Quaternary Geologic Map of the Regina 4° x 6° Quadrangle, United States and

State and Province compilations by David S. Fullerton, Earl A. Christiansen, Bryan T. Schreiner, Roger B. Colton, and Lee Clayton1

Edited and integrated by David S. Fullerton, assisted by Charles A. Bush

Prepared in cooperation with the Research Council and the North Dakota Geological Survey

Pamphlet to accompany Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I–1420 (NM–13)

1Present affiliation: Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, Madison, Wis.

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Contents

Important Stratigraphic Sections...... 1 Saskatchewan...... 1 Montana...... 10 North Dakota...... 12 Sources of Information...... 18 Montana...... 18 North Dakota...... 21 Saskatchewan...... 25 Supplemental References...... 34 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MISCELLANEOUS INVESTIGATIONS SERIES U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MAP I–1420 (NM–13)

QUATERNARY GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE REGINA 4° × 6° QUADRANGLE, UNITED STATES AND CANADA

State and Province compilations by David S. Fullerton, Earl A. Christiansen, Bryan T. Schreiner, Roger B. Colton, and Lee Clayton1 Edited and integrated by David S. Fullerton, assisted by Charles A. Bush

2007

QUATERNARY GEOLOGIC ATLAS OF THE UNITED STATES

IMPORTANT STRATIGRAPHIC 2 SRC Blackstrap Lake test hole, sec. 6, T. SECTIONS 33, R. 3, W. 3, Sask.—Late Wisconsin [Stratigraphic units are listed from youngest to oldest. Rank Battleford Formation, 13.4 m oxidized terms of informal units are not capitalized. Age assignments and unoxidized till; early Wisconsin of units are based on table 2. A given unit thickness in an and (or) Illinoian Floral Formation, 11.6 exposure is the maximum thickness] m oxidized till, 18.9 m unoxidized till; SASKATCHEWAN middle Pleistocene Warman Formation, [The formal stratigraphic nomenclature of Christiansen 11.6 m unoxidized till, 0.6 m sand, 1.8 (1968b, 1992) has not been extended to some test hole m unoxidized till; middle Pleistocene records. Test hole logs not otherwise referenced were Dundurn Formation, 5.5 m sand, 3.1 m provided by E. A. Christiansen] unoxidized till; early Pleistocene Men- 1 SRC Laura Plots No. 1 test hole, sec. 25, non Formation, 11.3 m unoxidized till T. 33, R. 10, W. 3, Sask.—Reference 3 SSRIP Conquest No. 3 test hole, sec. 24, T. section for Dundurn Formation. 30, R. 10, W. 3, Sask.—Late Wisconsin, Pleistocene, 21.4 m silt and sand; 4.6 m silt; late Wisconsin Battleford middle Pleistocene Warman Formation, Formation, 3.7 m oxidized till; early 12.8 m unoxidized till; middle Wisconsin and (or) Illinoian Floral For- Pleistocene Dundurn Formation, 18.6 mation, 4.0 m oxidized till, 0.9 m sand, m oxidized till, 9.5 m silt and sand, 2.1 5.5 m unoxidized till, 0.9 m sand, 4.9 m unoxidized till, 2.4 m sand; early m unoxidized till; middle Pleistocene Pleistocene Mennon Formation, 7.9 Warman Formation, 11.3 m oxidized till; m unoxidized till, 0.9 m gravel, 1.2 m middle Pleistocene Dundurn Formation, unoxidized till, 2.4 m interbedded till 29.3 m unoxidized till; early Pleistocene and sand, 3.7 m unoxidized till, 1.2 m Mennon Formation, 7.9 m silt and sand, sand, 1.2 m unoxidized till 4.9 m unoxidized upper till member, l.2 m sand, 7.6 m unoxidized upper 1Present affiliation: Wisconsin Geological and Natural till member, 10.4 m oxidized lower till History Survey member; early Pleistocene and (or) late

1 Pliocene Empress Group, 25.0 m clay, Battleford Formation, 3.7 m oxidized silt, and sand till, 13.4 m unoxidized till; early Wis- 4 SRC Kenaston test hole, sec. 24, T. 29, R. consin and (or) Illinoian Floral Forma- 3, W. 3, Sask.—Late Wisconsin Bat- tion, 35.4 m unoxidized till; middle tleford Formation, 4.0 m oxidized till, Pleistocene Warman Formation, 2.4 1.8 m unoxidized till; middle Wiscon- m unoxidized till; middle Pleistocene sin Kenaston gyttja, 1.5 m gyttja that Dundurn Formation, 29.9 m unoxidized yielded a 14C age of 38,000±560 yr B.P. upper till member, 22.0 m unoxidized (GSC–104l; wood); early Wisconsin lower till member, 5.5 m sand, 7.6 m and (or) Illinoian Floral Formation, unoxidized lower till member; early 35.7 m unoxidized till; middle Pleisto- Pleistocene Mennon Formation, 5.2 m cene Warman Formation, 15.9 m unoxi- clay, 5.5 m unoxidized till; early Pleis- dized till; middle Pleistocene Dundurn tocene and (or) late Pliocene Empress Formation, 4.3 m unoxidized till Group, 23.8 m sand 5 SRC Drake (#1) test hole, sec. 34, T. 31, 8 SRC Drake (#4) test hole, sec. 32, T. 31, R. R. 23, W. 2, Sask.—Late Wisconsin 21, W. 2, Sask.—Late Wisconsin Bat- Battleford Formation, 4.9 m oxidized tleford Formation, 7.3 m oxidized till, till, 7.3 m unoxidized till; early Wis- 10.1 m unoxidized till; early Wisconsin consin and (or) Illinoian Floral Forma- and (or) Illinoian Floral Formation, 4.0 m tion, 39.0 m unoxidized till; middle unoxidized till, 1.8 m sand, 25.6 m unoxi- Pleistocene Dundurn Formation, 58.9 dized till; middle Pleistocene Dundurn m unoxidized upper till member, 32.6 Formation, 9.8 m oxidized till, 11.6 m m unoxidized lower till member; unoxidized till; early Pleistocene Mennon middle Pleistocene and (or) early Pleis- Formation, 1.8 m interbedded sand and tocene, 24.4 m sand, silt, and clay (val- till, 8.5 m oxidized till, 0.3 m sand and ley fill inset into Mennon Formation); gravel, 1.8 m oxidized till, 1.5 m sand and early Pleistocene Mennon Formation, gravel, 3.7 m oxidized till; early Pleis- 4.3 m unoxidized till, 1.2 m sand, 9.2 m tocene and (or) late Pliocene Empress unoxidized till, 10.7 m sand and silt, 3.1 Group, 61.6 m silt and sand. m unoxidized till, 3.7 m sand 9 SRC Demaine test hole, sec. 27, T. 22, R. 6 SRC Drake (#2) test hole, sec. 6, T. 32, R. 10, W. 3, Sask.—Late Wisconsin Bat- 22, W. 2, Sask.—Late Wisconsin Bat- tleford Formation, 10.4 m oxidized and tleford Formation, 6.7 m oxidized till, unoxidized till; early Wisconsin and 14.0 m unoxidized till; early Wisconsin (or) Illinoian Floral Formation, 34.8 m and (or) Illinoian Floral Formation, sand and silt, 14.7 m unoxidized till, 1.8 33.6 m unoxidized till; middle Pleisto- m clay and silt, 12.2 m unoxidized till; cene Warman Formation, 3.4 m unoxi- middle Pleistocene Dundurn Formation, dized till; middle Pleistocene Dundurn 0.9 m pebbly sand, 13.4 m oxidized till, Formation, 13.1 m unoxidized upper till 40.6 m silt and sand; early Pleistocene member, 3.4 m sand, 4.0 m unoxidized Mennon Formation, 1.5 m calcic paleo- upper till member, 1.8 m sand, 2.4 m sol(?) in till, 8.6 m oxidized till, 27.1 m unoxidized upper till member, 0.6 m unoxidized till; early Pleistocene and (or) sand, 4.3 m unoxidized upper till mem- late Pliocene Empress Group, 17.4 m silt, ber, 0.6 m sand, 9.2 m unoxidized upper 5.5 m interbedded gravel and silt till member, 5.5 m sand, 1.2 m unoxi- 10 SRC Saskatchewan Landing test hole, dized upper till member, 10.4 m sand, sec. 14, T. 19, R. 15, W. 3, Sask.—Late 8.5 m unoxidized lower till member; Wisconsin Battleford Formation, 1.5 early Pleistocene Mennon Formation, m oxidized till; early Wisconsin Floral 9.8 m unoxidized till, 32.9 m interbed- Formation, 5.2 m oxidized upper till ded gravel, sand, and till. Repetition member, 3.7 m gravel, sand, and silt, of Dundurn Formation units possibly 10.1 m oxidized and unoxidized upper indicates glaciotectonic stacking till member; Illinoian Floral Formation, 7 SRC Drake (#3) test hole, sec. 3, T. 32, 14.7 m unoxidized lower till member, R.22, W. 2, Sask.—Late Wisconsin 0.6 m sand; middle Pleistocene Dundurn

2 Formation, 0.9 m “marl” (calcic paleo- 11.8 m oxidized and unoxidized upper sol?) in sand and silt, 4.0 m sand and silt, till member; Pleistocene, 8.1 m silt, sand, 9.8 m oxidized upper till member, 36.0 and gravel; Illinoian Floral Formation, m silt, sand, and gravel, 1.8 m sand and 17.0 m oxidized and unoxidized lower till gravel, 11.3 m oxidized lower till mem- member; Pleistocene, 1.8 m oxidized and ber, 7.9 m unoxidized lower till member, unoxidized till of anomalous composition 2.1 m sand, 24.1 m unoxidized lower (a glaciotectonic raft?); middle Pleistocene till member; early Pleistocene and (or) Warman Formation, 0.6 m Prelate late Pliocene Empress Group, 6.1 m silt. Ferry(?) paleosol in oxidized till; middle The Warman Formation is missing, and Pleistocene and (or) early Pleistocene, the calcic paleosol(?) may be the Prelate 2.8 m normal-polarity sand, silt, and clay; Ferry paleosol (see table 2). Barendregt early Pleistocene Mennon(?) Formation, and others (1998) assigned the basal silt 0.8 m paleosol(?) in intensely weathered to the Stewart Valley sediments till, 0.6 m sand and silt, 2.0 m intensely 11 Wellsch Valley site, Sask.—Three exposures weathered till. Stratigraphic sections in represented by a single symbol on map: Barendregt (1995) and Barendregt and West Ridge exposure, sec. 4, T. 20. R. others (1998) differ from this composite 14, W. 3—Late Wisconsin, 1.6 m clay and section. The two intensely weathered till silt; late Wisconsin Battleford Formation, units at the base of the section are referred 1.6 m oxidized till; early Wisconsin Floral tentatively to the Mennon Formation, Formation, 12.4 m oxidized upper till primarily on the basis of low carbonate member; Illinoian Floral Formation, 4.4 content (Barendregt and others, 1998). m unoxidized lower till member; middle They may be either Dundurn Formation till Pleistocene Warman Formation, 0.8 m or Mennon Formation till. The apparent sand, 0.8 m oxidized till, 0.6 m gravel, normal remanent polarity of both tills 2.6 m unoxidized till; early Pleistocene (Barendregt and others, 1998) is consistent Stewart Valley sediments, 3.2 m silt with the expected polarity of Dundurn and sand; early Pleistocene and (or) late Formation tills; Mennon Formation tills Pliocene Empress Group, 0.6 m sand are expected to have reversed polarity. and lag gravel. The sediments of the Those two tills (of uncertain identity) in Battleford, Floral, and Warman Forma- this section are intensely weathered and tions have normal remanent geomagnetic extremely oxidized (Mahaney and Stalker, polarity, and the Stewart Valley sediments 1988; Barendregt and others, 1998), and have reversed polarity (Barendregt and the depositional remanent magnetization others, 1998). The polarity of the basal cannot be determined with certainty sediments of the Empress Group in this Jaw Face exposure, sec. 4, T. 20, section is not known. This section was R. 14, W. 3—Composite stratigraphic measured by E.A. Christiansen and R.W. sequence in a slump block exposure, from Barendregt; measured stratigraphic sec- vertical profiles measured by Churcher tions in Barendregt (1995) and Baren- and Stalker (written commun., 1972), a dregt and others (1998) differ from this composite section by Stalker and Churcher measured section (1972) and Stalker (1976), and vertical North Cliff exposure, sec. 3, T. 20, profiles measured by E.A. Christiansen. R. 14, W. 3—Composite stratigraphic Pleistocene, 1.7 m Group sequence from one vertical profile in till and lake clay and silt juxtaposed by Mahaney and Stalker (1988) and five faulting, 1.9 m sand and silt; middle vertical profiles measured by E.A. Pleistocene normal-polarity Warman Christiansen, R.W. Barendregt, and Formation, 0.3 m oxidized till, 0.1 m B.T. Schreiner. Thicknesses are from pebbly sand and silt, 0.4 m silt, 0.2 m E.A. Christiansen. Late Wisconsin, oxidized till, 0.1 m pebbly sand; early 2.0 m silt and clay; late Wisconsin Pleistocene Stewart Valley sediments, 0.3 Battleford Formation, 1.2 m oxidized m silt, 0.2 m reversed-polarity “Wellsch till; early Wisconsin Floral Formation, Valley tephra,” 6.9 m reversed-polarity

3 silt, clay, and sand containing early tephra” are >630±60 ka and >690±110 Irvingtonian vertebrate fossils and ka (Westgate and others, 1978; Westgate scattered, redeposited glacial erratics; and Gorton, 1981). A fossil bone older late Pliocene, 3.0 m unnamed indurated than the tephra yielded an amino acid lag deposit and sheetwash alluvium(?) racemization age (measured by J.L. Bada) containing late Blancan vertebrate of >300 ka (Barendregt and others, 1991). fossils and no redeposited glacial Electron-spin resonance ages for a fossil erratics (remanent polarity of upper tooth older than the tephra were 148–417 part is reversed; polarity of lower part ka (Schwarcz and Zymela, 1985; Zymela, has not been determined). Measured 1986) and >280±35 ka (Zymela and stratigraphic sections in Churcher and others, 1988), depending on the uranium- Stalker (written commun., 1972), Foster uptake model used to calculate the age. and Stalker (1976), Barendregt (1984, The fission-track, amino acid racemiza- 1995), and Barendregt and others (1991, tion, and electron-spin resonance ages 1998) differ markedly, and they all differ are minimum ages; they do not date any from this composite section of the sediments. The reversed remanent The “Matuyama-Brunhes paleomag- polarity indicates that the tephra and the netic reversal” above the tephra (Foster underlying fossiliferous Stewart Valley and Stalker, 1976; Barendregt, 1984, sediments are older than 778 ka. 1995; Barendregt and others, 1991) here The reversed-polarity “Wellsch Valley is interpreted to be an erosional unconfor- tephra” was expected to be either the mity. In one place, the paraconformity is Lake Tapps tephra (Westgate and others, the upper (eroded) contact of the tephra 1987) or the Rio Dell (Centerville) tephra (Izett, 1981; Sarna-Wojcicki and others, (Barendregt, 1984; Barendregt and others, 1987). However, electron microprobe 1991); elsewhere it probably is within the analysis by A.M. Sarna-Wojcicki and silt unit that overlies the tephra (Foster instrumental neutron activation analy- and Stalker, 1976). Till of the Dundurn sis by J. R. Budahn indicated that the and Mennon Formations, present in other “Wellsch Valley tephra” is a composi- exposures and test holes in the region tionally distinct Cascade Range–source and representing as many as four distinct tephra. A sample of the tephra, collected glaciations in southern Saskatchewan, by R.W. Barendregt, was submitted to the was removed by erosion prior to deposi- U.S. Geological Survey Argon Geochro- tion of the normal-polarity sediments. nology Laboratory in Denver, Colo., The oldest normal-polarity sediments in and to the New Mexico Geochronology the measured section are significantly Research Laboratory in Socorro, N. Mex. younger than the Matuyama-Brunhes The sanidine crystals were too small for paleomagnetic reversal, and the youngest single-crystal analysis, and the separation reversed-polarity sediments probably are consisted of more feldspar contaminants older than the Jaramillo Normal Polar- than sanidine crystals (D.P. Miggins and ity Subchron. The lacuna includes both Lisa Peters, written commun., 2006). normal-polarity and reversed-polarity A reliable 40Ar/39Ar age could not be sediments. The “Brunhes/Matuyama obtained. Boundary (0.78 Ma)” of Barendregt The Stewart Valley sediments are fill and others (1998, fig. 8) in the Wellsch deposits in a buried paleovalley. The Valley– Creek area is a aggradation occurred subsequent to boundary between reversed-polarity and one or more late Pliocene continental normal-polarity sediments; however, in glaciations in southern Saskatchewan and no published exposure, bore hole record, prior to early Pleistocene (“Mennon”) or test hole record does that boundary glaciation in the region. The contact necessarily represent the Matuyama- between the Stewart Valley sediments Brunhes paleomagnetic reversal. (containing early Irvingtonian vertebrate Glass fission-track ages for the fossils and scattered redeposited glacial Cascade Range-source “Wellsch Valley erratics) and the unnamed indurated

4 basal stratigraphic unit in the Jaw Face geomagnetic polarity. Barendregt and exposure (containing late Blancan Irving (1998) and Barendregt and others vertebrate fossils and no redeposited (1998) concluded that there is no record glacial erratics) here is interpreted to be of Laurentide continental glaciation an erosional unconformity. Late Pliocene on the prairies of Saskatchewan and continental glaciation ≈2.15 Ma, from a southern during the Matuyama source in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, Reversed-Polarity Chron (between 2.582 is represented by till in South Dakota, Ma and 0.778 Ma). However, no till Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, units assigned by E.A. Christiansen to and Nebraska. It is represented by the Mennon Formation in Saskatchewan residual glacial deposits (erratic boulders) were sampled for paleomagnetic analysis in North Dakota and Montana, and by Barendregt and others (l991, 1998). also in the Wood Mountain region of Therefore, that conclusion was based on Saskatchewan south-southeast of the negative evidence. Conclusive remanent Wellsch Valley and Swift Current Creek polarity data for till units of the Mennon sections (Fullerton and others, 2004b). Formation must be obtained from samples The indurated basal sediments in the Jaw of unoxidized till in stratigraphic sections Face exposure probably antedate the late in which the formation has been identified Pliocene glaciation(s). with certainty Till of the Dundurn Formation has 12 Wellsch Valley, Sask.—One core hole and been identified in one core hole and one one test hole represented by a single test hole in the Swift Current Creek area symbol on map: (“Important Stratigraphic Sections,” U of S Eagle No. 145 Wellsch Valley #13), but it has not been identified in core hole, sec. 3, T. 20, R. 14, W. the Wellsch Valley area. Both of those 3—Late Wisconsin, 3 m clay and silt; sections were illustrated by Barendregt late Wisconsin Battleford Formation, 2 and others (1998, fig. 5), but the Dundurn m oxidized till; early Wisconsin Floral Formation till in those sections, identified Formation, 3 m oxidized upper till by E.A. Christiansen, apparently was member; Illinoian Floral Formation, not sampled for paleomagnetic analysis. 4 m oxidized lower till member, 1 m Till of the Mennon Formation has not gravel, 7 m oxidized lower till member, been identified in the Wellsch Valley 1.5 m unoxidized lower till member; area or the Swift Current Creek area. middle Pleistocene Warman Formation, The tills of the Mennon and Dundurn 2.5 m oxidized till; early Pleistocene Formations were deposited during the Stewart Valley sediments, 10.5 m silt, time interval represented by the erosional 4 m silt and sand. Preconsolidation unconformity between the Stewart pressure and other engineering Valley sediments and the Warman properties of the Floral Formation till in Formation. Consequently, the apparent this core hole were published by Sauer absence of Matuyama Reversed-Polarity and others (1993a, b) Chron till is not evidence that reversed- GSC Wellsch Valley test hole, sec. polarity tills were not deposited in the 3, T. 20, R. 14, W. 3—Late Wisconsin, Wellsch Valley–Swift Current Creek 4.6 m clay and silt; late Wisconsin area. The geographic distribution Battleford Formation, 3.7 m oxidized of sites (test holes, core holes, and till; early Wisconsin Floral Formation, exposures) in which till units of the 5.8 m oxidized upper till member; Mennon and Dundurn Formations have Illinoian Floral Formation, 8.2 m been identified in the region (E.A. oxidized lower till member, 4.0 m Christiansen, unpublished stratigraphic unoxidized lower till member; middle data, 1991–2002) is such that the Pleistocene Warman Formation, 1.8 Wellsch Valley site was necessarily m unoxidized till; early Pleistocene covered by Mennon and Dundurn ice Stewart Valley sediments, 10.7 m sheets. Till of the Mennon Formation silt and sand. The Stewart Valley is expected to have reversed remanent sediments have reversed remanent

5 geomagnetic polarity (Barendregt and Barendregt (1995) and Barendregt and others, 1998) others (1998) differs markedly from 13 Swift Current Creek, Sask.—One core the measured section here; till of the hole, one exposure, and one test hole Dundurn Formation was not recognized represented by a single symbol on map: by those authors U of S Eagle No. 144A Swift Current 14 Swift Current Accreditation Hole, sec.19, Creek core hole, sec. 10, T. 19, R. 13, T. 15, R. 13, W. 3, Sask.—Late W. 3—Late Wisconsin, 1 m clay; late Wisconsin(?), 11.3 m sand and silt; Wisconsin Battleford Formation, 5 m late Wisconsin Battleford Formation, oxidized till; early Wisconsin Floral 28.4 m unoxidized till; early Wisconsin Formation, 10.5 m oxidized upper till and (or) Illinoian Floral Formation, member; Illinoian Floral Formation, 5 weathered zone in 2.4 m oxidized till, m sand and gravel, 7 m oxidized lower 2.7 m unoxidized till, 1.2 m sand, 1.2 till member, 3.5 m unoxidized lower till m silt and clay, 3.7 m unoxidized till, member; middle Pleistocene Warman 2.1 m sand, 3.7 m unoxidized till, 0.6 m Formation, 2.5 m silt, 6 m oxidized till; cobble gravel and sand, 1.3 m unoxi- middle Pleistocene Dundurn Forma- dized till; middle Pleistocene and (or) tion, 5 m oxidized till; early Pleisto- early Pleistocene Sutherland Group, cene Stewart Valley sediments, 14 m weathered zone in 0.6 m marly, pebbly, silt; early Pleistocene or late Pliocene cobbly sand, weathered zone in 4.9 m Empress Group, 1 m gravel. The oxidized till, 0.6 m sand, 4.0 m unoxi- “Swift Current Creek borehole” section dized till, 0.6 m sand, 1.8 m unoxidized in Barendregt (l995) and Barendregt till, 0.6 m sand, 2.4 m unoxidized till, and others (1998) differs markedly 0.6 m sand, 1.2 m unoxidized till, 5.5 from the measured section here; till of m sand and silt, 1.2 m unoxidized the Dundurn Formation was not recog- till; middle Pleistocene and (or) early nized by those authors Pleistocene Empress Group sediments EAC Swift Current Creek exposure, containing scattered reworked glacial sec. 10, T. 19, R. 13, W. 3—Early erratics, 9.8 m sand, silt, and clay, 5.8 Wisconsin Floral Formation, 13.1 m m gravel and sand; Pliocene(?) Empress oxidized upper till member; Illinoian Group sediments devoid of reworked Floral Formation, 1.5 m silt, 5.2 m sand glacial erratics, 4.9 m silt and sand, 4.0 and gravel, 2.4 m interbedded till, sand, m gravel, sand, and silt and gravel, 14.9 m oxidized lower till 15 Wascana Creek, Sask.—Two test holes member; middle Pleistocene Warman and one exposure represented by a Formation, 3.1 m silt, 6.7 m oxidized single symbol on map: and unoxidized till; 3.9 m covered SRC Wascana Creek test hole, sec. interval; early Pleistocene Stewart 29, T. 18, R. 2l, W. 2—Late Wisconsin, Valley sediments, 3.1 m silt 10.7 m clay and silt; late Wisconsin SRC Swift Current Creek test hole, Battleford Formation, 0.8 m oxidized sec. 10, T. 19, R. 13, W. 3—Late till; middle Pleistocene Dundurn Wisconsin, 2.7 m clay and silt; late Formation, 9.8 m oxidized upper till Wisconsin Battleford Formation, 1.5 member, 2.4 m unoxidized upper till m oxidized till; early Wisconsin Floral member, 1.2 m sand and gravel, 1.2 Formation, 11.9 m oxidized upper till m oxidized lower till member, 6.7 m member, 0.3 m sand; Illinoian Floral unoxidized lower till member; early Formation, 9.8 m oxidized lower till Pleistocene Mennon Formation, 3.7 member; middle Pleistocene Warman m sand and gravel, 5.8 m unoxidized Formation, 3.7 m silt and sand, 4.0 till; early Pleistocene or late Pliocene m oxidized till; middle Pleistocene Empress Group, 2.1 m silt Dundurn Formation, 4.3 m oxidized EAC Wascana Creek exposure till; early Pleistocene Stewart Valley (Westgate and others, 1977; E.A. sediments, 9.8 m silt. The “Swift Christiansen, written commun., 2002), Current Creek borehole” section in sec. 29, T. 18, R. 21, W. 2—Late

6

Wisconsin, 6.7 m clay and silt; late 17 Fort Qu’Appelle, Sask.—One test hole and Wisconsin Battleford Formation, 2.7 m one exposure represented by a single oxidized till; middle Pleistocene Dundurn symbol on map: Formation, 0.1 m clay (deglacial pond SRC Fort Qu’Appelle test hole, sec. sediment) containing lentils of normal- 12, T. 21, R. 14, W. 2—Late Wisconsin polarity Lava Creek B (“Wascana Battleford Formation, 18.3 m oxidized Creek”) tephra, 5.8 m oxidized upper and unoxidized till; early Wisconsin till member, 10.7 m oxidized and Floral Formation, 5.5 m oxidized upper unoxidized upper till member. Six till member, 25.6 m unoxidized upper fission-track ages were determined for till member; Illinoian Floral Formation, the tephra (Westgate and others, 1977): 14.0 m unoxidized lower till member, four glass ages by John Boellstorff 4.9 m interbedded till and sand, 2.1 m (range 560±80 ka to 670±90 ka), one unoxidized lower till member; middle glass age by J.A. Westgate (600±120 Pleistocene Echo Lake gravel, 9.8 m ka), and one zircon age by J.A. Westgate sand and gravel; middle Pleistocene (680±150 ka). See table 2 for discussion Dundurn Formation, 0.6 m unoxidized of the Lava Creek B tephra upper till member, 1.2 m sand and SRC Wascana Creek test hole, sec. 28, gravel, 21.0 m interbedded till and sand, T. 18, R. 21, W. 2—Late Wisconsin, 4.0 m oxidized lower till member, 11.0 8.2 m silt and clay; late Wisconsin m interbedded till and sand, 4.6 m silt Battleford Formation, 1.5 m oxidized and clay, 23.5 m sand, 13.0 m interbed- till; middle Pleistocene Warman ded till and sand, 1.2 m unoxidized Formation, 0.9 m sand, 0.9 m oxidized lower till member; early Pleistocene till, 0.9 m gravel, 4.3 m oxidized till, and (or) late Pliocene Empress Group, 1.8 m unoxidized till; middle Pleistocene 9.2 m sand Dundurn Formation, 1.5 m silt and clay Bliss gravel pit (Christiansen, 1960, (stratigraphic unit that contains the Lava 1972a, 1991; Khan, 1970), sec. 7, T. Creek B tephra in the adjacent exposure), 21, R. 13, W. 2—Type locality for Fort 4.3 m unoxidized upper till member, Qu’Appelle vertebrate local fauna in 5.2 m silt, 1.2 m sand, 7.0 m unoxidized Echo Lake gravel. Illinoian Floral lower till member; early Pleistocene Formation, 3.1 m lower till member; Mennon Formation, 5.2 m unoxidized middle Pleistocene Echo Lake gravel, till; early Pleistocene and (or) late 4.9 m sand containing pelecypod tests Pliocene Empress Group, 18.9 m silt [14C age >34,000 yr B.P. (GSC–987)], and sand 0.3 m gravel (lag deposit), 1.2 m chan- 16 DOE Regina No. 502 test hole, sec. 12, nel gravel containing Rancholabrean T. 18, R. 20, W. 2, Sask.—Late vertebrate fossils and woody debris, Wisconsin, 2.1 m clay; late Wisconsin 14.2 m gravel (augered interval) Battleford Formation, 2.1 m oxidized 18 SRC Fort Qu’Appelle test hole, sec. 17, T. till; late Wisconsin, 0.9 m silt, 19.5 21, R. 13, W. 2, Sask.—Late Wiscon- m sand, 8.8 m sand and gravel; early sin, 11.0 m silt and clay; late Wisconsin Wisconsin and (or) Illinoian Floral Battleford Formation, 12.5 m oxidized Formation, 9.5 m unoxidized till, 2.1 m till; early Wisconsin Floral Formation, silt, 10.4 m sand and gravel, 7.3 m silt 4.0 m oxidized upper till member, and sand; middle Pleistocene Warman 17.4 m unoxidized upper till member; Formation, 24.1 m oxidized till; middle Illinoian Floral Formation, 34.2 m Pleistocene Dundurn Formation, 5.5 m oxidized and unoxidized lower till oxidized till, 17.1 m unoxidized till, 0.6 member; middle Pleistocene Echo Lake m sand, 11.3 m unoxidized till; early gravel, 2.7 m sand and gravel; middle Pleistocene Mennon Formation, 6.7 m Pleistocene Dundurn Formation, 5.5 m oxidized till, 6.7 m unoxidized till. unoxidized till, 0.3 m sand and gravel, The youngest till and the underlying 3.7 m unoxidized till, 0.6 m sand and stratified sediments constitute the Condie gravel, 1.2 m unoxidized till, 3.7 m kame moraine sand and silt containing charcoal(?)

7 fragments, 9.8 m unoxdized till, 6.5 m 21 La Fleche test hole (Whitaker, 1965), sec. sand and silt, 3.7 m unoxidized till, 20.0 26, T. 9, R. 5, W. 3, Sask.—Section in m sand, silt, and clay, 1.2 m unoxidized the Thomson Lake moraine. Pleisto- till; early Pleistocene and (or) late cene, 3.1 m oxidized till, 5.2 m sand, 1.2 Pliocene Empress Group, 24.7 m sand m silt and clay, 13.4 m sand, 6.4 m silt containing zones of wood and charcoal, and clay, 3.1 m unoxidized till, 5.5 m 0.6 m gravel oxidized till, 4.0 m sand, 5.2 m unoxi- 19 DOE 521 test hole, sec. 26, T. dized till, 1.2 m silt and clay, 12.8 m 24, R. 6, W. 2, Sask.—Late Wisconsin sand, 2.1 m gravel. The surface till may Battleford Formation, 3.4 m unoxidized record a glacial readvance to the position till; early Wisconsin Floral Formation, of the Thomson Lake moraine (“phase 12.2 m unoxidized upper till member; 4” in table 1) Illinoian Floral Formation, 12.5 m SRC Ettington test hole (Whitaker, 1965), unoxidized lower till member; middle 22 sec. 10, T. 11, R. 1, W. 3, Sask.—Sec- Pleistocene Warman Formation, 3.0 tion in the Ettington moraine (“phase m unoxidized till; middle Pleistocene 6” in table 1), 1.5 m oxidized till, 3.1 m Dundurn Formation, 3.0 m interbedded silt and clay, 6.1 m oxidized till, 20.1 m unoxidized till and silt, 8.2 m unoxi- unoxidized till, 11.6 m oxidized till, 7.3 dized till, 0.3 m sand, 2.4 m unoxidized m silt and clay, 3.1 m sand till; early Pleistocene Mennon Forma- tion, 5.2 m silt and sand, 1.2 m unoxi- 23 SRC Dirt Hills test hole (Christiansen dized till, 3.0 m sand and silt, 1.5 m and Sauer, 1997), sec. 10, T. 11, R. 25, unoxidized till. W. 2, Sask.—Section through the Dirt This section illustrates the dif- Hills glaciotectonic structure. Late and ficulty of differentiating superposed middle Pleistocene Saskatoon Group, 37 unoxidized tills (having no weathering m till, gravel, sand, silt, and clay; middle zones) in test hole records and expo- Pleistocene(?) Sutherland Group, 25 m sures. The upper 31 m of unoxidized unoxidized till; early Pleistocene and till in this record represents four glacia- (or) late Pliocene Empress Group, 9 m tions. In the absence of analytical data, silt, sand, and gravel; 40 m glaciotecton- all of the till units in that interval might ically transported bedrock; Sutherland be inferred to be the product of a single Group (as above), 29 m unoxidized till; glaciation (some workers might infer Empress Group (as above), 5 m silt, that all of the till units and intertill sedi- sand, and gravel; 45 m glaciotectonically ments in the section are late Wisconsin transported bedrock; Sutherland Group in age) (as above) 21 m unoxidized till; Empress 20 SRC Driscol Lake test hole (Whitaker, Group (as above), 6 m silt, sand, and 1965), sec. 14, T. 7, R. 13, W. 3, gravel; in-place bedrock Sask.—Section in a glaciotectonic 24 Kipling test hole (Dyck and others, 1972), structure. Pleistocene, 7.6 m oxidized sec. 25, T. 13, R. 6, W. 2, Sask.—Pleisto- till, 10.7 m unoxidized till, 6.1 m cene, 8.2 m oxidized till, 27.5 m unoxi- gravel, 3.1 m unoxidized till, 3.l m dized till, 8.5 m sand and silt, 23.8 m silt and clay, 3.1 m sand, 1.8 m silt unoxidized till, 3.4 m pebbly sand and and clay, 2.4 m unoxidized till, 6.1 m silt, 3.1 m oxidized till, 4.3 m pebbly oxidized till, 3.1 m sand, 1.5 m silt and sand, 0.6 m unoxidized till, 4.6 m silt, clay, 2.1 m sand, 2.4 m unoxidized till, 14.6 m interbedded sand, gravel, and silt, 8.5 m oxidized till, 2.7 m silt and clay, 7.9 m clay, 75.2 m sand and silt 3.7 m unoxidized till, 4.8 m oxidized till, 8.5 m silt and clay, 1.5 m sand, 2.1 25 SRC test hole, sec. 12, T. 5, m silt and clay, 2.1 m sand, 12.8 m silt R. 18, W. 2, Sask.—Late Wisconsin and clay, 4.0 m sand, 2.4 m oxidized Battleford Formation, 2.4 m oxidized till, 2.4 m sand, 1.8 m oxidized till, 3.1 till; early Wisconsin Floral Formation, m unoxidized till, 1.2 m silt and clay, 7.0 m oxidized upper till member, 1.5 1.8 m unoxidized till m sand and gravel, 1.5 m oxidized

8 and unoxidized upper till member, 1.5 m gravel, 3.7 m unoxidized till, 1.5 m interbedded till and gravel, 5.5 0.6 m gravel, 6.9 m sand and silt, 3.7 m oxidized and unoxidized upper till m unoxidized till; middle Pleistocene member; Illinoian Floral Formation, Dundurn Formation, 21.3 m unoxidized 5.2 m interbedded silt and sand, 3.0 m till, 0.3 m sand, 0.6 m sand and silt, unoxidized lower till member, 11.0 m 18.3 m unoxidized till; early Pleisto- sand and silt, 6.1 m unoxidized lower till cene Mennon Formation, 0.9 m silt, 4.3 member; middle Pleistocene Dundurn m sand and gravel, 1.5 m unoxidized Formation, 3.7 m oxidized till, 4.9 till, 1.2 m gravel, 1.2 m unoxidized till, m unoxidized till; early Pleistocene 0.6 m gravel, 2.7 m unoxidized till Mennon Formation, 10.1 m oxidized till, 28 Production Well No. 1 (Dyck and 5.5 m unoxidized till, 3.7 m interbedded others, 1972), sec. 5, T. 4, R. 9, W. 2, till, sand, and gravel, 8.5 m unoxidized Sask.—Pleistocene, 9.8 m oxidized till, till; early Pleistocene and (or) late 2.1 m unoxidized till, 3l.4 m bedrock Pliocene Empress Group, 13.7 m sand (glaciotectonic raft), 23.5 m unoxi- and gravel dized till, 7.6 m sand and gravel, 5.8 26 SRC Lake Alma test hole, sec. 28, T. 2, m unoxidized till, 0.6 m gravel, 7.6 R. 17, W. 2, Sask.—Pleistocene, 9.1 m m unoxidized till, 11.9 m clay, 3.1 m sand and gravel, 2.4 m unoxidized till, interbedded sand and clay, 4.0 m sand 5.5 m interbedded till and gravel, 2.4 and gravel, 12.2 m clay, sand, and m unoxidized till, 3.7 m gravel, 1.8 m gravel, 22.9 m sand and gravel unoxidized till, 1.8 m interbedded till 29 SRC–1 test hole (Christiansen and and gravel, 11.6 m unoxidized till, 1.2 Parizek, 196l), sec. 5, T. 3, R. 10, W. 2, m silt, 2.1 m unoxidized till, 0.3 m sand, Sask.—Pleistocene, 3.1 m oxidized till, 0.9 m clay and silt, 1.2 m unoxidized 28.1 m unoxidized till, weathered zone till, 1.2 m silt, 23.5 m unoxidized till, in 2.4 m sand containing organic zones, 3.0 m oxidized till 6.1 m unoxidized till, 18.6 m interbed- 27 Marienthal, Sask.—Two test holes repre- ded sand, silt, and clay that yielded a sented by a single symbol on map: 14C age of 27,750±1,200 yr B.P. (S–96; SRC Marienthal test hole, sec. 9, T. 1, wood at 12 m depth in the unit), 3.1 R. 12, W. 2—Late Wisconsin Battleford m pebbly sand, 4.6 m unoxidized till, Formation, 17.7 m unoxidized till; 16.5 m interbedded sand, silt, and clay, early Wisconsin Floral Formation, 4.3 7.6 m sand, 10.7 m interbedded sand, m unoxidized upper till member, 2.7 m silt, and clay, 6.4 m gravel and sand, silt and sand; Illinoian Floral Forma- 2.7 m interbedded sand, silt, and clay, tion, 21.0 m oxidized and unoxidized 2.4 m unoxidized till, 0.9 m gravel, 1.2 lower till member, 0.3 m gravel, 1.8 m kaolinitic weathered zone in till, 0.6 m interbedded till and sand; middle m pebbly sand, >0.3 m unoxidized till. Pleistocene Warman Formation, 4.6 m If the 14C age is reliable, glaciotectonic sand and silt, 3.0 m oxidized till, 2.7 stacking is indicated m sand and silt, 5.7 m unoxidized till; 30 SRC–2 test hole (Christiansen and middle Pleistocene Dundurn Formation, Parizek, 1961), sec. 22, T. 2, R. 10, W. 27.1 m unoxidized till; middle or early 2, Sask.—Pleistocene, 3.4 m oxidized Pleistocene Empress Group, 3.7 m sand till, 11.9 m unoxidized till, 0.6 m and gravel gravel, 30.5 m unoxidized till, 23.5 m SRC Marienthal test hole, sec. 4, T. interbedded gravel, sand, and till, 7.6 1, R. 12, W. 2—Late Wisconsin Bat- m unoxidized till, 4.6 m interbedded tleford Formation, 11.0 m oxidized clay and till, 6.4 m interbedded sand and unoxidized till, 0.9 m sand, 12.8 m and till, 2.7 m oxidized and unoxidized unoxidized till, 1.2 m sand and silt, 1.2 till, 11.6 m sand and gravel, 3.3 m clay m unoxidized till; early Wisconsin and and silt, 7.3 m pebbly sand, 5.2 m clay, (or) Illinoian Floral Formation, 10.4 3.4 m sand, 0.6 m cobble and pebble m oxidized till, 18.0 m sand and silt, gravel

9 31 Alameda Eagle No. 146 test hole, sec. 1, 34 Anderson Ranch section, sec. 5, T. 36 N., T. 5, R. 4, W. 2, Sask.—Late Wisconsin R. 32 E., Mont.—Late Wisconsin, 2.8 Battleford Formation, 6.5 m oxidized m unoxidized Loring till; 3.l m covered till; early Wisconsin Floral Formation, interval; Pleistocene, 1.2 m cobble and 6.5 m oxidized upper till member, 38.0 pebble gravel (channel fill inset into m unoxidized upper till member; Illi- older till); Illinoian, 1.2 m unoxidized noian Floral Formation, 4.0 m oxidized Markles Point till; middle Pleistocene, lower till member; middle Pleistocene 5.5 m oxidized Perch Bay till, 3.7 m Warman Formation, 5.0 m oxidized till; unoxidized till of anomalous compo- middle Pleistocene Dundurn Formation, sition [glaciotectonic raft(?)], 1.8 m 6.0 m unoxidized till, 8.5 m sand and oxidized Perch Bay till gravel, 5.0 m unoxidized till, 3.0 m clay 35 South Canal site, secs. 1 and 12, T. 31 and silt, 1.5 m gravel, 4.0 m unoxidized N., R. 31 E., Mont.—Composite sec- till, 1.5 m gravel, 5.0 m unoxidized tion from walls of canal. Reference till. Preconsolidation pressure data exposures for Markles Point till and and other engineering properties of the Perch Bay till. Late Wisconsin, 1.2 m Floral Formation till in the test hole oxidized and unoxidized lake silt, 0.9 m were published by Sauer and others oxidized and unoxidized Fort Assini- (1993a,b) boine till; Pleistocene, 1.5 m sand and 32 Oxbow test hole (Dyck and others, 1972), gravel replaced laterally by cobble and sec. 34, T. 2, R. 2, W. 2, Sask.—Pleis- pebble pavement; Illinoian, 0.9 m tocene, 4.0 m sand and gravel, 3.4 m oxidized and unoxidized Markles Point unoxidized till, 2.4 m sand, 0.6 m till; middle Pleistocene, paleosol in unoxidized till, 3.l m sand, 6.l m unoxi- Perch Bay till replaced laterally by dized till, 2.4 m sand and gravel, 32.6 boulder and cobble pavement, 2.1 m m unoxidized till (multiple stratigraphic oxidized upper unit of Perch Bay till, units?), 2.1 m sand and gravel, 53.4 m paleosol in 0.3 m sand and gravel, 2.4 m oxidized lower unit of Perch Bay unoxidized till (multiple stratigraphic till (Sturgeon Bay till of Fullerton and units?), 9.8 m sand and silt, 10.4 m Colton, 1986); middle or early Pleis- unoxidized till, 31.1 m sand and gravel, tocene or late Pliocene, >0.3 m Wiota 0.6 m silt, 0.9 m unoxidized till, 15.9 m Gravel sand and gravel 36 Glasgow Air Force Base site, sec. 17, T. 31 N., R. 40 E., Mont.—Reference MONTANA exposures for Markles Point till and Perch Bay till. Composite section [Stratigraphic nomenclature of Fullerton and Colton (1986) from abandoned gravel pits and gullies. is retained here on an informal basis, with revision of the temporal framework of the glacial deposits (see table 1). Pleistocene, 0.9 m eolian sand and silt; The named (informal) tills are allostratigraphic units, not Illinoian, 0.9 m oxidized Markles Point lithostratigraphic units. The complex subsurface stratigra- till (basal contact sharply truncates ice- phy in the buried valley of the ancestral Missouri River in wedge casts that penetrate the underly- extreme northeastern Montana has not been resolved.] ing till units); Pleistocene, 1.8 m cobble 33 Loring section, sec. 28, T. 36 N., R. 30 E., and pebble gravel, 0.5 m truncated Mont.—Stratotype for Loring till and paleosol; middle Pleistocene, 1.5 m reference section for Markles Point till oxidized Perch Bay till, 0.3 m silt and and Perch Bay till. Late Wisconsin, clay, 1.5 m oxidized Perch Bay till, 0.6 1.2 m oxidized and unoxidized Lor- m sand and gravel, 0.4 m sand and silt, ing till; Pleistocene, 0.6 m truncated >2.8 m oxidized Perch Bay till; middle paleosol; Illinoian, 1.7 m oxidized and Pleistocene, early Pleistocene, and unoxidized Markles Point till; cobble (or) late Pliocene, 1.5 m truncated soil pavement; middle Pleistocene, 3.7 m pendants in indurated stony “calcrete” oxidized upper unit of Perch Bay till, till or colluvium, 0.3 m loess. A cobble 0.5 m paleosol (humic clay and silt), of pink granite from the Canadian >0.3 m oxidized lower unit of Perch Shield was extracted from near the base Bay till of the indurated till or colluvium; all

10 other clasts in that unit were redeposited MBMG drill hole 84–30A, sec. 6, T. quartzite, argillite, and chert derived 28 N., R. 53 E., Mont.—Holocene and from Miocene gravel exposed nearby (or) late Wisconsin, 2.5 m sand; late 37 Poplar section, sec. 1, T. 27 N., R. 50 E., Wisconsin, 5.3 m oxidized and unoxi- Mont.—Reference section for Crazy dized Crazy Horse till; Pleistocene, Horse till, Markles Point till, and Archer 1.5 m sand and gravel, 0.3 m peat; till. Holocene and (or) late Wiscon- Illinoian, 6.4 m unoxidized Markles sin, 0.6 m pebbly sand and silt; late Point till; middle Pleistocene, 0.9 m Wisconsin, 1.2 m oxidized and unoxi- peat, clay, and sand; 4.3 m unoxidized dized Crazy Horse till; Illinoian, 2.1 m oxidized Markles Point till; middle Archer till, 1.1 m unoxidized clay, 2.0 Pleistocene, >3.1 m oxidized upper unit m unoxidized Archer till, 3.1 m sand; of Archer till middle or early Pleistocene, 1.7 m 38 MBMG drill hole 85–18 (Donovan and Wiota Gravel Bergantino, 1987), sec. 6, T. 28 N., R. 41 MBMG drill hole 83–1 (Donovan and 52 E., Mont.—Late Wisconsin, 0.6 m Bergantino, 1987), sec. 1, T. 29 N., gravel, 2.5 m unoxidized Crazy Horse R. 53 E., Mont.—Section in a buried till; Pleistocene, 0.3 m gravel; middle glaciotectonic structure. Pleistocene, Pleistocene, 5.8 m oxidized Archer till, 2.4 m oxidized till, 3.7 m oxidized till 1.8 m oxidized and unoxidized clay (different till), 6.7 m unoxidized till, and silt, 1.5 m oxidized Archer till, 7.0 m unoxidized sand, 0.6 m Wiota 6.l m oxidized and unoxidized Sprole Gravel, 4.l m bedrock, 3.2 m unoxi- Silt; middle or early Pleistocene, 8.2 m dized till, 2.1 m unoxidized clay, 1.2 m Wiota Gravel. The two units of Archer bedrock or sand, 12.8 m bedrock, 12.8 till may represent two glaciations m unoxidized till 39 MBMG drill hole 85–21–A (Donovan and 42 MBMG drill hole 83–4A (Donovan and Bergantino, 1987), sec. 30, T. 28 N., R. Bergantino, 1987), sec. 16, T. 30 N., 52 E., Mont.—Holocene, 3.l m oxidized R. 55 E., Mont.—Section in a buried sheetwash alluvium(?); Pleistocene, glaciotectonic structure. Pleistocene, 0.6 m sand and gravel; Illinoian, 2.5 m 5.5 m sand, 0.3 m “coal” (bedrock?), oxidized Markles Point till; Pleistocene, 3.4 m sand, 3.1 m gravel and sand, 4.6 0.6 m oxidized and unoxidized silt and m oxidized sand. 3.7 m oxidized till, sand; middle Pleistocene, 4.9 m oxidized 0.9 m “coal” (bedrock?), 2.l m sand, Archer till, 12.2 m oxidized sand, silt, 1.5 m gravel and sand, 2.4 m sand, 4.3 and clay, 1.8 m oxidized and unoxidized m bedrock, 8.8 m sand and gravel, 5.6 Archer till, 6.l m unoxidized clay, 1.5 m m bedrock, 3.8 m gravel interbedded unoxidized Archer till, clay, 43 USGS Medicine Lake test hole (Swenson, silt, and sand, 15.9 m unoxidized Sprole 1955), sec. 28, T. 31 N., R. 56 E., Silt; middle or early Pleistocene, 2.7 m Mont.—Section in a buried glacio- Wiota Gravel. The two units of Archer tectonic structure. Pleistocene, 1.5 m till may represent two glaciations gravel, 15.8 m oxidized and unoxidized 40 Two drill holes (Donovan and Bergantino, till, 3.7 m sand and clay, 2.7 m unoxi- 1987) represented by a single symbol on dized till, 3.3 m bedrock, 1.5 m oxi- map: dized till, 24.1 m unoxidized clay, 4.3 MBMG drill hole 84–28A, sec. 35, T. m unoxidized till, 0.9 m boulder gravel, 29 N., R. 52 E., Mont.—Late Wisconsin, 18.0 m unoxidized till, 2.4 m boulder 4.9 m oxidized and unoxidized Crazy gravel, 5.8 m interbedded unoxidized Horse till; Pleistocene, 0.6 m oxidized till and gravel, 20.7 m bedrock, 4.0 m and unoxidized clay; Illinoian, 1.8 m oxidized and unoxidized till oxidized Markles Point till; middle 44 Kisler Butte section, sec. 10, T. 34 N, Pleistocene, 5.2 m oxidized and unoxi- R. 54 E., Mont.—Reference section dized clay, 5.5 m unoxidized Archer till, for Crazy Horse till, Kisler Butte till, 0.6 m unoxidized clay and silt, 2.6 m and Archer till. Holocene and (or) unoxidized Archer till; middle or early late Wisconsin, 0.3 m eolian sand and Pleistocene, 1.5 m Wiota Gravel silt; late Wisconsin, 1.8 m oxidized

11 and unoxidized Crazy Horse till; unoxidized till (different till), 1.2 m Illinoian, 0.9 m oxidized Kisler Butte gravel, 8.5 m unoxidized till, 5.5 m till, pavement of cobbles and boulders, oxidized and unoxidized till, 0.6 m 1.4 m oxidized and unoxidized Kisler gravel, 40.6 m unoxidized till (multiple Butte till; middle Pleistocene, cobble stratigraphic units?), 0.9 m gravel and and boulder pavement; 0.8 m oxidized sand containing wood fragments, 5.5 lacustrine sand and silt, 1.8 m gravel, m unoxidized silt, 13.4 m bedrock 3.7 m oxidized Archer till, 1.8 m gravel (glaciotectonic raft), 5.2 m sand and silt, 3.7 m Wiota Gravel NORTH DAKOTA 48 USGS test hole 2248 (Armstrong, 1965), sec. 9, T. 161 N., R. 102 W., N. [Formal stratigraphic nomenclature from stratigraphic Dak.—Section in glaciotectonic struc- sections farther east (Ulmer and Sackreiter, 1973; Hobbs ture. Holocene or Pleistocene, 1.2 m and Bluemle, 1987) has not been extended to the region gravel; Pleistocene, 9.4 m oxidized till, north of the Missouri River in the North Dakota portion of the Regina 4° x 6° quadrangle. The complex subsurface 135.6 m bedrock (glaciotectonic raft), stratigraphy in the buried valleys of the ancestral Missouri, 1.5 m gravel, 15.6 m unoxidized clay, Yellowstone, and Little Missouri Rivers (recorded in many bedrock, and till of the stratigraphic sections) has not been resolved. Most 49 USGS test hole 3004 (Armstrong, 1965), of the test-hole sections probably are more complex than is indicated in the logs. The complexity of the subsurface sec. 35, T. 161 N., R. 101 W., N. stratigraphy indicates that till units of middle Pleistocene Dak.—Holocene or Pleistocene, 3.1 and early Pleistocene age, identified in adjacent Saskatch- m gravel and sand; Pleistocene, 6.1 m ewan, also are present in northwestern North Dakota.] unoxidized till, 1.5 m oxidized till, 5.5 m unoxidized till, 8.2 m silt and clay 45 USGS test hole 3026 (Armstrong, 1965), containing organic zones, 0.3 m gravel, sec. 2, T. 160 N., R. 103 W., N. 0.6 m bedrock (glaciotectonic raft), 2.7 Dak.—Pleistocene, 10.7 m oxidized and m unoxidized till unoxidized till, 8.2 m unoxidized till, 50 USGS Fortuna test hole 3075 (Arm- 3.0 m gravel, 3.0 m unoxidized clay, strong, 1965), sec. 35, T. 163 N., R. 12.2 m sand and gravel, 5.5 m unoxi- 101 W., N. Dak.—Pleistocene, 9.8 m dized till, 4.9 m unoxidized silt, clay, oxidized till, 4.6 m unoxidized till, and sand, 2.1 m unoxidized till, 7.9 m 7.6 m sand, 1.2 m unoxidized till, 4.3 organic(?) silt, 13.4 m unoxidized till, m sand and silt, 3.0 m interbedded 42.7 m unoxidized silt, clay, and sand, unoxidized till, gravel, and sand, 18.3 0.7 m gravel, 2.7 m unoxidized silt and m interbedded unoxidized sand, silt, clay, 0.9 m Wiota Gravel and clay, 9.1 m unoxidized clay and 46 USGS test hole 3005 (Armstrong, 1965), silt, 4.0 m unoxidized till, 2.7 m sand sec. 18, T. 160 N., R. 102 W., N. and gravel, 0.7 m unoxidized till, 7.6 m Dak.—Holocene or Pleistocene, 1.8 m sand, 28.0 m unoxidized till (multiple gravel; Pleistocene, 2.4 m oxidized till, stratigraphic units?), 2.7 m sand, 89.0 2.1 m oxidized and unoxidized till, 3.7 m unoxidized till (multiple stratigraphic m unoxidized till, 3.4 m gravel, 4.3 m units?) unoxidized silt and clay, 6.7 m unoxi- dized sand and silt, 0.9 m boulders, 0.9 51 USGS Colgan test hole 3076 (Armstrong, m unoxidized silt, 4.3 m unoxidized 1965), sec. 13, T. 163 N., R. 100 W., till, 0.7 m sand, 1.2 m organic(?) silt N. Dak.—Pleistocene, 13.7 m oxidized (slough or swamp deposit?), 0.7 m sand and unoxidized till, 8.5 m unoxidized and gravel, 19.8 m unoxidized till, 4.0 till, 2.1 m gravel and sand, 18.3 m m unoxidized silt and clay, 0.1 m sand unoxidized till, 4.5 m gravel and sand, and gravel, 11.9 m organic(?) silt, 6.7 m 7.6 m unoxidized till, 13.1 m interbed- Wiota Gravel ded unoxidized till, gravel, and sand, 47 USGS test hole 3028 (Armstrong, 50.9 m unoxidized till (multiple strati- 1965), sec. 3, T. 160 N., R. 102 W., graphic units?) N. Dak.—Pleistocene, 7.9 m oxidized 52 Two test holes (Armstrong, 1965) repre- till, 4.3 m unoxidized till, 18.9 m sented by a single symbol on map:

12 USGS test hole 3019, sec. 4, T. till, 15.8 m unoxidized till, 4.9 m sand, 163 N., R. 97 W., N. Dak.—Holocene 10.1 m unoxidized till, 20.4 m unoxi- or Pleistocene, 0.6 m gravel; Pleisto- dized silt, 3.0 m unoxidized till, 6.1 m cene, 1.2 m oxidized till, 0.7 m gravel gravel, 46.0 m unoxidized till (multiple and sand, 1.2 m oxidized and unoxi- stratigraphic units?), 13.l m unoxidized dized till, 10.3 m unoxidized till, 4.0 silt and sand m oxidized and unoxidized till, 1.5 m 55 USGS test hole 3033 (Armstrong, 1965), gravel and sand, 22.9 m oxidized and sec. 33, T. 161 N., R. 99 W., N. Dak.— unoxidized till, 9.4 m unoxidized till Pleistocene, 2.7 m oxidized till, 1.5 m (different till?), 3.7 m gravel, 0.7 m oxidized gravel, 4.6 m unoxidized till, unoxidized till, 0.7 m unoxidized silt 2.4 m oxidized till, 2.1 m interbed- and sand, 1.8 m gravel and sand ded till, sand, and gravel, 35.7 m till, USGS test hole 3024, sec. 3, T. 163 silt, and sand, 8.5 m unoxidized till, N., R. 97 W., N. Dak.—Holocene 9.2 m unoxidized silt, 6.7 m unoxi- or Pleistocene, 6.1 m gravel, 3.1 m dized sand, 20.7 m clay, silt, and sand unoxidized silt; Pleistocene, 5.8 m containing fragments of wood, 39.7 m bedrock(glaciotectonic raft), 17.1 m till, unoxidized till, 8.8 m oxidized till, 6.7 3.7 m unoxidized silt, sand, and clay m oxidized and unoxidized till, 0.6 m USGS test hole 3016 (Armstrong, 1965), gravel, 12.2 m oxidized till, 2.1 m oxi- 56 sec. 3, T. 160 N., R. 99 W., N. Dak.— dized silt, 2.7 m gravel, 6.7 m oxidized Holocene and (or) Pleistocene, 0.9 m and unoxidized till, 3.1 m oxidized silt, silt; Pleistocene, 2.1 m oxidized till, 4.0 0.6 m oxidized till, 0.1 m gravel, 2.4 m oxidized and unoxidized till (differ- m oxidized till, 23.5 m unoxidized till, ent till), 3.1 m unoxidized silt and sand, 21.4 m unoxidized sand and silt, 8.8 m 9.8 m unoxidized till, 6.1 m bedrock unoxidized till, 1.8 m gravel (glaciotectonic raft), 1.5 m unoxidized 53 USGS Crosby test hole 3017 (Armstrong, till, 16.8 m sand, 13.7 m unoxidized till, 1965), sec. 30, T. 163 N., R. 97 W., N. 16.2 m unoxidized sand and silt, 2.1 m Dak.—Holocene or Pleistocene, 3.7 sand and gravel, 3.4 m unoxidized silt m gravel; Pleistocene, 0.3 m oxidized and sand, 2.7 m sand and gravel, 9.5 till, 3.4 m unoxidized till, 1.2 m sand, m unoxidized till, 19.5 m gravel, 1.2 gravel, and clay, 6.7 m unoxidized till, m bedrock (glaciotectonic raft), 6.4 18.3 m oxidized and unoxidized till, 6.1 m gravel, 3.4 m unoxidized till, 3.1 m m unoxidized clay, 4.9 m unoxidized gravel, 9.5 m clay, 14.3 m gravel, 16.8 till, 4.3 m sand, 3.l m organic silt, 9.2 m m unoxidized till and blocks of bed- unoxidized till rock, 1.5 m gravel, 1.2 m silt 54 Two test holes (Armstrong, 1965) repre- 57 Appam test hole (Armstrong, 1967), sec. sented by a single symbol on map: 23, T. 159 N., R. 100 W., N. Dak.— NDWC test hole 1530, sec. 19, Pleistocene, 11.6 m oxidized and unoxi- T. 162 N., R. 97 W., N. Dak.— dized till, 9.2 m gravel, 1.5 m oxidized Pleistocene, 5.8 m oxidized till, 9.4 and unoxidized till, 25.3 m unoxidized m oxidized till (different till), 6.1 m till, 3.4 m unoxidized clay, 2.7 m unoxidized till, 2.4 m silt and sand, unoxidized till, 17.1 m gravel, 18.0 m 0.6 m gravel, 2.4 m silt or sand, 4.3 unoxidized till, 3.4 m unoxidized clay, m unoxidized till, 3.7 m gravel, 5.8 m 19.5 m unoxidized till unoxidized till, 4.9 m gravel, 4.3 m 58 USGS test hole 3002 (Armstrong, 1965), unoxidized till, 62.4 m unoxidized till sec. 13, T. 160 N., R. 97 W., N. (different till; multiple stratigraphic Dak.—Holocene and (or) Pleistocene, units?), 5.5 m gravel and sand, 1.8 m 13.1 m oxidized and unoxidized sand indurated boulder gravel and silt; 1.8 m unoxidized till, 2.1 m USGS Test hole 3089, sec. 25, T. 162 unoxidized silt, 6.1 m sand and gravel, N., R. 98 W., N. Dak.—Holocene and 8.2 m unoxidized till, 0.9 m gravel, (or) Pleistocene, 9.1 m oxidized silt 2.1 m unoxidized till, 2.1 m organic and sand; Pleistocene, 9.8 m oxidized silt containing mollusc tests, 5.2 m

13 oxidized till (middle Pleistocene Medi- unoxidized till, 5.5 m unoxidized silt, cine Hill Fm?) 3.0 m unoxidized clay, 17.7 m oxidized 59 USGS Wildrose test hole 3003 (Arm- and unoxidized till, 0.9 m gravel, 5.8 strong, 1965), sec. 36, T. 160 N., R. 97 m unoxidized till, 0.9 m gravel, 1.8 m W., N. Dak.—Holocene and (or) Pleis- unoxidized till, 21.0 m sand and gravel tocene, 9.8 m oxidized and unoxidized 64 NDSWC well T48W (North Dakota clay, silt, and sand; Pleistocene, 13.4 State Water Conservation Commis- m unoxidized till, 6.1 m gravel, 7.0 sion, unpub. data, 1996), sec. 1, T. 155 m unoxidized till, 0.6 m gravel, 5.5 m N., R. 97 W., N. Dak.—Pleistocene, unoxidized till, 0.6 m unoxidized silt, 1.8 m oxidized till, 9.4 m oxidized till 0.9 m gravel, 1.2 m unoxidized till, 0.3 (different till), 7.9 m sand and gravel, m gravel, 4.9 m unoxidized till, 0.3 m 1.5 m oxidized till, 1.5 m gravel, 3.0 m gravel, 23.2 m unoxidized till, 13.4 m oxidized till, 5.5 m gravel and sand unoxidized sand and silt, 1.8 m “Wiota Two test holes (Armstrong, 1969) repre- gravel.” The clast composition of the 65 sented by a single symbol on map: “Wiota gravel” in the buried Yellow- NDSWC Columbus test hole, sec. stone River valley differs from that of 19, T. 163 N., R. 93 W., N. Dak.—Pleis- the Wiota Gravel in the buried Missouri tocene, 3.4 m oxidized till, 28.4 m River valley (Howard, 1960). The unoxidized till (multiple stratigraphic “Wiota gravel” here is the Cartwright units?), 0.6 m sand, 8.2 m unoxidized Gravel of Howard (1960) till, 55.2 m unoxidized clay, silt, and 60 Test hole (Armstrong, 1967), sec 7, T. 158 sand, 11.0 m unoxidized till, 1.5 m N., R. 98 W., N. Dak.—Pleistocene, gravel, 7.3 m unoxidized till, 20.7 m 12.5 m oxidized and unoxidized till, 4.3 oxidized and unoxidized till m unoxidized till, 14.0 m sand and clay, USGS Columbus test hole, sec. 20, T. 4.6 m unoxidized till, 3.4 m unoxidized 163 N, R. 93 W. N. Dak.—Pleistocene, silt, 1.5 m oxidized clay, 13.7 m oxi- 9.6 m oxidized till, 3.0 m gravel, 2.4 dized till (middle Pleistocene Medicine m oxidized clay and silt, 5.5 m gravel, Hill Formation?), 9.4 m unoxidized till, 15.6 m unoxidized till, 4.9 m unoxi- 3.4 m interbedded till and gravel, 4.3 m dized silt, 1.5 m gravel, 1.8 m silt and gravel and sand, 5.2 m unoxidized clay, sand, 4.9 m sand, 11.3 m unoxidized 7.3 m sand and gravel, 5.5 m unoxi- till, 0.9 m gravel, 7.9 m unoxidized clay, dized till, 7.3 m gravel 1.2 m gravel, 2.1 m clay and sand, 2.1 Test hole 3304 (Armstrong, 1967), sec. 61 m sand and boulders, 2.7 m gravel, 7.3 22, T. 158 N., R. 97 W., N. Dak.— m unoxidized till, 5.5 m unoxidized till Holocene or Pleistocene, 1.5 m gravel; containing inclusions of organic mate- Pleistocene, 2.7 m oxidized till, 12.8 rial, 16.8 m unoxidized organic clay m oxidized till (different till), 4.6 m (swamp deposit?) (also see “Important unoxidized sand, 3.7 m unoxidized till, Stratigraphic Sections,” #80), 7.9 m 8.8 m interbedded unoxidized till and sand and pebbly sand, 1.2 m unoxidized gravel, 14.9 m unoxidized till, 4.0 m clay, silt, and sand, 11.3 m gravel, 4.3 m sand and gravel sand, 14.9 m gravel 62 Test hole (Armstrong, 1967), sec. 3, T. 66 USGS Portal test hole (Armstrong, 1969), 157 N., R. 97 W., N. Dak.—Holocene sec. 14, T. 163 N., R. 92 W., N. Dak.— or Pleistocene, 0.6 m sand; Pleistocene, Pleistocene, 2.4 m oxidized till, 15.2 3.7 m oxidized till, 3.0 m oxidized till m oxidized and unoxidized till, 12.2 m (different till), 4.6 m unoxidized clay, unoxidized till, 2.4 m unoxidized silt 1.5 m unoxidized sand, 2.1 m oxidized and clay, 18.3 m unoxidized till, 21.6 till, 8.5 m unoxidized clay, 19.2 m m unoxidized clay and silt contain- unoxidized till, 12.8 m sand ing lenses of sand and gravel, 12.8 m 63 Test hole (Armstrong, 1967), sec. unoxidized till, 3.4 m unoxidized clay, 21, T. 157 N., R. 97 W., N. Dak.— 14.0 m unoxidized till, 2.4 m gravel, 7.6 Pleistocene, 6.4 m oxidized and m unoxidized till

14 67 USGS Portal test hole (Armstrong, 1969), till, 2.4 m oxidized till, 19.8 m oxidized sec. 4, T. 163 N., R. 91 W., N. Dak.— and unoxidized till Pleistocene, 0.9 m oxidized till, 5.8 m 72 USGS test hole (Armstrong, 1969), sec. oxidized till, 0.9 m unoxidized organic 36, T. 163 N, R. 89 W., N. Dak.—Holo- clay and silt (slough or marsh deposit), cene or Pleistocene, 3.0 m sand; 2.1 m oxidized sand, 8.5 m unoxidized Pleistocene, 5.8 m oxidized till, 3.7 till, 9.1 m unoxidized till, 22.3 m m oxidized and unoxidized till (dif- unoxidized till, 6.4 m unoxidized till ferent till), 2.1 m unoxidized sand, (four different tills), 1.5 m gravel, 1.8 5.5 m unoxidized till, 3.7 m sand and m unoxidized clay, silt, and sand, 1.2 gravel, 58.8 m unoxidized till (multiple m gravel, 14.3 m unoxidized till, 7.0 m stratigraphic units?), 1.5 m gravel, 11.3 unoxidized sand, 1.8 m unoxidized silt, m unoxidized till, 1.2 m sand, 7.6 m 24.7 m unoxidized till, 4.9 m gravelly unoxidized till, 2.4 m unoxidized clay, sand, 11.0 m sandy clay and clay con- 4.9 m unoxidized, interbedded silt and taining lenses of sand and gravel, 2.1 clay, 7.3 m unoxidized silt and sand m oxidized and unoxidized sand, 1.2 m 73 USGS test hole (Armstrong, 1969), sec. sandy clay, 3.4 m unoxidized till, 1.5 m 25, T. 162 N., R. 89 W., N. Dak.—Pleis- cobbles and boulders tocene, 10.1 m oxidized and unoxidized 68 USGS Flaxton test hole (Armstrong, till, 0.6 m gravel, 5.5 m oxidized till, 1969), sec. 30, T. 163 N., R. 90 W., N. 6.7 m unoxidized till, 3.4 m bedrock Dak.—Pleistocene, 4.9 m oxidized till, (glaciotectonic raft), 4.0 m unoxidized 3.4 m oxidized till (two different tills), till, 1.2 m gravel, 0.9 m sand, 4.6 m 21.0 m unoxidized till, 1.8 m gravel, unoxidized till 2.1 m unoxidized till, 0.9 m gravel, 3.7 74 NDSWC test hole (Armstrong, 1969), m unoxidized silt, sand, and clay, 1.8 m sec. 31, T. 162 N., R. 88 W., N. cobble gravel, 6.7 m unoxidized till, 1.5 Dak.—Holocene or Pleistocene, 0.6 m m unoxidized sand, 12.2 m unoxidized oxidized and unoxidized sandy clay; till Pleistocene, 2.1 m oxidized till, 3.7 69 USGS test hole (Armstrong, 1969), sec. m sand, 18.9 m unoxidized till, 3.4 m 10, T. 161 N., R. 93 W., N. Dak.— oxidized till, 11.6 m unoxidized till, 0.9 Pleistocene, 2.1 m oxidized till, 3.4 m m gravel, 6.7 m unoxidized till, 7.6 m oxidized till (two different tills), 0.9 gravel and boulders, 6.7 m oxidized till, m gravel, 3.7 m oxidized till, 13.4 m 29.0 m unoxidized till unoxidized till, 16.2 m gravel, 11.9 m 75 USGS Bowbells test hole (Armstrong, unoxidized till, 1.5 m gravel, 15.2 m 1969), sec. 13, T. 161 N., R. 90 W., N. unoxidized till Dak.—Holocene or Pleistocene, 2.4 m 70 USGS test hole (Armstrong, 1969), sec. silt; Pleistocene, 3.0 m sand and gravel, 35, T. 161 N., R. 92 W., N. Dak.— 4.3 m oxidized and unoxidized clay and Holocene or Pleistocene, 9.6 m gravel; silt, 2.7 m unoxidized till, 2.1 m gravel, Pleistocene, 6.1 m unoxidized till, 0.6 2.7 m unoxidized clay and silt contain- m gravel, 1.8 m unoxidized till, 0.9 m ing lenses of gravel, 2.4 m unoxidized gravel, 2.7 m unoxidized till, 3.0 m till, 2.4 m sand, 14.9 m alternating beds gravel, 10.4 m sand, 6.1 m oxidized till, of gravel and unoxidized clay (some 1.8 m unoxidized clay, 2.1 m unoxi- or all of the clay may be till), 12.2 m dized till, 0.9 m gravel alternating beds of sand and clay, 4.9 m 71 NDSWC Petella test hole (Armstrong, alternating beds of gravel and clay, 4.6 1969), sec. 8, T. 162 N., R. 89 W., m alternating beds of sand and clay, 9.6 N. Dak.—Holocene or Pleistocene, m alternating beds of silt and sand con- 0.9 m sandy clay; Pleistocene, 3.0 m taining carbonaceous material, 17.5 m oxidized till, 7.3 m unoxidized till, unoxidized till, 3.0 m unoxidized clay, 3.7 m gravel, 52.1 m unoxidized till 6.1 m alternating beds of unoxidized (multiple stratigraphic units?), 3.4 m sand and silt, 3.7 m sand, 5.5 m gravel, unoxidized sand, 6.7 m unoxidized till, 2.7 m unoxidized clay, 1.2 m sand, 1.8 3.4 m oxidized till, 22.0 m unoxidized m lignite and 11.0 m other bedrock

15 (glaciotectonic raft), 18.9 m sand and till, 3.4 m gravel, 1.2 m marl(?), 10.4 m (or) silt, 2.1 m clay, 9.6 m sand and gravelly sand, 4.0 m gravel, boulder at (or) silt, 1.8 m gravel, 1.5 m sand, 0.9 base m clay, 1.5 m sand 79 USGS Powers Lake test hole (Armstrong, 76 NDSWC Bowbells test hole (Armstrong, 1969), sec. 2, T. 158 N., R. 93 W., N. 1969), sec. 16, T. 161 N., R. 89 W., N. Dak.—Holocene and (or) Pleistocene, Dak.—Holocene or Pleistocene, 1.2 1.2 m oxidized silt; Pleistocene, 4.9 m m oxidized clay; Pleistocene, 5.2 m oxidized till, 5.5 m oxidized till (differ- oxidized till, 3.7 m sand, 0.6 m sand ent till), 4.0 m gravel, 3.4 m truncated and gravel, 7.6 m unoxidized till, 1.2 calcic paleosol(?) in oxidized till (also m gravel, 4.6 m unoxidized till, 4.6 m see “Important Stratigraphic Sections,” sand and gravel, 1.5 m unoxidized till, #82), 8.5 m unoxidized till, 5.2 m 2.7 m sand and gravel, >21.3 m unoxi- unoxidized silt and sand, 1.8 m unoxi- dized till (multiple stratigraphic units?) dized silt and clay, 1.5 m gravel 80 USGS Cottonwood Lake test hole (Arm- Two test holes (Pettyjohn, 1968) repre- 77 strong, 1969), sec. 16, T. 157 N., R. 92 sented by a single symbol on map: W., N. Dak.—Holocene or Pleistocene, USGS Kenmare test hole 3335, 6.1 m oxidized clayey, gravelly silt, 3.0 sec. 19, T. 160 N., R. 88 W., N. m gravel; Pleistocene, 26.8 m unoxi- Dak.—Pleistocene, 10.1 m oxidized dized till (multiple stratigraphic units?), (and unoxidized?) till, 2.1 m sand, 1.8 28.4 m organic clay that has a strong m oxidized till, 30.8 m unoxidized till odor (swamp deposit) (also see “Impor- (multiple stratigraphic units?), 22.9 m tant Stratigraphic Sections,” #65), 26.5 unoxidized till and interbedded till and m unoxidized till (multiple stratigraphic gravel, 7.0 m interbedded unoxidized units?), 2.4 m bedrock inclusions and till and sand, 1.5 m sand, 1.5 m unoxi- unoxidized till, 4.9 m unoxidized till dized till, 2.1 m sand, 0.9 m unoxidized 81 USGS Stanley test hole (Armstrong, till, 2.4 m sand, 7.9 m unoxidized 1969), sec. 23, T. 156 N., R. 92 W., N. till, 3.4 m sand, 10.1 m interbedded Dak.—Pleistocene, 9.1 m oxidized till, gravel and clay, 3.4 m unoxidized till, 1.2 m sand, 5.2 m gravel, 1.5 m unoxi- 2.8 m gravel, 4.9 m oxidized till, 9.5 dized till, 3.4 m gravel, 2.1 m oxidized m oxidized till (different till?), 7.0 m and unoxidized till, 1.5 m oxidized sand unoxidized till containing carbonaceous zones, 1.5 m USGS test hole 3341, sec. 19, T. 160 humic clay paleosol containing frag- N., R. 88 E., N. Dak.—Holocene or ments of wood (also see “Important Pleistocene, 2.1 m sand; Pleistocene, Stratigraphic Sections,” #83), 4.9 m 3.0 m oxidized till, 20.1 m unoxidized unoxidized till, 2.1 m oxidized till, 11.0 till, 1.2 m gravel, 9.1 m sand, 1.8 m m oxidized and unoxidized till oxidized till, 4.9 m sand and gravel, 82 Three test holes (Armstrong, 1969) repre- 10.1 m unoxidized till, 3.0 m gravel, sented by a single symbol on map: 19.8 m unoxidized till, 6.1 m sand, 0.6 USGS test hole, sec. 5, T. 156 N., m silt and clay, 3.0 m sand, >12.5 m R. 91 W., N. Dak.—Pleistocene, 7.9 gravel and boulders m oxidized and unoxidized till, 3.7 m 78 USGS test hole (Armstrong, 1969), sec. oxidized till, 3.7 m oxidized till (differ- 13, T. 160 N., R. 91 W., N. Dak.— ent till), 13.7 m unoxidized till, 5.5 m Pleistocene, 1.2 m oxidized till, 5.8 truncated calcic paleosol(?) in oxidized m oxidized silty clay and sandy clay, till (also see “Important Stratigraphic 7.0 m oxidized till, 6.4 m unoxidized Sections,” #79), 7.0 m unoxidized till, till, 4.3 m sand, 8.8 m unoxidized till, 0.6 m bedrock (glaciotectonic raft), 15.9 1.2 m sand, 14.9 m unoxidized till, 2.7 m unoxidized till m sand, 7.0 m unoxidized till, 14.3 m USGS test hole, sec. 5, T. 156 N., sand and gravel, 5.5 m unoxidized silty R. 91 W., N. Dak.—Pleistocene, 3.7 clay and sandy clay, 1.2 m sand, 1.5 m m oxidized till, 3.4 m unoxidized till, unoxidized silty clay, 8.5 m unoxidized 10.7 m unoxidized interbedded silt and

16 sandy clay, 5.5 m unoxidized till, 2.1 m oxidized till, 51.5 m unoxidized till m unoxidized sand, 10.4 m unoxidized containing a horizon of peaty clay, till, 3.4 m unoxidized silty clay, 17.1 roots, and small fragments of wood (a m unoxidized till, 5.5 m gravel, 47.0 m paleosol between two till units) (also unoxidized till (multiple stratigraphic see “Important Stratigraphic Sections,” units?) #81), 2.1 m sand USGS test hole (Armstrong, 1969), sec. USGS testhole, sec. 10, T. 156 N., 84 15, T. 154 N., R. 89 W., N. Dak.— R. 91 W., N. Dak.—Pleistocene, 1.8 Pleistocene, 11.3 m oxidized till, 3.0 m oxidized till, 14.3 m oxidized silt m unoxidized till, 1.5 m gravel, 2.1 m and sand, 5.5 m unoxidized sand, silt, unoxidized till, 1.5 m bedrock (glacio- and clay, 2.1 m unoxidized clay, 8.9 m tectonic raft), 1.8 m unoxidized sand, unoxidized clay, silt, and sand, 1.8 m 2.7 m gravel sand, 5.2 m gravel, 3.7 m unoxidized USGS test hole (Armstrong, 1969), till, 34.5 m unoxidized till (multiple 85 sec. 7, T. 153 N., R. 70 W., N. Dak.— stratigraphic units?), 11.0 m unoxi- Pleistocene, 4.3 m oxidized till, 5.2 dized till, 3.4 m unoxidized sand, 1.5 m oxidized till, 2.1 m gravel, 6.1 m m unoxidized till, 3.0 m sand and gravel oxidized till, 7.6 m unoxidized till, 1.5 83 USGS test hole (Armstrong, 1969), sec. m gravel, 8.6 m bedrock (glaciotectonic 3, T. 155 N., R. 90 W., N. Dak.— raft), 28.1 m unoxidized till (multiple Pleistocene, 2.7 m oxidized till, 10.7 stratigraphic units?)

17 SOURCES OF INFORMATION Colton, R.B., 1962, Geology of the Otter Creek [Also see “Supplementary References”] quadrangle, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1111–G, p. 237–288. MONTANA Colton, R.B., 1963a, Geologic map of the Alden, W.C., 1924, Physiographic develop- Brockton quadrangle, Roosevelt and Richland ment of the northern Great Plains: Geologi- Counties, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey cal Society of America Bulletin, v. 35, p. Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map 385–424. I–362, scale 1:62,500. Alden, W.C., 1932, Physiography and glacial Colton, R.B., 1963b, Geologic map of the Chelsea geology of eastern Montana and adjacent quadrangle, Roosevelt and McCone Counties, areas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Miscel- Paper 174, 133 p. laneous Geologic Investigations Map I–363, Bauer, C.M., 1915, A sketch of the late Ter- scale 1:62,500. tiary history of the upper Missouri River: Colton, R.B., 1963c, Geologic map of the Cuskers Journal of Geology, v. 23, p. 52–58. quadrangle, Roosevelt County, Montana: U.S. Bergantino, R.N., 1984, Topographic map of Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geologic the bedrock surface, northeastern Montana, Investigations Map I–364, scale 1:62,500. northwestern North Dakota, and south- Colton, R.B., 1963d, Geologic map of the Hay eastern Saskatchewan: Montana Bureau Creek quadrangle, Roosevelt County, Montana: of Mines and Geology Open-File Report U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geo- MBMG 151, scale 1:250,000. logic Investigations Map I–365, scale 1:62,500. Bretz, J.H., 1943, Keewatin end moraines in Colton, R.B., 1963e, Geologic map of the Oswego Alberta, Canada: Geological Society of quadrangle, Valley, Roosevelt, and McCone America Bulletin, v. 54, p. 31–52. Counties, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Christiansen, E.A., 1979, The Wisconsinan Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map deglaciation of southern Saskatchewan and I–366, scale 1:62,500. adjacent areas: Canadian Journal of Earth Colton, R.B., 1963f, Geologic map of the Poplar Sciences, v. 16, p. 913–938. quadrangle, Roosevelt, Richland, and McCone Clayton, Lee, and Moran, S.R., 1982, Chro- Counties, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey nology of late Wisconsinan glaciation in Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map middle North America: Quaternary Science I–367, scale 1:62,500. Reviews, v. 1, p. 55–82. Colton, R.B., 1963g, Geologic map of the Collier, A.J., 1919, Geology of northeastern Porcupine Valley quadrangle, Valley County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Profes- Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Miscel- sional Paper 120–B, p. 17–39. laneous Geologic Investigations Map I–368, Collier, A.J., and Thom, W.T., Jr., 1918, The scale 1:62,500. Flaxville gravel and its relation to other terrace gravels of the northern Great Plains: Colton, R.B., 1963h, Geologic map of the Spring U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper Creek quadrangle, Valley County, Montana: 108–J, p. 179–184. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geo- Colton, R.B., 1951, Geology of the Oswego logic Investigations Map I–369, scale 1:62,500. quadrangle, Montana: U.S. Geological Sur- Colton, R.B., 1963i, Geologic map of the Todd vey Open-File Report 101, 45 p. Lakes quadrangle, Valley and Roosevelt Colton, R.B., 1955, Geology of the Wolf Point Counties, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey quadrangle, Montana: U.S. Geological Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–67, I–370, scale 1:62,500. scale 1:62,500. Colton, R.B., 1963j, Geologic map of the Tule Colton, R.B., 1958, Ice-crack moraines in Valley quadrangle, Roosevelt County, Mon- northwestern North Dakota and northeast- tana: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous ern Montana, in Guidebook, Ninth Annual Geologic Investigations Map I–371, scale Field Conference, Mid-Western Friends of 1:62,500. the Pleistocene: North Dakota Geological Colton, R.B., 1964, Geologic map of the south Survey Miscellaneous Series 10, p. 99–107. half of the Baylor, Larslan, West Fork, Police

18 Creek, Kahle, and Lundville quadrangles, Colton, R.B., Lemke, R.W., and Lindvall, R. Valley, Roosevelt, and Daniels Counties, M., 1961, Glacial map of Montana east of the Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Miscel- Rocky Mountains: U.S. Geological Survey laneous Geologic Investigations Map I–361, Geologic Investigations Map I–327, scale scale 1:62,500. 1:500,000. Colton, R.B., 1979a, Geologic map of the Colton, R.B., Naeser, N.D., and Naeser, C.W., Bainville SW quadrangle, Roosevelt and 1986, Drainage changes in eastern Montana Richland Counties, Montana: U.S. Geologi- and western North Dakota during late Ceno- cal Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map zoic time: Geological Society of America MF–1110, scale 1:24,000. Abstracts with Programs, v. 18, no. 5, p. 347. Colton, R.B., 1979b, Geologic map of the Colton, R.B., Whitaker, S.T., and Ehler, W.C., Three Buttes quadrangle, Richland and 1982, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Roosevelt Counties, Montana: U.S. Geologi- Miller Coulee quadrangle, Valley County, cal Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Miscel- MF–1111, scale 1:24,000. laneous Field Studies Map MF–1404, scale Colton, R.B., 1979c, Geologic map of the Bain- 1:24,000. ville SE quadrangle, Roosevelt and Richland Colton, R.B., Whitaker, S.T., and Ehler, W.C., Counties, Montana, and Williams County, 1989a, Geologic map of the Glasgow 1° x 30’ North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey quadrangle, Valley and McCone Counties, Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF–1112, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File scale 1:24,000. Report 89–17l, 13 p. Colton, R.B., 1979d, Geologic map of the Colton, R.B., Whitaker, S.T., and Ehler, W.C., Dugout Creek quadrangle, Richland and 1989b, Geologic map of the Opheim 1° × Roosevelt Counties, Montana: U.S. Geologi- 30’ quadrangle, Valley and Daniels Counties, cal Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File MF–1113, scale 1:24,000. Report 89–319, 10 p. Colton, R.B., Whitaker, S.T., Ehler, W.C., and Colton, R.B., 1982a, Geologic map of the Fuller, H.K., 1978, Preliminary photogeologic Twomile Creek quadrangle, Richland and map of the Four Buttes, Scobey, and Flaxville Roosevelt Counties, Montana: U.S. Geologi- quadrangles, Daniels County, Montana: U.S. cal Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map Geological Survey Open-File Report 78–898, MF–1413, scale 1:24,000. scale 1:50,000. Colton, R.B., 1982b, Geologic map of the Crone, A.J., and Wheeler, R.L., 2000, Data Cedar Coulee quadrangle, Roosevelt and for Quaternary faults, liquefaction features, Richland Counties, Montana: U.S. Geologi- and possible tectonic features in the Central cal Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map and Eastern United States, east of the Rocky MF–1414, scale 1:24,000. Mountains: U.S. Geological Survey Open- Colton, R.B., and Bateman, A.F., Jr., 1956a, File Report 00–260, 332 p. (available at The Brockton-Froid fault zone in north- http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0260/; eastern Montana [abs.]: Geological Society accessed August 27, 2004). of America Bulletin, v. 67, no. 12, pt. 2, p. DeYoung, William, Youngs, F.O., and Glassey, 1792. T.W., 1932, Soil survey of the Milk River Colton, R.B., and Bateman, A.F., Jr., 1956b, area, Montana: U.S. Department of Agricul- Geologic and structure contour map of the ture, Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, Series Fort Peck Indian Reservation and vicinity, 1928, no. 22, 35 p. Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Miscella- Donovan, J.J., and Bergantino, R.N., 1987, neous Geological Investigations Map I–225, Groundwater resources of the Fort Peck scale 1:125,000. Indian Reservation, with emphasis on aqui- Colton, R.B., and Jensen, F.S., 1953, Crevasse fers of the preglacial Missouri River valley: fillings on the glaciated plains, northeastern Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Montana [abs.]: Geological Society of Open-File Report MBMG 178, 41 p. America Bulletin, v. 64, no. 12, pt. 2, p. Edwards, G.J., 1951, A preliminary report on 1542–1543. the electrical resistivity survey at Medicine

19 Lake, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Howard, A.D., 1956, Till-pebble isopleth maps Circular 97, 16 p. of parts of Montana and North Dakota: Geo- Feltis, R.D., 1979, Water resources of shallow logical Society of America Bulletin, v. 67, p. aquifers in the upper Poplar River basin, 1191–1206. northeastern Montana: U.S. Geological Howard, A.D., 1958, Drainage evolution Survey Water-Resources Investigations in northeastern Montana and northwest- WRI–79–5l, 23 p. ern North Dakota: Geological Society of Fullerton, D.S., and Colton, R.B., 1986, America Bulletin, v. 69, p. 575–588. Stratigraphy and correlation of the glacial Howard, A.D., 1960, Cenozoic history of deposits on the Montana Plains, in Rich- northeastern Montana and northwestern mond, G.M., and Fullerton, D.S., eds., North Dakota, with emphasis on the Pleisto- Quaternary glaciations in the United States cene: U.S. Geological Survey Professional of America: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. Paper 326, 107 p. 5, p. 69–82. Izett, G.A., and Wilcox, R.E., 1982, Map show- Fullerton, D.S., Colton, R.B., and Bush, C.A., ing localities and inferred distributions of the 2004a, Limits of mountain and continental Huckleberry Ridge, Mesa Falls, and Lava glaciations east of the Continental Divide Creek ash beds (Pearlette family ash beds) of in northern Montana and northwestern Pliocene and Pleistocene age in the Western North Dakota, U.S.A., in Ehlers, Jurgen, United States and southern Canada: U.S. and Gibbard, P.L., eds., Major Quaternary Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investiga- glaciations−Extent, timing, and global tions Series I–1325, scale 1:4,000,000. synchroneity. Volume 2, North America: Jensen, F.S., 1951a, Preliminary report on the Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 123–143. geology of the Frazer quadrangle, Montana: Fullerton, D.S., Colton, R.B., Bush, C.A., U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report and Straub, A.W., 2004b, Map showing 51–37, 29 p. spatial and temporal relations of mountain Jensen, F.S., 1951b, The geology of the Nashua and continental glaciations on the Northern quadrangle, Montana: Baltimore, Md., Johns Plains, primarily in northern Montana and Hopkins University, Ph.D. dissertation, 86 p. northwestern North Dakota: U.S. Geological Jensen, F.S., 1951c, Bedrock deformation of Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2843, late Quaternary age at Tiger Butte, northeast- 36 p, scale 1:1,000,000. ern Montana [abs.]: Geological Society of Giesecker, L.F., Morris, E.R., Strahorn, A.T., America Bulletin, v. 62, no. 12, p. 1452. and Manifold, C.B., 1933, Soil survey Jensen, F.S., 1952, Preliminary report on the (reconnaissance) of the Northern Plains of geology of the Nashua quadrangle, Montana: Montana: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, Series 1929, 52–82, 37 p. no. 21, 74 p. Jensen, F.S., 1953, Preliminary geologic Gott, G.B., Witkind, I.J., Hansen, W.R., map of the Glasgow quadrangle, Montana: Lindvall, R.M., Prouty, C.E., Smith, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report J.H., Basile, R.E., and Kaye, C.A., 1959, 53–137, scale 1:62,500. Geologic map of the Smoke Creek– Jensen, F.S., and Varnes, H.D., 1964, Geology Medicine Lake–Grenora area, Montana and of the Fort Peck area, Garfield, McCone, and North Dakota, in Witkind, I.J., Quaternary Valley Counties, Montana: U.S. Geological geology of the Smoke Creek–Medicine Survey Professional Paper 414–F, p. F1–F49. Lake–Grenora area, Montana and North Lemke, R.W., Laird, W.M., Tipton, M.J., and Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin Lindvall, R.M., 1965, Quaternary geology of 1073, 2 sheets, scale 1:62,500. the northern Great Plains, in Wright, H.E., Hopkins, W.B., and Tilstra, J.R., 1966, Jr., and Frey, D.G., eds., The Quaternary of Availability of ground water from the the United States: Princeton, N.J., Princeton alluvium along the Missouri River in University Press, p. 15–27. northeastern Montana: U.S. Geological Levings, G.W., 1986, Preliminary appraisal Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas of ground water in and near the ancestral HA–224, 13 p. Missouri River valley, northeastern Montana:

20 U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Swenson, F.A., 1955, Geology and ground- Investigations Report 86–4138, 41 p. water resources of the Missouri River valley Mathewes, W.H., 1974, Surface profiles of in northeastern Montana (with a section the Laurentide ice sheet in its marginal on The quality of ground water by W.H. areas: Journal of Glaciology, v. 13, no. 97, Durum): U.S. Geological Survey Water- p. 37–43. Supply Paper 1263, 128 p. Mickelson, D.M., Clayton, Lee, Fullerton, Thomas, G.E., 1974, Lineament-block tecton- D.S., and Borns, H.W., Jr., 1983, The late ics—Williston–Blood Creek Basin: Ameri- Wisconsin glacial record of the Laurentide can Association of Petroleum Geologists ice sheet in the United States, in Porter, S.C., Bulletin, v. 58, p. 1182–1191. ed., Late-Quaternary environments of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, published United States; Volume 1, The late Pleisto- soils maps of individual counties. cene: Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Veseth, Roger, and Montagne, Clifford, 1980, Press, p. 3–37. Geologic parent materials of Montana soils: Montagne, Clifford, Munn, L.C., Nielsen, Montana Agricultural Experiment Station G.A., Rogers, J.W., and Hunter, H.E., 1982, Bulletin 721, 117 p. Soils of Montana: Montana Agricultural Vorhis, R.C., 1950, Progress report on the Experiment Station Bulletin 744, 95 p. ground-water hydrology of the Medicine Moran, S.R., and Clayton, Lee, 1984, Chronol- Lake–Grenora area, Missouri–Souris Irriga- ogy of late Wisconsinan glaciation in middle tion Project, Montana and North Dakota: North America–Reply to the comments of U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report R.W. Klassen: Quaternary Science Reviews, 50–53, 88 p. v. 3, no. 2/3, p. i–vi. Whitaker, S.T., 1980, The Flaxville Formation in the Scobey-Opheim area, northeastern Patton, T.W., 1987, Quaternary and Tertiary Montana: Boulder, University of Colorado, geology of the Turner–Hogeland Plateau, M.S. thesis, 164 p. north-central Montana: Bozeman, Montana Wild, J.R., 2003, A model for landform genesis College of Mineral Science and Technology, in north-central Montana, USA: Calgary, M.S. thesis, 175 p. Alberta, University of Calgary, M.S. thesis, Prichard, G.E., and Landis, E.R., 1975, Coal 205 p. resources and Cenozoic geology of the Witkind, I.J., 1959, Quaternary geology of the Girard coal field, Richland County, Mon- Smoke Creek–Medicine Lake–Grenora area, tana: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1310, Montana and North Dakota: U.S. Geological 89 p. Survey Bulletin 1073, 80 p. Simonson, G.H., Rogers, J.W., Brownfield, Unpublished soils maps of Phillips County, S.H., Richardson, R.E., and Nielsen, Mont., provided by Robert Lund, Montana G.A., 1978, General soil map of Montana: Geospatial Center. Montana Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion Miscellaneous Publication 16, scale 1:1,000,000. NORTH DAKOTA Soller, D.R., 1993, Preliminary map show- ing the thickness and character of Quater- Aber, J.S., Croot, D.G., and Fenton, M.M., nary sediments in the United States east 1989, Glaciotectonic landforms and struc- of the Rocky Mountains: U.S. Geological tures: Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publish- Survey Open-File Report 93–543, scale ers, 200 p. 1:3,500,000. Alden, W.C., 1924, Physiographic develop- Soller, D.R., 1994, Map showing the thickness ment of the northern Great Plains: Geologi- and character of Quaternary sediments in cal Society of America Bulletin, v. 35, p. the glaciated United States east of the Rocky 385–424. Mountains–Northern Plains states (west Alden, W.C., 1932, Physiography and glacial of 102° West Longitude): U.S. Geological geology of eastern Montana and adjacent Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series areas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Map I–1970–D, scale 1:1,000,000. Paper 174, 133 p.

21 Alpha, A.G., l935, Geology and ground water Bluemle, J.P., 1989, Geology of Renville and resources of Burke, Divide, Mountrail, and Ward Counties, North Dakota: North Dakota Williams Counties in North Dakota: Grand Geological Survey Bulletin 50, pt. 1, 62 p. Forks, University of North Dakota, M.S. Bluemle, J.P., 1991, The origin of the Missouri thesis, 62 p. River valley in North Dakota: North Dakota Armstrong, C.A., 1965, Geology and ground Geological Survey Newsletter, June 1991, p. water resources of Divide County, North 43–51. Dakota; Part II, ground water basic data: Bluemle, J.P., 2000, The face of North Dakota, North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin third edition: North Dakota Geological Sur- 45, pt. 2, 112 p. vey Educational Series 26, 210 p. Armstrong, C.A., 1967, Geology and ground Bluemle, J.P., no date, Unpublished map show- water resources, Williams County, North ing glaciotectonic deposits in the Williston Dakota; Part II, Ground water basic data: 1° × 2° quadrangle, North Dakota, scale North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 1:250,000. 48, pt. 2, 132 p. Bluemle, J.P., and Clayton, Lee, 1984, Large Armstrong, C.A., 1969, Geology and ground scale glacial thrusting and related processes water resources of Burke and Mountrail in North Dakota: Boreas, v. 13, p. 279–299. Counties; Part II, Ground water basic data: Boettger, W.M., 1986, Origin and stratigraphy North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin of Holocene sediments in the Souris and Des 55, pt. 2, 282 p. Lacs Valleys: Grand Forks, University of Bergantino, R.N., 1984, Topographic map of North Dakota, M.A. thesis, 186 p. the bedrock surface, northeastern Montana, Bretz, J.H., 1943, Keewatin end moraines in northwestern North Dakota, and south- Alberta, Canada: Geological Society of eastern Saskatchewan: Montana Bureau America Bulletin, v. 54, p. 31–52. of Mines and Geology Open-File Report Brostuen, E.A., 1977, Physical data for land- MBMG 151, scale 1:250,000. use planning, Divide, McKenzie, and Wil- Bluemle, J.P., 1971a, Topographic map of liams Counties, North Dakota: North Dakota bedrock surface of North Dakota (prelimi- Geological Survey Report of Investigation nary map): North Dakota Geological Survey 62, 17 p. Miscellaneous Map 12, scale 1:500,000. Carlson, C.G., 1985, Geology of McKenzie Bluemle, J.P., 1971b, Depth to bedrock in County, North Dakota: North Dakota Geo- North Dakota (preliminary map): North logical Survey Bulletin 80, pt. 1, 48 p. Dakota Geological Survey Miscellaneous Christiansen, E.A., 1979, The Wisconsinan Map 13, scale 1:500,000. deglaciation of southern Saskatchewan and Bluemle, J.P., 1972, Pleistocene drainage adjacent areas: Canadian Journal of Earth development in North Dakota: Geologi- Sciences, v. 16, p. 913–938. cal Society of America Bulletin, v. 83, p. Christiansen, E.A., 1980, The Wisconsinan 2189–2193. deglaciation of southern Saskatchewan and Bluemle, J.P., 1977, Geologic highway map adjacent areas—Reply: Canadian Journal of of North Dakota: North Dakota Geologi- Earth Sciences, v. 17, p. 541. cal Survey Miscellaneous Map 19, scale Clayton, Lee, 1966, Notes on Pleistocene 1:1,000,000. stratigraphy of North Dakota: North Dakota Bluemle, J.P., 1983, Geologic and topographic Geological Survey Report of Investigation bedrock map of North Dakota: North 44, 25 p. Dakota Geological Survey Miscellaneous Clayton, Lee, 1967, Stagnant-glacier features Map 25, scale 1:670,000. of the Missouri Coteau in North Dakota, in Bluemle, J.P., 1988a, Geologic highway map Clayton, Lee, and Freers. T.F., eds., Glacial of North Dakota: North Dakota Geologi- geology of the Missouri Coteau and adjacent cal Survey Miscellaneous Map 29, scale areas: North Dakota Geological Survey Mis- 1:1,000,000. cellaneous Series 30, p. 25–46. Bluemle, J.P., 1988b, North Dakota clinker: Clayton, Lee, 1972, Geology of Mountrail North Dakota Geological Survey Newsletter, County, North Dakota: North Dakota Geo- December 1988, p. 29–34. logical Survey Bulletin 55, pt. 4, 77 p.

22 Clayton, Lee, and Moran, S.R., 1982, Chro- synchroneity. Volume 2, North America: nology of late Wisconsinan glaciation in Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 123–143. middle North America: Quaternary Science Fullerton, D.S., Colton, R.B., Bush, C.A., Reviews, v. 1, p. 55–82. and Straub, A.W., 2004b, Map showing Clayton, Lee, Moran, S.R., and Bickley, W.B., spatial and temporal relations of mountain 1976, Stratigraphy, origin, and climatic and continental glaciations on the Northern implications of late Quaternary upland silt Plains, primarily in northern Montana and in North Dakota: North Dakota Geological northwestern North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Series 54, 15 p. Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2843, Clayton, Lee, Moran, S.R., and Bluemle, 36 p., scale 1:1,000,000. J.P., 1980, Explanatory text to accompany Fulton, Clark, 1976, The glacial geology of the geologic map of North Dakota: North McKenzie County, North Dakota: Grand Dakota Geological Survey Report of Investi- Forks, University of North Dakota, M.S. gation 69, 93 p. thesis, 100 p. Clayton, Lee, Moran, S.R., Bluemle, J.P., Gott, G.B., Witkind, I.J., Hansen, W.R., Lind- and Carlson, C.G., 1980, Geologic map of vall, R.M., Prouty, C.E., Smith, J.H., Basile, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey, scale R.E., and Kaye, C.A., 1959, Geologic map 1:500,000. of the Smoke Creek–Medicine Lake–Gre- Clayton, Lee, Teller, J.T., and Attig, J.W., nora area, Montana and North Dakota, in 1985, Surging of the southwestern part of Witkind, I.J., Quaternary geology of the the Laurentide ice sheet: Boreas, v. 14, p. Smoke Creek–Medicine Lake–Grenora area, 235–241. Montana and North Dakota: U.S. Geologi- Colton, R.B., 1958, Ice-crack moraines in cal Survey Bulletin 1073, 2 sheets, scale northwestern North Dakota and north- 1:62,500. eastern Montana, in Guidebook, Ninth Hansen, D.E., 1967, Geology and ground water Annual Field Conference, Mid-Western resources of Divide County, North Dakota; Friends of the Pleistocene: North Dakota Part I, Geology: North Dakota Geological Geological Survey Miscellaneous Series 10, Survey Bulletin 45, pt. 1,100 p. p. 99–107. Hobbs, H.C., and Bluemle, J.P., 1987, Geol- Colton, R.B., and Lemke, R.W., 1957, Unpub- ogy of Ramsey County, North Dakota: North lished glacial map of North Dakota, scale Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 71, pt. 1, 1:1,000,000. 69 p. Colton, R.B., Lemke, R.W., and Lindvall, Howard, A.D., 1956, Till-pebble isopleth maps R.M., 1963, Preliminary glacial map of of parts of Montana and North Dakota: Geo- North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey logical Society of America Bulletin, v. 67, p. Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map 1199–1206. I–331, scale 1:500,000. Howard, A.D., l958, Drainage evolution Dove, L.P., 1922, Clinkertill, a new metamor- in northeastern Montana and northwest- phic rock: Science, v. 56, p. 338. ern North Dakota: Geological Society of Freers, T.F., 1970, Geology and ground water America Bulletin, v. 69, p. 575–588. resources, Williams County, North Dakota; Howard, A.D., 1960, Cenozoic history of Part I, Geology: North Dakota Geological northeastern Montana and northwestern Survey Bulletin 48, pt. 1, 55 p. North Dakota, with emphasis on the Pleisto- Freers, T.F., 1973, Geology of Burke County, cene: U.S. Geological Survey Professional North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Paper 326, 107 p. Survey Bulletin 55, pt. 1, 32 p. Kehew, A.E., 1982, Catastrophic flood hypoth- Fullerton, D.S., Colton, R.B., and Bush, C.A., esis for the origin of the Souris spillway, 2004a, Limits of mountain and continental Saskatchewan and North Dakota: Geologi- glaciations east of the Continental Divide cal Society of America Bulletin, v. 93, p. in northern Montana and northwestern 1051–1058. North Dakota, U.S.A., in Ehlers, Jurgen, Kehew, A.E., and Clayton, Lee, 1983, Late and Gibbard, P.L., eds., Major Quaternary Wisconsinan floods and development of glaciations−Extent, timing, and global the Souris-Pembina spillway system in

23 Saskatchewan, North Dakota, and Manitoba, Lord, M.L., and Kehew, A.E., 1987, Sedimen- in Teller, J.T., and Clayton, Lee, eds., Glacial tology and paleohydrology of glacial-lake Lake Agassiz: Geological Association of outburst deposits in southeastern Saskatch- Canada Special Paper 26, p. 187–209. ewan and northwestern North Dakota: Kehew, A.E., and Lord, M.L., 1986, Origin Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. and large-scale erosional features of glacial- 99, p. 663–673. lake spillways in the northern Great Plains: Mickelson, D.M., Clayton, Lee, Fullerton, Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. D.S., and Borns, H.W., Jr., 1983, The 97, p. 162–177. Laurentide ice sheet in the United States, in Kehew, A.E., and Lord, M.L., 1987, Glacial- Porter, S.C., ed., Late-Quaternary environ- lake outbursts along the mid-continent mar- ments of the United States; Volume 1, The gins of the Laurentide ice sheet, in Mayer, late Pleistocene: Minneapolis, University of L., and Nash, D., eds., Catastrophic flooding: Minnesota Press, p. 3–37. Boston, Allen and Unwin, p. 95–120. Kehew, A.E., and Teller, J.T., 1994, History of Moran, S.R., Arndt, B.M., Bluemle, J.P., late glacial runoff along the southern margin Camara, Michael, Clayton, Lee, Fenton, of the Laurentide ice sheet: Quaternary Sci- M.M., Harris, K.L., Hobbs, H.C., Keatinge, ence Reviews, v. 13, p. 859–877. R., Sackreiter, D.K., Salomon, N.L., and Klassen, R.W., 1883, Chronology of late Teller, J., 1976, Quaternary stratigraphy and Wisconsinan glaciation in middle North history of North Dakota, southern Manitoba, in America—A discussion: Quaternary Science and northwestern Minnesota, Mahaney, Reviews, v. 1, no. 4, p. xxiii–xxvii. W.C., ed., Quaternary stratigraphy of North Lemke, R.W., 1960, Geology of the Souris America: Stroudsburg, Penn., Dowden, River area, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Hutchinson, and Ross, p. 133–158. Survey Professional Paper 352, 138 p. Moran, S.R., and Clayton, Lee, 1984, Chronol- Lemke, R.W., and Kaye, C.A., 1953, Geology ogy of late Wisconsinan glaciation in middle of the Bowbells quadrangle, North Dakota: North America–Reply to the comments of U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadran- R.W. Klassen: Quaternary Science Reviews, gle Map GQ–26, scale 1:62,500. v. 3, no. 2/3, p. i–vi. Lemke, R.W., Laird, W.M., Tipton, M.J., and Moran, S.R., Clayton, Lee, Hooke, R.L., Lindvall, R.M., 1965, Quaternary geology of Fenton, M.M., and Andriashek, L.D., 1980, the northern Great Plains, in Wright, H.E., Glacier-bed landforms of the prairie region Jr., and Frey, D.G., eds., The Quaternary of of North America: Journal of Glaciology, v. the United States: Princeton, N.J., Princeton 25, no. 93, p. 457–476. University Press, p. 15–27. Moran, S.R., Clayton, Lee, Scott, M,W., and Leonard, A.G., 1916a, Pleistocene drainage Brophy, J.A., 1973, Catalog of North Dakota changes in western North Dakota: Geologi- radiocarbon dates: North Dakota Geological cal Society of America Bulletin, v. 27, p. Survey Miscellaneous Series 53, 51 p. 295–304. Leonard, A.G., 1916b, The pre-Wisconsin drift Murphy, E.C., 2001, Geology of Dunn County: of North Dakota: Journal of Geology, v. 24, North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin p. 521–532. 68, pt. 1, 36 p. Lord, M.L., 1984, Paleohydraulics of Pleisto- Paulson, Q.F., and Powell, J.E., 1962, Geology cene drainage development of the Souris, and ground water resources of Tioga and Des Lacs, and Moose Mountain spillways, Hofflund Flats areas, Williams and Mountrail Saskatchewan and North Dakota: Grand Counties, North Dakota: North Dakota Water Forks, University of North Dakota, M.S. Conservation Commission, North Dakota thesis, 162 p. Ground Water Studies 43, 65 p. Lord, M.L., 1988, Glacial Lake Souris–The Pettyjohn, W.A., 1968, Geology and ground history and sedimentology of a lake inun- water resources of Renville and Ward Coun- dated by discharges from a glacial-lake ties; Part II–Ground water basic data: North outburst: Grand Forks, University of North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 50, pt. 2, Dakota, Ph.D. dissertation, 200 p. 302 p.

24 Salomon, N.L., 1974, Geology of northwest- Survey Geologic Quadragle Map GQ– ern McKenzie County, North Dakota: Grand 46, scale 1:62,500. Forks, University of North Dakota, senior Townsend, R.C., 1954c, Geology of the Portal thesis, 36 p. quadrangle, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Salomon, N.L., 1976, Late Cenozoic drainage Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–47, evolution in northwestern McKenzie County, scale 1:62,500. North Dakota: North Dakota Academy of Townsend, R.C., and Jenke, A.L., 195la, Science Proceedings, v. 28, pt. 2, p. 44–49. General geology and engineering geology of Sigsby, R.J., 1966, “Scoria” of North Dakota: Rival No. 1 quadrangle, North Dakota: U.S. Grand Forks, University of North Dakota, Geological Survey Open-File Report, scale Ph.D. dissertation, 218 p. 1:48,000. Townsend, R.C., and Jenke, A.L., 1951b, Soller, D.R., 1993, Preliminary map showing the General geology and engineering geology of thickness and character of Quaternary sedi- Rival No. 2 quadrangle, North Dakota: U.S. ments in the United States east of the Rocky Geological Survey Open-File Report, scale Mountains: U.S. Geological Survey Open- 1:48,000. File Report 93–543, scale 1:3,500,000. Townsend, R.C., and Jenke, A.L., 1951c, The Soller, D.R., 1994, Map showing the thickness problem of the origin of the Max moraine of and character of Quaternary sediments in North Dakota and Canada: American Journal the glaciated United States east of the Rocky of Science, v. 249, p. 842–858. Mountains–Northern Plains states (west of Trimble, D.E., no date, Unpublished map show- 102° West Longitude): U.S. Geological Sur- ing landslide deposits in the Williston 1° × 2° vey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map quadrangle, North Dakota, scale 1:250,000. I-1970-D, scale 1:1,000,000. Ulmer, J.H., and Sackreiter, D.K., 1973, Late Spencer, J.M., 1981, Geologic map and lignite Cenozoic stratigraphy of the Lake Sakakawea resources of the Cussicks Spring quad- bluffs north and west of Riverdale, North rangle, Williams County, North Dakota: U.S. Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Geological Survey Coal Investigations Map Report of Investigation 51, 1 plate. C–89, 2 sheets, scale 1:24,000. U.S. Department of Agriculture, published soils Teller, J.T., Moran, S.R., and Clayton, Lee, maps of individual counties. 1980, The Wisconsinan deglaciation of Vorhis, R.C., 1950, Progress report on the southern Saskatchewan and adjacent areas— ground-water hydrology of the Medicine Discussion: Canadian Journal of Earth Sci- Lake–Grenora area, Missouri–Souris Irriga- ences, v. 17, p. 539–541. tion Project, Montana and North Dakota: Todd, J.E., 1914, The Pleistocene history of the U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Missouri River: Science, v. 39, p. 263–274. 50–53, 88 p. Todd, J.E., 1923, Glacial diversion of the Mis- Waring, G.A., 1949, Statistical data on glacial souri River: Pan-American Geologist, v. 39, boulders: Science, v. 109, p. 283–284. p. 169–184. Waring, G.A., and LaRocque, G.A., Jr., 1947, Progress report, ground-water hydrology, Todd, J.E., 1926, Is the channel of the Missouri lower Missouri–Souris area, North Dakota: River through North Dakota of Tertiary U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, origin?: Geological Society of America 144 p. Bulletin, v. 34, p. 469–493. Witkind, I.J., 1959, Geology of the Smoke Townsend, R.C., 1950, Deformation of Fort Creek–Medicine Lake–Grenora area, Mon- Union Formation near Lignite, North tana and North Dakota: U.S. Geological Dakota: American Association of Petroleum Survey Bulletin 1073, 80 p. Geologists Bulletin, v. 34, p. 1552–1564. Townsend, R.C., 1954a, Geology of the Noonan SASKATCHEWAN quadrangle, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–44, Aber, J.S., 1988, Ice-shoved hills of scale 1:62,500. Saskatchewan compared with Mississippi Townsend, R.C., 1954b, Geology of the Crosby delta mudlumps–Implications for quadrangle, North Dakota: U.S. Geological glaciotectonic models, in Croot, D.G.,

25 ed., Glaciotectonics–Forms and processes: areas, southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada: Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema, p. 1–9. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 35, p. Aber, J.S., 1989, Spectrum of constructional 1347–1361. glaciotectonic landforms, in Goldthwait, Barendregt, R.W., Thomas, F.F., Irving, R.P., and Matsch, C.L., eds., Genetic Edward, Baker, Judith, Stalker, A.M., and classification of glaciogenic deposits: Churcher, C.S., 1991, Stratigraphy and Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema, p. 281–292. paleomagnetism of the Jaw Face section, Aber, J.S., 1993a, Geomorphic and structural Wellsch Valley site, Saskatchewan: Cana- genesis of the Dirt Hills and Cactus Hills, dian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 28, p. southern Saskatchewan, in Aber, J.S. ed., 1353–1364. Glaciotectonics and mapping glacial deposits: Bergantino, R.N., 1984, Topographic map of Regina, Sask., University of Regina, Cana- the bedrock surface, northeastern Montana, dian Plains Research Center, p. 9–35. northwestern North Dakota, and south- eastern Saskatchewan: Montana Bureau Aber, J.S., 1993b, Glaciotectonic landforms and of Mines and Geology Open-File Report structures, in Sauchyn, D.J., ed., Quaternary MBMG 151, scale 1:250,000. and late Tertiary landscapes of southern Bretz, J.H., 1943, Keewatin end moraines in Saskatchewan and adjacent areas: Regina, Alberta, Canada: Geological Society of Sask., University of Regina, Canadian Plains America Bulletin, v. 54, p. 31–52. Research Center, p. 20–26. Byers, A.R., 1959, Deformation of the White- Aber, J.S., Croot, D.G., and Fenton, M.M., mud and Formations near Claybank, 1989, Glaciotectonic landforms and struc- Saskatchewan: Royal Society of Canada tures: Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Transactions, v. 53, ser. 3, sect. 4, p. 1–11. 200 p. Campbell, J.E., 1987a, Surficial geology of the Acton, D.F., 1979, Unpublished generalized soil Regina area (72–I), Saskatchewan: Sas- landscape maps of southwestern Saskatch- katchewan Research Council Sedimentary ewan, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatch- Processes Map, scale 1:250,000. ewan Institute of Pedology, scale 1:250,000. Campbell, J.E., 1987b, Surficial geology of the Ayers, K.W., Acton, D.F., and Ellis, J.G., 1985, Swift Current area (72–J), Saskatchewan: The soils of the Swift Current map area, 72J, Saskatchewan Research Council Sedimen- Saskatchewan: Saskatchewan Institute of tary Processes Map, scale 1:250,000. Pedology Publication S6 (Extension Publica- Cherry, J.A., 1966, Geology of the Yorkton tion 308), 226 p. area, Saskatchewan: Urbana, University of Barendregt, R.W., 1984, Correlation of Qua- Illinois, Ph.D. dissertation, 118 p. ternary chronologies using paleomagne- Cherry, J.A., and Whitaker, S.H., 1969, tism–Examples from southern Alberta and Geology and groundwater resources of the Saskatchewan, in Mahaney, W.C., ed., Corre- Yorkton area (62–M, N), Saskatchewan: lation of Quaternary chronologies: Norwich, Saskatchewan Research Council Geology United Kingdom, Geo Books, p. 59–71. Division Map 9, scale 1:250,000. Barendregt, R.W., 1995, Paleomagnetic Christiansen, E.A., 1956, Glacial geology of dating methods, in Rutter, N.W., and Catto, the Moose Mountain area, Saskatchewan: N.R., eds., Dating methods for Quaternary Saskatchewan Department of Mineral deposits: Geological Association of Canada Resources Report 21, 35 p. Geotext 2, p. 29–49. Christiansen, E.A., 1959, Glacial geology Barendregt. R.W., and Irving, Edward, 1998, of the Swift Current area, Saskatchewan: Changes in the extent of North American ice Saskatchewan Department of Mineral sheets during the late Cenozoic: Canadian Resources Report 32, 62 p. Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 35, p. 504–509. Christiansen, E.A., 1960, Geology and ground- Barendregt, R.W., Irving, Edward, Christian- water resources of the Qu’Appelle area, Sas- sen, E.A., Sauer, E.K., and Schreiner, B.T., katchewan: Saskatchewan Research Council 1998, Stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of Geology Division Report 1, 53 p. late Pliocene and Pleistocene sediments in Christiansen, E.A., 196l, Geology and the Wellsch Valley and Swift Current Creek ground-water resources of the Regina area,

26 Saskatchewan: Saskatchewan Research Christiansen, E.A., ed., 1972c, Guidebook Council Geology Division Report 2, 72 p. on geology and its application to engineer- Christiansen, E.A., 1965, Preglacial valleys ing practice in the Qu’Appelle Valley area: in southern Saskatchewan: Saskatchewan Regina Geotechnical Group and Saskatch- Research Council Geology Division Map 3, ewan Geological Society Field Trip Guide- scale 1:1,520,640. book, 55 p. Christiansen, E.A., 1968a, A thin till in west- Christiansen, E.A., ed., 1973, Quaternary central Saskatchewan: Canadian Journal of geology and its application to engineering Earth Sciences, v. 5, p. 329–336. practice in the Saskatoon-Regina-Watrous Christiansen, E.A., 1968b, Pleistocene stratig- area, Saskatchewan: Geological Association raphy of the Saskatoon area, Saskatchewan, of Canada Guidebook for Field Trip C, 81 p. Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Christiansen, E.A., 1979a, The Wisconsinan v. 5, p. 1167–1173. deglaciation of southern Saskatchewan and Christiansen, E.A., 1969a, Pleistocene stratigra- adjacent areas: Canadian Journal of Earth phy of the Swift Current Creek, Prelate Ferry, Sciences, v. 16, p. 913–938. Empress, and Medicine Hat sections: Friends Christiansen, E.A., 1979b, Geology of the of the Pleistocene, Midwest Section, 19th Regina– region, Saskatchewan: Field Conference, 24 p. Regina, Saskatchewan Municipal Affairs Christiansen, E.A., 1969b, Geology of the Sas- Regional Studies Program, Part A, Report katoon site: Napao, v. 1, p. 28–31. 16–003, 67 p. Christiansen, E.A., 1970, Geology and ground- Christiansen, E.A., 1980, The Wisconsinan water resources of the Wynyard area (72–P), deglaciation of southern Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan: Saskatchewan Research adjacent areas–Reply: Canadian Journal of Council Geology Division Map 10, scale Earth Sciences, v. 17, p. 541. 1:250,000. Christiansen, E.A., 1991, Quaternary stratig- Christiansen, E.A., 1971a, Geology and raphy of southern Saskatchewan, Canada, groundwater resources of the Melville area unpublished manuscript, 46 p. (62–K, L), Saskatchewan: Saskatchewan Christiansen, E.A., 1992, Pleistocene stratig- Research Council Geology Division Map 12, raphy of the Saskatoon area, Saskatchewan, scale 1:250,000. Canada–An update: Canadian Journal of Christiansen, E.A., 1971b, Geology and ground- Earth Sciences, v. 29, p. 1767–1778. water resources of the Regina area (72–I): Christiansen, E.A., Gendzwill, D.J., and Saskatchewan Research Council Geology Division Map 13, scale 1:250,000. Meneley, W.A., 1982, Howe Lake– Christiansen, E.A., 1971c, Tills of southern A hydrodynamic blowout structure: Saskatchewan, Canada, in Goldthwait, R.P., Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 19, ed., Till, a symposium: Columbus, Ohio State p. 1122–1139. University Press, p. 167–183. Christiansen, E.A., and Meneley, W.A., 1971, Christiansen, E.A., 1971d, Geology of the Geology and groundwater resources of Crater Lake collapse structure in southeastern the Rosetown area (72–O): Saskatchewan Saskatchewan: Canadian Journal of Earth Research Council Geology Division Map 14, Sciences, v. 8, p. 1505–1513. scale 1:250,000. Christiansen, E.A., 1972a, Stratigraphy of the Christiansen, E.A., and Parizek, R.R., 196l, A Fort Qu’Appelle vertebrate fossil locality, summary of studies completed to date of the Saskatchewan: Canadian Journal of Earth groundwater geology and hydrology of the Sciences, v. 9, p. 212–218. buried Missouri and Yellowstone Valleys Christiansen, E.A., 1972b, Southern Saskatche- near Estevan: Saskatchewan Research Coun- wan, in Rutter, N.W., and Christiansen, E.A., cil Geology Division Circular 1, 31 p. eds., Quaternary geology and geomorphology Christiansen, E.A., and Sauer, E.K., 1988, Age between Winnipeg and the Rocky Mountains: of the Frenchman Valley and associated drift International Geological Congress, Guide- south of the Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan, book, 24th session, Montreal, , Excur- Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, sion C–22, p. 24–3l. v. 25, p. 1703–1708.

27 Christiansen, E.A., and Sauer, E.K., 1997, The David, P.P., 1977, Sand dune occurrences Dirt Hills structure–An ice-thrust feature in of Canada—A theme and resource inven- southern Saskatchewan, Canada: Canadian tory study of eolian landforms in Canada: Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 34, p. 76–85. Canada Department of Indian and Northern Christiansen, E.A., and Sauer, E.K., 1998, Affairs, National Parks Branch, Contract Géotechnique of Saskatoon and surrounding 74–230, Report, 183 p. area, Saskatchewan, Canada, in Karrow, P.F., David, P.P., 1987, The Prelate Ferry paleosol— and White, O.L., eds., Urban geology of the A new date: Geological Association of Canadian Cities: Geological Association of Canada and Mineralogical Association of Canada Special Paper 42, p. 117–145. Canada, Program with Abstracts, v. 12, Christiansen, E.A., and Sauer, E.K., 2001, Stra- p. 36. tigraphy and structure of a late Wisconsinan Delorme, L.D., 1962, A stratigraphic study of salt collapse in the Saskatoon Low, south the Regina basin, Saskatchewan: Edmonton, of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan–An update: University of Alberta, M.S. thesis, 118 p. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 38, p. Dyck, J.H., Keys, W.S., and Meneley, W.A., 1601–1613. 1972, Application of geophysical logging Christiansen, E.A., and Sauer, E.K., 2002, to groundwater studies in southeastern Stratigraphy and structure of Pleistocene Saskatchewan: Canadian Journal of Earth collapse in the Regina Low, Saskatchewan: Sciences, v. 9, p. 78–94. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 39, p. Ellis, J.G., Acton, D.F., and Clayton, J.S., 1411–1423. 1965, The soils of the Regina map area (72– Christiansen, E.A., and Whitaker, S.H., 1976, I), Saskatchewan: Saskatoon, University of Glacial thrusting of drift and bedrock, in Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan Institute of Legget, R.F., ed., Glacial till: Royal Soci- Pedology Publication S1 (Extension ety of Canada Special Publication 12, p. Publication 176), 133 p. 121–130. Ellis, J.G., Acton, D.F., and Moss, H.C., 1967, Churcher, C.S., and Stalker, A.M., 1972, The soils of the Willow Bunch map area, Geology and vertebrate paleontology of the Saskatchewan: Saskatoon, University of Wellsch Valley site, Saskatchewan, unpub- Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan Institute of lished manuscript, 114 p. Pedology Publication S2 (Extension Publi- Churcher, C.S., and Stalker, A.M., 1988, cation 200), 98 p. Geology and vertebrate paleontology of the Ellis, J.G., Acton, D.F., and Moss, H.C., 1968, Wellsch Valley site, Saskatchewan, unpub- The soils of the Rosetown map area (72–O), lished manuscript. Saskatchewan: Saskatoon, University of Saskatchewan Institute of Pedology Publica- Clayton, Lee, and Moran, S.R., 1982, Chronol- tion S3 (Extension Publication 202), 160 p. ogy of late Wisconsinan glaciation in middle North America: Quaternary Science Reviews, Foster, J.H., and Stalker, A.M., 1976, Paleo- v. 1, p. 55–82. magnetic stratigraphy of the Wellsch Valley Clayton, Lee, Teller, J.T., and Attig, J.W., 1985, site, Saskatchewan: Geological Survey of Surging of the southwestern part of the Lau- Canada Paper 76–1C, p. 191–193. rentide ice sheet: Boreas, v. 14, p. 235–241. Fraser, F.J., McLearn, F.H., Russell, L.S., David, P.P., 1964, Surficial geology and ground- Warren, P.S., and Wickenden, R.T.D., water resources if the Prelate area (72–K), 1935, Geology of southern Saskatchewan: Saskatchewan: Montreal, Que., McGill Uni- Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 176, versity, Ph.D. dissertation, 329 p. 137 p. David, P.P., 1966, The late-Wisconsin Prelate Fullerton, D.S., Colton, R.B., and Bush, C.A., Ferry paleosol of Saskatchewan: Canadian 2004a, Limits of mountain and continental Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 3, p. 685–696. glaciations east of the Continental Divide David, P.P., 1969, A reappraisal of the Prelate in northern Montana and northwestern Ferry paleosol: Friends of the Pleistocene, North Dakota, U.S.A., in Ehlers, Jurgen, Midwest Section, 19th Field Conference, and Gibbard, P.L., eds., Major Quaternary 34 p. glaciations−Extent, timing, and global

28 synchroneity: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. glacial-lake spillways in the northern Great 123–143. Plains: Geological Society of America Bul- Fullerton, D.S., Colton, R.B., Bush, C.A., letin, v. 97, p. 162–177. and Straub, A.W., 2004b, Map showing Kehew, A.E., and Lord, M.L., 1987, Glacial- spatial and temporal relations of mountain lake outbursts along the mid-continent mar- and continental glaciations on the Northern gins of the Laurentide ice sheet, in Mayer, Plains, primarily in northern Montana and L., and Nash, D., eds., Catastrophic flood- northwestern North Dakota: U.S. Geological ing: Boston, Allen and Unwin, p. 95–120. Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2843, Kehew, A.E., and Lord, M.L., 1989, Glacial- 36 p., scale 1:1,000,000. lake spillways of the central interior plains, Greer, J.E., and Christiansen, E.A., 1963, Canada–U.S.A.: Canadian Geographer, v. Geology and groundwater resources of 33, p. 274–277. the Wynyard area (72–P), Saskatchewan: Kehew, A.E., and Teller, J.T., 1994a, Glacial- Saskatchewan Research Council Geology lake spillway incision and deposition of a Division Report 3, 55 p. coarse-grained fan near Watrous, Saskatch- Izett, G.A., and Wilcox, R.E., 1982, Map ewan: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, showing localities and inferred distributions v. 31, p. 544–553. of the Huckleberry Ridge, Mesa Falls, and Kehew, A.E., and Teller, J.T., 1994b, History Lava Creek ash beds (Pearlette family ash of late glacial runoff along the southern beds) of Pliocene and Pleistocene age in the margin of the Laurentide ice sheet: Quater- Western United States and Southern Canada: nary Science Reviews, v. 13, p. 859–877. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Khan, Ehsanullah, 1970, Biostratigraphy and Investigations Series Map I–1325, scale paleontology of a Sangamon deposit at 1:4,000,000. Fort Qu’Appelle, Saskatchewan: National Johnston, W.A., and Wickenden, R.T.D., Museums of Canada, National Museum of 1930, Glacial Lake Regina, Saskatchewan, Natural Sciences Publications in Paleontol- Canada: Royal Society of Canada Transac- ogy, no. 5, 82 p. tions, series 3, v. 24, sect. 4, p. 41–49. Klassen, R.W., 1972, Wisconsin events and Johnston, W.A., and Wickenden, R.T.D., 1931, the and Qu’Appelle Valleys Moraines and glacial lakes in southern Sas- of Manitoba and Saskatchewan: Canadian katchewan and southern Alberta, Canada: Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 9, p. 544–560. Royal Society of Canada Transactions, Klassen, R.W., 1975, Quaternary geology series 3, v. 25, sect. 4, p. 29–44. and geomorphology of Assiniboine and Johnston, W.A., Wickenden, R.T.D., and Qu’Appelle Valleys of Manitoba and Sas- Wier, J.D., 1948, Preliminary map, surface katchewan: Geological Survey of Canada deposits, southern Saskatchewan: Geologi- Bulletin 228, 61 p. cal Survey of Canada Paper 48–18, scale Klassen, R.W., 1983a, Assiniboine delta and 1:375,000. the Assiniboine–Qu’Appelle valley system– Kehew, A.E., 1982, Catastrophic flood hypoth- Implications concerning the history of Lake esis for the origin of the Souris spillway, Agassiz in southwestern Manitoba, in Teller, Saskatchewan and North Dakota: Geologi- J.T., and Clayton, Lee, eds., Glacial Lake cal Society of America Bulletin, v. 93, p. Agassiz: Geological Association of Canada 105l–1058. Special Paper 26, p. 211–299. Kehew, A.E., and Clayton, Lee, 1983, Late Klassen, R.W., 1983b, Chronology of late Wisconsinan floods and development of the Wisconsinan glaciation in middle North Souris-Pembina spillway system in Sas- America—A discussion: Quaternary Sci- katchewan, North Dakota, and Manitoba, in ence Reviews, v. 1, no. 4, p. xxiii–xxvii. Teller, J.T., and Clayton, Lee, eds., Glacial Klassen, R.W., 1984, Dating methods appli- Lake Agassiz: Geological Association of cable to late glacial deposits of the Lake Canada Special Paper 26, p. 187–209. Agassiz basin, Manitoba, in Mahaney, W.C., Kehew, A.E., and Lord, M.L., 1986, Origin ed., Quaternary dating methods: New York, and large-scale erosional features of Elsevier, p. 375–388.

29 Klassen, R.W., 1989, Quaternary geology of Regina Engineering Department, Hydrology the southern Canadian Interior Plains, in ch. Division Report 1, 52 p. 2 of Fulton, R.J., ed., Quaternary geology of Lord, M.L., 1984, Paleohydraulics of Pleisto- Canada and Greenland: Geological Survey cene drainage development of the Souris, of Canada, Geology of Canada, no. 1 (also Des Lacs, and Moose Mountain spillways, Geological Society of America, The geology Saskatchewan and North Dakota: Grand of North America, v. K–1), p. 138–172. Forks, University of North Dakota, M.S. Klassen, R.W., 1992a, Surficial geology and thesis, 162 p. drift thickness, Wood Mountain, Saskatch- Lord, M.L., 1988, Glacial Lake Souris–The ewan: Geological Survey of Canada Map history and sedimentology of a lake 1802A, scale 1:250,000. inundated by discharges from a glacial-lake Klassen, R.W., 1992b, Nature, origin, and age outburst: Grand Forks, University of North relationships of landscape complexes in Dakota, Ph.D. dissertation, 200 p. southwestern Saskatchewan: Géographie Phy- sique et Quaternaire, v. 46, p. 36l–388. Lord, M.L., and Kehew, A.E., 1987, Sedimen- Klassen, R.W., 1994, Late Wisconsinan and tology and paleohydrology of glacial-lake Holocene history of southwestern Saskatch- outburst deposits in southeastern Saskatch- ewan: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. ewan and northwestern North Dakota: 31, p. 1822–1837. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. Klassen, R.W., 2001, Textural and carbonate 99, p. 663–673. analyses of tills in the Cypress Lake and Lord, M.L., and Schwartz, R.K., 2003, An Wood Mountain areas, Saskatchewan: Geo- array of large-scale erosional bedforms—A logical Survey of Canada Open File D4006, 1 detailed record of a glacial outburst flow diskette, IBM format. architecture and spillway evolution: Geo- Klassen, R.W., 2002, Surficial geology of the logical Society of America Abstracts with Cypress Lake and Wood Mountain map areas, Programs, v. 35, no. 6, p. 334. southwestern Saskatchewan: Geological Sur- Maathuis, Harm, and van der Kamp, Garth, vey of Canada Bulletin 562, 60 p. 1988, Comprehensive evaluation of the Klassen, R.W., and Hughes, David, 2000, groundwater resources in the Regina area: Diamict fill in sub-glacial channels, Poplar Saskatchewan Research Council, SRC River Strip Mine, southern Saskatchewan: Technical Report 209, 152 p. Quaternary International, v. 68–71, p. Mahaney, W.C., and Stalker, A.M., 1988, 111–115. Stratigraphy of the North Cliff section, Kugler, Marianne, and St-Onge, Denis, 1973, Wellsch Valley site, Saskatchewan: Canadian Composantes du mouvement de rebondisse- Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 25, p. 206–214. ment isostatique d’après des données de Mathewes, W.H., 1974, Surface profiles of the remblaiements alluviaux (Exemple de la Laurentide ice sheet in its marginal areas: Rivière Saskatchewan Sud): Canadian Journal Journal of Glaciology, v. 13, no. 97, p. of Earth Sciences, v. 10, p. 551–556. 37–43. Kupsch, W.O., 1962, Ice-thrust ridges of west- McCallum, K.J., and Wittenberg, Jurgen, 1962, ern Canada: Journal of Geology, v. 70, p. University of Saskatchewan radiocarbon 582–594. dates III: Radiocarbon, v. 4, p. 71–80. Kupsch, W.O., 1964, Bedrock surface and McCallum, K.J., and Wittenberg, Jurgen, 1968, preglacial topography of the Regina-Wynyard University of Saskatchewan radiocarbon region, southern Saskatchewan: Bismarck, dates V: Radiocarbon, v. 10, p. 365–378. North Dakota, Conrad Publishing Com- McConnell, R.G., 1885, Report on the Cypress pany, Third Williston Basin Symposium, p. Hills, Wood Mountain, and adjacent 274–283. country: Geological Survey of Canada Lammers, G.E., 1968, A note on the Saskatoon Annual Report 1, pt. C, p. C1–C85. site, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and its con- Meneley, R.A., 1956, Pleistocene stratigraphy tained paleofauna: Napao, v. 1, p. 32–33. of the Saskatchewan Landing area: Lissey, Alan, 1962, Groundwater resources Saskatoon, University of Saskatchewan, B.S. of the Regina area, Saskatchewan: City of thesis, 34 p.

30 Meneley, W.A., 1972, Ketepwa fluting field, in Pohorecky, Z.H., and Wilson, James, 1968, Christiansen, E.A., ed., Guidebook on geol- Preliminary archaeological report on the ogy and its application to engineering prac- Saskatoon site: Napao, v. 1, p. 35–70. tice in the Qu’Appelle Valley area: Regina Quigley, R.M., 1980, Geology, mineralogy, and Geotechnical Group and Saskatchewan geochemistry of Canadian soft soils–A geo- Geological Society Field Trip Guidebook, p. technical perspective: Canadian Geotechnical 17–20. Journal, v. 17, p. 261–285. Meneley, W.A., Christiansen, E.A., and Kupsch, Russell, L.S., 1950, The Tertiary gravels of W.O., 1957, Preglacial Missouri River in Saskatchewan: Royal Society of Canada Saskatchewan: Journal of Geology, v. 65, p. Transactions, 3rd ser., v. 24, sec. 4, p. 51–59. 441–447. Rutherford, A.A., Wittenberg, Jurgen, and Gor- Mitchell, John, Moss, H.C., and Clayton, J.S., don, B.C., 1984, University of Saskatchewan 1947, Soil survey of southern Saskatchewan radiocarbon dates X: Radiocarbon, v. 26, p. from Township 1 to 48 inclusive: Saskatoon, 241–292. University of Saskatchewan, College of Agri- Rutherford, A.A., Wittenberg, Jurgen, and culture, Soil Survey Report 12, 259 p. McCallum, K.J., 1975, University of Sas- Mollard, J.D., 1979, Terrain base data map, katchewan radiocarbon dates VI (sic): Radio- Regina–Moose Jaw region, Saskatchewan: carbon, v. 17, p. 328–353. Regina, Saskatchewan Urban Affairs Rutherford, A.A., Wittenberg, Jurgen, and Regional Studies Program, scale 1:250,000. Wilmeth, R., 1979, University of Saskatch- Mollard, Jack, Kozicki, Paul, and Adelman, ewan radiocarbon dates VIII: Radiocarbon, v. Tim, 1998, Some geological, ground 21, p. 48–94. water, geotechnical and geoenvironmental Saskatchewan Research Council, 1986a, Sur- characteristics of the Regina area, Saskatch- ficial geology of the Melville area (62–K, ewan, Canada, in Karrow, P.F., and White, L), Saskatchewan: Saskatchewan Research O.L., eds., Urban geology of Canadian cities: Council Sedimentary Resources Map, scale Geological Association of Canada Special 1:250,000. Paper 42, p. 147–170. Saskatchewan Research Council, 1986b, Sur- Moran, S.R., and Clayton, Lee, 1984, Chronol- ficial geology of the Yorkton area (62–M, ogy of late Wisconsinan glaciation in middle N), Saskatchewan: Saskatchewan Research North America—Reply to the comments of Council Sedimentary Resources Map, scale R.W. Klassen: Quaternary Science Reviews, 1:250,000. v. 3, no. 2/3, p. i–vi. Saskatchewan Research Council, 1986c, Sur- Moran, S.R., Clayton, Lee, Hooke, R.L., ficial geology of the Rosetown area (72–O), Fenton, M.M., and Andriashek, L.D., 1980, Saskatchewan: Saskatchewan Research Glacier-bed landforms of the prairie region of Council Sedimentary Resources Map, scale North America: Journal of Glaciology, v. 25, 1:250,000. no. 93, p. 457–476. Saskatchewan Research Council, 1987, Sur- ficial geology of the Wynyard area (72–P), Parizek, R.R., 1961, Glacial geology of the Saskatchewan: Saskatchewan Research Willow Bunch Lake area, Saskatchewan: Council Sedimentary Resources Map, scale Urbana, University of Illinois, Ph.D. 1:250,000. dissertation, 206 p. Saskatchewan Soil Survey Staff, 1997, The Parizek, R.R., 1964, Geology of the Willow soils of the and Saskatchewan Bunch Lake area (72–H), Saskatchewan: portion of the Virden map areas 62E and Saskatchewan Research Council Geology 62F, Saskatchewan: Saskatoon, University of Division Report 4, 46 p. Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan Centre for Soil Parizek, R.R., 1969, Glacial ice-contact rings Research, 128 p. and ridges, in Schumm, S.A., and Bradley, Sauer, E.K., 1974, Geotechnical implications W.C., eds., United States contributions to of Pleistocene deposits in southern Saskatch- Quaternary research: Geological Society of ewan: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, v. 11, America Special Paper 123, p. 49–102. p. 359–373.

31 Sauer, E.K., 1978, The engineering significance Saskatchewan Research Council Sedimen- of glacier ice-thrusting: Canadian Geotechni- tary Resources Map, scale 1:250,000. cal Journal, v. 15, p. 457–472. Skwara, Terri, and Walker, E.G., 1989, Extinct Sauer, E.K., 1979, A slope failure at Lebret, muskox and other additions to the late Saskatchewan, Canada: Canadian Geotechni- Pleistocene Riddell local fauna, Saskatoon, cal Journal, v. 16, p. 242–250. Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sci- Sauer, E.K., and Christiansen, E.A., 1991, ences, v. 26, p. 881–893. Preconsolidation pressures in the Battleford SkwaraWoolf, Terri, 1980, Mammals of the Formation, southern Saskatchewan, Canada: Riddell local fauna (Floral Formation, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 28, p. Pleistocene, late Rancholabrean), 1613–1623. Saskatoon, Canada: Saskatchewan Museum Sauer, E.K., Egeland, A.K., and Christiansen, of Natural History Contributions, no. 2, E.A., 1993a, Compression characteristics 129 p. and index properties of tills and intertill clays SkwaraWoolf, Terri, 1981, Biostratigraphy in southern Saskatchewan, Canada: Canadian and paleoecology of Pleistocene depos- Geotechnical Journal, v. 30, p. 257–275. its (Riddell Member, Floral Formation, Sauer, E.K., Egeland, A.K., and Christiansen, late Rancholabrean), Saskatoon, Canada: E.A., 1993b, Preconsolidation of tills and Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 18, intertill clays by glacial loading in southern p. 311–322. Saskatchewan, Canada: Canadian Journal of Souster, W.E., 1973, Characteristics of thin Earth Sciences, v. 30, p. 420–433. loess deposits in the Swift Current map area Schreiner, B.T., 1990, Lithostratigraphic cor- (72–J): Saskatoon, University of Saskatch- relation of Saskatchewan tills—A mirror ewan, M.S. thesis, 125 p. image of Cretaceous bedrock: Saskatchewan Souster, W.E., St. Arnaud, R.J., and Huang, Research Council Publication R1210–3–E– P.M., 1977, Variation in physical proper- 90, v. 1, p. 1–114, v. 2, p. 115–286 (also, ties and mineral composition of thin loess 1990, Saskatoon, University of Saskatch- deposits in the Swift Current area of Sas- ewan, Ph.D. dissertation). katchewan: Soil Science Society of America Schwarcz, H.P., and Zymela, Steve, 1985, ESR Journal, v. 41, p. 594–60l. dating of Pleistocene teeth from Alberta, Stalker, A.M., 1976, Quaternary stratigraphy Canada, in Ikeya, M., and Miki, T., eds., of the southwestern Canadian Prairies, in ESR dating and dosimetry: Tokyo, Ionics Mahaney, W.C., ed., Quaternary stratigra- Publications Company, Limited, p. 325–333. phy of North America: Stroudsburg, Penn., Scott, J.S., 1960, Surficial geology of the Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, p. 381–408. Elbow-Outlook area, Saskatchewan: Urbana, Stalker, A.M., and Churcher, C.S., 1972, University of Illinois, Ph.D. dissertation, Glacial stratigraphy of the southwestern 40 p. Canadian Prairies; the Laurentide record: Scott, J.S., 196l, Surficial geology of the Elbow International Geological Congress, 24th map-area, Saskatchewan: Geological Survey session, Montreal, Quebec, Section 12, p. of Canada Paper 61–15, 10 p. 110–119. Scott, J.S., 1971, Surficial geology of the Rose- Stalker, A.M., and Vincent, J.-S., 1993, Qua- town map-area, Saskatchewan: Geological ternary, in Stott, D.F., and Aitken, J.D., eds., Survey of Canada Bulletin 190, 40 p. Sedimentary cover of the craton in Canada: Simpson, M.A., 1987a, Surficial geology of the Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Weyburn area (62–E, F), Saskatchewan: Sas- Canada, no. 5 (also Geological Society of katchewan Research Council Sedimentary America, The geology of North America, v. Resources Map, scale 1:250,000. D–1), p. 466–482. Simpson, M.A., 1987b, Surficial geology of Teller, J.T., 1993, Quaternary geology of the the Willow Bunch area (72–H), Saskatch- eastern Canadian Prairies, Winnipeg to ewan: Saskatchewan Research Council Sedi- Moose Jaw: International Geological mentary Resources Map, scale 1:250,000. Correlation Program Project 253, Termina- Simpson, M.A., 1987c, Surficial geology of the tion of the Pleistocene, Field Guide, pt. 1, Wood Mountain area (72–G), Saskatchewan: 68 p.

32 Teller, J.T., 1995, History and drainage of large Whitaker, S.H., 1967, Geology and ground ice-dammed lakes along the Laurentide water resources of the Wood Mountain sheet: Quaternary International, v. 28, area (72–G), Saskatchewan: Saskatchewan p. 83–92. Research Council Geology Division Map 5, Teller, J.T., Moran, S.R., and Clayton, Lee, scale 1:250,000. 1980, The Wisconsinan deglaciation of Whitaker, S.H., 1970, Geology and groundwater southern Saskatchewan and adjacent resources of the Swift Current area (72–J), areas–Discussion: Canadian Journal of Saskatchewan: Saskatchewan Research Earth Sciences, v. 17, p. 539–541. Council Geology Division Map 11, scale Townsend, R.C., and Jenke, A.L., 1951, The 1:250,000. problem of the origin of the Max moraine Whitaker, S.H., 1974a, Geology and ground- of North Dakota and Canada: American water resources of the Willow Bunch area Journal of Science, v. 249, p. 842–858. (72–H), Saskatchewan: Saskatchewan Vonhof, J.A., 1965, Tertiary gravels and sands Research Council Geology Division Map 20, in southern Saskatchewan: Saskatoon, Uni- scale 1:250,000. versity of Saskatchewan, M.S. thesis, 99 p. Whitaker, S.H., 1974b, Geology and ground- Vonhof, J.A., 1969, Tertiary gravels and sands water resources of the Weyburn area (62–E, in the Canadian Great Plains: Saskatoon, F), Saskatchewan: Saskatchewan Research University of Saskatchewan, Ph.D. disserta- Council Geology Division Map 21, scale tion, 279 p. 1:250,000. Westgate, J.A., 1973, Mineralogical and chem- Whitaker, S.H., and Christiansen, E.A., 1972, ical data bearing on the correlation of the The Empress Group in southern Saskatch- Wascana Creek ash in southern Saskatch- ewan: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. ewan, in Christiansen, E.A., ed., Quaternary 9, p. 353–360. geology and its application to engineering Wickenden, R.T.D., 193l, An area of little or no practice in the Saskatoon-Regina-Watrous drift in southern Saskatchewan: Royal Society area, Saskatchewan: Geological Association of Canada Transactions, series 3, v. 25, sect. of Canada, Guidebook for Field Trip C, p. 4, p. 45–47. 54–63. Williams, M.Y., 1929, The physiography of the Westgate, J.A., Briggs, N.D., Stalker, A.M., southwestern plains of Canada: Royal Society and Churcher, C.S., 1978, Fission-track age of Canada Transactions, ser. 3, sect. 4, p. of glass from tephra beds associated with 61–79. Quaternary vertebrate assemblages in the Williams, M.Y., and Dyer, W.S., 1930, Geology of southern Alberta and Saskatchewan: Geo- southern Canadian Plains: Geological Soci- logical Survey of Canada Memoir 163, 160 p. ety of America Abstracts with Programs, v. Wolfe, Brent, 1993, Geological history of gla- 10, no. 7, p. 514–515. cial Lake Assiniboine, Saskatchewan: Win- Westgate, J.A., Christiansen, E.A., and nipeg, University of Manitoba, M.S. thesis, Boellstorff, J.D., 1977, Wascana Creek ash 391 p. (middle Pleistocene) in southern Saskatch- Wolfe, Brent, and Teller, J.T., 1995, Sedimenta- ewan–Characterization, source, fission track tion in ice-dammed glacial Lake Assiniboine, age, paleomagnetism, and stratigraphic Saskatchewan, and catastrophic drainage significance: Canadian Journal of Earth down the Assiniboine Valley: Géographie Sciences, v. 14, p. 357–374. Physique et Quaternaire, v. 49, p. 25l–263. Westgate, J.A., and Gorton, M.P., 1981, Zymela, Steve, 1986, ESR dating of Pleistocene Correlation techniques in tephra studies deposits: Hamilton, Ont., McMaster Univer- in Self, Stephen, and Sparks, R.S.J., eds., sity, B.S. thesis, 118 p. Tephra studies: Dordrecht, D. Reidel, p. 73–94. Zymela, Steve, Schwarcz, H.P., Grün, Rainer, Whitaker, S.H., 1965, Geology of the Wood Stalker, A.M., and Churcher, C.S., 1988, ESR Mountain area (72–G), Saskatchewan: dating of Pleistocene fossil teeth from Alberta Urbana, University of Illinois, Ph.D. dis- and Saskatchewan: Canadian Journal of Earth sertation, 95 p. Sciences, v. 25, p. 235–245.

33 SUPPLEMENTAL REFERENCES FOR Late Neogene chronology–New perspectives FIGURES AND TABLES NOT LISTED IN in high-resolution stratigraphy: Geologi- “SOURCES OF INFORMATION” cal Society of America Bulletin, v. 107, p. 1272–1287. Berggren, W.A., Kent, D.V., Swisher, C.C., III, Aguirre, Emiliano, and Pasini, Giancarlo, Aubry, Marie-Pierre, and Hardenbol, Jan, 1985, The Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary: eds., 1995, Geochronology, time scales, and Episodes, v. 8, p. 116–120. global stratigraphic correlation: Society for Andrews, J.T., and Fulton, R.J., 1987, Incep- Sedimentary Geology (SEPM) Special Publi- tion, growth, and decay of the Laurentide ice cation 54, p. 1272–1284. sheet: Episodes, v. 10, p. 13–15. Chen, Jiajie, Farell, J.W., Murray, D.W., and Prell, W.L., 1995, Timescale and paleoceano- Bard, Edouard, Arnold, Maurice, Fairbanks, graphic implications of a 3.6 m.y. oxygen R.G., and Hamelin, Bruno, l993, 230Th–234U isotope record from the northeast Indian and 14C ages obtained by mass spectrometry Ocean (Ocean Drilling Program site 758): on corals: Radiocarbon, v. 35, no. l, p. Paleoceanography, v. 10, p. 21–47. 191–199. Clark, P.U., Licciardi, J.M., MacAyeal, D.R., Bard, Edouard, Arnold, Maurice, Hamelin, and Jenson, J.W., 1996, Numerical recon- Bruno, Tisnerat-Laborde, Nadine, and struction of a soft-bedded Laurentide ice Cabioch, Guy, 1998, Radiocarbon calibration sheet during the last glacial maximum: Geol- 230 234 by means of mass-spectrometric Th/ U ogy, v. 24, p. 679–682. 14 and C ages of corals–An updated data- Clark, P.U., Licciardi, J.M., MacAyeal, D.R., base including samples from Barbados, and Jenson, J.W., 1997, Numerical recon- Mururoa, and Tahiti: Radiocarbon, v. 40, p. struction of a soft-bedded Laurentide ice 1085–1092. sheet during the last glacial maximum– Bard, Edouard, Hamelin, Bruno, Fairbanks, Reply: Geology, v. 25, p. 380–381. R.G., and Zindler, Alan, 1990a, Calibration Dyke, A.S., Dredge, L.A., and Vincent, Jean- of the 14C timescale over the past 30,000 Serge, 1982, Configuration and dynamics years using mass spectrometric U-Th ages of the Laurentide ice sheet during the late from Barbados corals: Nature, v. 345, p. Wisconsin glacial maximum: Géographie 405–410. Physique et Quaternaire, v. 36, p. 5–14. Bard, Edouard, Hamelin, Bruno, Fairbanks, Dyke, A.S., and Prest, V.K., 1987a, R.G., Zindler, Alan, Mathieu, Guy, and Paleogeography of northern North America Arnold, Maurice, 1990b, U/Th and 14C ages 18,000–5,000 years ago: Geological Survey of corals from Barbados and their use for of Canada Map 1703A, 3 sheets, scale calibrating the 14C time scale beyond 9000 1:12,500,000. years B.P.: Nuclear Instruments and Methods Dyke, A.S., and Prest, V.K., 1987b, Late in Physics Research, v. B52, p. 461–468. Wisconsinan and Holocene history of the Bassinot, F.C., Labeyrie, L.D., Vincent, Edith, Laurentide ice sheet: Géographie Physique et Quidelleur, Xavier, Shackleton, N.J., and Quaternaire, v. 41, p. 237–263. Lancelot, Yves, 1994, The astronomical Fenton, M.M., Moran, S.R., Teller, J.T., and theory of climate change and the age of the Clayton, Lee, 1983, Quaternary stratigraphy Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic reversal: Earth and history in the southern part of the Lake and Planetary Science Letters, v. 126, p. Agassiz basin, in Teller, J.T., and Clayton, 91–108. Lee, eds., Glacial Lake Agassiz: Geological Berger, W.H., Yasuda, M.K., Bickert, Torsten, Association of Canada Special Paper 26, p. Wefer, Gerold, and Takayama, Toshiaki, 49–74. 1994, Quaternary time scale for the Ontong Fisher, D.A., Reeh, Niels, and Langley, K., Java Plateau–Milankovitch template for 1985, Objective reconstructions of the late Ocean Drilling Program site 806: Geology, v. Wisconsinan Laurentide ice sheet and the 22, p. 463–467. significance of deformable beds: Géographie Berggren, W.A., Hilgen, F.J., Langereis, C.G., Physique et Quaternaire, v. 39, p. 229–238. Kent, D.V., Obradovich, J.D., Raffi, Isabella, Fullerton, D.S., Bluemle, J.P., Clayton, Lee, Raymo, M.E., and Shackleton, N.J., 1995, Steece, F.V., Tipton, M.J., Bretz, Richard,

34 and Goebel, J.E., compilers, 1995, Quater- geomagnetic boundary: U.S. Geological nary geologic map of the Dakotas 4° × 6° Survey Open-File Report 92–699, 16 p. quadrangle, United States: U.S. Geological Izett, G.A., and Obradovich, J.D., 1994, Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series 40Ar/39Ar age constraints for the Jaramillo Map I–1420 (NL–14), 9 p., map scale normal subchron and the Matuyama-Brun- 1:1,000,000. hes geomagnetic boundary: Journal of Fullerton, D.S., Ringrose, S.M., Clayton, Lee, Geophysical Research, v. 99, no. B2, p. Schreiner, B.T., and Goebel, J.E., compilers, 2925–2934. 2000, Quaternary geologic map of the Win- Izett, G.A., Pierce, K.L., Naeser, N.D., and nipeg 4° x 6° quadrangle, United States and Jaworowski, Cheryl, 1992, Isotopic dating Canada: U.S. Geological Survey Miscel- of Lava Creek B tephra in terrace deposits laneous Investigations Series Map I–1420 along the Wind River, Wyoming—Impli- (NM–14), 16 p., map scale 1:1,000,000. cations for post 0.6 Ma uplift of the Yel- Gansecki, C.A., Mahood, G.A., and McWil- lowstone hotspot: Geological Society of liams, M., 1998, New ages for the climatic America Abstracts with Programs, v. 24, no. eruptions at Yellowstone–Single-crystal 7, p. A102. 40Ar/39Ar dating identifies contamination: Johnston, W.A., 1935, Western extension of Geology, v. 26, p. 343–346. Patrician glaciation: Pan-American Geolo- Hilgen, F.J., 1991, Astronomical calibration of gist, v. 68, p. 13–18. Gauss to Matuyama sapropels in the Medi- terranean and implication for the geomag- Lanphere, M.A., Champion, D.E., Christian- netic polarity time scale: Earth and Plan- sen, R.L., Izett, G.A., and Obradovich, J.D., etary Science Letters, v. 104, p. 226–244. 2002, Revised ages for tuffs of the Yellow- Hilgen, F.J., 1994, An astronomically cali- stone Plateau volcanic field—Assignment brated (polarity) time scale for the Pliocene- of the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff to a new geo- Pleistocene—A brief review, in de Boer, magnetic polarity event: Geological Society P.L., and Smith, D.G., eds., Orbital forcing of America Bulletin, v. 114, p. 559–568. and cyclic sequences: International Asso- Lanphere, M.A., Champion, D.E., Clynne, ciation of Sedimentary Geologists Special M.A., and Muffler, L.J.P., 1999, Revised age Publication 19, p. 109–116. of the Rockland tephra, northern California– Hilgen, F.J., Lourens, L.J., Berger, A., and Implications for climate and stratigraphic Loutre, M.F., 1993, Evaluation of the astro- reconstructions in the western United States: nomically calibrated time scale for the late Geology, v. 27, p. 135–138. Pliocene and earliest Pleistocene: Pale- Lourens, L.J., Antonarakou, A., Hilgen, F.J., oceanography, v. 8, p. 549–565. van Hoof, A.A.M., Vernaud-Grazzini, C., Hughes, Terrence, 1985, The great Cenozoic and Zachariasse, W.J., 1996, Evaluation of ice sheet: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatol- the Plio-Pleistocene astronomical timescale: ogy, and Palaeoecology, v. 50, p. 9–43. Paleoceanography, v. 11, p. 391–413. Hughes, Terrence, 1987, Ice dynamics and Lourens, L.J., Hilgen, F.J., Raffi, Isabella, deglaciation models when ice sheets col- and Vergnaud-Grazzini, C., 1996, Early lapsed, in Ruddiman, W.F., and Wright, Pleistocene chronology of the Vrica section H.E., Jr., eds., North America and adjacent (Calabria, Italy): Paleoceanography, v. 11, p. oceans during the last deglaciation: Geo- 797–812. logical Society of America, The geology of Lowdon, J.A., Robertson, I.M., and Blake, North America, v. K–3, p. 183–220. W., Jr., 1971, Geological Survey of Canada Izett, G.A., 1981, Volcanic ashbeds−Recorders radiocarbon dates XI: Radiocarbon, v. 13, p. of upper Cenozoic silicic pyroclastic volca- 255–324. nism in the Western United States: Journal Martinson, D.G., Pisias, N.G., Hays, J.D., Imb- of Geophysical Research, v. 86, no. B11, p. rie, John, Moore, T.C., Jr., and Shackleton, 10200–10222. N.J., 1987, Age dating and the orbital theory Izett, G.A., and Obradovich, J.D., 1992, of the ice ages–Development of a high-reso- 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Jaramillo normal lution 0 to 300,000-year chronostratigraphy: subchron and the Matuyama and Brunhes Quaternary Research, v. 27, p. 1–29.

35 Mauz, Barbara, 1998, The onset of the Qua- Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., Morrison, S.D., Meyer, ternary—A review of new findings in the C.E., and Hillhouse, J.W., 1987, Correlation Pliocene-Pleistocene chronostratigraphy: of upper Cenozoic tephra layers between Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 17, p. sediments of the western United States and 357–364. eastern Pacific Ocean and comparison with Obradovich, J.D., 1992, Geochronology of biostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic the late Cenozoic volcanism of Yellowstone data: Geological Society of America National Park and adjoining areas, Wyoming Bulletin, v. 98, p. 207–223. and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open- Shackleton, N.J., Berger, Andre, and Peltier, File Report 92–408, 45 p. W.R., 1990, An alternative astronomical Obradovich, J.D., and Izett, G.A., 1991, calibration of the lower Pleistocene time- 40Ar/39Ar ages of upper Cenozoic Yellow- scale based on ODP site 677: Royal Society stone Group tuffs: Geological Society of of Edinborough, Transactions, Earth Sci- America Abstracts with Programs, v. 23, no. ences, v. 81, p. 251–261. 2, p. 84. Shilts, W.W., 1980, Flow patterns in the central Partridge, T.C., 1997, Reassessment of the North American ice sheet: Nature, v. 286, p. position of the Plio-Pleistocene boundary–Is 213–218. there a case for lowering it to the Gauss- Shilts, W.W., 1982, Quaternary evolution of Matuyama palaeomagnetic reversal?: Quater- the Hudson/James Bay region: Le naturali- nary International, v. 40, p. 5–10. ste Canadien, v. 109, p. 309–332. Preston, R.S., Person, Elaine, and Deevey, E.S., 1955, Yale natural radiocarbon Shilts, W.W., 1985, Geological models for the measurements II: Science, v. 122, p. 954– configuration, history and style of disin- 960. tegration of the Laurentide ice sheet, in Pringle, M.S., Coe, R.S., and Singer, B.S., Woldenberg, M.J., ed., Models in geomor- 1995, Misidentified polarity transitions from phology: Boston, Allen, and Unwin, p. Maui and Jaramillo Creek—The need for 73–91. complete stratigraphic and geochronologic Suc, Jean-Pierre, Bertini, Adele, Leroy, control [abs.]: EOS (American Geophysical S.A.G., and Suballyova, Danica, 1997, Union Transactions), v. 76, no. 46, supple- Towards the lowering of the Pliocene/Pleis- ment, p. F176. tocene boundary to the Gauss-Matuyama Renne, P.R., Deino, A.L., Walter, R.C., Turrin, reversal: Quaternary International, v. 40, p. B.D., Swisher, C.C., III, Becker, T.A., 37–42. Curtis, G.H., Sharp, W.D., and Jaouni, Tauxe, Lisa, Deino, A.D., Behrensmeyer, Abdur-Rahim, 1994, Intercalibration A.K., and Potts, Richard, 1992, Pinning of astronomical and radioisotopic time: down the Brunhes/Matuyama and upper Geology, v. 22, p. 783–786. Jaramillo boundaries—A reconciliation Rieck, H.J., Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., Meyer, of orbital and isotopic time scales: Earth C.E., and Adam, D.P., 1992, Magneto- and Planetary Science Letters, v. 109, p. stratigraphy and tephrochronology of an 561–572. upper Pliocene to Holocene record in lake sediments at Tulelake, northern California: Tauxe, Lisa, Herbert, Timothy, Shackleton, Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. N.J., and Kok, Y.S., 1996, Astronomi- 104, p. 409–428. cal calibration of the Matuyama-Brunhes Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., Meyer, C.E., Bowman, boundary—Consequences for magnetic H.R., Hall, N.T., Russell, P.C., Woodward, remanence acquisition in marine carbon- M.J., and Slate, J.L., 1985, Correlation of ates and the Asian loess sequences: Earth the Rockland ash bed, a 400,000-year-old and Planetary Science Letters, v. 140, p. stratigraphic marker in northern California 133–146. and western Nevada, and implications for Teller, J.T., 1976, Lake Agassiz deposits in the middle Pleistocene paleogeography of cen- main offshore basin of southern Manitoba: tral California: Quaternary Research, v. 23, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 13, p. 236–257. p. 27–43.

36 Teller, J.T., 1985, Glacial Lake Agassiz and of southeastern Manitoba: Canadian Journal its influence on the Great Lakes, in Karrow, of Earth Sciences, v. 17, p. 19–35. P.F., and Calkin, P.E., eds, Quaternary Tyrrell, J.B., 1914, The Patrician glacier south evolution of the Great Lakes: Geological of Hudson Bay: International Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 30, p. Congress, 12th Session, Toronto, 1913, 1–16. Compte Rendu, p. 523–534. Teller, J.T., 1989, Importance of the Rossen- Veillette, J.J., Dyke, A.S., and Roy, M., 1999, dale site in establishing a deglacial chronol- Ice-flow evolution of the Labrador sector ogy along the southwestern margin of the of the Laurentide ice sheet—A review, Laurentide ice sheet: Quaternary Research, with new evidence from northern Quebec: v. 32, p. 12–23. Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 18, p. Teller, J.T., 1995, History and drainage of 993–1019. large ice-dammed lakes along the Lauren- Westgate, J.A., Easterbrook, D.J., Naeser, tide ice sheet: Quaternary International, v. N.D., and Carson, R.J., 1987, Lake Tapps 28, p. 83–92. Tephra—An early Pleistocene stratigraphic Teller, J.T., and Fenton, M.M., 1980, Late marker in the Puget Lowland, Washington: Wisconsin glacial stratigraphy and history Quaternary Research, v. 28, p. 340–355.

37