WHAT DID PEOPLE ALREADY KNOW? Lots of different materials could be used to keep dry – e.g. oiled silk and waxed clothes.

WHAT DID THE SCIENTIST NOTICE? There were problems with making materials both waterproof and comfortable.

WHAT QUESTION DO YOU THINK THE SCIENTIST ASKED? How can I easily make material waterproof?

WHAT DID THE SCIENTIST DO? Macintosh brushed different substances onto cheap cotton and compared how waterproof the materials were.

CHARLES MACINTOSH WHAT WOULD YOU DO NEXT?

WHAT DID THE SCIENTIST WHAT DID OTHER SCIENTISTS FIND OUT? DO NEXT? Putting rubber between two layers of Scientists have developed modern materials, cotton was the best method to create some which have ‘smart’ properties. Others waterproof cloth. are trying to design invisible .

THE TIMELINE OF A RAINCOAT 30,000 YEARS AGO for protection from therain. fibres were usedwidely for homesand people kept warmanddry. Vegetable much from looking athow indigenous even animalintestines. We learn can of insulatingfurs, plantmaterialsand They dothisbyusingcombinations tosurvive. need tostaywarmanddry to staywarmanddry. Humansalso Animals, birds andinsects have evolved PRE–1800s with water. tie offthecuffs andneckfillthem waterproof theywere, theAleutswould seams withanimalglues.To checkhow or whaleintestinesandsealedthe in theirkayaks. Theyuseddriedseal a totallywaterproof for hunting Indiansneeded The AleutAmerican

300 AD – 1800s the 19thcentury. vegetable oilwasusedonsilkupuntil the Chineseover 1000years agoand fabrics. Itwasfirst usedinumbrellas by was oneofthefirst highperformance windproof andextremely lightand century. Oiledsilkisstrong, waterproof, cotton and lineninthe19thand20th civilisations andcontinued with began withsilkandwool inancient windproof, breathable textile fabrics The development ofwaterproof, 1800s waxes tomake weatherproof . cloth withlinseedoilandamixofother hand, suchastreating heavydutysail and error, to usingmaterialsthatcame throughthe earlysolutionscame trial transport, aswell asfor Many of sports. for ridingandfor drivinghorse-drawn sea-faring, tofarming, for themilitary, for outdoorwork ofallkinds,from Waterproof clotheswere needed

1823

patented waterproof jacket. This wasdeveloped intothefirst sandwiched around alayer ofrubber. invented adoubletextured fabric developments, Charles Macintosh In 1823,athisfactory offabric 1920s Everest expeditions. Shackleton andScott andonthe1920s explorers includingNansen,Amundsen, jacketsBurberry were usedby polar lightness andwindsnow resistance, gaps for ofits self-ventilation. Because The fabric waslightlywaxed and had response toMacintosh’sdevelopment. jacketBurberry wascreated asadirect damaged bysaltandsweat. The as mountaineering.Itcould alsobe dangerous for energetic such sports uncomfortablevery andpotentially lightweight Although theMacintoshcoat was and waterproof

, it was , itwas 1969 / 2011 make today. Gore-Tex andVoormi, whichare oftenusedto and fabrics for different Theseinclude sports. Scientists continued todevelop newmaterials CURRENT electronics, tobeembeddedinthem. a battery, lightorsmallcomputers and that enabledigitalcomponents, suchas ‘SMART clothing’ismadefrom fabrics THE TIMELINE OF A RAINCOAT 30,000 YEARS AGO were alsoused. in homesandclothesanimalfurs Vegetable fibres were woven for use nature tohelpthemkeep dry? How didhumansinthepastuse them warmanddry. Natural oilsandinsulating furkeep without coats? How doanimalskeep dry PRE–1800s and fillthemwithwater. they would tieoffthecuffs andneck To checkhow waterproof theywere, and sealedtheseamswithanimalglues. They useddriedsealorwhaleintestines went huntingintheirkayaks? keep waterproof whenthey Indians How didAleutAmerican

300 AD – 1800s waterproof. tomakeuntil the19thcentury fabrics Vegetable oilwasusedonsilkup windproof andextremely light. Oiled silkisstrong, waterproof, breathable textiles develop? How didwaterproof, windproof, 1800s weatherproof capes. and amixofotherwaxes tomake cloth were treated withlinseedoil Materials suchasheavydutysail neededdifferentsportsmen coats. Farmers, soldiers, horse-riders and and sports? develop for different jobs How didwaterproof clothing

1823 layer ofrubber. textured fabric sandwichedaround a Charles Macintoshinvented adouble waterproof jacket designed? How was acomfortable 1920s Shackleton andScott. including Nansen,Amundsen, sledging bypolarexplorers gaps for ventilation. Itwasusedfor thatwaslightlywaxed andhad madea by saltandsweat. Burberry Itcould alsobedamaged sports. potentially dangerous for energetic uncomfortableit wasvery and first Macintosh coat? What was wrong withthe

1969 / 2011 for different TheseincludeGore-Tex sports. and Voormi. Scientists have continued todevelop newmaterialsandfabrics What typeofwaterproof fabrics dowe usetoday? CURRENT play musicfor us. things, seeeachotherinthedarkand lights willbeabletohelpuspayfor SMART clothingwithcomputers and the future? What willcoats belike in

THE TIMELINE OF A RAINCOAT 30,000 YEARS AGO nature tohelpthemkeep dry? How didhumansinthepastuse without coats? How doanimalskeep dry PRE–1800s went huntingintheirkayaks? keep waterproof whenthey Indians How didAleutAmerican

300 AD – 1800s breathable textiles develop? How didwaterproof, windproof, 1800s and sports? and sports? develop for different jobs How didwaterproof clothing

1823 waterproof jacket? How didMacintoshdesignhis 1920s coat improved? How was thefirst Macintosh

1969 / 2011 What typeofwaterproof fabrics dowe usetoday? CURRENT the future? What willcoats belike in

THE JOURNEY OF YOUR RAINCOAT

We are going to learn about Charles Macintosh and how he made a raincoat. We will be creating and testing materials that could be used to make a raincoat, like Charles Macintosh.

VOCABULARY PROPERTY ABSORBENT MATERIAL OBSERVE WATERPROOF RECORD WHAT DID PEOPLE ALREADY KNOW?

Animals, birds and insects have adaptations to help them stay warm and dry. Human survival relies on staying warm and dry. People used a mixture of fur, plants and even animal intestines to do this. WHAT DID PEOPLE ALREADY KNOW?

The Aleut people needed a totally waterproof jacket for hunting in their kayaks. They used dried seal or whale intestines and sealed the seams with glues made from animals. To check how waterproof they were, the Aleuts would tie off the cuffs and neck and filled them with water. WHAT DID PEOPLE ALREADY KNOW?

The development of waterproof fabrics began with silk and wool and continued with cotton.

When silk is covered in oil it is strong, waterproof and light. It was first used in by the Chinese over 1,000 years ago. WHAT DID THE SCIENTIST NOTICE?

Waterproof clothes were needed for all kinds of outdoor work such as farming, military, and sport. Many of the first waterproof clothes came from trial and error, using materials that were painted with oil or waxes to make waterproof capes. Make a list of all of the reasons you might need waterproof clothing or waterproof materials. WHAT QUESTION DO YOU THINK THE SCIENTIST ASKED? WHAT QUESTION DO YOU THINK THE SCIENTIST ASKED?

How can I easily make a material waterproof? WHAT DID THE SCIENTISTS DO?

In 1823, in his factory of fabric development, Charles Macintosh invented two layers of fabric sandwiched around a layer of rubber. This was developed into the first waterproof jacket. WHAT WILL YOU DO?

1. Measure and cut out two squares 2. Paint a layer of each substance onto the of fabric about 15cm x 15cm. of one of the layers. Place the other square of fabric on top to make a sandwich and wait until this dries.

3. Put each fabric sandwich over a plastic 4. Pour the same amount of water over each fabric beaker and secure with an elastic band. and measure how much water goes through. WHAT WILL YOU DO?

FABRIC SANDWICH Results / Observation Cotton with ‘solid glue stick’ glue layer Cotton with PVA glue layer

Cotton with oil layer

Why not try out some of your own combinations? WHAT DID THE SCIENTIST FIND OUT?

Macintosh discovered that by putting a thin layer of rubber between two layers of cotton, a waterproof material was made. Why did this not make the perfect raincoat?

What did you find out? Which layer was ‘best’? How do you know? What might be the problems wit the waterproof materials you have created? WHAT DID OTHER SCIENTISTS DO NEXT? Although the Macintosh coat was lightweight and waterproof, it was very uncomfortable and sweaty! Burberry invented a coat that was waterproof but also had sections that allowed sweat to come out.

Burberry invented a coat that was waterproof but also had sections that allowed sweat to come out.

Polar explorers including Nansen, Amundsen, Shackleton and Scott used Burberry coats on their Everest expeditions. WHAT DID OTHER SCIENTISTS DO NEXT?

Voormi (An incredibly thin material that is also waterproof)

Gore-Tex Scientists develop Intelligent clothing Gore-Tex has a layer of new materials • Inbuilt computers human-made material and fabrics for • Lighting which is waterproof and • Music breathable. different purposes WHAT ARE CURRENT SCIENTISTS DOING?

Natalie Von Götz, a chemist from the Swiss University EHT Zurich, has been studying nanoparticles in clothing. Nanoparticles are extremely small particles that have special properties. Increasingly, these are used as coatings on clothing to make it waterproof, microbicidal, UV-blocking or antistatic. WHAT WOULD YOU DO NEXT?

What type of coat would you like to invent?