmer on whose land the coal was found. For many years, there was a mine maintenance school, an extension of Penn State University, on the site of the Big Run mines. The building used by the Penn State students was constructed by the Joy Manufacturing Company, who at one time used Fritz #1 and The Iselin company store as it #2 to test and perfect new mining equipment. Presently, the appeared in 1917 (Caroline mine maintenance school is located in the nearby town of Kaminski) Elder's Ridge. Undoubtedly, the most colorful of the early R&PC&I towns was Whiskey Run. The mines operated at Whiskey Run were actually Iselin mines #3 and #5. Mining communities were quickly built around each opening; the main town of Whiskey Run lay at mine #3. Across a small

hill, another village grew up around mine #5; locals called this

extension of Whiskey Run "Hart Town," to distinguish it from Whiskey Run #3. Hart Town was built on the site of an Indiana County landmark, Joseph Hart's farm and woolen mill. Taken together, the two sections of the town had a total of 62 houses by 1931. A doctor's office and a barber shop added accoutrements of civilization to the community. Whiskey Run, situated in a little valley about 12 miles from Indiana, was known at one time as Reed, and allegedly acquired its later name during the days of prohibition. As was the case in many communities at that time, Reed had in operation quite a thriving bootlegging business. One day, word reached the town of Reed that government officials, commonly called "revenuers," were on their way with lawful 71

intents. When local bootleggers heard this, they proceded to dispose of their brew by dumping it into the creek that ran through the town. From that time on, Reed was known as "Whiskey Run." At the time of its founding in 1906, Whiskey Run seemed little different from its parent town of Iselin, five VOLUME 17.— NO. 100. miles away. But within a few months the town began to attract attention with its own brand of lawlessness. In an age MYSTERY I accustomed to small-town crimes and Saturday-night drinking bouts, this little community soon became a byword IN for coal town violence. WHISKEY Beginning with a 1907 Gazette headline reading "Two Men Fall in a Pistol Duel," the town's sinister reputation MURDER grew as steadily as its mines. By 1926, an estimated 22 " unsolved murders, supposedly at the instigation of the Authorities Searching infamous Black Hand Society, took place within the confines for Two Men Accused '.f of Whiskey Run. of Killing Carmelo Ros- Walter G. Patterson, whose grandfather conducted so and Wounding Dom Methodist Sunday School classes at Whiskey Run, worked enick Moriana. night shift at the Whiskey Run power station after his return 7 from World War I. Mr. Patterson writes: DEVELOPMENTS

My uncle . . . never went to work without a revolver that he carried

in a shoulder holster. It was here that the coal miners who had

grievances with the Company would sit high on a hill and with thine in '•'• I j high-powered rifles shoot at the men as they entered and left their in work. When trouble started, the Pennsylvania State Police would i Will send an officer to the town. When the State Police officer rode his horse down the streets of the town, peace would prevail, and the A typical Whiskey Run officer was respected and welcomed by both workers and the murder was reported in the owners. Indiana Evening Gazette, In spite of all the activity of a non-mining nature which February 21, 1921. took place during the early years at Whiskey Run, the mines at the location had a daily capacity of 1,000 tons of coal. The mines which operated under the name Pittsburgh Gas Coal Company, also known as the "Iselin Field," were relatively short-lived operations. The mines at Whiskey Run were abandoned in December, 1929. The mines at Nesbit Run followed; coal was last mined at that location in May, 1928. Today, not a single house remains at the site of all the violence, and only a green and white township sign reading "Whiskey Run Road," marks the spot for passersby. The mines at Iselin closed in 1935. Today, R&P maintains a modern surface mine near the original site. The town of Iselin is still an active community. As in Ernest, much of the life of the citizens revolves around the 72

community's churches. The old company store, solidly built of brick, was in use until recently as a community center. The Company doctor's house is now being used as a private home. As in all of the existing R&P company towns, many of the old homes have been remodeled and are serving as family dwellings. Despite round-the-clock efforts by the Hyde-Murphy Company, the supply of company houses at Iselin could not keep pace with the rapid growth of the town's population. Victor Fello, a resident of Iselin, recalls his first view of the town when he arrived in America from Hungary in 1911:

There were over 200 houses then, but at least 1,000 people. Every street was filled, and every family had at least a dozen boarders! Every room was a bedroom. Every room was full of beds and men would crawl in as soon as another man crawled out to go to work!

The end of World War I, however, with its resulting decline in the demand for coal, caused many miners to seek other occupations. Thereafter, the population of Iselin stabilized and the crowded conditions became unnecessary. In March, 1907, another new Indiana County mine opened five miles south of Indiana, on the extension of the line of the BR&P. In September, 1908, the Indiana Evening Gazette noted that machinery had been bought for the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company's "new plant, to be called Lucerne after a beautiful Swiss City." At that time, R&PC&I officials awarded a $6,000 contract to the Punxsutawney Foundry and Machine Company for 75 tons of machinery for a proposed power plant. "The Lucerne mine," the paper reported, "is entered through a shaft and a tunnel. The shaft is 180 feet deep, and the tunnel is 300 feet long." The mines at Lucerne were especially designed and equipped to mine coal below water level.

The town of Lucerne quickly grew in size until it rivaled Ernest. By 1928, the community boasted 50 single houses, 195 double houses, a doctor's office, and a large steel grandstand to contain the crowd who came to see Lucerne's famous baseball team in action. The efficiency of the Lucerne mining operation was

particularly evident during World War I, when United States requirements of coal accelerated sharply. In 1917, for example, 1,500 men worked at Lucerne in three continuous shifts at the operation's three openings. The first opening, a drift, extended north and was located about one-half mile east of the tipple. Another 73

opening, not far from the first, extended south, while the third opening was the shaft one-half mile west of the tipple. At the bottom of the shaft, two-ton cars were hauled by electric motors to the main headings, where as many as 50 cars were coupled together for haulage to the tipple. Then, the coal was raised by a steam hoist, which easily handled the cars, and was designed so that while coal was being brought to the surface, two empty cars were lowered into

the mine. With this arrangement, it was possible to handle six cars, or 12 tons of coal, per minute.

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At the tipple, the coal was dumped into a feeder, Lucerne tipple interior, circa delivered to shaking screens, and sized. Then, the coal was 1910, with "picking crew" at work removing slate from distributed onto one of four picking belts, each belt being 120 coal feet long and four feet wide. At the belts, "boney pickers" removed slate and sulphur from a steady stream of coal destined for markets as far away as upper New York State and Canada. Throughout the years of Lucerne's existence as a mining plant, the production of coal remained of the utmost importance at the site. But among mining engineers across the country, it was the central powerhouse at Lucerne that attracted attention. In 1903, a large power plant was constructed at Ernest, and the following year at Iselin. But, in a few short years, as mines developed and working places were more distant from the power plants, losses in transmitting electricity became enormous. As mining in Indiana County expanded, R&PC&I officials decided to construct a central power station. The plant was built at Lucerne in 1910 and put into operation the next year. At the same time, several Goodman electric cutting machines were purchased for Lucerne on an experimental basis. In time, all R&PC&I mines were electrified, and both compressed air cutting machines and the lowly mule became of part of the industry's past. The original power plant at Lucerne consisted of two 25-cycle turbo-generators, twelve 500 HP tube boilers, and a 2,500 cubic foot steam-driven compressor. The 25-cycle power, while it allowed less line losses, created a slightly flickering light which was noticeable to persons accustomed to 60-cycle electricity. Gradually, individual power plants at the various mines were discontinued, and by 1920 the Lucerne power plant furnished power to all R&PC&I mines in Indiana County.

In 1922, improvements in the plant made it possible for the Ernest transmission lines to be extended to Yatesboro in Armstrong County, and the individual powerhouse there was also discontinued. The Helvetia mines in Clearfield County, however, continued to utilize their own power system. In addition to supplying electricity for its own mines, the The original Lucerne power Lucerne power plant also helped provide power for the plant as it appeared in 1910 Indiana Street Railway system on its route to Indiana. The power plant, a marvel in its day, continued in operation until

August, 1964, as it became more feasible for R&P to purchase power from the Pennsylvania Electric Company 76

than to rebuild and modernize the old system. Closing down required over a year, as mining operations had to be converted from 25 -cycle to 60-cycle power. Frequency changers were installed to handle the 25-cycle motors at the cleaning plant; these units were removed in 1974. As one of the last of the large, individual, 25-cycle plants, the closing of the Lucerne power plant represented the end of an era. Another special feature of the mining plant at Lucerne was its cleaning plant and loading tipple which, by 1948,

The drift mouth of Lucerne #1, circa 1906 77

could process 7,500 tons of raw coal per day. After being cleaned, the processed coal was conveyed to the loading

tipple where workers loaded it into railroad cars for shipment over both the B&O and Pennsylvania Railroads. In 1952 R&P completed a battery of 264 beehive coke ovens at Lucerne; Indiana County residents who traveled along Route 119 can recall seeing these ovens in operation. The coke made at Lucerne was of a superior grade, and in great demand for the blast furnace reduction of ore to pig iron. In December, 1957, R&P sold the ovens to Shenango Incorporated. This firm operated the industry until October, 1972. The original Lucerne mine #1 closed in 1929, #2 in 1943, and #3 which produced coal for 60 years, closed in 1967.

The Lucerne coke ovens seen from above, 1955 (The Johnstown Tribune- Democrat)

Lucerne #1 and #2 78

Indiana County: 11 "A Great Coal Center

^^hortly after the introduction of the R&PC&I into Indiana ^r County, Company executives made two major policy changes. The first decision concerned the relationship of the coal company and the BR&P Railway. Until 1906, the Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railway continued to own all the stock of the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company. But in November of that year, in anticipation of the effective date of the amendment of the Interstate Commerce Act which prohibited railroads from transporting

commodities in which they had an interest, it transferred its interest in the stock of the mining company to the Mahoning Investment Company which was formed for this purpose. Then, the stock of the Mahoning Investment Company was distributed to the stockholders of the Railway as a dividend. The shares of R&PC&I stock were held in the name of the Union Trust Company of New York (as trustees) and the Mahoning Investment Company directors appointed "Messrs. An "eight-hour" hand-held carbide lamp which also A. Iselin and Company as fiscal transfer agents." In 1928 the featured a hook for hanging Van Sweringen brothers of Cleveland acquired the Iselins' controlling interest in the railway company. As the Van Sweringens represented the New York Central Railroad, however, the sale was later rejected by the Interstate Commerce Commission due to the extensive mining interests of the New York Central. The BR&P, therefore, was sold to the B&O Railroad Company in 1928, and became the Buffalo division of that railroad. Directors and executives of the R&PC&I made another corporate decision in May, 1907, when the Mahoning Investment Company formed a subsidiary company. This subsidiary company, with a capital stock of $100,000 was created for the purpose of purchasing and operating the company stores formerly owned by Frederick W. Yates and D. H. Mclntyre. Mahoning Investment Company stores used various other names according to the company town in 79

which they operated. Some of these names included: Trader Supply, Jefferson Supply, Valley Supply, and Mahoning Supply. After the sale of R&P company towns in the late 1940 s, the stores were sold to private individuals. The dimensions of the decisions made in 1906 and 1907 reflected the growing status of the Coal & Iron Company as the prosperity of the new Ernest, Lucerne, and Iselin mines made the corporation a vital part of Indiana County industry. Due to the opening of the R&PC&I operations, Indiana "now ranked with the leaders in the field of bituminous coal production," according to a July 22, 1908, Indiana Evening Gazette article. In 1903, for example, the year before the Ernest mines began production, the entire coal output of the County totalled only 1,255,376 tons annually. But in 1909, only six years later, the Report of the Department of Mines noted that the total number of tons mined in the County had expanded to 3,588,861. Such a production increase provided employment for hundreds of Indiana County men as well as contributing to the success of the Coal & Iron Company. In fact, the July 19, 1910 issue of the Gazette noted that, in preparation for a new mine opening at Lucerne, 50 additional houses were under construction. The paper went on to state

Carbide cap lamp (right) and carbide containers (center and left) for carrying extra carbide into the mine. The first U.S. patent for a carbide lamp was taken out in 1900. Bv the World War II era, this method of underground illumination was replaced bv battery-powered electric lamps in all but the smallest mines. 80

that as a result of the new building boom, the R&PC&I had employed 50 more men from the town of Indiana. Carpenters, masons, and bricklayers commuted daily from Indiana to Lucerne by streetcar, ultimately adding to the prosperity of Indiana storekeepers. "More Indiana men are now at work at Lucerne than there are employed in Indiana!" informed the Gazette, and predicted correctly that when the new mine opening was completed, the R&PC&I would

require at least another 100 men to operate it. In addition to the local newspaper, statewide mining reports also testified to the progress of the Coal & Iron Company during its first six years in Indiana County. The Report of the Department of Mines for the year 1909 states: "The Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company continues to lead in the production of coal and coke in this district." In 1909 the number of mines in the district totalled 76. That year the district included Indiana, Jefferson, Armstrong, and Clearfield Counties. There were 2,282,601 tons of coal mined by the R&PC&I in 1909; not included in this statistic were the Cowanshannock Coal & Coke Company with 818,599 tons, and the Jefferson & Clearfield Coal & Iron Company with 794,952 tons. By the middle of 1909, Coal & Iron Company officials entered into negotiations for still more coal lands, this time in the Young Township area. The proposed coal field, known locally as the "Jacksonville Field," created still more economic stimulus for residents of Indiana County. The Indiana Evening Gazette announced in November, 1909 that the R&PC&I, under the name "Jefferson & Clearfield Coal & Iron Company," had purchased 4,100 acres of land north of Jacksonville, which "meant small fortunes for Indiana County landowners." More land was purchased later from the Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corporation and added to the original territory. New coal lands required potential transportation and by January of the following year the Gazette revealed that the BR&P Railway had made plans to build a "spur" to reach the property. In July, 1910, railroad plans had become reality, and the BR&P was busily securing options on land from Parkwood to Jacksonville so that track could be laid. Meanwhile, in anticipation of the miners who would come to work in the new mines, the R&PC&I began construction of a town at the site three miles above Jacksonville. Events progressed rapidly, and in August, 1910, the newspaper announced in a 81

Jacksonville Coal Field

headline: "A New Town Has Sprung Up!" As well as the houses built by the Company, several old houses were moved to the location by train from deserted mining villages in Jefferson County. Work was started the same month on the company store and other buildings needed by the mining operation. The railroad spur progressed as planned; track was laid to the tipple which had been erected earlier in the summer. People who lived in the Jacksonville area eagerly awaited the opening of the mines, and were not disappointed in their hopes that the vicinity was destined to become "a great coal center." September, 1910, saw a building boom in full swing at Jacksonville, and the railroad spur was completed. More houses were built with the Company's customary speed; 82

contracts had been awarded to a number of builders so that the work "could be rushed as rapidly as possible." By late fall, 1910, not quite a year after the Gazette had announced the R&PC&I's major acquisitions in that area, the paper printed this story: JACKSONVILLE FIELD PROVES ITS WORTH

. . . coal is now being taken out of the mines of the BR&P (sic) company at Jacksonville. The new mines are turning out about ten cars of good coal per day. About ten of the fifty new houses have been completed and miners from other workings of the company are moving to the town near Jacksonville. A large force of workmen is now engaged in getting the tracks and outside workings of the mines in the best condition before cold weather. The newspaper went on to say that the new mines near Jacksonville received their power over transmission lines from Lucerne, and expressed the hope that when the houses were completed and more miners arrived, the output of the mines would double. By 1911 the two new mines near Jacksonville were officially recognized and included in the yearly inspection by the Pennsylvania Department of Mines. The 1911 report

observed: "These are new mines, . . . ventilation and drainage is good." So was the tonnage. For the first full year of production, which ended December 31, 1911 the two mines produced a total of 209,431 tons of coal and employed 258 men. The same year, the R&PC&I began formulating plans for additional mine openings at another site two miles from Jacksonville. In May, 1912, the Company awarded a contract to the Hyde-Murphy Company for the construction of 50 houses at the location. The mines opened there that year were known officially as Jacksonville #3 and #4. Several months later, mine #5 was opened along Aultman's Run. Ten houses were built for the men who mined #5; separate from the main town of Aultman, the houses were known locally as "The Ten Commandments." In December, 1912, the two new coal towns stood near completion, and received names, as this Gazette article informed its readers:

On Tuesday morning, according to schedule, the first (passenger) train went into the old quiet village of Jacksonville, on the BR&P spur from the Indiana branch. For the first time, that village, which has enjoyed a Sunday-like quietness for the past 112 years, heard the whistle of a train and saw a train of cars enter its limits ....

. . . along the (new railroad spur) are five mines, all of them of large proportions, with perhaps the largest tipple at the new town of 83

Aultman. The combined output of the five mines will add a large volume to the coal mined annually by the R&P Coal and Iron Company. The article stated the first of the new mining towns had been named Mclntyre, very likely in honor of D. H. Mclntyre, while the second town, two miles from Jacksonville, had been called Aultman for the stream which ran nearby. Hopes for the productiveness of the mines were realized within the next few years. By 1916, annual production at Mclntyre reached 406,088 tons; the mines at Aultman exceeded that figure; 462,142 tons of coal were shipped from the site. A 1928 appraisal of R&PC&I property reveals that the town of Mclntyre expanded with the rate of production. That year, 55 double and 17 single frame houses made up the town, which covered 72 acres. Other buildings included a doctor's office, two tipples, a repair shop, and a barn. Productiveness of the mines at Mclntyre in 1928 was estimated at a daily capacity of 1,600 tons and a yearly capacity of 400,000 tons of coal. The town and mining plant at Aultman in the late 1920's covered 187 acres, had 41 double houses, 82 single houses, a doctor's office, community hall, and two mine foreman's Mclntyre portal circa #1, 1940 houses. The mines had a daily capacity of 2,000 tons and a yearly capacity of 500,000 tons of coal. The Aultman mines closed in the late 1920's. In 1931, the Mclntyre mines began operating under the name Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company. Thereafter, Mclntyre #1 and #2 were renamed Kent #1 and #2. Kent #1 closed in July, 1952; Kent #2 closed in January, 1963. Another small mine near the site, known as Kent #2A, opened in 1952; coal from that mine was trucked to the Kent #1 and #2 cleaning plant. Kent #2A closed in May, 1959. The Coal Run Mining Company also had interests in the Jacksonville field, and made its first shipment on January 16, 1913. However, this operation was privately owned by Lucius Waterman Robinson, who at the time was still president of R&P. A company town grew up around these mines too, and was located between Mclntyre and Aultman on the new branch of the BR&P. Nearly 75 houses made up the town formerly known as the Clune Post Office and appropriately named Coal Run. Eventually ten deep mines and a surface mine were operated at the site. In 1914, one year after opening, the first three mines at Coal Run produced 103,101 tons of coal and employed 194 84

men. The Coal Run Mining Company officially became part of R&P in 1931, and after that date the former Coal Run Mines used the name "Kent" in their titles. The name "Kent" was derived from a family connection of the Iselins with the County of Kent, England. Kent #7, however, was formerly known as the "Harriet" mine, in honor of the wife of Lucius Waterman Robinson, Jr. Although the old R&P mines in Jacksonville no longer produce coal, the three former company towns continue to exist. The homes in these communities are for the most part privately owned; one of the "Ten Commandments," however, has been destroyed by fire. Piles of "boney" add dark hills to the local landscape, reminders of the days when Miners, company store the "Jacksonville Field," and the R&P Coal Company made clerks, and the company store manager gathered for this the area one of the leading bituminous coal centers of central photo at Coal Run in 1913. Pennsylvania. 85

November 23, 1927: The Rochester & Pittsburgh 1 Coal Company'

M m^ January 1, 1913, R&PC&I officers and investors \J incorporated still another company, the Brush Creek Coal Mining Company, to develop lands owned in Center Township in Indiana County. The coal in this "Brush Creek Field," though relatively high in sulphur and ash content, was considered to be efficient for steam purposes. The Robinson family held approximately one-third of a total of 12,500 shares of stock in this new company. As Lucius Waterman Robinson was president of R&PC&I at the time of Brush Creek's organization, two of the new mining towns, Waterman and Luciusboro, were named in his honor. The two remaining sites and their company towns were named Coy and Snyder, for J. B. Coy and William and John Snyder, whose properties had been bought by the Brush Creek Mining Company to form the nucleus of the operation.

On May 7, 1913, work began on the actual opening of Snyder #1, first of the Brush Creek group of mines to begin production. Heyl & Patterson Company of Pittsburgh began construction of the tipple on July 14. Workmen laid tracks under the completed tipple, and on September 22, 1913, the first coal was dumped into a waiting BR&P railroad car. Two additional mines quickly followed Snyder #1, and by the end of the first year the Company built a 24' x 36' substation at the terminal of R&PC&I's transmission line from the Lucerne power plant. The total cost of the substation and its equipment exceeded $12,000. Feeder lines were run from the Snyder substation to the Coy, Waterman #1 ("B" seam), and Luciusboro sites, and supplied power to all subsequent 86

Brush Creek mines. By 1928, the capacity of the three mines at Snyder totalled 1,000 tons daily; an annual capacity of 250,000 tons was estimated. The Brush Creek Mining Company opened its Coy #1 mine on May 15, 1913. Heyl & Patterson began work on the construction of the tipple on July 9, and by September 10, an amazingly short time later, the first coal was loaded into railroad cars for shipment. In 1914, the first full year of production, 110 men worked at Coy #1 and produced 118,783 tons of coal. In 1918, a second mine opened at the location. A unique aspect of the Brush Creek mines was that due to the proximity of the mine openings, the miners' houses were located as to be available for any of the mines with the exception of Luciusboro. The first of the towns was built at Coy, where 23 double frame houses stood by 1928. Many of the miners from Snyder lived in Coy, while other men commuted the short distance from Indiana and Homer City. In May, 1913, workmen began the Waterman #1 ("B" seam) mine opening in the Brush Creek Field. The Hyde-Murphy Company started construction on the first houses in July. The town continued to grow, and by 1930, 60 double houses comprised the community. By 1914, Waterman had both passenger and freight service as BR&P tracks were completed. In the extreme southeast of the Brush Creek Field is the town of Luciusboro, where mine #1 opened in August, 1913 on the Henry Fritz, McFeaters, and Duncan farms. A smaller mine than Coy #1, Luciusboro produced 71,212 tons of coal in its first full year of existence. Luciusboro was planned as a duplicate of Waterman, and eventually grew to a total of 51 single and 26 double houses, a community hall, doctor's office, and First Ad House. Annual capacity of the mines at Luciusboro by 1928 was estimated at 125,000 tons of coal. The R&PC&I, using the name Tide Coal Mining Company, operated additional mines in the Brush Creek Field. Tide holdings were situated southeast of the Lucerne mines near Homer City and adjoined the Lucerne property as well as the mines of the Brush Creek Coal Mining Company. The Tide Coal Mining Company made its first shipment on July 9, 1913. By the next year, two mines operated at the location and had an annual production of 93,377 tons. The town of Tide stood at the opening technically known as Waterman #2, where 25 double and 87

four single dwellings housed miners and their families. Early in 1913 the Tide Coal Mining Company built a 20' x 26' substation with a 200 KW rotary converter, transformers, and switchboard to receive electrical power from Lucerne, two miles distant. The cost of the substation and its equipment totalled $9,000. The mines in the Brush Creek Field produced from 1913 until the 1950's. The operations at Coy and Luciusboro closed in 1930; Snyder was abandoned in 1932. Waterman #2 closed and was permanently abandoned on April 12, 1954. Most of the houses in the former company towns remain and are now privately owned. The opening of the Brush Creek and Tide groups of mines in 1913 added still another stimulus to the economic life of Indiana County, and, following in the footsteps of his father, Adrian Iselin, Jr. showed a deep interest in the community where the new mines were situated. Adrian Iselin, Jr. is gratefully remembered even today in Indiana County for his gift of the Indiana County General Hospital. The facility, dedicated on October 29, 1914, was presented to the people of Indiana in memory of his first wife, Louise Caylus Iselin. Hyde-Murphy Company built the hospital under the direction of the Iselin family. Miss Georgine Iselin, sister of Adrian Iselin, Jr., donated all furnishings, including beds, linens, and the latest in surgical equipment. The hospital, which accommodated 45 beds, cost $125,000. Miss Iselin's personal contribution totalled $16,000. In addition, Indiana County residents gave another $16,000 for the purchase of the

Indiana Hospital, Indiana, Pennsylvania, donated to the county by Adrian Iselin, Jr. (Charlotte Armstrong) 88

56 acre hospital site. The newly appointed hospital Board of Directors dedicated $9,000 more for grading and installation of water and electric lines. The official dedication of the new hospital generated considerable excitement in the community, as Indiana Countians always enjoyed a glimpse of the celebrated Iselin family. The October 29, 1914 edition of the Gazette carried the details: A special railroad car arrived at the Indiana Station of the BR&P last evening at 5:00. Aboard the train were W. T. Noonan, L. W. Robinson, Adrian Iselin, Jr., Columbus O'Donnell Iselin, Ernest Iselin, and the wives of the Iselin gentlemen; Miss Georgine Iselin, who was responsible for the elegant equipment of the Hospital, the Misses Iselin, and Mr. and Mrs. Kane. Members of the Board of Directors and their wives, several subscribers to the Hospital Fund and representatives of the local newspaper boarded the train and were introduced to the distinguished guests. While the train moved to the "Y" to allow the evening passenger train from Punxsutawney to discharge its passengers, the ladies of the party served tea and wafers to the lady guests from this place, while the gentlemen were the guests at a little informal smoker. This morning, the Iselins and their party made a trip of inspection to Lucerne, returning to Indiana at 12:30 and shortly afterwards in automobiles were conveyed to the Hospital for the dedication. The visitors left later in the evening for Rochester, New York. The dedication of the Indiana Hospital symbolized the permanence of the relationship between the R&PC&I and the area which now comprised its greatest holdings. After the opening of the Brush Creek and Tide mines, no major changes took place at the R&PC&I until 1919. That year, the Company decided upon both a new president and a new office building. Hr* -..T When Lucius Waterman Robinson officially resigned his 20-year term as president of the R&PC&I on January 29, 1919, the torch was passed to Benjamin McCreight Clark. B. M. Clark, as he was known, ascended to the presidency following two years as vice president and general solicitor of

the Company. At the time, it was generally conceded that B. M. Clark was the best known mining man in the The mining town of bituminous coal regions of western Pennsylvania. To have Waterman, named for Lucius gained such a reputation among his colleagues implies the Waterman Robinson possession of unusual intellectual and personal abilities. Clark was born on January 5, 1865 in the old "American Hotel" at Brookville, and acquired his education in the public schools of the borough. During his youth he clerked for two years in the National Bank of Brookville, but he felt an 89

inclination for the law. He entered his father's law office and studied with his father and his partner, Mr. Jenks, until he was admitted to the bar in 1891. When Jenks retired, young B. M. was taken into the firm, which became known as Clark, Means, and Clark. The partners remained in practice together until the death of Means in 1903. In April of the same year, Clark moved to Punxsutawney and accepted the position of general solicitor for the Rochester & Pittsburgh and the Jefferson & Clearfield Coal & Iron Companies, for whom he had been doing legal work since his student days. In 1916, he became vice president of the companies, and from that position assumed the presidency on January 29, 1919. In addition to his office with the R&PC&I, Mr. Clark also served a term as president of the Bituminous Coal Operators of Central Pennsylvania. After completing his tenure as president of the R&PC&I, Clark remained as Chairman of the Board of the Company until his death in 1934. As president of the R&PC&I, one of B. M. Clark's first acts of office was the transfer of Company offices from Buffalo, Rochester, and Punxsutawney to their present Benjamin McCreight Clark location at 655 Church Street, Indiana, Pennsylvania. In July, 1919, the Gazette printed this short article describing all the details. The Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal and Iron Company will soon begin the excavation for a $250,000 office building on the site of the old Auditorium. The new building will be three stories high and will be constructed of brick and stone. It will be an L construction, facing 98 feet on Church Street, and extending north towards Gompers Avenue, a distance of 150 feet. There will be a 16-foot lawn in front of the building, a parkway and an entrance on Carpenter Avenue. Before completion of the new office building, the R&PC&I occupied the third and fourth floors of the Savings and Trust Building in Indiana. By early 1921, most office personnel had moved into the new quarters. H. Vernon Fritchman, who was president of R&P from 1970 until 1973, spent many hours around the Company offices and mines as a boy, for his father, F. M. Fritchman, was for many years vice president and general manager of R&P. H. Vernon Fritchman remembers that office clerks and supervisors during the 1920's and 1930's often worked very long hours by today's standards. When business was brisk, it was not unusual for office workers to remain in the building from 90

seven o'clock in the morning until their work was finished. As this sometimes meant that the men might stay until seven or eight p.m., women secretaries were almost unknown. By the next decade, however, regular quitting times were established, social patterns changed, and women soon appeared among the office staff. As plans were made for transfer of the main R&PC&I office to Indiana, the Company also established the Consolidated Lumber and Supply plant on Maple Street. The Company appointed R. E. Krape as general manager of the complex. There, workmen fashioned mine timbers, roof supports, mine track ties, and in the old days, wooden mine cars. The lumberyard also provided boards and planks for use in construction of company houses and office furniture. Mine timbers and mine track ties were also treated with creosote at the location, and stacked to dry in the yard to await rail transportation to mining plants. In 1932, a Laying the foundation for laboratory was established as part of the Maple Street R&P's office building on Church Street, Indiana, facilities, where busy technicians analyzed coal samples. Pennsylvania Within the next few years, the name of the lumber company was changed to the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company Supply Department. Presently, Indiana University of Pennsylvania tennis courts occupy the former site of one of the lumberyards. A more sophisticated version of the original

lab still exists today at the location. Under the direction of Jack Vinton, a modern laboratory manned by a trained staff analyzes coal, mine pond water, and rock dust samples. With the establishment of the Indiana office building and the Consolidated Office and Supply facilities, the R&PC&I was beginning to take on the physical appearance we are familiar with today. Within a very few years, the internal structure of the Company also changed. On November 23, 1927, the present Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company was incorporated under the laws of Pennsylvania "for the purpose of mining and selling bituminous coal ..." The new Company resulted from a consolidation of the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company and the Jefferson & Clearfield Coal & Iron Company. A. Iselin & Company remained as financial advisors of the new corporation. Once begun, the mergers and consolidations continued, and in 1928 the Cowanshannock Coal & Coke Company, Pittsburgh Gas Coal Company, and the Brush Creek Mining Company transferred all their stock and assets to a new corporation known as the Helvetia Coal Mining Company. In 91

two years, that new corporation became larger, when in an agreement dated December 17, 1930, the Helvetia Coal Mining Company purchased the Tide Coal Mining Company. Then, in December, 1931, another such agreement provided the same for the Coal Run (Lucius Waterman Robinson properties) Mining Company to become a "new corporation formed by the Helvetia Coal Mining Company." The resulting corporation was named the Kent Coal Mining Company. In 1931 the Kent Coal Mining Company in turn became a subsidiary of R&P. Thus, by successive steps culminating in January, 1939, all operating companies were consolidated to form the present Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company. In 1950, the picture was completed by the merger of the Mahoning Investment Company into the R&P. At this writing, control of R&P continues to be held by of Iselin family, in members the a relationship which dates Office building as it appeared from 1885. shortly after completion 92

Depression, War, and New Solutions

fm&P entered the 1930's under the leadership of a new M president, Heath Steck Clark. Clark was born on June 30, 1893, in Brookville, Pennsylvania, and was the son of Benjamin McCreight Clark and Virginia Eason Clark. He received his early education in the Brookville and Punxsutawney public school systems. Later, he attended and in 1910 graduated from the Kiskiminetas Springs (Kiski) School in Saltsburg. Clark earned his degree in law from the University of Pennsylvania in 1916 and was admitted to the Bar of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania as well as the Bars of Jefferson and Indiana Counties. Clark came to R&P in 1919 as a clerk in the legal department. From 1920 until 1923 he served as assistant general solicitor, from 1923 to 1928 as general solicitor, from 1928 to 1933 as vice president, and from 1933 until 1948 as president of the Company. Upon his retirement from the presidency, Clark assumed new responsibilities as chairman of R&P's finance committee. In addition to his office as president of R&P, Clark was also an outstanding leader in the coal industry and served in many capacities, including that of president of the National Coal Association, a position he held from 1937 until 1939. Also, for several years he served as president of the Central Pennsylvania Coal Producer's Association. The latter two positions evidenced the high regard in which he was held by both his associates and competitors in the industry. For many years Clark was also a director and member of the executive committee of the Savings and Trust Company of Indiana, and he was active in the affairs of Kiski School as Chairman of the Board of Trustees. When Heath Clark took over the office of president of R&P, he faced severe economic problems, as, inevitably, the Company reflected national trends in the bituminous coal industry during the Depression years. Beginning after World 93

War I, overproduction, price wars, and competition from other fuels all contributed to a serious decline in coal company profits. By 1931, soft coal production in the United States fell to 382,000,000 tons, and in 1932, to 305,000,000 tons — the lowest production figures since 1904. "Cutthroat competition" during the Depression years also created more problems as a slight rise in the price of coal was all that was necessary to turn the productive energies of the nation to mining still more coal, with the result that overproduction would immediately bring the price back down again. Since coal mines deteriorate when shut

down, many coal companies found that it was more profitable to sell coal at a loss hoping that the market would change. This of course led to an upsurge of nonunion mines, creating an extremely unstable price structure. Bitter competition resulted which gave the coal industry the reputation of a badly functioning business.

A lack of wage standards created still more havoc in the Heath Steck Clark coal industry during the Depression decade. In 1919, 70% of all coal produced in the U.S. was mined under union wage agreements. In 1922, however, in an effort to recoup their losses, many operators attempted to reduce the union wage scale, which resulted in a nationwide strike. After a four-month cessation of work, union strength forced a settlement, and in 1924 operators of the Central Competitive Field (Dlinois, Indiana, Ohio and Western Pennsylvania) signed the Jacksonville Agreement. This contract extended the existing wage agreement from three years at the established scale of $7.50 per day for the basic eight-hour day, and $1.80 per ton for piecework. At the same time, operators in nonunion southern fields began to take advantage of this high wage rate to extend their markets. By 1925, the center of the bituminous coal industry had shifted from the Central Competitive Field to mines in Kentucky and West Virginia. That year the R&PC&I, which had operated under contracts with the UMW for many years, also went nonunion out of economic necessity, and continued to do so until the advent of the NRA (National Industrial Recovery Act) in 1933. Since then, the Company has continued to operate under contracts with the UMW. The Director of the NRA convinced coal companies that if they would sign union contracts, the government would allow them to publish fixed price schedules. The government

monitored these prices to determine levels of price cutting, if 94

Early hard hat, cap lamp, and battery

any. In doing so, the government allowed southern mines to maintain lower wage scales than those existing in the north and this continued until recent years. The NRA was a "shot in the arm" for the coal industry and brought about a national stabilization which continued on throughout World

War II. Events of the tumultous 1920's and 1930's were, of course, felt in Indiana County. By 1930, many R&P mines were in operation only one or two days per month, and company town residents searched for work on local farms, often trading labor for eggs, butter and meat. In 1933, at 655 Church Street, Company executives were asked by the Board of Directors to give up vacations and work for periods of time without pay. By 1938, however, R&P began to feel the effect of a gradually recoverning economy. In September of that year, President Heath Clark addressed a joint meeting of Indiana service clubs. As part of that evening's speech, he remarked:

"Coal went to sleep and let things happen; now it is

awakening and ready to counteract, if possible, certain deleterious occurrences that have put the trade near a permanent red." Using graphs, Clark showed that when a line of high production is apparent in the Indiana County coal industry, a similar high line appears in the records of other businesses. As another illustration, Clark presented for the group's inspection a jar filled with coal and made the statement that 95

the energy from that pound of coal was equal to four pounds of TNT. He then remarked that much of coal's energy was being wasted, and cited statistics to show that during 1938, his Company had lost 10% of its tonnage through competition with oil, gas, and hydro power. He further stated that loss of contracts had caused a lowering of the contents of the pay envelopes for Indiana County miners. Clark concluded by saying that he hoped his influence could help make Indiana County "coal conscious," and the applause which greeted his remarks indicated the extent of the community's support. By 1940, the inevitability of another world war created a new demand for coal. In 1939, total production amounted to 395,000,000 tons, in 1940, to 461,000,000 tons, and in 1941 to 514,000,000 tons. As a result, R&P mining plants, in anticipation of increased production, required modernizations. In April 1942, Heath Clark reported to the Board of Directors that a wartime priority rating had been This cutting machine of the made by the War Construction Board for a new cleaning 1 930 s ran between jacks and plant at Kent #1 and #2, to produce metalurgical grade coal required two men to operate it. The "cutter" on the left and that "a contract had been entered into with Heyl and was assisted by the "scraper" Patterson, Inc. for the building of said plant at a cost of on the right, who kept the approximately $525,000." cutting bar free of powdered As World War II wore on, President Clark, at a 1942 coal or bits of rock. 96

Miners of the 1930's. The man at left drills a hole for an electrically activated dynamite charge for blasting down coal. The man on the right lays track for haulage. Note the safety lamp hang on the prop in the center of the room. (U.S. Bureau of Mines) 97

Mine locomotive, circa 1930, pulling a trip of empties out of Coal Run #5

Board of Directors' meeting, noted the serious situation confronting R&P from the prospective loss of its employees to the armed forces of the country. In response to this new problem, Clark laid before the meeting, a plan for the installation of updated mechanical loading equipment in all Company mines. Heath Clark was not the only R&P executive caught up in the upheaval of the 1930's and 1940's. Dr. Charles J. Potter, president of the Company from 1948 to 1970, recalls those years with particular vividness. Dr. Potter was born on July 16, 1908 in Greenfield, Missouri. His education began in the public schools of Greenfield. In 1929, he earned his B.S. degree in chemical engineering from the University of Missouri at Rolla. The following year he earned his Master of Science degree in the same field, and two years later, in 1932, he received his doctorate in chemical engineering from West Virginia University. His first job upon completion of his schooling was with the state of West Virginia. This was followed by a tour of employment with the Northern West Virginia Coal Operator's Association in 1934-35. In 1935 he joined the Continental Coal Company of Fairmont, West Virginia, in their operations and sales division. In 1938 Potter became one of the three men from central Pennsylvania chosen to go to Washington D.C. to 98

serve in the Department of the Interior's Coal Division. As Assistant Chief of Marketing, Potter was placed in charge of preparing price schedules for all coal produced in the United States. He recalls that three basic criteria determined price schedules: cost of production, quality of coal, and methods and charges of transportation. Under his direction, coal from all marketing districts was also classified according to size, quality, and use. This "price fixing" attempted to stabilize the coal industry, and involved highly technical processes for which Potter was responsible. In October, 1940, Dr. Potter, his task completed, came to the R&P as Manager of Preparation. But, after two years with the Company, Washington called again and Dr. Potter was asked to spend one day a week in the office of Howard Gray, deputy Solid Fuels Administrator. This office eventually evolved into the Solid Fuels Administration for war under the Department of the Interior. By 1940, United

States' involvement in World War II seemed a certainty, and the Solid Fuels Administration went into action to formulate plans for the nationwide stockpiling of coal which was a Charles Jackson Potter necessary part of preparations for war. Dr. Potter spent one day each week in Washington for a period of three years. The then R&P President Heath Clark received a telephone call from Harold Ickes, Secretary of the Interior, requesting Dr. Potter's services for the duration of the war. He was then declared Ickes' Deputy Solid Fuels Administrator, replacing Howard Gray, who was nearing retirement. Dr. Potter remembers that he and Ralph Davis, the Petroleum Administrator, were among the few persons in Washington who could walk into Harold Ickes' office without an appointment. As Deputy Solid Fuels Administrator, part of Dr. Potter's duties included the complex planning involved in the stockpiling and distribution of coal across the entire United States. Although major industries were the most affected,

even individual homeowners were requested to fill their coal bins during the summer months. The Solid Fuels Administration also encouraged strip mining during the war years, due to its comparatively low labor requirements. Road equipment, readily available, was used for surface mining. Fulfilling additional governmental duties, Potter was also Deputy Coal Mines Administrator for the duration of the war, and supervised the government takeover of the mines in 1944. He also served as an agent for the Interstate 99

The 6 BU Joy loading machine, a permanent replacement for the miner's shovel (Joy Manufacturing) Commerce Commission, and was a member of the War Manpower Commission. In addition, as Chairman of the Washington Coal Committee (U.S.A., Great Britain, and Canada), he was responsible for making coal available for worldwide delivery and in doing so, worked with the London Coal Committee to exchange coal in order to save transportation. For example,

U.S. coal was used in North Africa. It was also shipped to England, and England shipped some of its coal to France for use there. When the war ended, Dr. Potter was sent to Europe by the Combined Chiefs of Staff (representing the U.S., Great Britain, and Canada) on a mission designed to help rehabilitate the coal mines of the war-ravaged continent. In 1945, Dr. Potter returned to R&P as Assistant to the President. By 1947, he became vice president in charge of operations, a position he held until his ascendency to the presidency in 1948. That same year, he was summoned to the British Embassy in Washington D.C., where he was In the mid-1940 s, R&P created an honorary commander of the Most Excellent placed an order with Joy Order of the British Empire for his war-time services to that Manufacturing for the first continuous mining machine country. He also received a Metal of Merit from President produced by the company. Harry S. Truman. With the war over at last, Dr. Potter Pictured here is the Joy 3 JCM turned all his attention to R&P, where new problems arose in operation at R&P's Kent and new solutions had to be found. mine. (Joy Manufacturing)

r^^~*&Wir:-i-\«i 100

Beyond Pennsylvania: Out-of-State Explorations

/n the years immediately following the end of World War II and governmental price-fixing, bituminous coal production in the United States rose steadily. An all-time high of 631,000,000 tons was reached in 1947, and the industry operated at a profit. As the country returned to peacetime, it soon became apparent that changes were in the air for R&P as well as the nation as a whole. In October, 1946, President Heath Clark reported to the Board of Directors that "a considerable number of coal companies have sold their mining towns, or are making arrangements to do so." Large expenses for upkeep, an inability to raise rents due to UMW contracts, and the family-owned automobile combined to make the company owned town obsolete. Therefore, in June, 1947, the Company entered into an agreement with Kovalchick Salvage Company of Indiana, Pennsylvania, "for the sale of

all company towns," and a way of life that had existed for over 60 years came to an end. Into the agreement with Kovalchick, the Board inserted "an appropriate provision protecting R&P employees living in the towns, and assuring them the opportunity to buy the houses in which they live, at reasonable prices." Many miners and their families took advantage of this offer, and thus became the owners of houses they had rented for decades. In addition to the sale of the company towns, R&P made other changes as officials began to seek new coal fields. As early as 1943 R&P had begun to expand its Indiana County operations by the purchase or lease of several "going" mines. Among these were the Sagamore mines, which supplied fuel coal for the B&O Railroad. In January, 1943, R&P leased the Sagamore mines #13 and #16 from the Buffalo & Susquehanna 101

Railroad Company. These old mines, originally opened in 1905, were finally closed and abandoned in 1950 because of dieselization. Another producing mine was required in September, 1945, when R&P bought the Renglo mine from the Big Bend Coal Mining Company in Cambria County. Additional land at the site became available the same year through an agreement with the Manor Real Estate & Trust Company, a subsidiary of the Pennsylvania Railroad. These mines were operated until 1952, when physical mining difficulties caused R&P to terminate the lease agreement. Other R&P leaseholds included the Wabash Ridge surface mines in Elk County, which were mined from 1949 until exhausted in 1958, and most recently, the Wildwood Mines of Butler Consolidated Coal Company, which were located near North Park in Pittsburgh. R&P operated the Wildwood Mines from 1960 until 1969 when the mines were completely worked out. By the middle and late 1940's, a new emphasis on surface mining further expanded the Company's coal production. Among the first R&P surface mines were the Nypen strip operation and the Kent #3 mines. The Nypen surface mines in Clinton County, named for the New York and Pennsylvania Corporation, involved R&P from 1945 until

Marion shovel at Kent #3 surface mine in the Jacksonville field (W. L. Coffman)

-—^^ .-^1 102 103

1950. From 1944 until 1961, the Company surface mined coal at the Kent #3 strip mines in the Jacksonville area, and in 1948 bought a 15 cubic yard electric stripping shovel to aid in production. Forty-five "pits" were mined at the location in both Upper and Lower Freeport seams. As well as the leasing of producing mines and the utilization of surface mining methods, the search for new O'Donnell mine #2 from coal finally took R&P out of state. This decision reflected the the air situation resulting from the contract negotiated with the United Mine Workers in 1947, which brought about the end of piecework rates in the mining industry. This imposed a hardship on most of the mining companies in the Central Pennsylvania Field where natural conditions do not permit as high a rate of productivity as that of the southern mining districts which comprise Pennsylvania's chief competitors. In addition, an antiquated railroad freight rate structure deprived the Central Pennsylvania Field of its one principal natural advantage, that of a geographical location nearest to the major eastern markets. In December, 1947, the Board of Directors of R&P decided to purchase the Annabelle mine in the Fairmont Field of West Virginia. The Annabelle mine was renamed "O'Donnell" in honor of O'Donnell Iselin. The total purchase was comprised of approximately 3,000 acres of Pittsburgh vein coal, buildings, and mining plant. A mining town named "Four States" stood at the site of the new mine. Shortly after the purchase of the property, R&P donated $5,000 towards the building of a church for the community. On May 20, 1948, Dr. Potter assumed the presidency of R&P. Under his direction, the Company made improvements at O'Donnell and added to the original purchase. Late in 1949 R&P entered into a contract for the construction of a new cleaning plant on the property at a cost of $190,000. In 1951 Dr. Potter negotiated a lease of the coal rights to 4,500 additional acres of Pittsburgh seam coal in Marion County, West Virginia, which adjoined the O'Donnell #1 holdings. By 1955, production at O'Donnell #1 reached 998,728 tons annually. In August, 1956, grading began for the O'Donnell #2 mine at Sand Fork in Gilmer County, about 50 miles south of Clarksburg. The new mine received its name in honor of O'Donnell Iselin, father of Peter Iselin and grandfather of

Mr. O'Donnell Iselin II. Both O'Donnell #1 and #2 are remembered for their 104

situation in rough terrain. O'Donnell #1, however, was a "going" mine when purchased, but O'Donnell #2 was opened after leasing the property. Several of R&P's project engineers traveled to the site during excavation, and recall many problems caused by West Virginia mud. Engineering's Ed Sokol has home movies to prove that he was once stuck so securely in the mire at O'Donnell #2 that a backhoe operator had to be summoned to drag him, minus hip boots, out of a soggy pile of excavated dirt near the railroad tracks. Sokol, acting as photographer that day, had climbed up a little man-made hill to gain a better vantage point, and as the frozen crust gave way, found himself in peril of becoming a permanent part of the West Virginia countryside. In 1967, R&P shut down O'Donnell #2 due to an inability Hard hat of the 1950s, hard-toe boots, and snuff can

DONNELL NO I

DONNELL NO. 2 West Virginia properties

I V 105

to mine coal profitably. O'Donnell #1 was mined until 1969, when R&P leased the operation to Mountaineer Coal Company, a subsidiary of Consol. The next operation to take R&P away from its Indiana County home was a surface mining enterprise. In October 1952, Dr. Potter authorized the exploration of a large acreage of coal land in Bell County, Kentucky. During this same time period, similar explorations also took place in Ohio, North Carolina, Washington, Maryland, and Virginia. By the end of 1953 the Kentucky surveys seemed most promising. The Board of Directors authorized Dr. Potter to enter into a lease agreement and a new mine named "Colmar" for a nearby town, began production. The Colmar strip operation lived up to its potential, and by 1955 produced over 140,000 tons annually. That year, R&P employed 35 men at the site, and utilized 127,625 pounds of dynamite and five stripping shovels. Two separate strip mining licenses were required at Colmar, as coal was mined from both the Hance and Mason coal seams. In spite of out-of-state mines and strip operations, R&P began to feel the effects of another major slump in the bituminous coal industry. By 1954, the industry had entered a ten-year period of net losses caused by a decline in the demand for coal. As in the years immediately preceding World War II, consumers' switch to other fuels created a Miner's dinner bucket reduction in markets for all coal operators. In September, 1954, Dr. Potter was appointed to a coal industry task force to study the causes and effects of the soft coal situation. He served with James F. Brownlee, a New York financier, who headed the task force as part of President Eisenhower's Cabinet Committee on Energy Supplies and Resources. As part of the task force, Dr. Potter was head of the committee for coal studies, and Edward Warren was in charge of oil and gas studies. The Task Force recommended to President Eisenhower that controls be placed on the import of residual fuel oil and that restrictions be placed on the burning of natural gas under industrial boilers. The formation of the Committee indicated the seriousness of the problems facing the bituminous coal industry during this period. The general decline of the coal industry was soon felt at R&P. In a letter to shareholders dated November, 1954, Dr.

Potter announced: "Your Directors believe it is advisable to seek some other business activity which may be carried on along with its coal operations and in which its many years of 106

O'Donnell #2, inspection tour, 1960. Left to right, standing: C. J. Potter, unidentified superintendent, William J. Shields, C. E. Crafts, Ernest Iselin, Jr., O'Donnell Iselin, John J. Schnure, R. J. Craig, Peter Gottardi, Peter Iselin. Left to right, kneeling: Ian McClaren, Richard Yates, Gilbert Remey, H. Vernon Fritchman, Heath Clark 107

experience in mining and marketing fuels . . . (would) be of value." Therefore, R&P began exploration activities in Wyoming, Utah, and Ontario, Canada. Preliminary investigation of the Wyoming and Ontario areas showed that uranium bodies existed on the Wyoming claims owned jointly by R&P and the Vitro Corporation of America. By the end of 1954, Dr. Potter reported to shareholders that "the United States government had guaranteed to purchase at favorable prices uranium ore of a content not less than 0. 1% uranium oxide produced to March 31, 1962." An amendment of R&P's certificate of incorporation was authorized to "empower it to engage in the business of exploring for, mining, and milling uranium and other ores related to the utilization of atomic energy." Therefore, R&P and Vitro Corporation of America decided to form a jointly owned subsidiary to be named Vitro Minerals Corporation. The new corporation was created for the purpose of mining uranium. The Board of Directors of the Vitro Minerals Corporation held its organizational meeting on May 31, 1955 at Vitro Corporation's office on Madison Avenue, New York. Three directors from R&P, H. Vernon Fritchman, Dr. Potter, and Peter Iselin, joined three directors chosen from Vitro Corporation making up the Board of the new company. The major business operated by Vitro Minerals was an open-pit uranium mine 50 miles east of Riverton, Wyoming. There, the company mined uranium ore which Vitro milled at its nearby plant. The processed uranium ore, called "yellow cake" was sold to the Atomic Energy Commission. In addition to the Riverton mine, R&P also explored similar claims in Arizona, Montana, Utah, and Spokane, Washington. The directors also authorized explorations for silver, feldspar, tungsten, diatomite, titanium concentrates, and other minerals. In 1956, prospecting for asbestos began in Vitro-owned "Golden Age" claims in Quebec, Canada. Other Canadian explorations included a search for glass sand. Vitro's mineral explorations did not stop with North American locations. In 1957 Vitro Minerals began explorations in French Guiana. There, geologists and engineers conducted surveys in the Balata Valley and Gros Mountain areas, frequently using small boats. Two years later, Vitro's directors authorized an exploration for columbium at "La Viborita Mine" at Amalfi, Columbia. 108 109

Coal into Electricity: Mine Mouth

Generating Plants SnMantt Suniing (Sazrtte

lifta 1,000 Now Coal Jobs Wit. S5 Milliw Annul Ityrell- HUGE ELECTRIC GENERATING PUNT DUE NEAR SHELOCTA 4,700,000 Ton Of Coal To B«

Coftunrco Yearly /n the early 1960's the railroad freight rate per ton of coal to R&P's customers on the eastern seaboard exceeded the market price of coal at the mines. This situation required the Headline of the Indiana consuming electric utilities to seek alternatives that would Evening Gazette, November reduce their costs. 19, 1962 Pennsylvania Electric Company (Penelec) had coined the expression "coal by wire" in demonstrating that it was cheaper to produce power in the coal fields and transmit the electricity to the point of usage, than it was to ship the coal to a power plant away from the coal field. Penelec approached R&P to determine whether the Company had sufficient coal reserves to fuel a large (at that time) power plant, with the electricity to be transmitted to a proposed aluminum plant near Erie, Pennsylvania. Negotiations began, but shortly afterwards plans for the aluminum plant were cancelled. R&P with Penelec then computed the actual rail transportation cost of coal to certain Eastern destinations. The study demonstrated that locating a power plant at the mines and "shipping the coal by wire" was much more economical than by rail transportation. Furthermore, the transmission costs would be much less affected by inflation than would railroad rates. Penelec then conducted a marketing study in the East which established a need for additional generating capacity in the mid-Atlantic region. It would be provided by what is now known as the Keystone Steam Electric Generating Station. Tentative agreements were reached on the coal supply with R&P and the Company purchased additional coal lands which adjoined holdings in Armstrong and Indiana counties, Pennsylvania. They are known today as the Keystone reserves. The new generating plant having a name-plate capacity of 1.8 million kilowatts would form part of what is called the 110 Ill

only the beginning of the projected complex. Later the Urling Keystone Power Plant, complex, Margaret #11 and an additional Emilie mine, would Indiana, Pennsylvania (Tine be added. Good) Keystone was not the only mine-mouth generating plant which involved the Company. While plans were still being formulated by the Keystone owners, another station was being considered by Penelec and New York State Electric and Gas Corporation for construction near Homer City, Pennsylvania. Construction began in 1965 of the 1.85 million kilowatt facility, and the Company through its wholly owned subsidiary, Helvetia Coal Company, contracted to supply up to 50% of the plant's coal requirements. The first coal from

Helvetia was produced in 1968, but it was not until the summer of 1969 that the first of two generating units at the station went into commercial operation. 112

The Keystone and Helvetia mines would form the linchpin of the Company's operations well into the next decade and be the foundation of its revitalized financial condition, but the brevity with which their development is generalized here may tend to minimize and deprecate the overall serious plight of the Company during the 1960's. Those were in fact bleak days for the coal industry everywhere

and R&P shared in the industry malaise. Indeed, were it not for the mine-mouth stations, the Company's ability to survive until coal again was in demand is questionable. Virtually all of its resources were committed to development of the Keystone Inspection tour at Urling #3 mine, October 30, 1975. and Helvetia mines. At the same time, its West Virginia Left to right: Donald operations encountered increasingly severe problems which Farnsworth, Robert Olson, ultimately forced closing of one mine at substantial loss and Leland Smith, Gilbert Remey, the leasing out of another. By the late 1960's, the Keystone Dennis McEIrov, R- 1- Billings, and Helvetia mines were "the Company" and its future William Kegel, L. Blaine depended on their success. Happily, during the 1970's, that Grube, J. J. Schaeffer, H. V. Fritchman, Thomas Hyndman, future brightened and at the close of the decade, the Company Peter Iselin was prospering. 113

1970 1981: Three Presidents

MM&.P Coal Company entered the 1970's under the M I leadership of Mr. Fritchman who succeeded Charles J. Potter when Dr. Potter became chairman in 1970. His father, F. M. Fritchman, was general manager and later vice president in charge of operations for the Company from 1913 until 1929. H. Vernon Fritchman was born on November 27, 1907, at McDonald, Pennsylvania, where his father was employed by the Pittsburgh Coal Company. On September 30, 1913, the Fritchman family moved to Indiana, Pennsylvania. Vernon Fritchman grew up in Indiana and graduated from the Indiana High School with the class of 1925. He completed his studies four years later at Pennsylvania State University, and in 1932 was awarded his degree in law from the University of Pittsburgh. H. Vernon Fritchman During his school years Fritchman worked during the summers in the mine supply houses and general machine shops at the Ernest and Waterman mines. There, he recalls, "I got to know the Company from the ground up," and he adds, "as a result of my experiences I soon learned that a track bond was not a piece of paper!" Upon completion of his studies at the University of Pittsburgh, Fritchman opened his law office in the Theater Building on Philadelphia Street in Indiana, and there practiced

law until January 1, 1937. He came to R&Pon that date when he was hired by Heath Clark to undertake the responsibilities of general counsel. From that post Fritchman took the office of vice president and general counsel, later executive vice president, which he held until he came president in 1970. In addition to his duties at R&P, Vernon Fritchman was chairman of the board of the National Coal Association in 1962-63 after having served on the National Coal Association Board of Directors since 1943. He was elected to honorary status in 1973. Gilbert P. Remey became president of R&P in 1973 following the retirement of H. Vernon Fritchman. A 1934 114

graduate of Pennsylvania State University, Remey began his career at R&P as a trainee, which included a lengthy stretch around the mines and tipples. In 1936 he became a salesman for the United Eastern Sales Corporation, at that time a subsidiary of R&P. He quickly advanced to district manager, and at the same time became vice president (sales) of R&P. He was named president of United Eastern in 1967 and became president and director of R&P on January 1, 1973, a position he held until his death on June 13, 1978. In addition, Remey was a director of the National Coal Association and the Keystone Bituminous Coal Association. In anticipation of Gilbert Remey's scheduled retirement in 1978, a search began for a new president for R&P in 1977. In December, 1978, the Board of Directors elected William G. Kegel, a director of the Company since 1973, to fill the office. William Kegel was born in Pittsburgh and attended Institute of the University of Pittsburgh and the Carnegie Gilbert P. Remey Technology. He began his career with the Lee-Norse Company, a producer of mining machinery located in Charleroi, Pennsylvania. In 1964, Kegel became general manager of coal mines for Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation. Three years later, he assumed the position of assistant general manager of raw materials at the corporation headquarters in Pittsburgh. From 1968 to 1975, he was general manager of raw materials and traffic for Jones and Laughlin, and was responsible for

all coal, limestone, and iron ore, as well as all company transportation systems. From 1976 until 1979, Kegel served as president of Cerro-Marmon Coal Group, a division of a Chicago-based conglomerate. He also served as president of the Coal Mining Institute of America and later president of the Pittsburgh Coal Mining Institute. Since coming to R&P in January 1979, the Company's twelfth president has been notable for his seemingly endless supply of energy and his efforts to familiarize himself with every aspect of the Company's operations. William Kegel's efforts, along with those of his staff and employees, have lifted R&P Coal Company to its highest production and profits. In 1980, the Company produced 7,358,970 tons of coal and earned over $14,000,000 with per share earnings of William G. Kegel (Tine Good) $9.85. With his enthusiasm and his years of experience in the coal industry, William Kegel is effectively leading the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company into its second hundred years. 115

by W. Joseph Engler, Jr.

Decade of Promise: R&P in the Seventies

he close of the decade following 1960 brought to an end Jone of the most difficult periods in the Company's history. From 1963 through 1969 the Company was engaged in the painful and tedious process of changing, for the short term at least, its fundamental business strategy from that of selling coal on the commerical market, to that of selling virtually its entire production under long-term contracts to only two customers, the Keystone and Homer City generating plants. In the course of that process the Company had withdrawn from mining in West Virginia and gradually closed all but one of its Pennsylvania mines while concentrating exclusively on the development of new mines to supply the local generating stations. Slower construction than anticipated of those generating stations caused additional financial losses, but by early 1970 a new long-term contract had been substantially negotiated with the owners of the Keystone station which would reverse the economic losses of the Company, and, for the first time in many years, the patient planning for redirection of the Company was showing positive results.

With the clarity of hindsight, the optimism of 1970 is remarkable, for the Company and the industry, indeed commerce and industry generally across the country, were on the threshold of one of the high water marks of governmental regulation. Not since the New Deal would business, and particularly coal, be subject to such profusion of rules, regulations, laws, and bureaucrats as those of the seventies. Had the enormous costs associated with the programs and schemes generated, often, by Utopian bureaucrats and legislators, been known in 1970, their prospect might well have broken the spirit even of those who steadfastly refused to concede failure during the difficult period of the middle and late sixties. The renewal of the Company during the 1970's was to 116

be the work, gradually, of changed personnel at both the board and management levels, and by the end of the decade not only would there be an entirely new generation of middle management, but familiar names and faces would have passed away. In 1969, Vernon Fritchman, executive vice president and long-time general counsel was designated chief executive officer by the Board of Directors for the general affairs of the Company regarding mining and related activities. The transfer of authority was completed early in 1970 when Dr. Potter, president since 1948, relinquished the title and the office to Fritchman. Potter remained active as chairman of the board and devoted special attention to the acquisition of additional reserves to be utilized in markets other than those of the Keystone and Homer City generating plants, particularly reserves for surface, or strip, mining. Fritchman planned at the outset of his term to serve as chief executive for only a few years, concentrating during that time to setting firmly on track three tasks already begun: completion of negotiations with the Keystone owners of a new coal sales agreement; expansion of strip mining and the sale of its product in the commercial market; and full utilization of a somewhat modified organization structure of the Company. The mine-mouth generating station concept, suggested by Dr. Potter to the utilities in the early sixties, presented an opportunity for the Company to reverse its financial losses due to the general contraction of the entire industry. Implicit, to a large degree, in the mine-mouth concept was the assumption that the mine's entire production would be sold to a single customer. Equally implicit was that the customer would in turn be dependent upon whatever portion that production was of its total requirements. In the case of the Keystone Generating Station, that portion was approximately 90% of its total requirements, or burn. As a consequence of those premises the normal market forces, including simply supply and demand, would not bear upon the price of coal. Rather the parties' interests in stable supply at reasonable price and profitable sales, respectively, had to be calculated, negotiated and agreed upon for a very long period of time. The initial Keystone Coal Sales Agreement even after several amendments did not adequately provide for the mutual interests involved and for several specific reasons did not meet the ultimate criteria necessary to such a long-term venture, mutual satisfaction. The Company was compelled to 117

seek renegotiation, which was accepted by the utility owners,

and after several sessions it was agreed to recast the entire contract on a cost-plus basis. With the approval of the board, Fritchman arranged for negotiation of a new Keystone agreement to be conducted on the Company's behalf principally by Gilbert Remey, then president of United Eastern, Blaine Grube, R&P treasurer and controller, and one of the Company's outside counsel, Thomas Hyndman, of Philadelphia. Fritchman himself participated in some of the negotiating sessions and was actively involved in the concurrent discussions with the

Company's lending institutions. It was a long and difficult process encumbered by the relative novelty in the coal and electric utility industries of a long-term, cost-plus total output contract; the distressed financial condition of the Company, which made its institutional lenders a virtual third-party to the negotiations; and the simple fact that the Company had not been able to profit from the initial 1964 agreement and had to request the negotiations under a "hardship" clause contained in that agreement. In 1970 negotiations were nearly completed, approval of various regulatory bodies being required before the new contract became effective as of January 1, 1972. With only a few administrative adjustments, that agreement remains in effect, and unchanged, and has been a model for other long-term, mine-mouth coal sales agreements elsewhere. Throughout the period when efforts were being made to amend the Keystone contract, and almost imperceptibly at first, the Company made a small step toward expansion of its operations by developing strip mines in Indiana County. Using "contract-miners" who operated the mines for the

Company, nearly 150,000 tons were produced in 1970 and all

of it was sold to the local generating plants. That the Company was engaged in operations other than those supplying deep mined coal to the generating plants was far more significant than its extent. After nearly a decade of financial losses and struggling to make its irrevocable commitment to the long-term, mine-mouth concept profitable, the Company nonetheless asserted its inherent self-confidence and optimism by seeking new opportunities. Acquisition of strip reserves and identification of prospective sites within the Company's holdings was headed up by Dr. Potter, assisted by Tom Lymph, land manager, and by Bob Carson, long executive assistant to the president. Carson had operated for years as 118

a real estate department and had coordinated the compilation and description of the thousands of properties that were dedicated to fulfilling the Keystone and Helvetia coal sales agreements. Gradually, strip coal production increased and,

as it did, United Eastern was again selling R&P coal in the commercial market. From the modest beginning, by 1976 the Company's surface mines were producing 1,000,000 tons annually and significantly improved the Company's total earnings. Reserves have continued to expand, providing the certainty of sources to plan for controlled and aggressive participation in the expanding coal market of the 1980's. Another concern of Fritchman's was the inevitable attrition of employees due to retirement, his own included. For many coal companies survival as an independent entity became impossible during the late fifties and through the

sixties. Their corporate forms would survive, if at all, reshaped as parts of larger enterprises, usually oil companies. The restructuring of the industry, through numerous acquisitions and mergers, provided, among other benefits, the opportunity to replace retirees and personnel whose jobs were victims of the depressed state of the industry. Smaller, independent companies simply went out of business or drastically curtailed replenishing the ranks, especially in staff and support areas. With the Company in prospect of resuming financial health and the glimmer of a new regulatory environment already apparent, the organization of the Company had been modified in 1969 and the position of vice president — administration created. Robert Olson was elected to the post and assumed supervision of engineering related activities, and certain aspects of contract administration with the Keystone and Homer City stations owners. Much of the regulatory morass which was to come would concern environmental matters at both state and federal levels and would impose specific design criteria on mine facilities. The Company's engineering department, under the management of James Schaeffer, chief engineer and his chief assistant, James G. Wiley, would have primary responsibility for the Company's compliance with environmental laws. Within a few years, an environmental compliance unit was established under the direction of Thomas DeBerti and included four others. Of all the new laws and rules to which the industry had to adapt, none was more pervasive, costly, and burdensome than the 1969 Coal Mine Health and Safety Act. Extensive in 119

statutory form, the law was supplemented by reams of Front end loader at a coal regulations addressing virtually every aspect of mining stockpile (Lee McQuilken) operations. Much has been written and debated about that act and its progeny, the 1977 amendments, recodified in effect, and called now the 1977 Mine Safety and Health Act. Slipshod and even irresponsible practices at smaller, marginal mines, and attendant publicity reenforced the cry of those who believed the federal government could solve all problems through a national mine safety law. In 1968, a major disaster in Farmington, West Virginia, at a mine of Consolidation Coal Company, a respected and responsible company, gave the final impetus to congressional action. In the next decade productivity in underground mines, the most essential factor in profitably operating a mine, would be down 50%, due, it has been agreed by opponents and proponents, simply and solely to the 1969 act. Responsible critics demonstrated that the purported improvements in safety and avoidance of injuries to miners as a result of the act simply could not be demonstrated. 120

The Company's health and safety activities, including compliance with state and federal laws, has been under the direction of E. J. Onuscheck since the late 1960's. Regarded as one of the premier safety directors in the entire coal industry, Ed has been active in many industry-wide mine safety programs and activities. Prior to and until Fritchman's retirement as president and chief executive officer of the Company, he had also been general counsel of the Company for over 25 years. J. Reppell Moorhead, who had ably served as Fritchman's assistant for many years, succeeded him as general counsel until his own retirement two years later. W. Joseph Engler, Jr., brought to the Company by Fritchman as general solicitor in 1971, succeeded Moorhead in 1975 as general counsel and was named vice president as well in 1978. Two additional lawyers were later employed and today Bartley Simeral and William Darr are in-house attorneys for the Company. Subject to much government regulation and continuously involved in real estate transactions, the Company has long had not only an in-house legal function but also an association with a number of distinguished law firms. In some instances the associations have been long enough and close enough that a history of the Company would be incomplete without some reference to them. Arnold Levy of the Washington, D.C., firm of Freedman, Levy, Kroll and Simonds recognized today formally and informally — he was the first recipient of the National Coal Association's Distinguished Coal Lawyer Award (Fritchman later received the award) — as the dean of coal lawyers, first represented the Company in connection with labor and Interstate Commerce Commission matters in the 1940's. Over the decades since then he has served as counsel to the Company on a wide variety of matters involving federal law and regulations, especially the 1969 act, as well as in labor law related areas. His wise counsel and erudition have served a succession of Company officers in a variety of contexts. Not all legal problems originate in Washington, and, particularly after expansion of Pennsylvania's laws relating to mining, the Company often found itself in judicial or administrative proceedings at the state level. The Pittsburgh firm of Rose, Schmidt, Dixon and Hasley, in the person of Harold Schmidt, and, later, Henry Ingram, has represented the Company in numerous matters before administrative bodies and the Company ranks as a prominent client of a 121

law firm highly regarded as specialists in coal and environmental law. Institutionally, the closest relationship is with Duane, Morris & Heckscher of Philadelphia which has been the principal outside legal counsel, especially in areas of corporate law, for several decades. Thomas Hyndman, Jr., who is now senior partner of the firm, has been a director of the Company since 1971, and, as mentioned earlier, figured prominently in the negotiation of the Keystone Coal Sales Agreement. Each of the firms mentioned, in different ways, has been a part of many of the memorable and critical events in the Company's activities during the past few decades. Increased regulation required "outside" institutions other than lawyers, as well. After its capital stock was registered with the SEC in the early 1970's, the services of its independent accountants were of increased importance. Throughout its modern era the Company has retained the firm of Ernst & Whinney (formerly Ernst and Ernst) as its independent auditors. Thomas G. Bigley was assigned to the R&P account when he first went to work for E&W during his college summers. Today he is partner in charge of its Pittsburgh office and still the principal partner responsible for R&P's work. While current national temperament seems to signal a

deceleration, if not reversal, of an expanding regulatory trend, the coal industry has long seemed the special object of governmental regulation and, consequently, the victim of bureaucratization. During the seventies, the growth of the Company — literally, in terms of the number of shareholders — regulations Fire boss checking for the rendered it subject to many of the older laws and presence of explosive gases long a normal part of business for larger, publicly held and insufficient oxygen (Tine companies, such as Securities and Exchange Commission law. Good) Coming into play at the same time as Federal Environmental Protection Agency rules, as well as state laws regulating the environmental consequences of mining created a virtual torrent of new "game rules" in the planning for and operation of mines. Simultaneously, newer regulatory bodies with jurisdiction over employment practices emerged from the legislation of the middle sixties, in both Washington and Harrisburg, and issued voluminous regulations and adjudications affecting the Company. The Company adapted promptly and commendably to the new business environment and its compliance, especially with environmental laws, is model. But the effect of the climate of more governmental control of mining has been 122

increased costs which weaken the industry's ability to expand into the ever enlarging world market for coal. Competition is now not merely among domestic producers, or eastern versus western coal, but among coal producing nations.

The industry had no sooner adapted as best it could to the safety act, halting, in 1979, a 10-year decline in productivity,

when it was confronted by a new and expansive law covering surface and deep mining operations, the 1977 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act. A broad, sweeping federal land-use statute ostensibly directed to remedying various environmental effects of mining, the legislation would be the subject of much litigation before being upheld by the Supreme Court. The sharing of federal and state responsibility, written into the law by Congress, would leave much to be resolved even after the litigation was completed. Typical of the social legislation of the Carter presidency, the surface mining act will create enormous costs without benefit to the national goal of energy independence. While the safety and surface mining acts have had a Foreman sounding (testing) the mine roof (Richard profound and substantial effect on the daily operating activities Radakovich) of the Company, in terms of economic impact, nothing in the industry, or in the course of several decades of welfare legislation, compares in magnitude and cost to the black lung benefits legislation which was first enacted as part of the 1969 safety act. Responding to pressure to provide disability compensation to victims of coal miner pneumoconiosis, of which there was a high incidence among former and retired coal miners, and which was not generally compensable under state workers' compensation laws, Congress passed what in time has become a federally mandated pension plan of enormous cost, for coal miners, of unprecedented generosity. Extraordinary liberalization of eligibility standards has made black lung payments available to virtually every person who has spent any appreciable time working in an underground coal mine. With the gradual expansion of strip mining operations and the amended Keystone agreement in place and effective, the Company was able to direct more attention to full scale expansion beyond its mine-mouth operations. The task of directing efforts in those directions fell to Gilbert Remey who succeeded Fritchman as president and CEO in 1973. At that time the vast expanse of western coal in Wyoming, Montana, New Mexico, Utah and elsewhere was becoming more obvious to the eastern coal industry and to the 123

government largely in reaction to a sudden awareness of the country's substantial dependence on foreign energy sources. The Company made a number of modest forays into the West investigating prospective sites. Uncertainty because of the government's indecisiveness on policies pertaining to the enormous reserves owned by the federal government and the huge capital requirements caused the Company to conclude that expansion was best pursued in the eastern, and specifically, Pennsylvania fields. The first substantial exploration program was conducted, not surprisingly in view of the rapport with eastern utilities in the course of the Keystone and Homer City contracts, in conjunction with a utility owner of the Homer City Generating Station company seeking to secure reserves for a projected coal-fired power plant. Another coal company, Barnes & Tucker, which owned reserves in the area targeted for study, was also involved. The program presented the Company with both the opportunity and need for a discreet geological-exploration capacity in contrast to its earlier approach which utilized engineering personnel as needed for the very limited, part-time acquisition of new reserves. William Bragonier, a geologist, was hired late in 1973 and under the direction of Robert Olson set in place a geology-exploration department which in time numbered nine

Demonstration of a self- rescuer (Richard Radakovich) 124

geologists plus support personnel including secretaries and draftsmen. Simultaneously, several full-time field agents were hired. They were the initial and often only link between prospective sellers or lessors of coal reserves and the Company. A modern exploration program combines land men, or field agents, within a coordinated enterprise of geologists, engineers, drillers, lawyers and marketing/sales personnel. At the height of its exploration activities, in the mid and late seventies, there were nearly 20 people in the Company working full time on the effort, most of whom were not only new to the Company but were in newly created job functions. In 1973 and 1974 geologists and field agents were active in the Avonmore field, lying principally in Westmoreland County along the Indiana County line. The Barnes & Tucker properties were drilled and hundreds of additional acres acquired and drilled by the Company. When the field activities were completed nearly 14,000 acres of recoverable reserves were controlled and proven. The original plan whereby the Company and Barnes & Tucker would jointly develop the field was abandoned when the sponsoring utility declined to

exercise its option to have the reserves dedicated to it for a long-term contract, whereupon the two coal companies entered into negotiations which resulted in the Company's acquiring Barnes & Tucker's reserves and thus having total control of the field. The total recoverable reserves in the Avonmore field are nearly 55,000,000 tons. In the course of proving the field, the Company also acquired a railroad branch from the Penn-Central which connects the field to the main line of Conrail, assuring easy transport of the coal by rail to the east coast and making the field attractive for development for the export market. Other concentrated programs soon followed. On behalf of a major eastern utility the Company located, drilled and acquired over 136,000,000 recoverable tons in the Indiana and Westmoreland County areas between 1974 and 1978. In 1974, a large reserve near the Allegheny River in Butler and Armstrong counties was purchased and over a period of several years the Company added to potential reserves for the Helvetia mines and to a reserve near Five Points in

Indiana County. In all, well over 175,000,000 tons of estimated recoverable coal were added to the Company's deep coal reserves during the decade, excluding the reserves acquired on behalf of the utility company. In addition, there was a continuous, though modest, increase in strippable coal reserves 125

Continuous miner operator and his helper at the machine (Richard Radakovich) which were now being mined largely by the Company's own personnel. Alfred Tenney came to the Company in 1978 and gradually assembled a surface mining operation which he now manages, reporting to Eugene Jones, vice president of operations. Even as the vision of the Company was directed increasingly to wider horizons and programs for locating new reserves continued, the heart of the Company's operations, the Keystone and Helvetia complexes, progressed in their planned development. In 1972, the Company operated just four deep mines, but by 1979, there were ten, of which Lucerne #6, #8 and #9 supply the Homer City Generating Station. Keystone's Urling complex was named for Urling Sibley Iselin, wife of O'Donnell and mother of Emilie Wiggin and Peter Iselin. In developing the Urling mines, the Company once again pursued an innovative approach when it utilized a Jarva tunnel boring machine to construct the slope and later to connect two of the mines. Designed for construction work, the use of the machine in coal mining was novel and successful. By the end of the 1970's all of the planned mines would be opened, with the possibility of one additional mine being developed at Helvetia. Those mines would enable the Keystone and Helvetia reserves to be developed in an orderly, planned fashion to exhaust the reserves dedicated to fulfilling the long-term contracts. 126

Also, in the mid-seventies the Company and the owners of the Homer City Generating Station agreed to substantial amendments to the Helvetia Coal Sales Agreement which enhanced the terms for the benefit of both parties. The new mines that were developed and opened during the seventies not only required almost a doubling of the

underground work force, it created the need for many additional supervisory people at the mines and an increase in corporate support functions. Robert H. Darr, personnel manager, enlarged his own staff as the hiring of new employees progressed rapidly. The gradual diversification away from the Keystone and Homer City projects, as the only operations, was reflected in the need for streamlining the accounting and finance functions within the Company. Under the management of L. Blaine Grube, treasurer and controller, and later vice president, the accounting and finance functions were reorganized. George Evans was brought into the Company and made controller in 1976. Separate tax management and budget functions were created to meet the Company's needs

as it examined opportunities to expand into new markets and to acquire additional reserves from operating companies. Toward the end of the decade plans were well along toward establishing a fully modern electronic data processing and computer capability within the Company. The growth and planned expansion of the Company necessitated changes in its corporate structuring, and, accordingly, by the end of the decade, a new corporate organization with newly incorporated subsidiaries had been created along both functional and geographical lines. Each operation was, essentially, encompassed within a single corporate entity. The more important were Kent Coal Mining Company which operates the surface mines, Maud Mining Company which will operate surface mines in the northern counties, and, of course, Helvetia, United Eastern and R&P (Canada). Other companies handle or operate other Company enterprises. Gilbert Remey died in the spring of 1978 while in his sixth year as president of the Company. His tenure witnessed the culmination of the plans and hopes that motivated the difficult transition of the Company in the late sixties and early seventies. The Company was financially sound and embarked on new courses to meet and exploit the opportunities of the eighties. Remey's passing was not the only loss of the decade. 127

Early in 1971, O'Donnell Iselin had died. Heath Clark who was president for 15 years and later chairman of the finance committee died in 1972. Bob Carson, who had over 50 years of service, and who had retired in 1972, passed away in 1976. Clifford Crafts, former president of United Eastern and a director of the Company for many years; Edgar Cheeley, manager of supplies and purchasing; and John Mitchell, assistant controller, all familiar faces within the Company, died during the seventies. Retirement resulted in a virtually complete turnover in mine superintendents, and saw the departure of F. P. Calhoun, Merle Craig, Joseph Quinn, Brook Lewis, Tom Lymph and, of course, Fritchman and Moorhead. Robert Billings, who had headed operations during development of the Keystone mines retired in 1979, and Robert Thompson, who for many years managed the insurance and compensation department retired in 1980 after 50 years with the Company. New names appeared in their places as Jeffrey Knight, William Giuliani, Jack Irvin, Herbert Lydic, and James A. Wiley assumed their roles in the Company. Many others who had ably and conscientiously served the Company in many different capacities, also retired during the seventies. Too numerous to name or acknowledge here, they all witnessed the decline and resurgence of the Company toward the end of their careers and left with the satisfaction of knowing that each in his way had contributed to that revitalization. When William Kegel became president in 1979 the critical years for the Company had passed, and the new theme was that of opportunity. The promise inherent in the recovery over the decade was at hand and the Company was poised to avail itself of new opportunities as the nation, belatedly, and at last, was rediscovering coal as the primary source of its industrial energy needs. In particular, expansion of surface mining operations was high on the agenda and new surface mines were opened. Fittingly, perhaps, as the Company entered its second hundred years, it was looking to its place of origin — the Beechtree field in Jefferson County — as a site of a new surface mine. The cycle had turned in full and the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company, still independent, financially sound, and prepared, embarked upon a new era in its proud history. 128

Bibliography

During the preparation of this history, many books, periodicals, and original documents were consulted. The most significant are listed below. Books

Eavenson, Howard N. The First Century and a Quarter of the American Coal Industry. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Privately printed, 1942.

Elliott, W. G. History of Reynoldsuille and Vicinity. Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania: Spirit Publishing Company, 1922.

McKnight, W. J. A Pioneer History of Jefferson County, Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1898. A Pioneer History of Northwestern Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1905. Pietrak, Paul. The Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railway. North Boston, New York: Privately printed, 1979.

Stewart, J. Indiana County, Pennsylvania, Her People, Past and Present. Chicago, Illinois: J. H. Beers and Company, 1913.

Wall, T. L. Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, Present and Past. Privately printed, 1925. Newspapers

Indiana Evening Gazette. Indiana, Pennsylvania, 1900-1978. Indiana Progress. Indiana, Pennsylvania, 1900.

The Punxsutawney Spirit. Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania. Unpublished Sources

Gaspar, Donald. "A Geographic Analysis of Bituminous Coal Mining in Jefferson County, Pennsylvania." M. A. thesis. Pennsylvania State University, 1951.

Montgomery, Margaret N. "Industrial Study of Coal in Indiana County, Pennsylvania." Unpublished paper. 1959. Stapleton Library, Indiana University of Pennsylvania. hf % 5 130

R&P Today

This section is a listing of all current personnel of Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company and its associated companies. Individuals who told us of relatives formerly associated with R&P are designated by * and the information they provided about those relatives is found in the section "A Family- Oriented Company." Individuals designated by ** are covered in the section "The Iselin Family and the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company." 131

Rochester & 132

Executive

Charles J. Potter Chairman of the Board

Judi K. Peila Secretary

William G. Kegel President and Chief Executive Officer

Virginia C. Crum Secretary

Legal

W. Joseph Engler, Jr. W. Joseph Engler, Jr. Vice President and General Counsel Attorneys William M. Darr Bartley R. Simeral

Secretaries Genevieve Edwards Patricia M. Setlock Operations *Eugene H. Jones Vice President- Operations

*John A. Demeter Executive Assistant to Judi K. Peila William M. Darr Bartley R. Simeral the Vice President

Gary D. Ball Geologist

Danny E. Dilts Senior Clerk

*Neil Morandi Production Engineer

Eugene H. Jones Neil Morandi Edward J. Onuscheck 133

Safety and Training Maintenance Training

*Edward J. Onuscheck H. Leroy Evans Assistant to the President *Joseph Gabster and Safety Director Gerald C. Mentch Barbara Byerly Employment Secretary •Robert H. Dan- Safety Manager

Richard J. Flack David J. Davis James P. Futscher Assi'sfanf Manager j£ *William Onuscheck Thaddeus J. Clements Victor Pividori Personnel Clerk *Thomas J. Plowcha •Elizabeth C. Tomb •Catherine Poydock Secretary Larry P. Treese Watchmen Environmental Control Leo A. Caldwell Donald P. Eget Lewis W. Cousins Supervisor •John M. Fetterman Donald Richard L. Anderson P. Fritz Robert E. Bolinger Edward A. Heberling James A. Brown Harry D. Jones Frank E. Cramer James E. Kerr Herbert E. Gleditsch Terry A. Manges Thomas R. Hollern •Edward Martin L. Ronald J. Racicot James Muller Douglas H. Snyder Stephen A. Nudge John R. Reed Training Dudley C. Rhea

Raymond J. Lang Boyd G. Simmons Supervisor David P. Smith Edward R. Swartz John J. Bertolino Lewis F. Wisor Dennis E. Hellgren

James A. Manuel, Jr. Preparation Thomas C. McLaughlin Jeffrey C. Knight *Richard Radakovich Manager

Maintenance Bruce E. Hamilton •Joseph M. Fornari Assistant Manager Chief Maintenance •Julie O'Hara Engineer Secretary John H. Waterman Assisfanf Chief Maintenance Engineer 134

Randall J. Anderson •Robert M. Bowman William B. Carey *Diane L. Donahue Karl T. Hohing •Nicholas Kopchick James G. Resh *Sparten Silveri Arthur W. Vellesig *John P. Vinton William E. Wolff Administration

Kathy J. Reeger Secretary David J. Davis Jeffrey C. Knight Engineering

James J. Schaeffer Chief Engineer *James G. Wiley Assistant Chief Engineer

Secretaries Corinne S. Cramer Marian D. Hill Mary Ann Woodrow Haydar Gezik Division Engineer, Keystone

Dennis L. Shay Division Engineer, Bruce E. Hamilton James J. Schaeffer James G. Wiley Helvetia-Kent

Project and Planning Engineers Jon F. Grube Edward Sokol James J. Szalankiewicz Stephen J. Takach Jack Miles

Haydar Gezik Dennis L. Shay Edward Sokol 135

Resident Engineers •Harold L. Bash Jeffrey L. Christy Lester W. Clark Richard F. Jubie Lee Legarsky Joseph P. Yacuboskey David E. Yingling William Young Surveyors Timothy P. Botsford Harry L. Breski Jeffrey C. Burns Robert M. Clawson Bradley L. Craig

*Thomas J. Deptola Merle P. Duncan James M. Edwards Jeffrey S. Edwards Gary Foehrenbach Donald Gardner, Jr. Roland E. Gearhart Mark Gordish *Kenneth E. Grant James E. Hill John A. Hudak Kevin K. Johnson Michael P. Keith Thomas E. Kier Ronald T. LoPresti Donald S. Martin Joseph S. Mauro Kenneth L. Moore Russell P. Morgan Joseph M. Quinn Robert T. Ramsey Gary L. Shaffer Mark Shellenbarger David A. Smith Draftsmen •Charles W. Clark

Harold J. Good •Raymond L. Haag •Robert W. Hitchings 136

Richard Knapko James L. Mock Dale E. Moorhead Mark Orkwis John R. Thomas Gregory Witchen

Environmental Compliance

Thomas DeBerti Manager

Dennis Foster Assistant Manager

Robert Davis Arthur R. Miller Thomas DeBerti Daniel Duso Ronald Racicot Thomas Stormer Other Engineers David J. Babyak Roger L. Brehm Robert W. Davis George N. Hill

Allen J. Percha

Land and Real Estate

*James A. Wiley Manager

Arthur R. Miller Manager

Paul A. Bowley *Earl K. Gardner James E. McQuaide William Schuckers Larry Stadtmiller 137

Mechanical and 138

Accounting Larry E. Palmer *Samuel R. Shirley Jack M. Irvin, Jr. Assistant Controller William B. Simmons Sandra Abraham Employee Benefits Arlenc Berkebile Geary W. Short LuAnn Eger Manager Marjorie Greene Judith Cunningham Patricia Hodak Assisfanf Manager Suzanne Lawer

Lois I. Longwell Kriss Constantine Jeffrey Mack Roberta Everett Judy L. Moore Debbie J. Henry Clyde Palmer Marilynn A. Howard Maryellen Kabay Laurie Newell 139

Keystone Assistants to the Coal Mining Mine Foreman Corporation Paul Legarsky George Lesneskie J. Edgar Stewart Raymond Wygonik Manager Assisfanf Mine Foremen Production Engineers Charles O. Allison Thomas Cronk Elmer C. Anthony •Richard Deptola Carl Bartley Michael Gonos Gildo E. Bertetto Jace L. Hoe Ronald M. Blose Ronald Steffey Edward C. Broskin Sandra Kromer Robert L. Bullers Cleaner Robert C. Burns Joseph B. Clever, Jr. Jane-Emilie Mines Raymond Galbraith

*Kenneth J. Levitz Kenneth L. George General Superintendent Joseph Gulas Harry R. Merle Mohney Hooks, Jr. Outside Foreman Michael Humenik Fred C. Johns Storekeepers Michael W. Kaskan Terry Ingmire Michael P. Koma Supervisor William J. Kormanis Joseph Filipovich Peter Kulick Herbert Wardrop •Joseph W. Leysock Mona J. Yount Russell L. Mauk Jane Mine •Samuel L. McElroy William S. Mitchell Andrew Pappal Superintendent Dorman L. Nicholson •Walter Novak Kenneth S. Barish Robert J. Olcus Assistant Superintendent Frank Rodnicki *Mervin G. Snyder John T. Sheba Mine Foreman Harry J. Smith •George T. Smulik *Harry A. Pritt *R. K. Stadtmiller Supervisor of Maintenance •George S. Swanlek •Ronnie Whiteman Edward B. Petrosky Ronald D. Wright Assistant to the •Russell Young Superintendent Maintenance *L. Ray Bashline Shift Foremen Safety Inspector H. S. Kunselman, Jr. Michael L. Lezanic 140

Starr J. Miller Randall R. Bodnar Paul C. Shay Leonard H. Bouch Richard A. Stitt Ronald J. Bowersox Frank L. Wofford, Jr. Todd D. Bowser Leslie W. Brilhart Mine Workers David T. Brison Howard Aaron Tom James H. Brison Richard B. Ackerson James R. Brison, Jr. Ronald Adams Galen C. Brocious Ronald A. Airhart Nelson C. Brocious George W. Albright Edward F. Broskin Lloyd H. Altman John J. Broskin, Jr. Randy L. Altman Larry M. Broskin William L. Andring Terry A. Brown David E. Anthony Edgar Stewart Daniel R. Brumbaugh J. Melvin Anthony, Jr. Albert Bucco Thomas J. Arthurs John Buffington, Jr. Ronald A. Askins Curtis E. Burkett Marlin D. Baker *Franklin B. Burkett Raymond K. Balls Paul A. Burkett, Jr. Bark *Earl M. Ralph D. Burkett James K. Barker, Jr. Terry M. Butchkoski Gary R. Barraclough Dan V. Carnahan Batik Steve Anthony D. Carney Edward J. Batistig Robert T. Cavanaugh Robert A. Beatty Roy Cigola Clarence L. Bellman *James A. Clawson David G. Bettinazzi Kevin R. Clemens Emil Biondich Anthony P. Cocco Richard B. Black John Ira Coleman •John M. Blasin Kenneth J. Levitz Andrew Pappal Robert T. Coleman F. H. Blattenberger Donnie S. Colwell *Alex A. Blazavich John David Conn Gary L. Blazavich Frank B. Conner John Blazavich, Jr. Robert A. Coulter Joseph Blazavich Kenneth R. Crawford Joseph E. Blazavich Jeff E. Crawford *Randy L. Blose Jerry L. Cribbs H. Blose Ronald Barry W. Crytzer Donald B. Blystone William Crytzer, Jr. Earl E. Boarts Gary R. Curry

Harry J. Cyktich John Cyktich Louis J. DeCarlo Donald C. DeHaven Fred J. DeMetro Kenneth S. Barish 141

Richard D. Donine James Householder Larry D. Eckman William Huntington

Gary R. Ehnot John J. Huot *Alfonso Embry Daniel L. Huth Robert G. Emigh Carl L. Iseman David L. Favero Douglas A. Iseman *Roy W. Fennell, Jr. Ronald Jamison David J. Fichthorn Thomas J. Jerko Stephen J. Filo, Jr. Joseph Jerto Victor E. Firment Richard E. Johnston Edward Fleming, Jr. Colbert E. Jones Russel E. Fleming Joseph Kamimski, Jr. David O. Flick Kenneth A. Kaskan Richard E. Forsythe *Kenneth J. Kellar

Howard J. Fritz *Kenneth C. Kellar Wendell D. Gahagen Edward O. Kerner Paul Anthony Gais Richard L. Kerner Daryl L. Galbraith •Terence L. Kimmel *Eugene E. Gapshes William B. King Ernest C. Garis Clyde H. Kline David V. Gearhart Dennis R. Kline Charles Goldinger Ronald E. Klonowski Edward David Gundy David C. Knepshield Gary B. Haggerty Paul F. Komlosky, Jr. Richard D. Hagofsky Pete Kostella *Barry L. Haldin Peter Kostella, Jr.

Thomas J. Hamacek Ronald G. Kostella Wayne D. Hamilton John Kovalchick, Jr. Robert H. Hammer *Thomas Kowchuck

David J. Harmon *John M. Krecota John M. Hawkins Philip E. Kriebel Amos O. Heilbrun, Jr. James W. Kubala Kenneth L. Helman Floyd M. Kunkle Berton L. Henderson Joseph R. Kunst Donald Ray Henry Daniel Lamar Howard T. Henry Ralph R. Lamar Howard W. Henry Dennis K. Hill Robert Grant Hill *Kenneth A. Hilliard Clair V. Himes Robert E. Himes S. A. Hockenberry Melvin L. Hoffman James R. Holbrook James A. Hooks 142

Kenneth C. Lassick Timothy P. Moore Fred C. Ridenour John Legersky *Anthony J. Moretti *William J. Rising John P. Leger * William C. Moretti John H. Roberts Ronald L. Leshock *Daniel S. Mudrich Walter W. Rogers Matthew C. Letso Dennis L. Muir William M. Rolls

*John Leysock Harry I. Myers Daniel H. Romanie Mark P. Lezanic *Thaddeus Mytrysak Paul Earl Roof Paul Lezanic David Lynn Nale James D. Rugh M. E. Lingenfelter Thomas E. Nanni Kenneth C. Rumbaugh Terry Lingenfelter Randy C. Neill Stanley Rusiecki Joseph A. Liscinsky Donald M. Newill Nicholas Sabatine Thomas D. Little *Joe Frank Noga John Sabo William L. Love *Anthony C. Novak Robert L. Schall Timothy A. Lutton *Chester P. Novak Raymond T. Scheetz Charles R. Lydic Walter A. Novak Timothy L. Scherf George E. Mason Mark A. Oblinsky Carl Schrecengost

Edward T. Maudie Robert J. Oblinsky C. I. Schrecengost D. R. McCausland, Jr. Terrence O'Hara James L. Schrock Albert E. McCool James C. Olenchak Jack A. Schultz Donald L. McElfresh *Wayne Arthur Orr William T. Scibek Richard McElfresh Charles Lee Orton Harry U. Seger Don E. McEntire Charles K. Oswalt Alex T. Semuskie Thomas L. McGhen David K. Oswalt Sam Serrian Randy C. Mclntyre John E. Pencola Merle F. Sexton, Jr. Elmer W. McLean Robert A. Penigar Peter L. Shaffer Charles R. Mechling Dennis L. Phillips Ronald Shaw Stephen Mester, Jr. Thomas E. Pierce Darl D. Sheasley Steve Metro *Anthony P. Pina Jeffrey F. Shiner Andrew R. Miller Edward G. Piper Harold J. Shirey Delbert F. Miller John A. Platko Larry S. Shirey James D. Miller James J. Plazarin Thomas Shondelmyer Joseph E. Miller *Steve P. Ploskunak Larry K. Shoop Marvin D. Miller John Pollack, Jr. Clarence L. Shupe Edward C. Mills Stephen M. Pollack John Thomas Sickon Walter Mills, Jr. John M. Posey Robert W. Simonson Mark F. Mondale Johnnie Lee Prugh Donald R. Simpson Aleck S. Moody Walter R. Prugh Dennis C. Slagle Aleck C. Moody George B. Pyle John A. Smeltzer David Moody Robert L. Rager David A. Smith David E. Moody Andrew A. Rasperger Douglas L. Smith John S. Rearick Michael L. Smith Miles S. Rearigh, Jr. Ralph E. Smith Joe Rebovich Richard W. Smith Thomas Rebovich Thomas P. Recupero Paul W. Rhodes 143

Russell E. Smith *Thomas P. Smith James A. Smulik Larry D. Snyder Randy D. Spencer Richard S. Spires Ronald Stadtmiller Rudolph A. Steffish Charles R. Stein Michael T. Stennett Richard Stevens Kirk D. Stivason Richard A. Stoker Otis M. Stradford Lloyd Strini T. H. Stuchell, Jr. T. H. Stuchell, in *Andrew Surma *Steven D. Swanlek

Paul J. Swarts Robert S. Swarts Alan D. Swast Robert L. Swisher

J. C. Thompson, Jr. *Paul Joseph Toldi Frank Toy Victor V. Trenski Fred Troup Jack L. Troup Richard E. Troup Edward T. Truitt, Jr. Manvis F. Umbaugh *Orlando Uvena Samuel P. Vetro *Harry A. Vinton Ray H. Voelkel

Randal J. Walker •William R. Walker 144

John W. Walter Robert L. Wright, Jr. Emilie #1 Mine Danny E. Wells James R. Wright James E. Clinger Dusty Lee Wells James R. Wright, Jr. Superintendent and Howard L. Wells James Yackuboskey Mine Foreman Peter A. Yajko Melvin Lee Wells George A. Bungo Thomas M. Zak, Jr. *John J. White Supervisor of *Richard Whiteman Thomas J. Zanetti Maintenance Thomas Wilden, Jr. William C. Zanetti Jack A. Freeman David A. Willard *Frank J. Zbignewich Mine Clerk *William E. Windows *James A. Zbur Thomas D. Wingard *Michael Zbur *Ronald O. Van Home Safety Inspector Daniel L. Wofford *Mike Zbur Randy L. Wofford Robert J. Zellefrow Assistants to the Mine John M. Wonderling Ronald E. Zellman Foreman James G. Wood Robert C. Fisher Harry E. Woodring Clarence R. Frain Gerald D. Wright Anthony J. Poloff Robert M. Remaley 145

Assistant Mine Foremen Guy E. Bonelli Victor J. Goodman Donald C. Beer James A. Bonelli Kenneth Gary Grady Robert J. Bish Michael A. Bonelli James A. Graham Robert Borello Gary L. Bowser Thomas C. Gray Paul A. Burkett Robert D. Bowser Thomas G. Gromley James S. Cindric Walter L. Bowser Andy Lee Haggerty *Joseph D. Eckman James A. Breski Patrick P. Haggerty Earl C. Everetts, Jr. Charles P. Brown Ronald D. Haggerty Charles F. Fletcher Kenneth E. Caldwell Roger A. Hagofsky Danny D. Gahagan Joseph Chierici, Jr. David B. Hamilton J. L. Harkelroad Daniel P. Cindric Sloan R. Harkleroad Carl R. Kriebel Lindsey R. Clever Carl O. Held George Leone, Jr. Richard G. Confer Wilbur D. Helman, Jr.

George Leone, III Frederick Connell *Earl F. Henry Larry E. Palmer Alvin B. Conner *Paul E. Henry Paul M. Palmer *Daniel Conzo Arthur M. Hicks Daryl E. Shay Robert W. Cowan John L. Holland, Jr. William Tatsak, Jr. Matthew L. Crawford Chamie A. Hooks, Jr. *David Cribbs E. Maintenance Shift Donald Hosey Foremen George H. Cribbs Michael E. Houser Keith A. King William D. Crosby William C. Houser Thomas E. Legersky Henry D. Crownover Paul E. Hrabovsky Clyde L. Shaffer Richard Crownover Benjamin J. Huska Ralph E. White Jonny A. Crytzer Richard L. Ion Fred Curcio, Jr. Randall A. Jewart Mine Workers Harold T. Cupec Dale R. John Edward C. Adams Louis B. Curcio Gary A. Jones John D. Adams Rocco A. Curcio John E. Jones Jerry M. Altobelli Thomas E. Davis Larry Lee Jones Bernard Anthony, Jr. Emil J. Debnar John C. Katunich James R. Anthony Rodney J. DeNardo Joseph Kashur James Howard Bair Michael J. Dickey *Thompson W. Keeler Dean Barnett James Doka Dennis Kerchensky Francis W. Barto Marlin H. Downs Ralph R. Kimmell Arthur T. Bell James E. dinger Gerald A. Duncan Roger A. King Donald Black Raymond J. Edwards Charles J. Kirk Jeffrey Lynn Black Raymond E. Everett Donald R. Koffman *Edward Blazavich George E. Felichko Donald R. Kough Terry L. Blazavich Donald Lee Frain James A. Kovalchick Thomas R. Blystone Robert L. Frain Gerald E. Kriebel

*Charles M. France *Louis J. Krizmanich William L. Gaiser Frank P. Kwisnek George E. Gallagher Gary D. Lash *Benjamin F. Gapshes Jewell L. Goodman Sidney A. Goodman 146

Jeffrey L. Lash James M. Peterman Victor C. Toy Eugene L. Law, Jr. Dennis P. Plubell Willian John Turk Jack G. Leshock James E. Polka Harry G. Wallace James D. Liebengood Richard A. Polka William L. Wasnak Ralph M. Libengood *James R. Poloff Andrew T. Watt A. L. Lingenfelter Wesley A. Poloff Elmer L. Waugaman *Greg Lingenfelter Reno Pozzini Keith E. Welteroth John L. Long William L. Putt Hilton E. Young Frank H. Lytle Marshall Z. Rankin Walter Zapotoczny James Martillotti Ralph Edward Ray Alex Zemko Melvin A. Martz *Wade L. Rearick *Gerald S. Zemko K. R. McClafferty Cary Chambers Reel *John Zemko William H. McClafferty Boyd E. Reinard *William A. Zemko Richard G. McCluske *John R. Reiter Etnilie #4 Mine *John A. McCullough Clifton G. Rice Ronnie L. McGinnis Melvin O. Rodgers John J. Jashienski Dale E. McKain Andrew Roman Superintendent and William A. McMahon John E. Ruffner, Jr. Mine Foreman

Paul E. Miller Nicholas Rushnok Larry R. Miller James A. Minich Walter D. Ruth Supervisor of

Timothy A. Mohney Guyer Schantz, III Maintenance Clarence E. Moore George L. Seich Charles Roudebush Michael Moslak, Jr. Richard L. Shick Mine Clerk Charles E. Murray James A. Shilling Robert C. Walker James A. Murray Francis L. Shiner Storekeeper William A. Nulph Mark D. Shirey William K. O'Brien David H. Shultz Assistants to the Mine Wilbert J. Palermo Daniel D. Silvis Foreman Robert G. Palmer Jeffrey A. Sinclair William C. Brink Robert A. Palmiscno Harold E. Slagle Robert G. Clinger Daniel E. Parks Samuel J. Sloan Lawrence Frain, Jr. Ellis G. Parks Cary W. Smith Assistant Mine Foremen John E. Parks *Robert L. Smith Norman F. Anderson Gary D. Parks Robert J. Snyder Roger R. Bish Thomas R. Parks Walter D. Snyder Robert L. Hartzell Gary Pease John Sosnick Jeffrey K. Manning Richard R. Pease Robert Sosnick Dennis L. Miller Vincent Spelock Charles E. North Stanley L. Stein Joseph B. Pasterick

Ronald L. Stiffler Edward J. Peterson Donald M. Talmadge James E. Placek Donald Talmadge, Jr. James A. Suchetski James B. Thompson Richard Tamski William J. Thompson John F. Zaczyk James A. Thornton Jesse K. Toy 147

Maintenance Shift Foremen William B. Hill Mark K. Rupert Gary V. Smith Mine Workers Ricky L. Adams Al Eugene Anderson Mark E. Anderson Stanley J. Anderson Charles M. Anthony Harrison R. Anthony Edwin L. Barto Gary G. Bell Ronald C. Bell Charles L. Bowser Charles P. Bowser Charles F. Brewer *Thomas O. Brewer John B. Brochetti Charles D. Brothers John H. Brothers Douglas A. Brown Norman M. Brown James S. Burns Ronald L. Frain Larry Kirkpatrick *Kenneth P. Campbell Warren W. Frederick John R. Kiser Elmo A. Caresani Terry D. Gaston David L. Kovach Richard F. Cessna Larry E. Gearhart Steven R. Kovach *Dennis A. Chobody James E. Golab Tyrone Krautbauer James L. Cowan D. C. Goldstrohm T. J. Lamison, Jr. Tim M. Cowan Johnny Goldstrohm Danny R. Lane Cheryl K. Craft *Michael B. Gulish Keith W. Lash Donald P. Crawford John M. Hale Kelly L. Lash Shawn E. Curry John C. Hartman William J. Lazzeri Douglas A. Dudzik Harold P. Hawkins William C. Lineman Herbert N. Farster Kerry L. Hawkins James M. Lucas *David A. Ferrence William C. Hilliard William J. Lukehart Robert A. Ferringer Alan J. Hinderliter Francis F. Markel

Robert J. Ferringer William V. Huber James E. Martin Robert S. Ferringer John R. Jones Gary E. McCoy David W. Fink Thomas R. Jordan Randall S. McCoy Edward A. Fink Jeffrey S. Kaplon Timothy D. McCoy Richard L. Fink John Kashur Roger R. Fink Bryce W. Kelly Thomas S. Firment Thomas J. Kidder Lawrence C. Flack David Kirkpatrick 148

H. W. McCullough, Jr. Margaret #11 Mine James P. McCune Harold L. Snyder Russell P. McElwain Superintendent and Neal A. Milliken, Jr. Mine Foreman Joseph R. Notto James L. Hook Oliver Daniel L. Supervisor of Thomas C. Oliver Maintenance John James Ondich Richard J. Serafin Melvin J. Ondich Mine Clerk Paul M. Ondich Stephen D. Prusasky David E. Wells Donald M. Rankin Safety Inspector Ronald E. Rankin Assistant Mine Foremen Linda J. Riggle Carl E. Bullers Melvin O. Rodgers Walter D. Demao Gordon S. Ross George J. Galentine Henry E. Sappe James D. Huselton K. Lynn Schaeffer Robert A. Morhac Peter B. Serene Donald R. Wolfe Larry C. Shirey Mine Workers Donald E. Slee William L. Adams Chris L. Spicher David T. Anderson Daniel P. Stewart Edward F. Anthony Donald A. Stewart Paul Bartosiewicz Charles G. Sutej John W. Bell Donald R. Swartz, Jr. Terry A. Bish Timothy D. Tatsak Leroy D. Blystone Timothy E. Van Horn Ronald W. Blystone Robert M. Watson Larry E. Booher *Gino V. Webb D. S. Brendlinger, Jr. Virgil L. Welsh Charles C. Cessna Kipp F. Welteroth John B. dinger David M. Williams Edward E. Crissman Stanley P. Williams William L. Dailey Stanley H. Yanik, Jr. Paul A. DeLuca Eric M. Yockey Peter S. Douglass Robert N. Yockey, Jr. Ronald W. Dunbar Connie J. Young John Fedor Russell Zimmerman Blaine R. Fontanese Michael E. Gartley Dean E. Gearhart Merch K. Grafton James A. Gutherie Frederick E. Houser Martin D. Jacoby 149

David J. Jordan Urling #1 Mine Mine Workers Darrell L. Kaufman Michael B. Anderson William E. Edmunds Ralph A. Kellar Superintendent William J. Ash, III Thomas J. Kenesky Chris D. Barber Robert J. Matty William E. Kline David S. Barkley Mine Foreman Darl F. Kunselman Kenneth R. Bennett

Robert J. McKernan Alfred F. Young Gregory E. Boyer Joseph Mikita Supervisor of Pressley Brandon Maintenance Terry E. Miller David E. Brewer Terry L. Miller Dennis Malcolm Richard C. Brewer Jeffrey R. Minnich Safety Inspector Thomas L. Brewer James F. Brochetti Harry E. Orr Assistants to the Richard J. Orr Mine Foreman C. L. Bullers Charles Presko, Jr. •Robert L. Bowman Mark J. Bungo Ernest T. Burns Robert L. Ross Jerry J. Brink Harold L. Sn«.der Richard L. Busch Kent D. Serene *Mike Klyap, Jr. Ronald K. Serene Donald Buterbaugh Assisfanf Mine Foremen M. R. Shaeffer, Jr. Ronald D. Butler *Alex W. Blazavich Robert Shields, Jr. Allen W. Buzzard Francis L. Ciranni Walter G. Shoop John W. Caylor, Jr. Robert D. Cooper Howard R. Shotts Fred A. Cessna William G. Fusaro Arnold E. Slee, Jr. James L. Cessna John M. Galentine Gary K. Smeltzer Richard N. Clark, Jr. *Michael E. Gulish Daniel W. Smith Anthony J. Clement *Larry W. Johnson Wilbur C. Stitt John D. Clever, Jr. Andy Joe Kaplon John W. Stolitza Ronald E. Cloak Donald G. Kaskan Joseph R. Tedeski Benjamin S. Conner *Peter Krecota Douglas B. Walter Burton D. Conner Donald McCausland C. E. Walthour, Jr. Terry R. Craft James F. Moreau Harold Wolfe Irvin L. Cravener John W. Myers James Doyle Wolfe Eugene Cravener William E. Edmunds David J. Naman Allen R. Yount George M. Cravener George J. Rebovich Paul E. Cravener Urling #1- Kenneth W. Redinger Elio Daldoss (Jrling #2 Plant Gary Lee Ryan Herbert C. Davies Storekeepers and Maintenance Shift A. D. DeGastro, Jr. Clerks Mine Foremen Joseph A. DeVivo Roger Beitel Edward M. Hill Jess Eckendahl *David J. Brown Henry A. Rocco *Dennis G. Fennell Jeffrey Tocci Danny E. Young Kenneth L. Flick A. James Brown Robert W. Frailey *James E. Hitchings Kenneth E. Getty Carolyn Rinehart Cleaner 150

Norman L. Goldinger John M. Mitchell, Jr. Gerald R. Grove Calvin Montgomery Robert L. Grube Edward M. Moore *Thomas E. Gulish Gregory A. Moore Jose U. Gutierrez Richard T. Moreau Terry A. Hallman James S. Morrison Roy B. Harvey Robert Carl Neese John C. Hellgren, Jr. Clifford J. Nichols *Mark A. Hiles Joseph Paluch, Jr. Michael A. Hill Stephen A. Pappal Roger E. Hill Edward A. Parks, Jr. C. G. Hockenberry •Charles Patterson Raymond Hodor *Ben G. Pearce Richard L. Hoover Robert D. Pease, Jr. Jack L. James Wilbur Rainey Martin A. Jevicky Stephen N. Receski Keith Edgar Jones Tracy L. Reefer Anthony S. Kaplin Joseph F. Reken John Mike Kaplon Nick H. Rescenete Leonard J. Kaplon Donald A. Rocco Raymond Kaplon Joe Angelo Rocco Carla C. Kochik Larry J. Rocco George T. Koscho Thomas J. Rocco *Michael Krecota, Jr. Frank A. Roebuck *John S. Krecota Stanley E. Rusnica *Larry J. Krecota Matthew L. Sabula Michael P. Kreutzer R. Schreckengost Rogert E. Kromer John J. Serbin Joseph C. Kulick Earl R. Sherry * Donald L. Lamison Richard A. Simo Edgar J. Lamison Randy L. Slease Charles E. Laney David E. Slovinsky Vivian L. Lasher Geraldine E. Smith William Lazzeri Larry J. Smith William Wayne Ling Wayne L. Smith John L. Lonetti Richard P. Snyder *Regis D. Mack Gerald A. Socol Alan L. Manfredi Joseph B. Socol Thomas W. Marino, Jr. Alfred Solinski Mike M. Marken Alfred Solinski, Jr. / Charles Martin •William P. Spence Dennis McCausland George M. Steele William R. McElwain Larry E. Stewart Donald McGregor, Jr. Donald J. Merriman S Samuel E. Mikita 151

Thomas R. Sunderlin Maintenance Shift k Ray Fairman Larry A. Talmadge Foremen Larry E. Fulmer Walter G. Taylor *Richard G. Hillard Donald W. Gaston Jeffrey L. Troup John A. Julock Garry E. Gaston

Leonard J. Troup T. Ashley McAfoose Clifford J. Genchur Janice L. Turney Mine Workers Joseph A. Gispanski *Jacob Ulichnie, Jr. Martin B. Adamson Guy R. Grabiec Charles E. Vallies Ruth A. Altman Austin J. Griffith Daniel P. Van Horn Mitchell Armstrong Joseph S. Griffith David R. Hagofsky Bruce J. Whetsel Edward L. Bayner, Jr. Gerald A. Larry W. Wilson Richard R. Beck Harbison Robert E. Wilson Dale Eugene Beers Dana C. Hart Richard D. Wingard Larry D. Beers James E. Heigley, Jr. Philip S. Wright Gerald D. Beighley Michael L. Helman Pete B. Yosurack Charles A. Bemish William Henderson R. Hildebrand *Robin D. Young Richard L. Bennett Mark John E. Young William G. Binion Jeffrey J. Hohl Joel M. Young Bradley K. Bourdess Dale A. Hooks John E. Zapotosky Terrance Bourdess Randy M. Hooks Blair A. Zarnesky Dennis D. Bowser Walter L. Hoover Hans S. Houser Urling #2 Mine Tracy D. Boyer Fred A. Buggey Jeffrey W. Huselton Henry J. Salva Iezzi Karl R. Buggey James J. Superintendent and A. Illar Calvin L. Casella Thomas Mine Foreman Filbert E. Jobe, Jr. John P. Cekovsky Timothy A. Keith Frank D. Schrecengost John R. Cekovsky Supervisor of John R. Kluchurosky Michael W. Choncek Henry J. Salva Maintenance Clifford D. Coleman Louis Kluchurosky Robert Komlosky Assistants to the *William B. Coleman A Mine Foreman Walter A. Delp *Eugene J. Kowchuck David G. Larsen *Keith J. Anderson Raymond R. Dolby Ronald R. King Kenneth Dougherty Keith A. Lemmon L. Lloyd Myron P. Nehrebecki Jeffrey A. Duncan Samuel Raymond K. Lookhart Assistant Mine Foremen Robert Dunmire, Jr. William E. Lookhart Thomas J. Budner Darhl W. Empfield James E. Loughry David E. Druchniak Steven R. Everetts Clyde Marshall Robert C. Engel Bruce W. Mason Theodore J. Gulas Gerald W. McAfoos Daniel E. Mansell Dale E. McMahon Dwayne R. Marshall Kenneth McPherson Leonard E. Mason Timothy G. Mikesell Lonnie C. Meyer Daniel J. Misner Larry M. Orr *Wayne W. Pritt 152

Robert C. Urban, Jr. Terry L. Verner Clair E. Waltermire Thomas E. Wikander Stephen P. Wikander Eugene G. Williams Thomas F. Wingrove William B. Wingard Mark A. Wolfe Roger G. Wolfe Jamie L. Wright

Urling #3 Mine

Charles E. Lockard Superintendent and Mine Foreman Donald W. King Supervisor of Maintenance

Robert E. Boughner Mine Clerk

Thomas E. Christy Storekeeper George Nadzadi Safety Inspector

Assistants to the Mine Foreman *Lawrence Aikins, Jr. *Harry A. Pritt, Jr. David W. Miller August J. Santini Richard L. Miller Raymond Santus Assisfanf Mine Foremen Edward L. Myers John M. Schall Frank Chichy Judith E. Orr Donald L. Senott Robert Emeigh Joseph A. Palermo Albert Serafin, Jr. *Rayburn Fairman Terry Pease James Shreckengost Perry R. Johnson Mark R. Pennington Anthony W. Sickon Ronald A. Johnson

James B. Peters Ralph I. Smail, Jr. John R. Kalp

E. J. Peterson, III Randy L. Snyder Charles E. Kutsch Daniel A. Pikel Wayne D. Springer •Robert A. Pozik •Nicholas L. Pina Richard L. Stephens James P. Quinn Ronald D. Rice Peter Super Ken Schreckengost Daniel A. Ross Peter M. Super *Alan L. Sheasley Dennis E. Ross Steven E. Super *David P. Skerkavich Gregory A. Toy Harry J. Statewicz Calvin E. Troup Blair M. Turney 153

Maintenance Shift Carl E. Isaacson B. L. Schreckengost Foreman David E. Jordon K. L. Schreckengost Edward V. Held Mark Kamer David R. Sellers Levi R. Vought Jerry M. Kellar Ronald L. Sexton Mine Workers Charles R. Kessler Ronald L. Sexton, Jr. Joseph C. Kochik, Jr. T. Jeffrey K. Adams Kenneth Shea 'Steven R. Krecota *Larry N. Aikins D. W. Shreckengost Kevin M. Kutsch F. Timothy A. Anderson Kenneth Snyder Russell E. Lawrence William G. Snyder Alan R. Bliss E. Lewis William John A. Bodnar *Ralph S. Snyder Richard L. Marshall Dennis E. Stankus Donald E. Boughner William McCracken Stefan, Jr. Robert P. Bowser Michael Hugh Joseph Boyle R. A. McCullough, Jr. Edward A. Stevens Ronald D. Bunyak Russell L. McGill Joan T. Svantner Randy A. McGinnis Robert A. Joseph J. Canale Sweeney James M. Carnahan Vincent M. McNevin Gary P. Thompson John Russell C. Cramer W. Meanor Rodger D. Toy Linda M. Cravener James G. Mibroda John E. Tuorinsky William R. Miller Nicholas E. Cymbol Andrew P. Ulisky Randa L. Moore Ronald E. Davis Daniel C. Walker Harry E. Moose, Jr. Richard D. Wilson Andy J. Deel Roger D. Morgan Larry Kevin P. Deel G. Wood C. Murphy William G. Dixon Leon Edwin A. Wyland Donald E. Nulph, Jr. Harry R. Dougherty Frank Yankuskie Newton F. Painter Jerry L. Young Jeffrey L. Dunmire Charles Pappal, Jr. Bradley W. Younkins Carl E. Elkin Charles Pappal, Sr. Clyde L. Ewing General Service George Pavlosky Ricky A. Flick Plant Sheldon K. Pentz Alvin C. Fulmer Charles E. Lockard Mine Workers David D. Fyock Arthur Peterman, Jr. S. Otto Peterson Michael Bertolino David R. George, Jr. *Michael Genchur William A. George Fred V. Petruzzi Dennis L. Piper James T. Irvin Elder R. C. Green *Alex Pozik David J. McCracken Robert E. Hall Philip N. Nibert Robert W. Heckman *Gerald A. Pritt Arnold D. Pifer Kenneth Henderson *Richard J. Pritt Gerald E. Donald V. Speranza Richard Henderson Ramer *Sevia G. Wiley Gregg Hershberger Sidney D. Ramsell Norman R. Wissinger Steven Hildebrand Curtis E. Randolph *Louis G. Zambotti James Hollenbaugh *Ronald G. Rearick Louis J. Zambotti Robert C. Hoover David E. Richardson James A. Hutchison Angelo Romanie David P. Romanie Samuel T. Romanie Rick L. Rupp Robert L. Sarvey 154

Helvetia Coal Company

Robert D. Anderson Manager

Production Engineers Kevin F. Addleton Robert Bolinger, Jr. Bruce Springer Lucerne #6 Mine

*William B. Tanner Superintendent

Jerome W. Strong Mine Foreman

Robert L. Heming Supervisor of Maintenance

•Edward B. Bowman Outside Foreman

Marvin L. Chambers Safety Inspector

Storekeepers and Clerks Kenneth St. Clair *David W. Grant Ronald B. Hilliard Christopher Myers John W. Barton *James W. Hitchings Randy C. Greene

Alice Prato Cleaner

Assistants to the Mine Foreman Clair D. Blystone *Donald L. Hilliard

Robert J. Jeffries

Assistant Mine Foremen Larry D. Anderson James D. Bence Edward Bocz Edward Bocz, Jr. Harry Borcherding John F. Bradley •Richard E. Burkley 155

George T. Bush Maintenance Shift •Joseph R. Bernard James W. Buterbaugh Foremen Patrick J. Bernard James R. Clendenen Richard C. Cochran John W. Bertuzzi *William E. Cochran James G. Cushion David M. Biconik Joseph Daskivich Neil C. Lydick Michael Biconik Daniel L. Donahue Edward B. Shotts David Billingslee George E. Draksler Donald Speranza J. H. Blickenderfer

*Ronald J. Evanick Joseph Uher Clair O. Blystone Lawrence E. Fabin •Clarence Zacherl Raymond P. Blystone *Thomas P. Fedinick Mine Workers •Gregory P. Bocz James W. Bocz Stewart S. Ferguson Richard M. Adams, Jr. A. Bocz *Robert M. Gatskie William W. Adams •Wayne Gerald L. Bouch Gary T. Hlusko •Earl R. Aimino E. Bowser *Marvin E. Jones Ernest Aimino Theodore Charles Kameliski Charles Akers William H. Boyd, Jr. Robert D. Anderson James L. Boyer *Albert Kubat, Jr. Donald J. Anderson Daniel Brendlinger Andy Lunchuck Richard B. Anderson Joseph Maghrak Anthony Andrascik Gary I. Brendlinger *William McGinnis Cary M. Andrascik James Brendlinger Frank Olish George M. Andrascik Brian D. Bright Barry B. Brown Boyd T. Payne John A. Andrascik Thomas E. Brown •William E. Polito Steve Andrascik •Elmer Brown Donald Ramsell Stephen Andrascik W. Robert F. Buggey \ William T. Reid John Angelini •John J. Rhoades Robert T. Buggey 4 Kenneth R. Arduini William B. Buggey Jack L. Shaffer Michael A. Baker James A. Burger Rudolph Sisitki, Jr. Ronald A. Baker Steffey Timothy Burnheimer Richard W. Timothy J. Baker Steffey Charles Burtyk William C. Michael J. Balko •Robert A. Busi Robert J. Stiles Ronald R. Barclay Larry J. Cadile Bernard Svidergol •Joseph Barna, Jr. John J. California •James V. Sweeney George L. Barto Robert J. Campbell Felix E. Szalkowski Harry R. Battick, Jr. Weston L. Campbell James Tamski Kenneth W. Beck, Jr. Alex J. Uher Thomas M. Becker Dennis K. Capitosti Gary J. Capitosti Ira C. White, Jr. Robert L. Beers Terry L. Carcella Joseph Yackuboskey Frank Paul Bekina C. J. Carlington Harry Yakimovich •Daniel E. Bell August M. Carnahan Robert L. Bell Paul R. Caruso William J. Bell Anthony B. Cassol Paul J. Bellack •Michael Checlosky John E. Bellas •Benny Chesonis Carl P. Bence, II Douglas L. Bence Edward A. Bence Dennis R. Bernard 156

Joseph Chimino Kenneth E. Fletcher Russell P. Johnston

Todd R. Clawson Robert J. Ford Daniel I. Jones Gary R. Cochran Robert Carl Frank Harold D. Jones Richard C. Cochran William Fritz Robin C. Jones Donald Colgan Fred Fulton Ronald S. Jones Aldo J. Collini Donald T. Funyak Russell C. Jones Howard R. Cramer Joseph Gabelli Francis S. Jubinski William P. Crum John R. Gallagher Karl L. Kalokoski William B. Crum, Jr. James S. Gallo Harold Kantz *Mike Cybulsky Larry D. Gamble Tim R. Keck Bruce M. Daskivich Thomas V. Gamble Randall K. Kimmel Paul E. Dean •Ronald K. Gerber Wayne R. Kimmel James W. Dean John Joseph Gnibus Ray M. King John Demetro Richard E. Golinsky Robert W. Kinney Peter Demetro Edward J. Golinsky James E. Kishlock James C. Detwiler Ronald A. Gray •John E. Kishlock C. T. Deyarmin Gerald W. Gress •Larry P. Kishlock Stanley D. Deyarmin Frank R. Gruda •Daniel P. Kislak Timothy L. Deyarmin Keith G. Hall Thomas S. Klunk Dean R. Dies •Donald M. Harris Joseph Korywchak Richard L. Dies Ronald J. Harris Richard Korywchak *Ronald M. Dienes David L. Hebenthal David E. Kough Richard W. Dill William E. Helman David M. Kovach Thomas C. Dodson, Jr. Charles Henderson Dennis J. Kovach •Mark H. Domenick Richard H. Henigin Edward F. Kowchuck Harry W. Dressier Gerry E. Henry David F. Kubat Daniel S. Duffalo Leslie C. Henry •Stephen A. Kubat Roger Lynn Duncan Mack H. Henry Ronald F. Kuzemchak Dale Allen Dunmire •Paul R. Henry Kenneth L. Kwisnek Floyd G. Dunmire Ronald J. Henry Harold M. Lockard Jeffrey L. Egley Dennis L. Hill Marvin B. Lockard Robert D. Empfield Henry E. Hill Harry W. Lohr David F. Evanick James A. Hill Jeffrey E. Longwill Edward G. Evanick Thomas H. Hill Clarence C. Losier Curtis Evans Ward H. Hilliard Samuel R. Losier Domenick Fancella William R. Hilty Joseph A. Loughner •Peter Fedinick •Kenneth J. Hoffman Tommy D. Lovejoy Peter G. Fedoruk Thomas M. Hoffman Michael J. Lucas Everett R. Fennell Kenneth J. Holliday John Luksich, Jr. James E. Fennell Kenneth L. Huffman Raymond L. Ferra John D. Irvin

Robert D. Ferra, II Timothy M. Janosko Dennis J. Jerko •Richard M. Johnson

John J. Johnston, Jr. Kenneth B. Johnston 157

Richard G. Luksich Michael E. Oravetz Michael A. Lunchuck Daniel A. Oswalt Dennis M. Lychalk •Joseph Pacconi, Jr. Allan H. MacBlane *Mitchell J. Pacconi

A. J. Malarik, Jr. Samuel F. Palmer William R. Mardis Gregory Pape Richard F. Markulin Rocco E. Pape Daniel H. McClure Jacob Patterson, Jr. Ronald R. McClure John C. Patterson Edward C. McCunn Lawrence Patterson Gary Lynn McCurdy L. D. Patterson, Jr. Raymond McCurdy, Jr. Richard Patterson Ricky S. McCurdy Edward Pavlick, Jr. Jeffrey McKendrick John Earl Peace Joseph T. McNulty Mike Percic Thomas G. Mesoras Dennis D. Pitt Dennis S. Mester *Edward J. Plowcha Bradley J. Miller *Edward J. Plowcha Charles M. Miller Charles Plowman, Jr. Danny L. Miller James G. Pollock Gary A. Miller James C. Poole

Robert N. Miller, Jr. Paul I. Poole Richard E. Miller *Timothy P. Poole Thomas L. Miller Mike J. Popovich John C. Mitchell David J. Popp *Frank D. Mlakar John Popp, Jr. George D. Mlakar *Paul Popp *Arlington E. Moore *Ronald S. Pozik Robert B. Moore Lejeune Pyer Anthony U. Movinsky Joseph Rado *Dennis Mytrysak Steve Rado *Frank Mytrysak Gene Rayko •Gregory P. Mytrysak Andrew Rebovich *John Mytrysak John W. Reed

Michael J. Nadzadi Robert C. Reed

*Mark J. Novak Thomas P. Reed *Pete R. Novak Donald D. Reinard *George Nymick *C. Rellick *Joseph P. Nymick •John A. Rellick George Oblinsky •Joseph Rellick George M. Obush •Mike Rellick Joseph Olish •Mike R. Rellick Stephen A. Olish Tommy L. Rensko Damian A. Ondo James R. Ressler Michael Paul Ondo James L. Rhine Edward Oravetz Terry David Rhine 158

Terry R. Riddle Karl J. Shamberger William L. Sisitki Stanley D. Rock, Jr. Paul R. Shank, Jr. Jan P. Sisko Daniel L. Rocus Joseph P. Shank Clay E. Skedel William G. Rokosky Gerald Shankle, Sr. Stephen L. Skoff George Romanik Charles E. Shay •Steve L. Skoff Eugene D. Romasco John Shebbick Robert S. Skultety Daniel P. Rosko William Shimmel Stephen W. Skultety Donald H. Ruddock William S. Short *S. W. Skultety, Jr. Keith F. Rupert Lynn M. Shotts R. D. Smeltzer, Jr. Samuel E. Rura Richard E. Shotts *David A. Smith John A Sacco Archie G. Shupe James E. Smith *Albert J. Saiani James Roy Silbaugh Larry E. Smith *Bruno A. Saiani William E. Silk Rodger D. Smith James Sandolfini Terry D. Sink William B. Smith *Michael Savage, Jr. *Joseph J. Sipos James R. Scribe Arthur W. Sisitki Walter Semsick, Jr. Gary R. Sisitki 159

Ken K. Snyder, Jr. Larry R. Williams Assistants to the Robert B. Snyder Robert L. Wilson Mine Foreman

Edward J. Sobota Thomas Wincek Michael Grguric F. G. Sorbin, Jr. Gregory T. Wisneski John T. Kimmel David L. Speranza Wilbur Fred Wise *Dwain E. Seese Malvin L. Jeffrey A. Speranza Wolfe Assistant Mine Foreman Joseph J. Spinner Roger E. Wolfe Albert A. Cribbs Thomas R. St. Clair Thomas J. Wray Keith N. Franks David L. Stefan John C. Wyno Thomas J. Garry Douglas D. Steffey Richard M. Wysocki *Gary L. Gerber Daniel L. Steffey *Peter Yackuboskey George P. Grguric Michael Stehnach William Yanoschick George H. Johnson Eugene Stelma William A. Yanoschick Glenn E. Learn Bruce A. Stewart *A. J. Yarkowski, Jr. Stephen Lonesky Dennis L. Stiles Glenn M. Yockey *Terrance Mytrysak Leonard C. Stiles Michael J. Yoschak Melvin W. Stiffler J. A. Succheralli Mike W. Yoschak Jack G. Swan Ronald Succheralli John D. Zack Michael A. Wisor *George J. Swanlek Robert C. Zack Maintenance Shift Jack Szentmiklosi Bradley J. Zack Foremen George B. Tamski, Jr. William E. Zack Robert G. Smith Larry Padgett James C. Tamski Eugene Zaffuto William R. Zagrodnichek Ernest L. Tanner Joseph A. Zaffuto Floyd E. Taylor George Zahornacky Mine Workers Thomas P. Tedeschi Gregory A. Zeglen Timothy Allshouse John E. Templeton James E. Zuchelli George A. Arnold Curtis J. Thomas Louis Astolos Lucerne #8 Mine Daniel Thornsberry Douglas L. Baker *David P. Toldi *Robert G. Smith James D. Baker Joseph A. Tomko Superintendent and Robert M. Baker Joseph M. Tomko Mine Foreman David S. Balthaser *Orlando V. Trausi Francis Pollack Donald C. Beatty, Jr. *William L. Trausi Supervisor of Joseph G. Bedick Clyde J. Troup Maintenance Terrance A. Bernard *Richard A. Turk Derwin G. Bish Richard J. Babik Bodnar, Jr. Donald L. Tyger Mine Clerk Steve A. Cedric H. Tyger John G. Bogdanski *Denis R. Denning Thomas R. Twigg Stephen J. Bondra Storekeeper Robert Dale Uher *Samuel L. Bowman William E. Vanek William M. Palmer *Samuel N. Bowman August Vilcek Safety Inspector Richard R. Brown James A. Vresilovic Gregory T. Buggy John R. Waltermire Thomas G. Cervi Kerry L Wardo Dale L. Wells Harry J. Widmar 160

Willard E. Clabaugh John Kaito Michael Sidwar Richard N. Clark Joseph M. Kelly Joseph J. Soltis Harry C. Cleveland Frederic W. Kipp Frank F. Sorbin Dawn E. Coleman Patrick M. Kopchick Ronald M. Staron Anthony Colicchia Edward M. Kozar Robert S. Stefancik Michael Corsi *Joseph M. Kuzemczak John E. Steffenino Randy M. Craig David A. Lawson Theodore E. Swank Frank R. Csanyi Richard L. Lawson Ernest W. Tanner

Raymond J. Doland Thomas R. Lundberg Dwight D. Trenney Wayne L. Duckworth Donald J. Machak, Jr. Edward W. Tressler David A. Duplin Samuel A. Marra Harold W. Urban C. J. Farabaugh Allen L. McAndrews E. M. Vuluchuck, Jr. Steve J. Fedor Dale C. McConnell Dennis L. Valyo Robert S. Fedoruk Raymond D. McCurdy Donna J. Ventresco Robert A. Fiscus John H. McKeown Mark A. Vislosky John N. Galinac John R. McKeown John H. Waterman John N. Galinac, Jr. Wayne E. Miller Raymond F. Wells Richard L. Getty Steve M. Mlinarich Thomas M. Whitney John R. Gottardi Charles Modrey David J. Wolak Dennis L. Graham Dennis Montgomery Michael J. Yacenech Steven R. Grguric James F. Morris Martin L. Yankuskie Michael J. Gatskie Thomas A. Grove Omer Duane Morrow Harvey Yanoschick James T. Gulakowski Michael Mrozowski Robert A. Yatzkanic Charles M. Harvey Donald E. Nadzadi Peter Yosurack, Jr. Pete Harvey David P. Naylon Eugene E. Zellman James R. Hawk Russell E. Niehenke Steven J. Zendek, Jr. James P. Hetrick Joseph F. Ott, Jr. Mathew A. Zuchelli *David Hockenberry Mario A. Ozella Lucerne #9 Mine David R. Hollern George Patrick Charles J. Humenik Gary L. Patterson *Michael J. Gatskie Superintendent Thomas K. Irvin Lloyd W. Patterson Ronald G. James David A. Porch Samuel L. Zack Richard Janoscrat William D. Price Mine Foreman Timothy F. Jevicky Thomas A. Quitko Ronald E. Wells Rick T. Johnson Kenneth E. Ramer Supervisor of George R. Jones Thomas M. Redinger Maintenance Randall B. Jones *David T. Reid Storekeepers and Gary P. Rose Mine Clerks *Larry J. Ross Alan R. Myers Thomas W. Rummel John L. Ross Robert J. Schork Randall Cunningham Alex L. Sesock Thomas L. McCurdy Clarence Shank, Jr. J. Senick Allen L. Shirley Sandra Cleaner Gary A. Shomo Dwaine E. Shupe 161

Assistants to the Raymond A. Bell Mine Foreman Mark A. Biconik *Gary Deemcr Joseph G. Blasin Owen W. Stitt B. L. Blattenberger Assistant Mine Foremen William J. Brooks, Jr. Regis F. Belback *Thomas E. Bruner Louie G. Bettinazzi Albert L. Buratti

Michael Chicka, Jr. *Thomas Burkley, Jr. Bernard Dembrosky Joseph Ciako, Jr. Eugene C. Edwards Lawrence Cindrick Robert D. Frantz Daniel A. Ciocca, Jr. Arthur F. Grguric Gregory Claassen *Gary R. Haag Todd R. Clawson Joseph C. Kovach *Michael J. Coleman John S. Kubala *John Condor, Jr. Frank S. Petro Craig S. Corridoni Richard C. Rich Mark D. Corridoni Kenneth Robertson Dale R. Corridoni Jesse W. Roland David A. Corridoni

Kenneth St. Clair, Jr. Charles W. Craft Alan L Stitt Robert F. Craig O. Gary Stitt Daniel Danilowicz

William D. Weimer, Jr. S. Danilowicz, Jr. Thomas F. Zack John M. Dechman, Jr. George A. Deemer Maintenance Shift Foremen Stanley R. Deemer John A. Dice Robert E. Lange Jerry P. Doolin John A. Prato Larry A. Duncan Larry E. Stiltner *Anthony J. Enciso Mine Workers Daniel G. Evanick Ronald E. Ahlborn Kenneth E. Evanick •Frederick Albright David M. Fairman Lawrence E. Askins Gary A. Falcone Edward L. Augusta Charles Fasenmyer Richard H. Baker Robert G. Fasenmyer Joseph Bartlebaugh Ronald J. Fasenmyer R. N. Bartlebaugh Joe A. Fatta *Daniel E. Bash Randy S. Fenton Lloyd D. Fink Ronald J. Fisher Chris A. Forsha William W. Garris *John F. Goss Raymond A. Grafton Duane A. Gray 162

C. T. Grguric Joseph D. Mikeska Mark E. Grguric William P. Miller *R. B. Harshbarger Kenneth S. Mintmier Gregory R. Hazlett David Leon Monaco Benjamin E. Hill Dennis P. Moose Joseph M. Hinsinger Kenney A. Muir Thomas L. Holmes Randall L. Murphy Dale B. Hoover Thomas Mutzabaugh Dennis Householder Darryll E. Myers Mark T. Householder Stanley S. Nagg James R. Howard Daniel O'Connell Dean B. Hull John Orvosh Henry R. Jashienski Richard G. Painter Donald B. Jones Donald A. Paquet Keith E. Jones Mark K. Pavlick Richard L. Keltz Richard A. Petricig George K. Kemp Robert J. Petricig E. L. Kiebler, Jr. William W. Petro Joseph G. Kosmack Michael Petrovich *David N. Kotzur Thomas E. Pfeifer Ronald C. Kwisnek Michael S. Pisarcik Thomas J. Kwisnek Edward A. Rado William J. Ladue John T. Ramsden Delores E. Lange Rosiline Randolph Lloyd S. Lanning *Anthony E. Reid Richard E. Laughlin William S. Reynolds Gerald L. Levesque Dudley C. Rhea, Jr. Randee S. Lightcap Norma L. Richard Janis D. Ling *Raymond F. Risinger Thomas M. Lostrick K. L. Robertson, Jr. Robert B. Love Felix Rocco

Richard J. Madzy James J. Rocco, Jr.

Daniel S. Makowski James J. Rocco, III

John J. Marines Michael K. Rodkey Paul A. McConnell Randy A. Rodkey David B. McDivitt Remo Rudolph Robert D. McDowell Pamela Schultz

Roger G. McKendnck *Bernard J. Senick Kevin L. McQuaide *John R. Senick, Jr. Allen M. Melnick Dwight R. Shank Metro Melnick R. D. Shellhammer Eric B. Meyers Gary A. Shirley Timothy H. Mibroda Kenneth Shoemaker H. D. Shondelmyer Frank L. Shrokman John T. Sickon, Jr. 163

David I. Smith Kent Coal Mining John T. Smith Company Robert A. Smith B. L. Stadtmiller Alfred W. Tenney Paul M. St. Clair Manager, Mining William C. Steele Surface Robert E. Stewart Victor B. Park David R. Stiffler General Superintendent

Donald L. Stitt Stanley Buggey Gary H. Strong Production Engineer Jerome W. Strong Iselin Strip Ralph T. Suman Gerald J. Sutyak Loran Scholl William J. Taylor Superintendent Alfred Tedeschi Alfred W. Tenney Donald J. Richards Mark D. Thomas Supervisor of Jeffrey S. Thompson Maintenance *Barry K. Toldi *Donald D. Brown William D. Troy : Storekeeper John J. Valenti, Jr. A. Edward J. Wargo *Neal Donahue John Weaver Mine Clerk Dennis L. Wegman Gary S. Taylor Larry Joe Wells IVeighmasfer , Gary L. Wilkins Dennis K. Templeton ~* Timothy Williams Coal Inspector Clay D. Wilson, Jr. Foremen Samuel L. Wright, Jr. John M. Drye Mathew P. Yankuskie *Thomas E. Marafka Jeffrey Zollinger Victor B Park Loran Scholl John C. Zollinger Mine Workers Raymond D. Adams

*Fred I. Albright Gary R. Barnhart *Vigilio Baroni

Ronald P. Boltz Carl H. Bowser Glenn G. Bowser *Wesley C. Bruner Albert Burger Robert H. Buzzard Gene R. Cenis Glenn R. Conn Paul E. Cribbs Leon P. Demcuk Donald G. Dishong Donald I. Richards Carl A. Douglas 164

Daniel R. Dunlap, Jr. David Shondelmyer Lewisville Recovery William C. Elkin R. Shondelmyer, Jr. W. Cleaning Plant Foremen Leo B. Engle Carl A. Smith Kenneth M. Muth Gary A. Ferringer Galen L. Smith *Michael J. Milner William J. Hainaut Eugene E. Stewart Mine Workers Seymour A. Harter Robert A. Stossel James W. Deemer Charles D. James, Jr. James W. Tarr Edward A. Dunmire Charles R. James Joseph C. Thompson Raymond E. Fisher George F. Klohr John E. Valkosky Harry D. Gibson Steve Kwisnek George H. Wagner, Jr. Marshel A. Husted Paul T. Lowman Edwin L. Weller Kevin M. Kijowski Joseph Mangiantini Gilbert E. Woodley Edison H. Miller Harry Mathew Harvey A. Wright David L. dinger Charles McCullough Samuel T. Peace, Jr. Gerald A. Olliver Samuel R. Prymak Ronald G. Peiffer John L. Speer, III John J. Repine Randy M. Thomas Billy L. Rickard David A. Scholl David L. Scholl Michael S. Scholl 165

Iselin Preparation Electrical and Frank E. Ford Instrument Company Foremen Robert E. Freeman William F. Bark William Friedline Clyde W. Sypult Nicholas Hoffman Ronald D. Fulmer Manager Joseph B. Shacreaw *Tulio J. Garonzi Thomas Gonos Mechanical Foremen James Gatskie Superintendent John O. Maggio Larry R. Goodlin Charles R. William R. Williams George B. Tamski Hanna Assistant Superintendent Regis Heidenthal *Robert B. Telk Garry L. Henry Daniel F. Shaffer Outside Foreman Owen B. Hicks Plant Engineer Laboratory George W. Hooks, Jr. Donald W. Caruso Thomas A. Rightnour Raymond K. Huston Preparation Engineer Supervisor William Ingram, Jr. Ricky Walker Ronald J. Jacobs Lynette Bevilacqua Clyde W. Svpull Maintenance John M. Kapello Janet Christian Coordinator Timothy Kostelnik Lisa Cordelli John J. Kuzemchak James B. Lightcap Robert B. Crum James G. Lemmon Maintenance Foreman Bryson Fairman Regis P. Little John Zelenski Michael Gruca Wilbur Livingston Safety Inspector Mark E. Lentz Frank R. LoPresti Raymond C. Sexton Diane Frederick Dale E. Lydic Administrative Deborah Ziemer Assistant Kevin F. Macy Thomas Brubaker Mine Workers Daniel P. Madoni Warehouse Supervisor Joseph E. Adams Robert Malcotti, Jr. Donald L. Allen Frederick Manfredi Storekeepers and Clerks Kenneth M. Balitski Larry C. Markel Richard W. Kotula Henry J. Baroni Ronald O. Marsh *Gary E. Lambert Wayne C. Bash Harvey *Judith Ashley McCurdy, Jr. John J. Bencic, Jr. Bruce G. *Shirley Duncan Mehus Michael C. Blososky James M. Melnick Training Foremen Bobby L. Buterbaugh James E. Michny Dennis K. Balls James L. Cantalope Jesse E. Miller Robert O. Domenick Kenneth Cecconi Frank Mlinarich Joseph S. Dzielski Dennis E. Clawson *Bernard J. Murray Ronald J. Reed Ronald L. Conrad Raymond F. Newcomer Shift Foremen William W. Coy Richard Newingham Floyd D. Bottom Charles Crossland Carl C. Novak, Jr. William J. Filipovich James R. Davidson Edward G. O'Donnell *Richard W. Johnson William J. Degretto Larry G. Peterson James E. Yanoscsik Lawrence E. Ditch Joseph A. Phillip Curtiss W. Engle Joseph A. Evanchick

Donald J. Farabaugh 'John R. Fetchko Willi, im R. Williams 166

Donald L. Pierson United Eastern Robert D. Pikel Coal Sales Anthony J. Prato Corporation Michael J. Prokop Robert K. Ratay Arthur L. Zerbey, Jr. Thomas P. Ray President Eugene A. Raymond Daniel L. Coley *George Rellick Vice President William T. Rice *John W. Combs Nathaniel Riscinto Export Assistant Richard S. Ritts Perry R. Scarton Elder R. Lydic William C. Shank Supervisor, Robert Smith R. R. Loading Robert Stadtmiller Secretaries Gregory G. Stoyka Irene Flynn Richard A. Swaney Amy Riou Larry L. Tanner Rogers Fuel Norman R. Trimble Corporation Thomas J. Turify (Subsidiary of Larry Vann Arthur L. Zerbey, Jr. George Z. Wilson United Eastern Coal Robert T. Vann Sales Corp.) Randy A. Vicini Raymond D. Walwro George Z. Wilson Vice President Charles H. Wanchisn and General Manager Mark L. Watt Donald J. Weakland Rochester Frank West, Jr. Boo/c/ceepers Michael A. Wida Patricia Daprile James W. Wolfe, Jr. Elvira Rotundo C. C. Zamboni *Fred S. Ziegmond, Jr. Donald Akey Frank A. Ziner Yard Foreman

William Zimmerman Edwin J. Brown Collector

Truck Drivers Paul Elder James A. Long John M. Murphy Marcel Poirier Daniel Smith 167

Buffalo Rochester & Donald A. Reese Pittsburgh Foreman Coal Co. Lorey Watjas (Canada) Ltd. Clerk Peter J. Kiilaby Truck Drivers Vice President Robert H. Bader Donald M. King Gustav H. Schmidt Secretary John Carney Lynn Brennan Labor Clerk Division- Bahsco S. B. Carpenter Rochester Sales P. M. Buhite Carol MacLean Sales Secretary Bagley Virginia Jean E. Nicholls Clerk Receptionist Robert L. Kuter Oshawa Dock Installation Manager Leon A. LeBlanc Peter J. Killabv L. Klem Harold Superintendent Burner Service Manager William J. Brown Installers and Assistant Superintendent Servicemen Gregory D. Haight George E. Harrison Eugene H. Sherman Foreman Eddie Walton Equipment Operators Ernest Alldread D.S.B. Company Kenneth Bird David M. Pierce Edwin H. Parker Manager John Sheppard *William Hiles William Love 168

R&P Sales Companies

In the early years of its existence, the Company's coal production was marketed by local advertising, independent sales agents, and wholesale coal distributors. In 1920, R&P adopted the policy of selling directly to consumers and expanded its own sales department. Throughout its history, R&P has sold coal in eastern Canada, primarily for the pulp and paper industry. As at present, this coal movement across the lakes was seasonal, and the Company required customers and docks to take full delivery over the "season of navigation," i.e., April to November. In the mid 1920's, as sales and competition grew, sales personnel were hired to manage the increasing Canadian business. In 1926, the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Co. (Canada) Ltd. was chartered in Montreal. Its principal office is now in Toronto, with branch offices and docks at Oshawa and Port Colborne, Bowmanville, and Port Stanley. The corporate history of Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Co. (Canada) Ltd. has included six presidents: J. E. Grivell, elected April 28, 1926; J. Noble Snider, elected June 29, 1926; Malcolm McAvity, elected October 20, 1930; Ian MacLaren, elected January 19, 1932; E. R. Hooker, elected July 19, 1961; H. P. Harrison, elected October 16, 1972.

Today, R&P (Canada) Ltd., as it did when it was formed, sells coal produced in the United States to

consumers in Canada. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of R&P Coal Company, and is operated solely by Canadians. In the United States, R&P, after 1920 and until 1936, maintained its own sales organization to market coal. In 1936, the United Eastern Coal Sales Corporation was formed as a subsidiary to market coal in the United States. The company marketed not only R&P coal, but also the product of several other Central Pennsylvania operators, including Barnes & Tucker Co. and J. H. Weaver. Principal sales offices of United Eastern are located in New York, with branch offices at Buffalo, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Rochester, and Syracuse. The company 169

maintains retail and industrial yards in Buffalo and Rochester. Many men contributed to the operation of both R&P sales companies. The original directors of United Eastern included Charles O'Neill, Heath S. Clark, L. W. Householder, C. E. Cowan, and Lee Ball. The first president of United Eastern was Charles O'Neill, who was well known in the coal industry for his accomplishments as the chief wage negotiator for the northern coal operators. Following presidents were Clifford E. Crafts, H. Vernon Fritchman, Gilbert P. Remey, Donald Farnsworth, and recently Arthur L. Zerbey, Jr. An important figure was United Eastern's second president Clifford Crafts. A 1921 graduate of Colgate University, he became affiliated with R&P in 1929 as a The steamer Merlon E. Farr, district sales manager in New York. He served as director photographed in August, and director emeritus of R&P until his death on July 22, 1929, carrying 13,737 tons of R&PC&I coal. This shipment 1978. constituted the largest cargo Today R&P's coal sales companies market coal for the of bituminous coal ever Company and others throughout a large section of eastern loaded at Buffalo, New York, United States and Canada. up to that date. 170

The Iselin Family and the Rochester & Pittsburgh iWr Coal Company

In 1885, after participating in the initial financing of the Rochester & Pittsburgh Railroad Company, the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company and their predecessors, Adrian George Iselin (1818-1905), through his international investment banking firm of A. Iselin & Company, purchased the railroad and its interest in the coal company. Since that time there has been a continuing family involvement in the Sculpture by Lewis Iselin, Jr. Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company. of Adrian George Iselin (1818-1905) Adrian was born in 1818 in New York City, the fifth of eleven children born to Isaac Iselin and Emilie (nee de Roulet). Isaac (1783-1841) was a native of Basel, Switzerland, where the family has existed since 1364. In 1801 at the age of 18 he left Basel armed with letters of introduction and sailed from Le Havre to New York. There he received a warm welcome from the resident Swiss merchants and from his future father-in-law, Monsieur de Roulet. Upon his arrival, Isaac found employment with the shipping firm of Gouveneur and Kemble, whose counting house was located at 26 Front Street. Next, he secured a position in the firm of LeRoy, Bayard, and McEvers, who entrusted to him the duties of cargo supervisor aboard their trading ship, "The Maryland." He embarked on a voyage which lasted for two and one half years, from September, 1805 until April, 1808, which took him from New York to the Cape Verde Islands, then around the Horn to Canton, and back to New York by way of the Cape of Good Hope. While on board, Isaac kept a travel diary, which he later had printed as a gift for his son, Adrian George. When Isaac returned to New York in 1808 at the end of 171

his voyage, he became a partner in the merchant banking firm of LeRoy, Bayard, and McEvers. Subsequently, he joined the business of deRham and Company. In 1828 this firm changed its name to deRham, Iselin, and Moore. In 1910, Isaac married Emilie de Roulet, of Lyons, France. The couple built a country home called "Shades of Bliss," which was located in the vicinity of present-day Riverside Drive in New York City. Isaac retired in 1835, and returned to Switzerland with his family and a number of his compatriots who had completed their business ventures in America. Two years later he was recalled to New York when a fire destroyed nearly the entire business section of the city. The consequent insolvency of a majority of the New York insurance companies entailed heavy losses for the Iselins. Isaac remained in New York until 1838, when he returned to Basel. He spent the remainder of his life in public affairs. Isaac Iselin died on December 10, 1841. A brief history of the life of Adrian George Iselin, financier of the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company, is given in Chapter III. In addition to his role as an investment banker and his Adrian Iselin, Jr. (1846-1935) involvement with the Buffalo, Rochester Pittsburgh Railway & (Iselin family) and the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company, Adrian Iselin was the founder and principal stockholder of the storage firm, The Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Company. Fire was an ever present problem in the cities of the nineteenth century, and his company constructed the first truly fireproof warehouses for household goods in New York City. In 1845, Adrian Iselin married Eleanora O'Donnell of Baltimore, the daughter of General Columbus O'Donnell and his wife, Eleanora. The couple enjoyed a long and happy married life. On the occasion of their golden wedding anniversary, he donated a statue of his ancestor, Isaac Iselin (1728-1782), who had been secretary of state of Switzerland, to the "Schmiedenhoff," in Basel. Adrian Iselin and his wife, Eleanora, had seven children. Their oldest son, Adrian Iselin, Jr. (1846-1935), spent his business life as a partner with his father and brother in the banking firm of A. Iselin & Company. Adrian Jr.'s son, Ernest, born in 1876, served successively as treasurer, secretary, and chairman of the board of Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company. He died in 1954. His son, Ernest, 172

Jr., born in 1905, served on the Board of Directors of R&P for many years. William Iselin (1848-1937), the second son of Adrian George Iselin, was one of the founders of the firm of William Iselin and Company. At first, this company dealt mainly in dry goods and in the importing and exporting of textiles. However, in the course of the years, its activities evolved and the company eventually became one of the country's largest factoring houses. William Iselin and Company is now a subsidiary of C.I.T. Investment Trust. William's son, Arthur, also served on R&P's Board of Directors. The third son of Adrian George Iselin, Columbus O'Donnell Iselin (1851-1933), ascended to the presidency of the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company in 1885. Later he also served as secretary-treasurer. In addition to this office with the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Company, Columbus served as a partner with his father and brother in A. Iselin & Company. Following tradition, he also engaged in numerous philanthropic activities, particularly in New Rochelle, where like most members of his family, he spent the summer. His eldest son, Lewis, was also a partner in A. Iselin & Company and a director and officer of R&P. Lewis died in 1928 at the age of 47; he left two sons. Both sons achieved distinction in their chosen fields.

The eldest, Columbus O'Donnell Iselin II (1904-1971), was internationally honored for his work as a professor of oceanography at Harvard University and as a director of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. His son Columbus O'Donnell Iselin, Jr. serves on the company's Board of Directors. Born in 1931, Columbus O'Donnell Iselin, Jr. was educated at Harvard and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. During his employment with the Raytheon Company of Lexington, Massachusetts, as vice president of the foreign business division, he has resided in Beirut, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia. From 1974 to present, Columbus O'Donnell Iselin has been employed by Rockwell Internationa] and as managing director of Rockwell International Limited, London, he has served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Mr. Iselin joined the Board of Directors of R&P in April, 1967, and is a member of the Compensation and Audit committees. Lewis Iselin's younger son, Lewis Iselin, Jr., born in 1913, is a sculptor. He served as a commander in the U.S. 173

Navy during World War II. After the war, he resumed his career as an artist, and in 1951 was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. Columbus O'Donnell Iselin's younger son, O'Donnell Iselin (1884-1971), had an involvement with the Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Railroad and the coal companies from the time of his graduation from Harvard College in 1907 until his death 64 years later. He moved to Rochester, New York, in 1907 where the railroad had its headquarters and worked for the railroad until the outbreak of war in 1914. As a result of this experience he served as railroad supervisor on General Pershing's staff during that conflict. During the long period of his involvement with R&P, O'Donnell Iselin served in various capacities as director, corporate treasurer, corporate secretary, and as chairman of the board. His interest in R&P and his confidence in its future led him to acquire an important position in the Company's stock at a time when the Company was undervalued. As a

result, his descendents control it today. Mr. Iselin always enjoyed visiting Indiana and inspecting

O'Donnell Iselin, 1957 (Sipos) the mine operations. On several occasions he actually went right up to the working face of the mine to get a firsthand view of mining procedures. He liked to visit the R&P lab on Maple Street, where he demonstrated a keen interest in coal analysis. Many of R&P's staff remember O'Donnell Iselin with affection for, as "Goog" Parsons, the Company's unofficial biographer, observed: "Mr. Iselin is a man of dignified appearance and manner and comes from a distinguished family, well known in financial and social circles. Despite this, he is as easy to talk to, and more interesting, than your favorite corner bartender." Mr. Iselin was 87 years old at the time of his death in 1971, and in the tradition established by his grandfather, remained active and interested in his business

affairs until the end of his life. In his leisure hours, O'Donnell Iselin was an enthusiastic yachtsman and held the rank of senior member of the Seawanhaka Corinthian Yacht Club at the time of his death in 1971. He also belonged to the Northeast Harbor Fleet of Northeast Harbor, Maine, and the New York Yacht Club. Presently, two members of the Iselin family, Peter Iselin Columbus O'Donnell of New York, and Columbus O'Donnell Iselin, Jr. of London, Iselin, Jr. serve on the Board of Directors of R&P. Peter Iselin (b. 1920), vice president-finance and secretary 174

of R&P, is the son of O'Donnell Iselin (1884-1971). He is a graduate of Harvard College and attended the Columbia School of General Studies. From 1943 to 1945, Iselin saw military service as a U.S. Navy Seabee in the Mediterranean theatre. Except for the period 1957-1963, when he was employed as a research analyst by a New York Stock Exchange firm, Iselin's involvement has been principally with R&P as well as with family investments and charitable affairs. Since 1954 when he became a director, Peter Iselin has been active in R&P in several capacities. He has served as corporate secretary since 1957, and as vice president-finance since 1965. He also serves as director of the Security Trust Company of Rochester, New York.

Peter Iselin

^^r' -*.£*- •>_ ,* %%**&**: 175

Chronologies

Directors From Date of Columbus O'D. Iselin, Jr. John J. Rudolf Incorporation on November 1967-present 1928 23, 1927 to Present Ernest Iselin Leland E. Smith B. M. Clark 1929-1934 1961-present 1928-1932 1936-1954 Norman S. Smith Heath S. Clark Ernest Iselin, Jr. 1979-present 1933-1968 1929-1934 Harry Yates 1936-1942 George H. Clune 1938-1953 1952-1966 1938-1946 Richard C. Yates O'Donnell Iselin Clifford E. Crafts 1953-1973 1928-1971 1942-1972 1973-present Director Emeritus 1972-1978 Director Emeritus Peter Iselin Robert W. Youngs 1954-present David H. Davis 1928-1936 1975- present William G. Kegel 1941-1949 1973-present C. J. Doerrler 1928 William T. McCullough, Jr. 1961-1970 H. Vernon Fritchman 1970-present Dennis L. McElroy 1968-1975 Leslie W. Householder 1975-1978 Director Emeritus 1934-1935

Charles J. Potter Thomas M. Hyndman, Jr. 1948- present 1972-present

Gilbert P. Remey Arthur Iselin 1972-1978 1934-1951 Lucius W. Robinson, Jr. 1928-1936 1938-1946

Philip J. Roosevelt 1928-1940 176

Presidents of Rochester & Pittsburgh Officers From Date of Incorporation on Coal & Iron Company and its successor, November 23, 1927 to Present Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company Chairman of the Board Walston H. Brown B. M. Clark 1933-1934

December 5, 1881-October 23, 1884 Ernest Iselin 1936-1954 O'Donnell Iselin 1957-1961 A. H. Stevens Charles J. Potter 1970- present October 23, 1884-November 18, 1885 Chairman of the Finance Committee Columbus O'Donnell Iselin Heath S. Clark 1947-1957 November 18, 1885-May 4, 1886 President Franklin Piatt B. M. Clark 1928-1933 May 4, 1886-March 26, 1888 Heath S. Clark 1933-1947 George E. Merchant Charles J. Potter 1948-1970 March 26, 1888-July 12, 1899 H. Vernon Fritchman 1970-1972 Gilbert P. Remey 1973-1978 Lucius W. Robinson William G. Kegel 1979-present July 12, 1899-January 29, 1919 Executive Vice President B. M. Clark H. Vernon Fritchman 1959-1969 January 29, 1919-November 3, 1933 Vice President Heath S. Clark Heath S. Clark 1928-1932 November 3, 1933-May 20, 1948 Senior Vice President-Mining Charles J. Potter Robert I. Billings 1976-1979 May 20, 1948-January 27, 1970 Vice President- Operations or H. Vernon Fritchman *General Manager-Operations January 27, 1970-December 31, 1972 F. M. Fritchman 1928-1929 Gilbert P. Remey Leslie W. Householder 1929-1940

January 1, 1973-June 13, 1978 George L. Smith 1940-1947 Charles J. Potter 1947-1948 William G. Kegel Robert J. Craig 1948-1962* January 1, 1979-Present William J. Shields 1961-1969

Robert I. Billings 1969-1976 Eugene H. Jones 1976-present

Vice President-Sales

J. Noble Snider 1928 Malcolm McAvity 1929-1930 Clifford E. Crafts 1932-1957 Gilbert P. Remey 1958-1972 Donald C. Farnsworth 1978-1980 Arthur L. Zerbey, Jr. 1981

Vice President-Administrationi Robert E. Olson 1969-1981 177

Vice President-Finance O'Donnell Iselin 1958-1961 Peter Iselin 1965-present D. Brook Lewis 1969-1978 Enid S. Nehrig 1975-1979 Vice President and Treasurer William J. Giuliani 1979-present L. Blaine Grube 1976-present Judi K. Peila 1979-present Vice President and General Counsel or Controller *General Counsel Walter E. Scholes 1928-1949 H. Vernon Fritchman 1947-1958, 1959-1972* Thurber H. Bierce 1949-1951 J. Reppell Moorhead 1973-1974* Darwin R. Pickard 1951-1969 W. Joseph Engler, Jr. 1975-1977*, 1978-present L. Blaine Grube 1970-1976 Treasurer George M. Evans 1976-present John J. Rudolf 1928 Assistanf Controller Robert M. Youngs 1929-1936 David N. Lewis 1938-1947 Ernest Iselin, Jr. 1936-1946 Darwin R. Pickard 1949-1951 O'Donnell Iselin 1946-1949 John S. Mitchell 1952-1975 Walter E. Scholes 1949-1966 L. Blaine Grube 1958-1966 L. Blaine Grube 1967-present Thomas R. Heidenthal 1978-1981 Assistant Treasurer Jack M. Irvin, Jr. 1980-present William A. Moss 1928-1948 Daniel A. Evatt 1947-1948 Thurber H. Bierce 1948-1949 O'Donnell Iselin 1949, 1958-1961 Paul G. Wells 1949-1968 Peter Iselin 1957-1964 D. Brook Lewis 1969-1978

Secretary Lewis Iselin 1927-1928 O'Donnell Iselin 1928-1956 Peter Iselin 1957-present

Assisfanf Secretary F. H. Beck 1928-1929 William B. Simmons 1930-1949 J. Reppell Moorhead 1949-1974 Paul G. Wells 1949-1968 178

JBff^r-T *3<- 179

Nc Relationship Mi Dat<

AIKINS

*Larry N. Aikins Urling 3 1976- *Lawrence W. Aikins, Jr. Father Urling 3 1969- John Brumberg Great Grandfather Yatesboro 1905 1911 Merle Brumberg Great Uncle Yatesboro 1930's AIMINO

*Earl R. Aimino Lucerne 6 1978 Dominic Aimino Father Snyder 1923-1926 Joseph Aimino Grandfather Snyder 1920 1926 Frank Aimino Uncle Snyder 1920-1926 Joseph Aimino, Jr. Uncle Snyder 1922-1926 Charles Pavetti Great Uncle Snyder 9 ALBRIGHT

*Frederick L. Albright Lucerne 9 1979-

*Frederick I. Albright Father Iselin Strip 1978- Robert L. Albright Grandfather Waterman 2 1942-1950 ANDERSON

*Keith J. Anderson Urling 2 1972- Norman Patterson Grandfather Waterman 2 1925-1970 Gourley Patterson Uncle Lucerne 3 1927-1973 Olaf Patterson Uncle Lucerne 3 1923-1970 Joe Shurima Mclntyre 1920-1965 ASHLEY

*Judith C. Ashley Iselin Prep. 1979- Clifford Swab Grandfather ? 1920's

J. R. Swab Great Grandfather ? 1920's James M. Simpson, Sr. Great Grandfather Iselin 1904-1927 *Peter Yackubosky Uncle Lucerne 6 1975- Edward Gallagher Uncle Keystone 1970's John F. Simpson Great Uncle Engr. Dept. 1926-1927 William Simpson Great Uncle ? 1930's James M. Simpson Great Uncle ? 1930's Thomas Simpson Great Uncle ? 1927- 1930's John Swab Great Uncle ? 1920's Dan Swab Great Great Uncle ? 1920's Harry Swab Great Great Uncle ? 1920's Jeffrey Gallagher Cousin Keystone 1970's 180

Name Relationship Mine Dates BARNA 181

Name 182

Name Relationship Mine Dates

*Edward Bowman 183

Name Relationship Mine Dates BURKETT

*Curtis E. Burkett Jane 1975 Franklin B. Burkett Father Jane 1947- Frank P. Burkett Grandfather ? 1941-1965 Henry Burkett Uncle 1942-1960 BURKLEY

*Richard E. Burkley Lucerne 6 1973- West Yankey ? p 1930's George A. Burkley ? ? 1958 William F. Burkley ? ? 1960 Jack Reasor ? ? 1954 Walter Reasor ? ? ? Raymond W. George ? ? 1961 Theodore E. Shaffer ? ? 1967 Harold Harsh ? ? 1968 Joseph Chapla ? ? ? William Jones ? ? ? *Thomas G. Burkley, Jr. ? Lucerne 9 1979- George W. Burkley ? •? BUSI

*Robert A. Busi Lucerne 6 1975- John Cybulsky Grandfather Lucerne 1914? *Mike Cybulsky Uncle Lucerne 6 1942- CAMPBELL

'Kenneth P. Campbell Emilie 4 1971- Royden Campbell Father Ernest Mach. Shop 1941-1942 Paul Davis Uncle Mclntyre 1910-1940's Lawrence Campbell Great Uncle Carpenter Carlisle Campbell Cousin Mclntyre 1940's CHECLOSKY

*Michael Checlosky Lucerne 6 1941- John Checlosky Father Lucerne ? •? Nick Bedick Father-in-Law Mclntyre CHESONIS

*Benny Chesonis Lucerne 6 1940- Stanley Chesonis Father Lucerne 1925-1955 CHOBODY

*Dennis Chobody Emilie 4 Alex Chobody Father Margaret 19221976 184

Name Relationship Mine Dates

Joseph Chobody Grandfather Yatesboro 1910-1928 Daniel Makrancy Grandfather Yatesboro 5 1907-1936 CLARK

*Charles W. Clark Engr. Dept. 1972- *Lester Clark Father Engr. Dept. 1946-1961 Charles Gibbon, Sr. Grandfather ? 1920's-1950's Harry Clark Great Uncle Fulton Run 1920's Charles Gibbon, Jr. Uncle Ernest 1940's-1960's CLARK

*Gordon O. Clark Safety Dept. 1939- William M. Clark Father Ernest 1939-? ? Russell Clark Uncle Helvetia CLAWSON

*James A. Clawson Jane 1969- Wendell D. Clawson Father Lucerne 1937-1972 William E. Clawson Grandfather Lucerne ? Vincent T. Riley Grandfather Ernest ? Arthur Clawson Uncle Lucerne ? Ira Riley Uncle Lucerne ? Frank Lasonis Uncle Lucerne ? Chuck Ling Uncle Lucerne ? Lawrence Griffith Great Uncle Ernest ? Ed Haldin Great Uncle Ernest ? John Griffith Great Uncle Ernest ? Leonard Freent Great Uncle Ernest ? Frank Polinsky Great Uncle Ernest ? Herman Resinger Great Uncle Ernest COLEMAN

*Dean Coleman Urling 2 1978- *Bill Coleman Brother Urling 2 1975- Boyd Coleman Father Ernest 1936-1950 *Bill Rising Brother-in-Law Jane 1974- Cy Coleman Uncle Ernest 1931-1960 Russell Coleman Uncle Ernest 1932-1965 Berton Coleman Uncle Ernest 1937-1962 Leroy Coleman Uncle Ernest 1931-1965 Vernon Coleman Uncle Ernest 1934-1945 Clyde Stahlman Uncle Ernest 1934-1965 Ken Wolfgang Uncle Ernest 1935-1965 185

N« Relationship Mine Dates COLEMAN

'Michael J. Coleman Lucerne 9 1977- Arnold Coleman Grandfather Yatesboro 1930's-1940's James Julius Uncle Emilie 1970-1972 Albert Julius Uncle Emilie 1969-1973 COMBS

*John W. Combs Sales Dept. 1975- Raymond E. Combs Father Sales Dept. ? -1958

J. W. Kepler Great Uncle Sales Dept. 1931-1955 CONDOR

*John Condor, Jr. Lucerne 9 1977- John Condor, Sr. Father Mclntyre 1929-1942 Steve Condor Grandfather Iselin 1912-1951 Joseph Cavalier Grandfather Iselin 1903-1919 Tullio Cavalier Great Uncle Iselin 1912-1927 Fedeles Cavalier Great Uncle Iselin 1912-1921 CONZO

*Daniel Conzo Emilie 1 1969- Benny Conzo Renglo ? CRIBBS

*David J. Cribbs Emilie 1 1967 James R. Cribbs Father Ernest 1920's CRONAN

*Anna Mae Cronan Gen. Office 1973- Robert Theodore East Father Ernest ? Robert Theodore East, Jr. Brother Ernest ? William Chappell Brother Jane ? Thomas Daniel East Brother Ernest ? Daniel Yard Uncle Ernest ? Jennings P. Cronan Husband Ernest 1940's-1950's Daniel Lee Cronan Son Jane 1974-1975 CYBULSKY

*Mike Cybulsky Lucerne 6 1939- John Cybulsky Father Lucerne 3 1914? *Robert Busi Grandson Lucerne 6 1975- 186

Name Relationship Mine Dates DARR

*William M. Darr Gen. Office 1980- Robert H. Darr Father Gen. Office 1940-

+ Heath S. Clark Uncle President 1916-1948

tSee text on company history DEEMER *Gary Deemer Lucerne 9 1977- Donald Deemer Father Jane •p Seiner Deemer Grandfather Mclntyre ? James Reddicliff Great Grandfather Big Soldier ? James Deemer Uncle Mclntyre ? James Reddicliff, Jr. Great Uncle Big Soldier ? Richard Reddicliff Great Uncle Big Soldier ? Jack Reddicliff Great Uncle Big Soldier ? Tom Reddicliff Great Uncle Big Soldier ? George Reddicliff Great Uncle Big Soldier ? George Calvert Great Uncle Lucerne ? ? Robert Calvert 2nd Cousin Mclntyre DEMETER

*John A. Demeter Lucerne 1941- Steve Demeter Father Tide 1930-1950 DENNING

*Dennis R. Denning Lucerne 8 1973-

J. Raymond Denning Father Gen. Office 1929-1976 *Edward R. Denning Uncle Gen. Office 1941- DEPTOLA 187

Name Relationship Mine Dates

Julius Sipos Uncle Lucerne ? Steve Sipos Uncle Mclntyre ? *Joseph Sipos Uncle Lucerne 6 1969- Alex Gordish Uncle Mclntyre 1923-1943 Louis Obreczian Uncle Tide ? Joseph Uker Uncle Tide ? *Pete Nymick Uncle Lucerne 6 1972- Barney Sipos Great Uncle Tide ? Paul Sipos Great Uncle Tide 7 DOMENICK

*Mark Domenick Lucerne 6 1977- Leonard Domenick Father ? 1928-1962 Alfonso Domenick, Sr. Grandfather ? 1912-1950 Alfonso Domenick, Jr. Uncle ? 1930-1950 Edwin Domenick Uncle ? 1934-1945 Joseph Domenick Uncle ? 1942 DONAHUE

*Neal E. Donahue Iselin Strip 1974- Glen Donahue Father Ernest ? Pantall McCurdy Grandfather Ernest ? *Diane Donahue Sister Laboratory 1980- Earl Donahue Uncle Ernest f DUNCAN

*Shirley Duncan Iselin Prep. 1980- Harvey Duffy Father Renglo 1948 Ralph Duncan Husband Sagamore 1947 ECKMAN

* Joseph Eckman Emilie 1 1972

Richard I. Eckman Father Sagamore 1940's Wayne Eckman Uncle Sagamore 1940's Jack Eckman Uncle Sagamore 1940's Frank Eckman Unc'e Sagamore 1940's Joseph Eckman Uncle Sagamore 1940's Floyd Eckman Uncle Sagamore 1940's 188

Name Relationship Mine Dates EMBRY

'Alfonso Embry Jane Dodge Embry Father Ernest 1927-1961 D. C. Embry Uncle Ernest 1928-1941 Art Kauff Uncle ? 1940-1941 Clyde Kauff Uncle ? 1940-1941 Belton Embry Cousin Ernest 1928-1941 ENCISO

*Anthony J. Enciso Lucerne 9 1977- Angelo Enciso, Sr. Father Coal Run ? Raphael Blasin Grandfather Mclntyre 1919-1961 *John Blasin Uncle Jane 1947- EVANICK

*Ronald Evanick Lucerne 6 1970- George Evanick Father Lucerne 1926-1974 Joseph Evanick Grandfather Coy 1920's Pete Skoff Grandfather Lucerne 1920's- 1960's FAIRMAN

*Ray Fairman Urling 2 1973- *Rayburn Fairman Father Urling 3 1939- Malvin White Great Uncle Ernest 1920's Carl Fairman Great Uncle Ernest 1920's Raymond Fairman Uncle ? 1934-1953 Richard Fairman Uncle ? 1935-1942 Bernard Fairman Uncle Ernest 1930's-1970's FEDINICK

*Peter Fedinick Lucerne 6 1940- Mike Fedinick Father ? 1915-1942 John Fedinick Brother ? 1929-1943 Charles Fedinick Brother Lucerne 1940-1956 Steve Fedinick Brother Coal Run 1933-1937 Mike Fedinick Brother Lucerne 1941-1942 Stanley Fedinick Brother Tide 1949-1950 Tom Fedinick Grandson Lucerne 6 1969- FEMNELL

*Roy W. Fennell, Jr. Jane 1969- Roy W. Fennell, Sr. Father Jane 1938-1977

*Dennis Fennell Nephew Urling 1 1980- 189

Name 190

Name Relationship Mine Dates FRITCHMAN

+H. Vernon Fritchman tF. M. Fritchman L. Lloyd Fritchman

tSee text on company his 191

Name Relationship Mine Dates

John H. Gerber Brother Engr. Dept. 1967-1969 'Ronald K. Gerber Brother Lucerne 6 1968- *William Rolls Cousin Jane 1976- GOSS

*John Goss Lucerne 9 1979- Blair C. Goss Father Mclntyre 1943-1960 Frank DePassio Great Grandfather Aultman ? Walter Goss Uncle Coal Run ? Dewey Goss Uncle Coal Run ? Ed Goss Uncle Coal Run ?

Bill DePassio Uncle Coal Run ? Tony DePassio Uncle Coal Run ? Pete DePassio Great Uncle Aultman ? Dan Mercurio Great Uncle Aultman •? GRANT

*Kenneth E. Grant Engr. Dept. 1978- Wilmer Grant Father Ernest 1952-1954 John Grant, Sr. Grandfather Ernest 1931 1953 Edward Grant Uncle Ernest 1931-1963 Charles Grant Uncle Ernest 1931-1954 John Grant Uncle Ernest 1931-1940 Fred Grant Uncle Ernest 1931-1939 Cecil Hoover Uncle Ernest 1937-1958 *Dave Grant Brother Lucerne 6 1976- GULISH

*Thomas E. Gulish Urling 1980-

*Michael E. Gulish Father Urling 1 1945- *Michael B. Gulish Brother Emilie 4 1978- Frank Fabian, Jr. Grandfather NuMine 1927 1969 Mike Goulish Grandfather Yatesboro 1927-1953 Steve Fabian Grandfather Yatesboro 1931 1953 Frank Fabian, Sr. Great Grandfather Yatesboro 1927 1940 HAAG

*Gary R. Haag Lucerne 9 1977- *Raymond L. Haag Father Engr. Dept. 1945- Harry Haag Uncle Helvetia 1920-1940 Paul Haag Cousin Helvetia 1930 1940 HALLDIN

*Barry Halldin Jane 1975- John E. Halldin Ernest 1950's- 1960s 192

Name 193

Name Relationship Mine Dates HILLIARD 194

Name Relationship Mine Dates JOHNSON

*Richard W. Johnson Iselin Prep. 1977- *Richard M. Johnson Father Lucerne 6 1968- William McQuown Grandfather Jane 1942? JONES

*Marvin E. Jones Lucerne 6 1975- *Eugene H. Jones Father Gen. Office 1949- KEELER

*Thompson W. Keeler Emilie 1973- Thompson D. Keeler Father Jane 1944-1979 John Thompson Keeler Grandfather Ernest ? Raymond Rearick Grandfather NuMine ? *Earl Bark Uncle Jane 1969- Raymond Keeler Uncle Ernest ? Charles Keeler Uncle Emilie ? Carl Downey Uncle Ernest ? Marlin Crownover Uncle Lucerne •? KELLAR

Kenneth C. Kellar Jane 1977- *Kenneth J. Kellar Father Jane 1970- Perry Kellar Grandfather Sagamore ? Frank Poolinsky Grandfather Ernest 1927-1955 Lawrence Griffith Great Uncle Ernest ? John Griffith Great Uncle Ernest KING

*Mary E. King Gen. Office 1955- Charles R. Morris Brother Ernest 1922-1949 KIMMEL

*Terence L. Kimmel Jane 1976- Edward B. Kimmel Father Coal Run KLYAP

'Michael Klyap, Jr. Urling 1 1933- Michael Klyap Father Fulton Run 1917? Michael Oplanick Uncle Waterman 1917-1956 KOPCHICK

*Nicholas Kopchick Laboratory 1938- Mike Kopchick Father Adrian 1920-1940 195

Name Relationship Mine Dates

Mike Kopchick, Jr. Brother Adrian 1938? Pete Kopchick Brother Adrian 1938? KOTZUR

*David N. Kotzur Lucerne 9 1976- Joseph Kundla Grandfather Lucerne 1930's-1940's Steve Kundla Uncle Lucerne 1940's John Hranitz Uncle Lucerne 1930's-1970's Victor Stelma Uncle Lucerne 6 1930V 1970's KOWCHUCK

*Eugene J. Kowchuck Urling 2 1975- Paul Kowchuck, Sr. Grandfather ? Robert Harvey Grandfather ? Bill Harvey Uncle ? John Kowchuck Uncle ? Paul Kowchuck Uncle ? George Kowchuck Uncle ? Tom Harvey Great Uncle ? KOWCHUCK

*Thomas Kowchuck Jane 1975- Paul S. Kowchuck Father Ernest ? Paul J. Kowchuck Grandfather Ernest ? Joseph Kowchuck Great Grandfather Ernest ? George Spondike Great Grandfather Ernest ? Andrew Bourdess Uncle Ernest ? John J. Kowchuck Uncle Ernest ? George P. Kowchuck Uncle Ernest ? Bernard Kowchuck Great Uncle Ernest ? Gilbert Skoff Great Uncle Ernest •? KRECOTA

*John Steven Krecota Urling 1 1974-

*Larry Krecota Brother Urling 1 1974- *Steve Krecota Brother Urling 3 1975- Steve Krecota Father Yatesboro 1936 1951 Charles Krecota Grandfather Yatesboro 1908-1940 Philip Hirth Grandfather Yatesboro 1928-1937 Mike Krecota Uncle Margaret 7 1929-1975 John Krecota Uncle Yatesboro 1935-1973

*Peter Krecota Uncle Urling 1 1943- Clarence Hirth Uncle Yatesboro 1934-1950 William Hirth Uncle Yatesboro 1929-1949 Steve Hancherik Uncle Yatesboro 1936-1951 196

Name 197

Name Relationship Mine Dates LINGENFELTER

*Gregory Lingenfelter Emilie 1 1975- John H. Lingenfelter Grandfather Ernest 1943-1945 Austin R. Rickard Grandfather Ernest 1933 1960 LUCAS

*Annette L. Lucas Gen. Office 1977- Joseph S. Surra Father Rents 1934-1974 MACK

'Regis D. Mack Urling 1 1977- Ralph M. Wesley Grandfather Luciusboro 1920's Harry Mack Uncle Luciusboro 1920's Fred Mack Uncle Luciusboro ? Martin B. Wesley Cousin Ernest MARAFKA

*Thomas Marafka Iselin Strip 1979- Michael Marafka Father Kents 1929 1962 Steve Henkel Grandfather ? 1920's John Marafka Uncle Kents 1929 1962 Joseph Marafka Uncle Kents 1929-1962 Steve Henkel, Jr. Uncle Kents 1929 1962 MAR1IN

*Edward Martin Jane 1941- William Martin Father Iselin 1905? Clifford Martin Brother ? ? Frank Martin Brother ? ? Spencer Pride Uncle Margaret 7 1909-1958 Archie Pride Uncle Kent 8-10 1916-1960 McELROY

*Samuel L. McElroy Jane 1969 Henry H. McElroy Father Wildwood 1959- 1974 Samuel W. McElroy Uncle Jane 1969-1979

Mil M K

*Michael J. Milner Lewisville Recovery Pit. 1975

Kenneth Milner Father Lucerne Power Pit. Joseph Dobrosky Grandfather Gen. Office McCULLOUGH

*John A. McCullough Emilie 1967- James L. McCullough Father Mclntyre 1940-1960 198

Name Relationship Mine Dates McGINNIS 199

Name Relationship Mine Dates MYTRYSAK

*Terrence Mytrysak Lucerne 8 1969- *Thaddeus Mytrysak Brother Jane 1971- *Gregory Mytrysak Brother Lucerne 6 1974- *Dennis Mytrysak Brother Lucerne 6 1981- Stanley Mytrysak Father Lucerne 6 1935-1980 Paul Mytrysak Grandfather Waterman 1917-1942 *Frank Mytrysak Uncle Lucerne 6 1941- *John Mytrysak Uncle Lucerne 6 1971- Joseph Mytrysak Uncle Waterman 1933-1957 Mike Mytrysak Uncle Waterman 1937-1946 NOGA

*Joe Frank Noga Jane 1965- Stanley Noga, Sr. Father Mclntyre 1939-1942 Stanley Noga Brother Mclntyre 1923-1950 NOVAK

*Mark J. Novak Lucerne 6 1977- Joseph Novak Father Lucerne 1947-1954 Onufrey Novak Grandfather Tide 1920-1953 Michael Kanaba Grandfather Ernest 1923-1957 Michael Kanaba, Sr. Great Grandfather Ernest 1920's Alex Novak Uncle Tide 1927-1929 Stanley Novak Uncle Tide 1946-1950 Peter Novak Uncle Tide 1931-1951 Anthony Novak Uncle Tide 1936-1951 *Walter Novak Uncle Jane 1941- *Richard Turk Uncle Lucerne 6 1972- *Walter Novak, Jr. Cousin Jane 1972- *Peter Novak Cousin Lucerne 6 1972- *Chester Novak Cousin Jane 1976- *Anthony Novak Cousin Jane 1976- NYMICK

^George Nymick Lucerne 1939- Pete Nymick ? Lucerne 1940-1978 Paul Nymick ? Lucerne 1941-1951 John Nymick, Jr. Brother Lucerne 1929 1968 Steve Nymick Brother Lucerne 1926-1962 Nick Nymick ? Lucerne 1925-1965 John Nymick, Sr. Father Lucerne 1924-1933 *Joe Nymick Grandson Lucerne 6 1972- 200

Name 201

Name Relationship Mine Dates PINA

*Nicholas Pina Urling 2 1978 *Anthony Pina Brother Jane 1976- John Pina Grandfather Ernest 1925- 1945 PLOSKUNAK

*Steve P. Ploskunak Jane 1975- Steve E. Ploskunak Father Jane ? Steve Ploskunak Grandfather Walston f PLOWCHA

*Edward Plowcha Lucerne 6 1975-

*Edward J. Plowcha Father Lucerne 6 1940-

John J. Plowcha Grandfather Lucerne 1929-1960's John Mattio Grandfather Waterman 2 1930's-1950's Frank Goss Great Grandfather Ernest 1925 Adam Goss Great Uncle Ernest 1920's Frank Goss Great Uncle Ernest 1940's Joseph Goss Great Uncle Ernest ? Stanley Plowcha Great Uncle Lucerne 1930s- 1940's James Mattio Great Uncle Tide 1930's- 1940's *Thomas Plowcha Cousin Safety Dept. 1975- POLITO

"William E. Polito Lucerne 6 1971- William Polito Father Jane 1967-1977 Frank Polito Grandfather Iselin •? POLOFF

* James R. Poloff Emilie 1 1967-

Guy Poloff Father Emilie 1 1967-1971 POOLE

'Timothy P. Poole Lucerne 6 1969- Paul Poole Father Tide/Lucerne ? -1981 Sam Poole Grandfather ? 1922-1949

Bill Davis Uncle ? 1920-1951 Russ Poole Uncle ? 1933-1954 Leroy Poole Uncle ? 1934-1954 Don C. Poole Uncle ? 1936-1949 James K. Poole Uncle ? 1939-1981 Richard L. Poole Uncle ? 1948-1958 'William Tanner Cousin Lucerne 6 1971-

Bill Davis, Jr. Great Cousin 202

Name Relationship Mine Dates POPP

*Paul Popp Lucerne 6 1967- John Popp Father Waterman 1920's-1943 Enick Sebatoski Grandfather Waterman 1920's Frank Suwolitch Uncle Snyder 1920's George Suwolitch Uncle Lucerne 1920's John Suwolitch Uncle Waterman 1920's William Kosperski Uncle Luciusboro 1920's PRITT

*Harry A. Pritt, Sr. Jane 1962 "Harry A. Pritt, Jr. Son Urling 3 1970- *Wayne W. Pritt Son Urling 2 1971- *Gerald A. Pritt Son Urling 3 1976-

*Richard J. Pritt Son Urling 3 1976- *Ray L. Bashline Son-in-Law Jane 1971- POYDOCK Catherine Poydock Gen. Office 1936- Joseph Poydock, Sr. Father Adrian 1899-1944 Michael Problys Grandfather Adrian 1897-1921 Joseph Problys Uncle Adrian 1914-1938 Joseph Poydock, Jr. Brother Adrian 1928-1944 POZIK

*Ronald Pozik Lucerne 6 1973- *Alex Pozik Father Urling 3 1937- August Pozik Grandfather Tide 1930-1953 *Robert Pozik Brother Urling 3 1971- RADAKOV1CH

*Richard Radakovich Training Ctr. 1974- Joseph Modic Grandfather Lucerne 1919-1947 REID

*Anthony Reid 203

Name Relationship Mine Dates

Dewey Battestilli Great Uncle Lucerne Guido Battestilli Great Uncle Lucerne Victor Battestilli Great Uncle Lucerne REID

*David T. Reid Lucerne 8 1976- William T. Reid, Jr. Father Lucerne 1940's William T. Reid, Sr. Grandfather Lucerne 1930V1953 James T. Reid Uncle Waterman 1930's-1938

George J. Reid Uncle Lucerne 1930's William T. Reid ? Lucerne 6 1976- ? Gilbert E. Reid RELLICK

*Christopher Rellick Lucerne 6 1977- John Rellick Father Lucerne 3 ? *John A. Rellick Brother Lucerne 6 1978- Peter Rellick Grandfather Lucerne 3 ? Paul Kislak, Sr. Grandfather Waterman ? Anthony Rellick Uncle Lucerne 3 ? George Rellick Uncle Lucerne 3 ? Harry Rellick Uncle Lucerne 3 ? *Mike Rellick Uncle Lucerne 6 1939- *Joseph Rellick Uncle Lucerne 6 1943- Peter Letso Uncle Ernest ? Walter Lomnicki Uncle Lucerne ? John Kishlock Uncle Lucerne ? Peter Kislak Uncle Ernest ? Joseph Wahala Uncle Lucerne ? Joseph Pelo Uncle Lucerne ? Charlie Rellick Great Uncle Coal Run ? Stanley Rellick Great Uncle Lucerne 3 ? *Edward Kishlock Cousin Lucerne 6 1972 *John Kishlock Cousin Lucerne 6 1972- *Larry Kishlock Cousin Lucerne 6 1970- *Daniel Kislak Cousin Lucerne 6 1969- RELLICK

*George Rellick Iselin Prep. 1977- John Rellick Mclntyre 1921-1952 204

Name 205

Name Relationship Mine Dates

Kl Nil ( hi

*Stanley Rusiecki Jane 1964- John Rusiecky Father Mclntyre ? Joseph Rusiecky Brother Coal Run ? Frank Rusiecky Brother Mclntyre ? George Rusiecky Brother Coal Run ? Rudolph Stanko Brother-in-Law Mclntyre 9 SAIANI

*Albert J. Saiani Lucerne 6 1971 *Bruno A. Saiani Brother Lucerne 6 1971- Tulio Saiani Father Yatesboro 5 1930's Emilio Saiani Uncle Ernest 1907? Lou Martinelli 9 Mclntyre 1916-1917 SAVAGE

*Michael Savage, Jr. Lucerne 6 1972- Michael Savage Father Jane 1926-1972 Michael Savage Grandfather Waterman 1915-1927 Andy Slupek Grandfather Mclntyre 1930-1949 SEESE

*Dwain E. Seese Lucerne 8 1969- William F. Seese, Sr. Father Margaret 7 ? Arthur Holt Grandfather Lucerne ? Samuel Holt Great Grandfather Ernest ? Eugene Holt Uncle Lucerne ? Samuel Holt Uncle Lucerne ? Jean K. Seese Uncle Engr. Dept. ? William Walker Great Uncle Sagamore ? Wilmer Kinter Great Uncle Mclntyre ? Leroy Cain Father-in-Law Lucerne ? Harry Cain ? Lucerne ? ? Harrison K. Cain Lucerne 7 SENICK

*Bernard J. Senick Lucerne 9 1976- *John R. Senick Brother Lucerne 9 1974- John R. Senick Father Jane 1941-1978 Mike A. Senick Grandfather Luciusboro 1910's Steve H. Selock Grandfather Lucerne 1920's Pete Senick Great Grandfather Luciusboro 1900's Frank Selock Uncle Lucerne 1950? Andy Senick Great Uncle Mclntyre 1920's Pete Senick Great Uncle Mclntyre 1920's 206

Name Relationship Mine Dates

John Senick 207

Name 208

Name 209

Name Relationship Mine Dates TELK

*Robert B. Telk Iselin Prep. 1975- Bruno Telk Father Ernest 1931- 1964 Mark Telk Grandfather Ernest 1910- 1948 Tony Telk Great Grandfather Ernest 1903- 1904 Joe Telk Uncle Ernest 1937-1946 Ed Laskey Uncle Ernest 1943-1963 Bruno Tognitti Great Uncle Ernest 1916-1918 TOLDI

*Barry K. Toldi Lucerne 9 1975- *David P. Toldi Brother Lucerne 6 1973-

*Paul J. Toldi, Jr. Father Jane 1947-

Paul J. Toldi, Sr. Grandfather Iselin 1921? TOMB

*Elizabeth C. Tomb Gen. Office 1953- David R. Tomb Father Ernest 1906-1907 TRAUSI 210

Name Relationship Mine Dates VAN HORN 211

Name 212

Name Relationship Mine Dates ZBIGNEWICH

*Frank Zbignewich Jane 1944- Adam Zbignewich, Sr. Father Ernest 1907-1949 ZBUR

*James A. Zbur Jane 1956- *Michael D. Zbur Brother Jane 1972- Edward P. Zbur Brother Jane 1975-1976 *Mike Zbur Father Jane 1939- Nick Zbur Grandfather Ernest 1928-1958 ZEMKO

*John Zemko Emilie 1 1967- Steve D. Zemko Father Sagamore 1920's-1949 *William A. Zemko Son Emilie 1 1971- *George S. Zemko Son Emilie 1 1973- *John R. Reiter Stepson Emilie 1 1969- ZIEGMOND

*Fred S. Ziegmond, Jr. Iselin Prep. 1977- Fred S. Ziegmond, Sr. Father Mclntyre 1926-1961 Mike Rostis Grandfather Mclntyre 1911-1951 213 Consolidated Balance Sheet

Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company and Subsidiaries

Assets For the Years Ended December 31 1980 1979 1978

Current Assets

Cash $ 8,471,595 $ 9,768,888 $ 11,796,826 Short-term investments 32,861,645 20,990,262 15,771,714 Receivables, less allowances of $196,545; $193,390; and $131,442 20,157,477 20,415,297 20,605,308 Coal inventories, at the lower of average cost or market 6,809,313 5,886,929 5,540,051 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 2,084,739 1,745,679 2,275,526 Total Current Assets 70,384,769 58,807,055 55,989,425 Other Assets Black lung benefit funding (Note G) 16,586,955 29,668,816 27,285,917 Investment in marketable securities 14,611,260 15,936,573 14,159,752 Notes receivable from officers and employees 202,544 209,759 212,472 Noncurrent receivables and miscellaneous 6,371,794 3,528,801 3,549,502 37,772,553 49,343,949 45,207,643

Property, Plant and Equipment (Notes C, D, and H) Coal and surface lands 20,693,252 19,978,915 17,584,831 Plant and equipment 130,317,415 119,108,480 106,952,128 Construction in progress 9,922,518 7,349,427 3,460,013 160,933,185 146,436,822 127,996,972 Less allowances for depreciation, depletion, and amortization 79,110,591 65,350,477 53,726,369 81,822,594 81,086,345 74,270,603 $189,979,916 $189,237,349 $175,467,671

Financial

Statements Excerpts from the Annual Report for 1980 214

Liabilities and Shareholders'* Equity 1980 1979 1978

Current Liabilities Accounts payable $ 14,347,935 Accrued payrolls and related expenses Other accrued liabilities Income taxes payable Current maturities of long-term debt (Note D)

Total Current Liabilities

Other Liabilities Black lung benefits (Note G) Deferred income taxes Miscellaneous

Long Term Debt (less current maturities) (Note D)

Long-Term Agreement (Note C)

Shareholder's Equity Common Stock, no par value (stated value $15) — authorized 2,000,000 shares, issued 1,546,731; 1,417,243; and 1,299,367 Capital in excess of stated value Retained earnings

Less treasury stock at cost — 118,283; 117,283; and 115,933 shares 215 Statements of Consolidated Income

Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company and Subsidiaries

For the Years Ended December 31 1980 1979 1978

Sales $219,117,668 $204,311,421 $151,442,560 Other Income Interest 5,416,762 Miscellaneous

Costs and Expenses Cost of sales Depreciation, depletion, and amortization Selling, general, and administrative Interest Miscellaneous

Income Before Income Taxes

Income Taxes (Note E) Net Income Earnings Per Share 216

United Eastern Coal Sales Registrant's mines to the Keystone Corporation ("United Eastern"), Station. The only preparation of a wholly owned subsidiary, is a raw coal by Registrant under the coal broker and sales agent which Keystone Agreement is to pass buys and sells coal produced by the coal over a gravity bar screen Registrant and others in the with the over-size product being United States. Registrant also reduced through a pulverizer to a operates, through Rogers Fuel 1-1/4 inches top size. Corporation, a wholly owned The price paid by the Owners subsidiary of United Eastern Coal to Registrant pursuant to the Sales Corporation, wholesale and Keystone Agreement consists of retail coal yards in Rochester and an amount equal to all costs Buffalo, New York, and a heating incurred by Registrant in mining, oil, furnace and air conditioning processing and delivering the business in Rochester. Registrant's coal, including mine development wholly owned subsidiary, costs and capital expenditures, Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Co. general and administrative costs, (Canada) Limited, is engaged in interest costs, a royalty of $.10 per the sale of coal to customers in ton, with an annual minimum Canada. Each of Registrant's royalty payment of $315,000, and subsidiaries which buys and sells a pre-tax "standard" profit of $.45 coal and oil produced by others per ton, subject to increase or serves customers principally in decrease based upon: (i) the Btu the Mid-Atlantic states and the content of the coal delivered;

Province of Ontario. (ii) Registrant's costs of production Registrant is a party to a Coal compared to standard costs Sales Agreement, effective as of established by the Keystone

January 1, 1972, (the "Keystone Agreement and (iii) increases or Agreement") with the seven public decreases in the Producer Price utilities ("Owners") that own the Index of the Bureau of Labor Keystone Steam Electric Station Statistics. ("Keystone Station") near Under the Keystone Shelocta, Pennsylvania. The Agreement, Registrant has Keystone Agreement has an initial dedicated coal reserves with up term of 20 years, with four five- to 134,000,000 net tons of year renewal terms at the option recoverable coal to the Owners, of the Owners. The Keystone and Registrant may not sell coal Agreement provides that from these reserves to others Registrant will sell and deliver to without the Owners' consent. the Owners up to 4,200,000 net Under certain conditions described tons of coal per year (subject to in the Keystone Agreement, the increase to 5,000,000 net tons at Owners have the option to lease the request of the Owners prior the coal reserves and surface to 1982) and that the Owners will lands dedicated under the purchase up to 90% of the annual Agreement, having a net book projected coal requirements for carrying amount of $1,815,000 at the Keystone Station from December 31, 1980, and to

Registrant. Substantially all of the coal sold pursuant to the Keystone Agreement is delivered by a series of conveyor belts directly from 217

purchase the assets of Registrant conveyor to the Homer City used in producing the coal which Station. Under the Agreement, had a net book carrying amount Helvetia is required only to reduce of $34,417,000 at December 31, raw coal to 1-1/4 inches top size. 1980. In such event, Registrant In this process, a Bradford would receive a royalty of $.30 per Breaker is used which removes ton adjusted for changes in the some of the impurities from the Producer Price Index since coal. January 1972. See Note C to the The price paid by the Owners Consolidated Financial Statements to Helvetia pursuant to the Homer incorporated herein by reference. City Agreement consists of an In 1980, Registrant delivered amount equal to all costs incurred 3,803,277 tons of coal to the by Helvetia in mining, processing Keystone Station from its deep and delivering the coal, including mines, and 80,840 tons of surface- mine development costs and mined coal, compared with capital expenditures, general and deliveries to the Keystone Station administrative costs, interest in 1979 of 3,501,014 tons of deep- costs, a royalty of $.25 per ton mined coal and 1,500 tons of and a pre-tax "standard" profit surface-mined coal. of $.234 per ton subject to Registrant's wholly owned adjustment for cumulative changes subsidiary, Helvetia Coal in the Consumer Price Index Company ("Helvetia"), is a party from December 1973, and an to a Coal Sales Agreement dated additional amount if certain costs December 22, 1966, and of production are less than the subsequently amended, (the standard costs as defined in the "Homer City Agreement") with Homer City Agreement and coal the two public utilities (the delivery and quality requirements "Homer City Owners") that own are met. the Homer City Steam Electric Under the Homer City Station ("Homer City Station") Agreement, Helvetia has dedicated near Homer City, Pennsylvania. up to 85,000,000 tons of coal That Agreement, which has a reserves. Under certain conditions term of 30 years (until 2007), described in the Homer City provides that Helvetia will sell Agreement, the Homer City and deliver to Homer City Owners Owners have the option to annual amounts of coal as purchase all of the capital stock specified therein and that the of Helvetia or its net assets at Homer City Owners will purchase book value ($1,885,000 at from Helvetia not less than 40%, December 31, 1980). In such and up to 50%, of the coal event, the royalty payable to requirements of the Homer City Registrant would be increased Station. Coal sold pursuant to from $.25 to $.35 per ton, unless the Homer City Agreement from the option were exercised by Helvetia's Lucerne #6 mine is reason of the default of Helvetia delivered by a series of conveyor under the Homer City Agreement, belts directly from the mine to in which latter event the royalty the Homer City Station; delivery of coal from Helvetia's Lucerne #8 and #9 mines is made by truck to Lucerne #6 and then by 218

would remain at $.25 per ton. See earned during the balance of the Note C to the Consolidated term when the termination is Financial Statements incorporated made. herein by reference. During 1980, In 1980, 10 deep mines of 2,627,182 tons of coal were Registrant supplied coal to the delivered to the Homer City Homer City and Keystone Station from Helvetia's deep Stations. The mines are described mines compared with deliveries in Item 2, to which reference is of 2,268,506 tons in 1979. hereby made. Iselin Preparation Company The bituminous coal industry ("Iselin") a wholly owned in general is intensely competitive. subsidiary of Registrant, is a party Although substantially all of to an operating agreement with Registrant's coal production is the Homer City Owners pursuant sold pursuant to the Keystone to which Iselin has agreed to and Homer City Agreements, manage, on a cost-plus basis, a Registrant remains subject to coal cleaning plant constructed material competition from other for the Homer City Station. The coal suppliers and other types cleaning plant was built by the of fuel, principally oil, natural gas, Homer City Owners for the hydroelectric power, and nuclear purpose of compliance with the fuel, because of the nature of the sulphur oxides emission standards power suppy system in the Mid- of the Pennsylvania Department Atlantic Region of the United of Environmental Resources. States. Under that system, the Construction of the cleaning plant Owners of the Keystone and

was completed in 1978, but it is Homer City Stations operate not expected to be fully operational other stations which produce until 1981. power for the grid power system The operating agreement serving the Mid-Atlantic Region. between Iselin and the Homer Those stations use coal and other City Owners has an initial term fuels produced by suppliers other which expires August 7, 1981, than Registrant. To the extent and is automatically renewed for that such other suppliers are able successive three year terms to supply fuel at a cost below thereafter unless written notice Registrant's, the Owners could of termination is given by either produce more power at such party six months prior to the other stations which could expiration of any such term. adversely affect the amount of Neither party has exercised said coal purchased from Registrant right during the initital term. The under the Keystone and Homer Homer City Owners also have the City Agreements. right under the agreement to During 1980, substantially all terminate at any time upon 60 of Registrant's surface-mined days notice. In that event, coal was sold on the commercial however, the Owners are required market. To the extent that to pay Iselin a percentage of the Registrant is engaged in the retail

fee which Iselin would have and wholesale sale of coal, it constitutes a minor competitive factor in such industry and is in competition with other sellers of 219

coal and other fuels, principally Keystone Agreement and the oil and natural gas. Homer City Agreement. The Registrant's business is estimated reserves stated herein materially dependent on the two were determined by Registrant's long-term coal sales agreements, staff based upon the prior the Keystone Agreement and the experience of Registrant in mining Homer City Agreement, described in the area of Registrant's present herein. See also Note C to reserves, and data from tests Consolidated Financial Statements conducted by Registrant. These incorporated herein by reference. reserves represent coal which is Sales pursuant to the Keystone recoverable on the basis of Agreement and Homer City current mining practices and Agreement accounted for techniques. The remaining approximately 43% and 31%, reserves are unassigned and their respectively, of Registrant's sales recovery will require new mines in the year ended December 31, which will entail substantial capital

1980. If the Owners of the expenditures and the amount of Keystone and Homer City Stations which cannot be estimated at this were to use other stations not time. served by Registrant to meet a Registrant also owns coal lands greater percentage of their power in West Virginia, substantially generation demand, their all of which are under lease to requirements for the Keystone another, unrelated coal company. and Homer City Stations could Patents and licenses are not decrease, and if such decrease material to the operation of were significant, the change could Registrant's business. materially adversely affect the In order to acquire, and to business of Registrant. determine the location and extent Information concerning backlog of, new sources of coal reserves, is not considered material to an Registrant has entered into understanding of Registrant's option-leases with owners of coal business. lands in various parts of Pennsylvania At December 31, 1980, Under these agreements, Registrant had estimated Registrant obtains the right to recoverable coal reserves in explore for and, at its option, to leased or owned properties in acquire title by lease to the coal Armstrong, Indiana, Westmoreland reserves. and other nearby Pennsylvania Registrant has made no public counties of approximately announcement, nor has 418,000,000 tons. During 1980, information otherwise become Registrant mined approximately public, about any new product 7,360,000 tons from these reserves. or line of business which would Of the 418,000,000 tons of require the investment of a estimated recoverable reserves material amount of Registrant's in Armstrong, Indiana, total assets. Westmoreland and nearby Registrant's business is subject Pennsylvania counties approximately 171,500,000 tons (41%) of Registrant's remaining coal reserves are dedicated under the 220

to numerous state and federal emission standards, which may statutes which establish strict increase in stringency during the standards with respect to mining next several years, on uses of health and safety and environmental coal. However, substantially all consequences. In addition to of Registrant's coal is sold prescribing civil and criminal pursuant to the Keystone and penalties for violations, both the Homer City Agreements, which Federal Mine Safety and Health contain no provisions warranting Act of 1977 (successor act to the that the sulphur content of the Federal Coal Mine Health and coal will meet emission standards Safety Act of 1969) and the Surface when burned. Because the Mining Control and Reclamation Keystone Station and units 1 and Act of 1977 authorize the closure 2 of the Homer City Station are under certain circumstances of pre-Act facilities, i.e., were in noncomplying operations. operation prior to enactment of Registrant attributes part of the the Clean Air Act and regulations decrease in productivity during thereunder, they are not subject the past decade to enforcement to the most stringent of regulations. procedures and provisions of the However, to the extent that new mine safety acts. Pennsylvania generating units are added to statutes applicable to Registrant's either Station or in the event of mining operations are both more enactment of legislation or and less stringent than the federal regulations imposing more statutes. Numerous federal and stringent environmental standards state laws and regulations, on the Stations, Registrant could

pertaining to the discharge of be adversely affected if the materials into the environment, Owners of the Stations purchased impose requirements for capital more coal from others or generate expenditures in the normal less electricity from these Stations. course of mine development and The cleaning plant operated by for subsequent events which Iselin Preparation Company, cause adverse environmental discussed above, cleans coal so

effects, irrespective of fault or as to render it usable in the 3rd, willfulness by the mining company and newest unit at the Homer City involved. These statutes have in Station. Environmental legislation the past and will in the future and regulation may have an require substantial capital adverse effect on Registrant's investments and may adversely ability to market its coal reserves affect productivity. Because of not dedicated under existing the inclusion of environmental contracts. related elements in the normal As indicated in the Consolidated expenditures for mine development Financial Statements included and operation, their costs cannot herein, Registrant has made be precisely isolated. Because substantial capital investments such costs are usually part of in the past three years. Inasmuch general production costs, as a substantial portion of these Registrant does not believe they investments has been for several have materially adversely affected purposes, e.g., to extend mine

Registrant's financial condition. and equipment life, to increase Both federal and state law and production and to be in compliance regulations impose sulphur with safety and/or environmental 221

legislation, Registrant cannot However, should the cost of indicate with precision capital compliance as an element of investments required solely to production costs become comply with environmental and burdensome, the competitive safety legislation. However, position and earnings of Registrant estimates such Registrant could be adversely expenditures totalled approximately affected. $2,800,000 in the five years ended Registrant currently employs

December 31, 1980, and it is approximately 2,675 persons, of estimated that annual capital whom 2,358 are engaged in mining expenditures of approximately and production of coal for sale $990,000 per year for the next and 317 are engaged in executive, several years will be attributable administrative, engineering, to environmental and safety laws. exploration and clerical capacities. Such legislation also adversely Registrant has approximately affected Registrant's deep mine 2,005 employees who are covered productivity, in 1978, which by the National Bituminous Coal declined from 18.7 tons per man Wage Agreement of 1978 with the day in 1970 to 10.8 tons in 1978, United Mine Workers of America, thereby adding to production which will expire in March 1981. costs. Productivity increased to Registrant's business is not 12.8 tons in 1980. No assurance seasonal in any material respect. can be given that additional, more Registrant is engaged principally stringent mining and environmental in a single line of business, the legislation will not be enacted or mining and sale of coal. The that such legislation, if enacted, following table sets forth the would not have a material adverse amount of Registrant's total sales effect upon Registrant's operations. during each of the three years

However, it should be noted that ended December 31, 1980 for coal sold under the Keystone contributed by each class of and Homer City Agreements, Registrant's products which Registrant's cost of compliance accounted for more than 10% of with such statutes will be Registrant's total sales during any recovered as a cost of production. of the last three fiscal years.

Year Ended December 31 222

general can be subject to special the amount of aggregate rental risks, including exchange controls, payable during that period will changes in currency valuations, depend on the extent of renewals. restrictions on the repatriation of As indicated in Item 1 hereof, funds, restrictions on the as of December 31, 1980, based ownership of foreign corporations upon the prior experience of or the composition of their boards Registrant in mining in the area of directors, export restrictions, of Registrant's reserves and data

the imposition or increase of taxes from tests conducted by it and tariffs and international Registrant had estimated financial instability. No assurance recoverable coal reserves in can be given that any of these leased or owned properties in factors might not have an adverse Indiana, Armstrong, Westmoreland effect on Registrant's future and other nearby Pennsylvania foreign operations. counties of approximately 418,000,000 tons. Substantially Item 2. Properties. all of the reserves leased by Registrant's executive and Registrant are leased until administrative offices are located exhaustion. Registrant has not in a 40,309 square foot building conducted sufficient tests to constructed in 1921 in Indiana, determine the degree to which

Pennsylvania, and owned by recoverable reserves, if any, exist Registrant. Registrant also owns on its owned or leased properties approximately 34,000 acres of located outside of Indiana, surface land in Pennsylvania. Armstrong, Westmoreland and Registrant's subsidiaries lease other nearby Pennsylvania various properties in the United counties. States and Canada under leases Registrant is presently having a current annual aggregate operating 10 underground mines. rental of approximately $240,000. Information on the recoverable These leases expire at various reserves and production of these times over the next 9 years and mines is as follows:

Tons of Recoverable Production in Tons Underground Reserves at Year Ended December 31 Mine December 31, 1980* 1978 1979 1980

Lucerne #6** 223

Surface mining is also to be the beneficial owner of more conducted by Registrant and by than 5% of the Company's independent contractors who are outstanding Common Stock, the obligated by law and by contract number of shares beneficially with Registrant to restore the owned by each such person and surface in accordance with the percentage of the Company's Pennsylvania and federal laws. outstanding Common Stock so Production from surface mining owned. for the last three years has been as follows: 1978 — 783,116 tons, Name and Address Amount and Nature of Per Cent of 1979 — 647,794 tons, 1980 — Beneficial Owner Beneficial Ownership Class

906,5% tons. AD but approximately Peter Iselin 80,840 tons of surface-mined 40 Wall Street coal were sold in 1980 on the New York, New York 10005 commerical market, the balance Emilie I. Wiggin was to the Keystone Station. 106 Pear Tree Point Road 641,487 shares 44.9% Darien, Connecticut 06820 Surface-mined coa] has accounted (1) (2) (3) (4) for a substantial portion of O'Donnell Iselin, II 1717 Kirts Street Registrant's earnings for the past Troy, Michigan 48084 five years. While Registrant is Under the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, person is making substantial efforts to (1) a deemed to be the beneficial owner of securities if he has, or shares, "voting power" (which includes the acquire additional reserves of coal power to vote, or to direct the voting of, such securities) or "investment power" (which suitable for surface mining, and includes the power to dispose, or to direct the disposition of, such securities). Under these currently has in excess of four rules, more than one person may be deemed the beneficial owner of the same securities. years of proven coal reserves The information set forth in the above table includes all shares of Common Stock of the Company over which Peter Iselin, Mrs. Wiggin, or O'Donnell Iselin, II individually or together for surface mining at current share voting power or investment power, adjusted, however, to eliminate the reporting of rates, production no assurance shares more than once in order not to overstate the aggregate beneficial ownership of such can be given that Registrant will persons. able maintain adequate be to (2) Under the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission the maximum beneficial reserves for surface-mined coal ownership of the Company's Common Stock which Peter Iselin could be deemed to have in the future. would be 613,404 shares, or 42.9% of the Company's outstanding Common Stock.

All of the properties of (3) Under the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, the maximum beneficial Registrant and its subsidiary ownership of the Company's Common Stock which Mrs Wiggin could be deemed to have would be 592,467 shares, or 41.4% of the Company's outstanding Common Stock. dedicated under the Keystone and Homer City Agreements are (4) Under the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, the maximum beneficial ownership of the Company's Common Stock which O'Donnell Iselin, II could be deemed to subject to mortgages given as have would be 318,652 shares, or 22.3% of the Company's outstanding Common Stock. security for indebtedness of Registrant and its subsidiary. Security Registrant has miscellaneous (b) Ownership of other non-coal mineral interests, Management The following table sets forth, primarily natural gas, which it as of 1981, information leases to unrelated parties. March 18, concerning the beneficial ownership of the Company's Item 4. Security Ownership Stock of Certain Beneficial outstanding Common by Owners and Management each Director and by all Directors and Officers as a group: (a) Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners The following table sets forth, as of March 18, 1981, the name and address of each person who is known by the Board of Directors 224

Name of

.

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J

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