fTIRRIYRITI GUINEA'78

Christmastime on a Farm Near Moscow by William Panko The Consul’s Open Door—The Genius as FSO by Edward Devol The Ambassador and the CIA by Raymond Thurston Technology and Social Choices by Colin Norman

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL JANUARY 1979 75 CENTS £1»JS35-“ i\. not tei rober of ^jjjdtnner «bje •

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AFSA PRESIDENT SPEAKS ON THE SERVICE

This is AFSA’s eleventh annual awards ceremony. because the awards include not only a certificate, but a These awards have developed a sound tradition but one tax free check. Thus they maintain the principle that which evolves to take account of changing circum¬ Foreign Service professionalism must be recognized, not stances. For example, three years ago we moved the only spiritually, but materially as well. In the Foreign ceremony from an eighth floor luncheon to one of the Service, there is nothing vulgar about material incen¬ great public rooms of the Department of State, so that it tives. If you told a doctor or lawyer that such incentives can be attended by everyone, whether or not he or she were unprofessional, he would probably collapse in hys¬ can afford the price of lunch or is a Member of our As¬ terical laughter. Our love for our country and our profes¬ sociation. This is the third year in which the Marks sion need not be unrequited. The lag in Foreign Service Award for creativity in communication has been pre¬ salaries, the slowing of promotions, and now the aboli¬ sented along with the Herter, Rivkin, and Harriman tion of premium pay for commissioned officers, leave Awards; the fourth year in which the recipients of the these awards as one of the few remaining incentives for awards have the opportunity to speak briefly in their own distinguished performance. behalf. A few years ago we began the practice, which the pres¬ Last year we were concerned at the shortage of nomi¬ ent AFSA Board hopes its successors will continue, of nations for these awards. During the past twelve months commenting on the state of the career Foreign Service we have advertised the awards energetically through our and its relationship to the Administration and the nation own channels and those of the foreign affairs agencies. as a whole. Now that protection for dissenters has been institu¬ My remarks on this occasion last year won widespread tionalized and few foreign policy issues excite the support from among our constituents, but others crit¬ passions of the Vietnam era, perhaps individual efforts icized what we said, or using this occasion to say it. don’t stand out so dramatically. We are unrepentant. There can be no better occasion We continue to believe that these awards are well than this one for some plain speaking on behalf of the worth preserving. Today’s relatively benign climate career service. And if these remarks are worth reporting could always change in the future as it has in the past. in the press, so much the better. After all, we are Even in these relatively tolerant times, intellectual cour¬ regularly—and correctly—exhorted to become more age and vigor are required to carry reporting, analysis, conscious of the American public and their representa¬ and recommendations wherever they may lead, regard¬ tives in the Congress. The knowledge that we are pre¬ less of dominant ideology, intellectual fashion or current pared to defend ourselves makes our critics realize that a policy. Dissent is not an end in itself, although it may cheap shot at the Foreign Service is not, at any rate, a well be the results of such an intellectual process prop¬ free shot. Senior Administration officials may appreciate erly pursued. Even during this Administration whose it when we keep our dissent within our house—but they leader has de-imperialized his office, the ambassadorial pay attention to it when it attracts congressional or public mystique still may inhibit frank communication. Mrs. attention. A career Foreign Service that does not defend Long, Ambassador Rivkin’s widow, has told me that he its own values and interests is a career Foreign Service often came home from work complaining that some whose ability to defend American interests and values members of his staff kept saying “Yes, Mr. Ambas¬ may be suspect. As professional diplomats, we seek to sador” when perhaps they should have been saying maintain a style appropriate to our traditions. But it is in “no.” the national interest and in our own, to communicate Please remember that eligibility for the Herter, Rivkin, clearly our concerns and interests. Diplomatic style is and Harriman Awards is not limited to a handful of FSOs important only to the extent that it improves such com¬ in the so-called substantive categories, but extends to the munication, and does not muffle, inhibit, or distort it. We entire career service. To cite just one example brought shall continue to speak out. vividly to mind by recent events, consular work often Having criticized the political leadership of this Ad¬ poses a challenge, the response to which could qualify a ministration last year for various sins against the career consular officer for one of these awards. But the judges Foreign Service, we commend them this year for the cannot award these awards to anyone who is not first things they are doing right or at least have stopped doing nominated. wrong. For example, they have continued to oppose the It might be argued that if dissent is not a major element taxation of overseas allowances for Foreign Service peo¬ of a nominee’s performance, the foreign affairs agencies ple and other federal employees serving overseas; ap¬ could and should recognize the nominees through the of¬ pealed to the Supreme Court to preserve mandatory re¬ ficial awards system. There is some truth in this, but tirement in the Foreign Service; agreed to exempt the these awards nonetheless remain important because only Foreign Service from most of the Civil Service Reform a few are presented each year, only when the judges’ Act; and recognized the desirability of reorganizing and panel believes the nominees to be worthy—and, frankly, making permanent our nation’s commitment to global development, and carrying out that commitment both at These remarks were delivered by AFSA President Lars H. Hydle on home and abroad largely through career Foreign Service December 13 in the Loy Henderson Room at the Department of State. See Awards story in AFSA News, page 51. (Continued on page 37) 4 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 COMPLETELY NEW FOR 1979... AND DIPLOMATICALLY DISCOUNTED BY FORD.

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A presidential visit means “in¬ hear about his breakfast, lunch, pending presidential trip totally stant” news and there are and dinner. We see the carefully paralyzes all other operations of an thousands of stories filed on his orchestrated human interest topics American diplomatic post. In overseas trips. When he travels, an tastefully highlighted on our televi¬ November, when there were still accompanying army of journalists sion screens. whispers of an earlier presidential analyze the political events, they On rare occasions, the camera is visit to Brazil and before travel describe the president’s day; we turned from the central figure and a plans were stalled by the energy side view of his entourage is shot. crisis, the entire Rio consulate had Rarely, if ever, are the efforts of begun mobilization for the presi¬ Paula Neely says, “Before entering ICA dent’s stopover in Brasilia. Visits (then USIA) as an FSIO in 1974, I pursued the loyal “ground crew” recorded. a successful career as a professional student Although the chance mistake may disrupt both professional and per¬ at the following institutions: Smith, immortalize a hapless translator in sonal life. In my case, upon receiv¬ Dartmouth, Cornell and Harvard Business Poland, the countless hours ex¬ ing the honored assignment of School. Since joining ICA I have served as pended by hordes of foreign service press bus escort in Brasilia, I im¬ Director of the American Cultural Center in Lisbon and am currently stationed in the personnel remain unregistered and mediately but sorrowfully aban¬ American consulate in Rio as assistant in¬ unrewarded. doned a promising eight-line acting formation officer. Yet the announcement of an im¬ debut in a local amateur production

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6 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 for this opportunity. anxiously await the first arrivals asks, “If you were visiting Rio, Last November, the big news fi¬ from Washington. Then it happens. wouldn’t you rather stay at nally surfaced, first in the hush- On a Friday, three weeks before Copacabana Beach?” Our press at¬ hush atmosphere of the American the president’s late March visit, the tache bites the bait, “Of course.” consulate conference room, and pre-advance team descends for a For the next 24 hours of the visit, then in the spot where all important day. We rush out to the hotel to we tremble at the distinct possibil¬ news stories break in Brazil—the meet them. One of the more prom¬ ity of moving the entire opera¬ society columns: President Carter inent members approaches and tion—president, press, and staff— was visiting Rio and local Ameri¬ shakes my hand with a big to another location. Ultimately, we can foreign service staff was called “Hello.” That’s the end of our arrive at a compromise. The press for action. conversation until last week when I would stay in the suburbs and the accidentally meet him walking television teams, who appreciate The first few weeks of prepara¬ down a State Department corridor. the visuals, would move to tion in the Rio consulate were I get the same smile, the same Copacabana Beach. fraught with anxiety and uncer¬ shake, and the same big “Hello” During the pre-advance stop¬ tainty. After all, none of us had again. It may not be personalized, over, my chief responsibility was to been visited by a President before. but it certainly travels well. show some newsreels of previous We all gratefully accept our new Before the pre-advance team ar¬ presidential visitors (Roosevelt, responsibilities: My husband, the rived , we were saddled with the re¬ Truman, Eisenhower) to Brazil. cultural attache, is now transporta¬ sponsibility of reserving 500 hotel On the green signal, I rush my tion manager, and his cultural as¬ rooms. In a tourist center like Rio, 16mm projector into the conference sistant becomes the baggage man¬ this is not easy. We finally located room, fumble with the plug, and ager. My assignment at least bears two hotels outside the city, which, switch off the lights. They loved some resemblance to my real life with a minimum amount of shuffl¬ the show. President Eisenhower’s responsibilities. Although I am not ing tourist groups, could accom¬ red carpet is too long in Brasilia quite sure of what the title “media modate the mob. Later we reserved and is cut back to proper protocol coordinator” actually signifies, I rooms for the traveling press as size with a machete. After Ike think it has an imposing ring. well as a series of salons for a fades, on comes the 1960 Winter Life becomes divided into B.C. “press team.” Upon arriving at Olympics and I dutifully switch off (Before Carter) and A.C. (After their hotel, one of the pre-advance the machine. After groans and Carter). Calendars cleared, we staff turns to our press attache and whistles, back on it goes and we are

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, Januan,', 1979 7 all transported from schedules and Jimmy Carter would arrive with an Although King Carl Gustaf and protocol across the swirling twirl¬ intimate entourage of 500! Prince Charles had loved Beija ing ice rink of Squaw Valley, What to do with the president? Flor’s samba beat and nimble through a winter fashion parade Rod Stewart may have visited Re- antics, the White House advance and finally down the Squaw Valley gine’s and the Sheraton discoteque, team ruled them out after careful slalom to the end of the reel. but the advance team members study of videotapes of those scan¬ who faithfully frequented those lo¬ tily clad samba dancers. Another When the pre-advance team’s cales didn’t think they were appro¬ rejected option was soccer with plane pulled up its wheels, two priate. Since Rio was technically Pele who unfortunately had just major problems remained unresol¬ defined as a “rest stop,” in addi¬ made some disparaging remarks ved: the final presidential schedule tion to a substantive conversation about Brazil’s preparedness for and his choice of overnight resi¬ with Brazilian Cardinals, the fol¬ democracy. Besides, the prospect dence. These were to be settled by lowing program possibilities were of 200,000 fans at Rio’s massive the White House advance team debated: Maracana Stadium sent chills down who dribbled in in small clusters a. laying a wreath at the War Me¬ the spines of the Secret Service until they reached the impressive morial for the Brazilians who representatives. number of thirty. died in World War II. Finally, even the Rio Branco Developing a program turns out b. a demonstration by the Beija parade idea was abandoned. Ner¬ to be difficult. Quite frankly, Flor (Hummingbird) Samba vous officials were afraid that a dis¬ Jimmy has some tough acts to fol¬ School—winners of the 1978 tressed American business com¬ low. Not only has Rio just revelled Carnival competition. munity, whose offices dominate the with the camivalesque superstars c. attending a soccer game featur¬ avenue, might prohibit their em¬ Elton John and Rod Stewart, but ing Brazil’s international soccer ployees from looking out the win¬ the royal presences of King Carl star Pele. dows, or worse—use tom IRS Gustaf of Sweden and Prince d. a tickertape parade down Rio forms as ticker tape. This left the Charles of England had just been Branco Avenue—the principal monument ceremony and an im¬ felt. Of course, royalty may be de¬ street of Rio. promptu boat ride to occupy the fined differently these days: the e. a sail in Rio’s Guamabara Bay. President’s short time in Rio. And King of Sweden traveled with a (We secretly laughed at the although the latter activity caused staff of two, Prince Charles came thought of Secret Service row¬ Carter some press criticism for his with a staff of ten. Now President boats alongside.) (Continued on page 41) Picasso Stayed Here. If we wanted to name drop, | our insurance department we could boggle your mind. through its Annual Govern¬ Because for decades, Security ment Service Floater. Storage has been Washington’s | Decades of this kind of favorite place to store valu¬ efficient, personal service, and ables. And when it comes to a dedication to quality, have FSO valuables, the Govern¬ made Security an FSO moving ment will cover all expenses, and storage expert. And that’s providing special arrangements | why anytime you need depend¬ are made in advance with your able service, it’s good to know transportation officer. Security is there. Silver, jewels, stamp and coin collections, and rare books are protected in Security’s vault. Temperature controlled areas are available for $pturit(i JJfmjp (JompanQ maximum protection and preservation of furs and off-season wardrobes. And paintings in our Art Room of UJashingfon MAIN OFFICE: receive the same storage treatment as paintings in 1701 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 (202) 234-5600 MARYLAND: one of Washington’s largest museums. Bethesda-Chevy Chase, Marlow Heights, White Oak In addition, hundreds of your colleagues use VIRGINIA: Alexandria, McLean 8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 ‘‘The owl, for all his feathers, was a-cold, The hare limp’d trembling through the frozen grass, And silent was the flock in woolly fold.” —John Keats CHRISTMASTIME ON ft FARM NEAR AfOSGOW

WILLIAM PANKO

A bitter wind whipped snow were gone, I tried to make small are rejecting them of their own free across my face as I slammed talk with the office girls. will,” proclaimed Nikolay Dimit¬ the door of the warm, black Volga “We have lots of snow where I revich, whereupon the local stew¬ and turned toward the hazy outline come from too,” I volunteered. ard of Marxist-Leninist orthodoxy, of a small wooden structure. From “In Minnesota, it even gets colder getting the point at last, replied that the other side of the car, my guide than this sometimes.” this was indeed generally the case, joined me on the path, and as we “Well,” one of them answered, although some remnants of a less approached the entrance of the “there were 20 degrees of frost this progressive cast of mind unfortu¬ building, a colored plaque nailed to morning, and that isn't too bad. I nately remained. This brought a the lintel came dimly into view. It hope you brought warm clothes so smile of approval from the “new read “Administration.” Inside, we you won't freeze.” Soviet man.” pushed our way past a stove sur¬ “1 came here for my practical rounded by peasants in dark pad¬ work,” I explained, using some of After Nikolay Dimitrevich had ded jackets and felt valenki—the the student jargon I had picked up left to go back to Moscow traditional Russian footwear of at the university. “I'm studying the David Markovich had resumed winter. In the next room, two peasant household, and I can't tending to the Party’s business. young women huddled behind i learn about it only from books.” Volodya and I set out for the vil¬ desks, one typing and the other “Well, we have lots of house¬ lage. The snow was still swirling clicking beads on an abacus. holds,” said the one with the aba¬ down as we approached a horse¬ “Greetings, Nikolay Dimit- cus. “Of course, living here isn't as shoe of small dwellings in the cen¬ revich,” they chorused. exciting as it is in Moscow— ter of which a space had been “Hello, girls,” he replied. “Al¬ especially when it's winter,” she cleared. “That’s for garden plots,” low me to present Vil’yam added somewhat wistfully. Volodya explained. “The new Vil'yamovich, our American stu¬ The men finally reappeared with households can have them if they dent from Moscow University.” the fellow they said was Volodya. want.” As we were shaking hands, a He seemed not much older than me “But they aren't next to the small swarthy man in a baggy suit and carried himself with the bear¬ houses,” I noted. appeared and introduced himself as ing and rectitude of a “new Soviet “Well, that’s the way we’re David Markovich. “They told me man.” His speech was curt and to doing it now,” he shot back. last night you were coming,” he the point, his manner direct and as¬ I wondered to myself whether began, “but I didn’t know when it sertive. By training, he said, he was this was how the Soviets were ur¬ would be. Perhaps we can put you an economist. His job was to man¬ banizing the countryside, trying to up with Volodya ...” age the farm’s transition to a higher change a system of land usage that Before he could finish Nikolay stage of “socialism” by working had existed in Russia for a millen¬ Dimitrevich motioned toward the out a wage scale to replace the nium. Could this be one of the new next room and the two men made a “labor-day” system of remunera¬ “agro-cities" Khrushchev had hasty exit to confer. While they tion. He told me there were 421 been talking so much about? households in all, upon which At the top of the horseshoe, we William Punka is not a recent relative of the Nikolay Dimitrevich felt the need turned into a gate and walked up to beekeeper who narrates Gogol's early stories of village life. It is rather the pen to display his ideological fealty by one of the dwellings. A small child name of an FSO with an abiding interest in loudly asking David Markovich if came running out to meet us, fol¬ Russia. The events he describes took place any of them still had private plots. lowed by an old woman. in January I960, when he was an exchange The latter, who 1 later learned was “Is this the uncle?” asked the student in Moscow, and were reconstructed the party secretary, looked child pointing at me. from extensive notes he took at the time. To his knowledge, he was the first American dumbfounded. “Yes,” said the woman, “this is since the ’30s permitted to live on a collec¬ “Well, yes,” he stammered. the little uncle who has come to tive farm. “But we all know the peasants stay with us.” FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January. 1979 1 1 While Volodya busied himself He looked as if he wasn’t dead at went about her domestic chores. with the fire, the old woman began all but only sleeping.” Suddenly I heard voices outside, to ask me questions. Dressed in To her it was as if Lenin had be¬ and when we went to the door we layers of dark wool, her face come a saint. According to the or¬ were greeted by three children silhouetted by a coarse brown thodox tradition the sign of true dressed in Halloween-like cos¬ scarf, she spoke in the flowing ca¬ holiness was whether a body re¬ tumes, trying their best to sing a dence of the countryside. At first I mained uncorrupted after death. song. After they had finished, the could barely understand her. Zosima had failed the test in The old woman gave them each a piece “So, you’re from Moscow.’’ Brothers Karamazov, but Lenin of cake and sent them on their way. “Well, actually I came from seemed to have passed. The “That’s a custom we have America.” Soviets had accomplished a miracle here,” she said. “It’s a holiday we “Really? That must be far away. by resurrecting him there in the call Christmas! The children don’t How do you live there? Tell me, mausoleum for all to see. But had all go around the way they used to. how much would you pay for a this new religion crowded out the but there are a few of them every scarf like this?” old? Pointing to the ikon in the year.” Perplexed over how to explain corner I asked: During our tour of the farm, I that peasant scarfs weren’t much in “Do all the peasants have had stopped off at the House of demand in my country, at last 1 de¬ them?" Culture and checked out a volume cided to make a rough estimate and “Yes, but that’s a Soviet one of Tolstoy, which seemed appro¬ said thirty rubles, which convinced from the ’20s—not like the real priate to the setting. I went to bed her that America was indeed a kind we used to have.” early, fully intending to read a short wonderful place. Then, remember¬ “Do you still go to church?” story, but the combination of cold ing some coins in my pocket, 1 “I wish I could. Our village had country air and the day’s activities pulled out a penny. She massaged it a church but the Germans blew it caused me to drop off almost at in her fingers and began to study up. After the war, two of our men once. I slept soundly, insulated the face in the metal. suggested we rebuild it, but they from the cold by two sets of ther¬ “I know who that is. It’s your disappeared, and so the rest of us mal underwear and three large tsar!” decided it was best not to say any¬ padded quilts. “Well not exactly. In our coun¬ thing more.” try he’s called a President.” Just then Volodya re-emerged. It was still pitch dark when Vol¬ “But he must be like a tsar. We The old woman continued. odya woke me up the next morn¬ used to have one you know.” “Now Volodya here says he is a ing. I pulled on my clothes, and “What was it like then?” nonbeliever and he tries to con¬ after a hurried trip to the frozen “Let me tell you. Those were the vince me there isn’t any God, but outhouse, watched Volodya stoke days! All the peasants here had as I keep telling him, I just know up the fire. He heated a cup of their own land. That was really a deep down inside God exists. God water for shaving and just as the way to live!” is and that’s that!” hut was beginning to warm up, we Her face radiated fond memories “Well,” said Volodya, “let’s get again went out into the cold to find as she described the village she had down to more practical things. I'll the communal dining hall. Break¬ known as a girl. It was more than give you a tour of the farm, fast was the same for all—fried the nostalgia of old age. She Vil’yam.” potatoes and boiled milk—but it yearned for the time when peasants We saw the cattle barn, where I tasted surprisingly good. We sat at had respect and security because tried to look knowledgeable smell¬ long wooden tables with a group of they had land. She seemed to con¬ ing the fodder, and the tool shed straw widowers and otherwise un¬ fide in me because 1 came from a with equipment rusting outside in attached men. When we turned in place where the leader’s face was the snow. At each stop. Volodya our plates, Volodya said “spasi- on the coin of the realm as it had was accosted by collective farmers bochka,” which was “thank you” been in the Russia of her youth. who accused him of setting their in the diminutive, and after a mo¬ “You know, I’ve been to Mos¬ wages too low under the new sys¬ ment’s hesitation I followed suit. cow. They took some of us there tem. The field workers were espe¬ “My,” laughed the girl on the last year on a bus.” cially angry since they had appar¬ other side of the counter, “you’re “Did you overfulfill your labor- ently been ranked below the girls learning to speak just like us— days or something?” who took care of the chickens in pretty soon you’ll be as good as “Well, 1 was eighty and they said the revised payment schedule. As Volodya.” I was a veteran shock-worker.” we made the rounds Volodya told Outside, on the way to the Ad¬ “Hadn’t you ever been to Mos¬ me he had a wife and child who ministration Building, I could see cow before? It's not very far lived on another farm some fifty horse carts in the distance, outlined away.” kilometers away. He saw them in¬ against a barely lightening sky. “What did I have to do in Mos¬ frequently, but to him the separa¬ Volodya said they were loading cow? But, let me tell you. There’s tion was nothing unusual. His job peat. As we walked further, he told one thing you have to give them was his life and he seemed me there would be a general meet¬ credit for. Have you seen the thoroughly dedicated to his mission ing of the farmers in a nearby vil¬ mausoleum? Now, that’s really in the countryside. lage that evening. I asked if I could something! We stood in line for Back at the house that evening, I go and he promised to look into it, many hours, but what a feeling sat smoking my pipe and playing but he clearly wasn't keen on the came over us when we were inside. with the child while the old woman idea. 12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 “This new wage system has tion had set matters straight. peasant striding down the path. “I stirred the people up,” he con¬ Elsewhere in the books I found a won it in the lottery,” he ex¬ fided. “The chicken keepers have notation on new plot land. An or¬ plained. Somewhat nonplused after worked day and night to increase chard had been “liquidated” to learning who I was, he neverthe¬ their production and they deserve a make room for it. “That must be less invited me in for tea and soon reward, but you can’t make every¬ what I saw yesterday,” I thought, he, his wife and I were sitting body happy.” wondering whether this had been a around a samovar in the kitchen, To prove his point he led me into real concession to the peasants. eating hardboiled eggs and firing one of the huts where a girl had just Perhaps they had been outfoxed by questions at each other—they, about life in America and 1, about life on a Russian farm. They were warm and friendly—their house was old but far more distinctive and cozy than the one I was staying in. “Here we have a custom that the women keep all “Are all the fruit trees yours?" I asked. their property to themselves. It’s not part of the “Absolutely. We have apples household. I inherited things from my mother and and cherries and we sell what we can’t eat,” he replied. I’ll pass them on to my daughter. All the rest is “What about the tax?” household property and belongs to the family.’’ “Under Stalin it was bad. My father had to chop all the trees down. The tax was more than they were worth. But when the power changed we started planting them again. The tax is still a bit high be¬ returned from working the all-night accepting the new arrangement cause we’re so close to Moscow, shift. She described how many eggs whereby their plots were detached but we can manage.” the 13.000 chickens were laying in from the households and thus vul¬ “But don't you worry about los¬ their modern five-story coop which nerable to repossession by the col¬ ing some of the land? The 1956 de¬ kept lights on them around the lective. cree says ...” clock. “Not even the chickens can 1 had asked to visit the Village “I don’t care what it says. Most escape being urbanized.” I thought Soviet, but instead they brought of the plots in our village have al¬ to myself. We chatted for a few two women from the Soviet to me. ways been the same, and that’s the minutes and then she crawled into 1 questioned them about the parti¬ way it will always be. Now that the bunk over the stove— tioning of households and they as¬ we've got our trees back, every¬ traditionally the best place to sleep sured me that it was all done in an thing is fine!” in a Russian izba. orderly and peaceful way. When 1 His wife asked me what I was Back in the office I was allowed cited legal precedents and court studying, and I didn't expect more to peruse the farm's records. The decisions from my research in than a puzzled reaction when 1 said girl with the abacus obligingly let Moscow that seemed to indicate “the customary law of the house¬ me read the old preprinted Model otherwise, they claimed all this was hold.” But I had underestimated Charter which had been used for all quite beside the point, since dis¬ her. collective farms until a March, putes were rare and were always "If it’s laws you’re interested in. 1956 resolution stipulated that each settled on the basis of common I’ll tell you one,” she said. "Here should write its own, making the sense—in accordance with socialist we have a custom that the women size of private plots depend on legality of course! It was clearly a keep all their property to them¬ labor invested in the collective. I mystery to them why anyone had selves. It’s not part of the house¬ noted that the farm was made up of come all the way from America to hold. 1 inherited things from my four villages brought together in the learn about collective-farm law. mother and I’ll pass them on to my amalgamation drive of 1951. The Was America planning to collec¬ daughter. All the rest is household record book of land holdings had a tivize its agriculture? property and belongs to the fam¬ breakdown of all the household In the afternoon, 1 wandered ily.” plots. More than half of them were about the farm and came upon an 1 could hardly contain my ex¬ a quarter to three-tenths of a hec¬ older part of the village. There, the citement. I had read precisely tare, but an ominous resolution of private plots were all next to the about such a system in studies by June. 1956 held that they could no dwellings, and one of them in par¬ 19th century Russian scholars and longer be increased—only reduced ticular attracted my attention be¬ was surprised it still existed. I in size. The conclusion seemed ob¬ cause of an abundance of fruit thought to myself about the vious. The farmers had used the trees. As I trudged around to the strength of peasant traditions and earlier March law to increase their front of the decoratively painted wondered how long they could per¬ individual holdings on the grounds house, I came upon a shiny new sist in a modernizing society— that they were good, conscientious “Moskvich” car. especially one where the govern¬ workers in the collective. How¬ “Quite a machine, isn’t it?" ment was determined to root them ever, that had not been the law’s someone remarked behind me, and out and impose a common stereo¬ intent, and the subsequent resolu¬ 1 turned to find a smiling young type derived from the glorification FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January. 1979 1 3 of industrial workers. their flashbulbs. A theater troupe nin’s cousin had really been at the featuring one of the countless meeting, as I had heard. “Why It was Saturday, and that evening Soviet actors who had based his yes,” he exclaimed. “We had Vla¬ there was to be a dance at the career on impersonating Lenin, had dimir Il’ich’s cousin this year, and House of Culture. It had been de¬ come from Moscow to do a section Vladimir Il’ich’s great nephew last cided that I could not attend the of Pogodin’s “The Kremlin year, and Vladimir Il'ich’s great meeting in the other village with Chimes.” The scene chosen for the niece the year before that. He has a Volodya, so I was left to accom¬ collective farmers involved Lenin’s lot of relatives you know!” pany the old woman to the farm's At the Administration Building I weekly social event. The child was introduced to a correspondent wanted to come too and asked if from Pravda. He was heavy-set “little uncle” would give him a with a saccharin smile. He asked ride, so I hoisted him up on my “As soon as we arrived me where I was from and what I shoulders piggyback and we set off he began to make was doing. Then, he began to ques¬ down the road. The snow had tion me about the Lenin memorial stopped falling and it was cold and advances to some of meeting—had I been there and clear. The stars seemed to be talk¬ the girls in the what did I think. “It was very in¬ ing to each other, as Lermontov teresting,” I answered simply. had written, and the white rolling audience. His “But do you know about Lenin? fields reflected the light of a quarter technique was of the Have you read his works?” moon. rather direct variety, “Of course: one naturally has to The spell was rudely broken by read Lenin in studying the Soviet strains of light rock music as we consisting primarily of Union.” A look of satisfaction approached the statue of Lenin—a obscene gestures stole across his face. He said good¬ monumental sculpture that I was bye, strode outside to his waiting told had cost half as much as the which he kept making Volga, and headed back to the cap¬ House of Culture itself. Inside, during the entire film.’’ ital. young men were scarce and only a few female couples could be seen The next day was devoted to in¬ dancing on the rough parquet, terviews with collective-farm¬ while the older folk gossiped in the ers. They had been invited by background. 1 tried to join their confrontation with a Western jour¬ David Markovich to come to his conversation but had little success. nalist who berated him for not hav¬ office in the village party bureau. However, I did learn that there was ing more than one suit of clothes. One of the peasants whom I inter¬ to be a ceremonial meeting the next In the cast were two girls in high- viewed, Tatyana Vasil'evna, day to mark the anniversary of a buttoned shoes, and later one of the started out by announcing that she speech Lenin had made to a group few young men in the audience told was very busy and didn’t have time of villagers back in 1921. After the me how impressed he had been. to waste with gossip. She had a attempt on his life in 1918, Lenin “Those shoes were really stylish,” strictly no-nonsense manner about had spent a great deal of time in the he said. her, but as we talked she seemed to nearby village of Gorky. There he The highlight of the affair was a warm to the subject. She told me had lived in a small palace which speech by the almost legendary the households were growing had once belonged to the million¬ Chairman of the collective farm, smaller as the younger generations aire, Savva Morozov. One January Ivan Andreyevich Buyanov, twice ieft to work in the city. The old day, he and his wife had stopped a hero of Socialist Labor and au¬ three-generation households were a off at the village and he had made a thor of a book on the history of his thing of the past. But. often, she few remarks. So it was that village. He hailed the victories of said, those who had left came back alongside the myriad of collective Socialism, rising to a peroration on with their families. When they did, farms named after the founder of a decree just passed by the Party they received a new plot of land the Soviet state, the one where 1 on improving propaganda work. somewhat smaller than the tradi¬ was staying counted it a special On the way back to the village, the tional norm. She told how the field honor to bear his first name and old woman asked whether I didn't land had all been distributed after patronymic. agree that Ivan Andreyevich had the Revolution, and how, when it The next day I returned to the spoken well. was collectivized in 1929, the pri¬ auditorium of the House of Culture “He has a fine speaking voice,” vate plots were cut down to three- and took a seat near the back. I 1 replied, “Have you read his tenths of a hectare. No one kept looked around curiously, having book?” cows on an individual basis any¬ heard that a cousin of Lenin’s was Blushing slightly, she admitted: more, because fodder was too ex¬ to be present. The hall was filled “No, I’ve heard about it, but I pensive and milk could be bought mainly with peasant women in their never learned to read.” from the collective. ubiquitous black jackets and brown Back at the house, David Mar¬ When the interviews were over, scarfs. They sat virtually motion¬ kovich was waiting. “Can you David Markovich chatted with me less, stoic and without expression, come over to the Administration for a long time. He was intensely applauding at intervals like automa¬ Building,” he asked. “There's curious about America but careful tons, as if on cue, while photo¬ someone I want you to meet.” On to avoid controversial subjects. He graphers paced the aisles popping the way, I asked him whether Le¬ (Continued on page 44) 14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 "What is he? A writer of story books . . . Why, the degenerate fellow might as well have been a fiddler!

THE CONSUL S OPEN DOOR EDWARD DEVOL

When a literary genius is as¬ admire some things English, with¬ piece, The Scarlet Letter. But his signed to an active overseas out losing his dislike of others. His income barely matched his ex¬ post there is likely to be some official duties never became plea¬ penses. He was temporarily writ¬ maladjustment. sant. He endured them without ten out and feeling restless again, So it was with the new US consul outward sign of revolt, although his although the family had just moved in Liverpool. He was not well- inward seethings often erupted in into a house in Concord. suited to the position to which his his journal or letters to friends back own ambivalent nature and a pow¬ home. erful political friend had brought Twice before Hawthorne had In June Franklin Pierce received him. succumbed to the lure of Uncle the Democratic nomination for As an author he was accustomed Sam’s wages. From 1839 to 1841 he the presidency. He would need a to observe rather than participate was a lowly, coal-begrimed campaign biography to acquaint the in the brisk workaday world. He “weigher and gauger” on the Bos¬ voters with his excellence. Haw¬ was withdrawn and taciturn, even ton docks. Later he was the chief thorne later claimed Pierce had unsociable with people other than administrative officer in the Salem asked him to write one, but the fact his few intimates. He squirmed un¬ Custom House. In accordance seems to be that the author himself comfortably at the dinners and re¬ with custom both were obtained suggested it. ceptions he had to attend as the through political patronage. His Writing the biography of his old ranking American representative. closest friend was his Bowdoin friend turned out to be difficult. He As a son of the American Revolu¬ College chum, Franklin Pierce, told Pierce ruefully that he some¬ tion he had been raised to consider congressman, senator, and presi¬ times wished someone else had got¬ the English his natural enemies; it dent. ten the nomination. “It would have was not easy to treat them with un¬ Hawthorne had detested both saved you and me a great deal of failing civility. jobs with Customs. They kept him trouble but my share of it will ter¬ After six weeks in temporary from his real work. But he periodi¬ minate four years sooner than your quarters Nathaniel Hawthorne and cally deserted authorship because own.” In August The Life of his family finally settled in a house he needed money and reassurance Franklin Pierce was published by a few miles up the Mersey from his that he was contributing something the Boston firm that had issued office. On September 1, 1853, the “serviceable to mankind.” In the Hawthorne’s novels. He pressed first night in the house, he wrote in bustling commercial world of 19th for an extensive advertising cam¬ his journal how sad it was that they century American he was not sure paign, writing the head of the firm: had changed homes so often since the writing of fiction met that re¬ “We are politicians now and you their marriage. And now, “this quirement. In the introductory sec¬ must not expect to conduct your¬ farther flight to England."’ As he tion of The Scarlet Letter, he imag¬ self like a gentleman publisher.” brooded on it, he felt “that 1 should ined his Puritan ancestors, stern With Pierce’s election in never be at home here."’ Cultural practical men who had persecuted November, Hawthorne’s im¬ shock had struck hard. witches and Quakers, saying, mediate future was assured if he He never completely recovered. “What is he? A writer of story cared to take advantage of his col¬ He stayed in Liverpool four years, books. . . . Why, the degenerate lege chum’s new power. He made as he had intended. He learned to fellow might as well have been a some pretense of not having actu¬ fiddler!” ally desired a reward for writing the In 1852 he was 48 years old, with biography, but told a friend it a wife and three children to sup¬ would be “folly rather than port. Since leaving the Salem Cus¬ heroism” to refuse a really good of¬ Edward Devol is a former Foreign Service Information officer and editor now free¬ tom House he had produced a fer. lancing in the Washington area. novel a year, including his master¬ Frank Pierce was grateful for

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January. 1979 15 trics; mendicants; and indigent foreigners who wanted to go to America. Consul Hawthorne had to see them all. With most he was patient and helpful, although his son remembered witnessing a furi¬ ous outburst at an American cler¬ gyman who had celebrated his arri¬ val in the old country by going on a bender. Accustomed to be silent among strangers, Hawthorne dutifully ut¬ tered friendly words to bores and cranks. Reluctant to “interfere” in the lives of others, he had to provide solutions for the problems of the lost souls who wandered into his anteroom. He once called him¬ self “a mild, shy, gentle, melan¬ cholic, exceedingly sensitive, and not very forcible man.” Allowing for his customary self-depreciation, we must conclude that of all the government jobs he held or aspired to. the consulship was the least ap¬ propriate for Nathaniel Haw¬ thorne. “To tell you the truth,” he re¬ marked, “though 1 see people by scores every day, I still shrink from any interview of which I am forewarned.” Not long before he resigned, he wrote his friend William Ticknor: “I have received Nathaniel Hawthorne, reproduced from the collection of the Library of Congress. and been civil to at least 10,000 vis¬ itors since I came to England and I never wish to be civil to anybody services rendered. Maybe Haw¬ chief of a diplomatic mission. again.” thorne would like to be minister to His wife wrote her father en¬ He said later that he first got ac¬ a royal court in Europe. Lisbon, thusiastically: “The office is sec¬ quainted with his own countrymen perhaps. Hawthorne was reluctant. ond in dignity only to the embassy in Liverpool, “where it seemed He knew no foreign language. Be¬ in London and is more sought for that the quintessence of nasal and sides, he could not afford to be than any other and is nearly the hand-shaking Yankeedom gradu¬ chief of mission. The cost of enter¬ most lucrative.” She understood ally filtered and sublimated through taining notables in a capital might Pierce to say it would bring $35,000 my consulate on the way outward exceed his salary. He jokingly a year. It actually produced less or homeward.” He saw many of asked another friend to “make than half that. However, when them at their worst: the drunken some inquiries about Portugal: as, Hawthorne went to Washington for clergyman, the ship captain who for instance, in what part of the briefings in April, 1853, he learned had shot a crewman in what he world it lies, and whether it is an he would also have the income claimed was self-defense, but empire, a kingdom or a republic. from the Manchester consular which Hawthorne considered “lit¬ Also, and more particularly, the agency as long as it remained va¬ tle short of murder”; a deranged expenses of living there and cant, which it did for almost three youth who lacked both the money whether the minister would be years. and the sanity to pay his medical likely to be much pestered with his Hawthorne and family arrived in bills. own countrymen.” Liverpool July 16, and he plunged The consul gave money to many, Then came a really good offer. into his uncongenial duties with lit¬ like poor, half-mad Delia Bacon, a The Liverpool consulate posed no tle real enthusiasm, but determined friend of his wife's sister. She had language problem and the income to do his duty. He could stand it for come to England seeking help in was the largest available, since the four years in order to build up some publishing the book in which she consul received fees from every capital. proved to her own satisfaction that American vessel that called at the The consulate was a magnet for Shakespeare’s plays were written busiest port in England. Haw¬ sick and stranded sailors; tourists by a group of scholars around Sir thorne would have representational asking for directions and introduc¬ Walter Raleigh. He gave her $1,000 expenses, but they would be noth¬ tions; forlorn claimants to non¬ and helped get the book published ing like the amount needed as the existent British fortunes; eccen¬ in America. When she wrote him 16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January. 1979 angry letters because he would not The Hawthornes made the most enjoy what I have, less anxious for endorse her theory, he resolved of the good life that the consul’s anything beyond it in this life.” “never to be kind to anybody again dignified position and sizable in¬ Yet, he was still having the same as long as 1 live.” But when she come provided. They had lived dream that had come so often for broke down and had to be hos¬ simply in Massachusetts and many years: he is still at college, pitalized in England, he helped pay Sophia Hawthorne was impressed having been there “unconscionably her medical expenses. by the gilded wall paper and long, and have quite failed to make He willingly absorbed the cost of damask hangings in the splendid such progress as my contem¬ some of his “benevolent follies.” homes to which they were invited poraries have done; and I seem to Others he sought to have reim¬ in London, Liverpool and various meet some of them with a feeling of bursed by the State Department, counties where other new acquain¬ shame and depression that broods which did not always agree that his tances resided. over me as I think of it, even when generosity deserved official sanc¬ Like many foreign service offi¬ awake.” tion. cers of later times, Hawthorne dis¬ The Hawthorne family’s newly- When Ticknor chided him for covered that overseas life at Uncle elevated standard of living was one squandering his money on cranks Sam’s expense satisfied tastes he of his pleasures. Yet, with his ten¬ and feckless tourists, Hawthorne dency to an almost alarming objec¬ replied that he was beginning to tivity, he saw potential danger in learn discretion. “1 have not been a their comfortable English exis¬ year and a half in this office without tence: “I sometimes doubt whether learning to say ‘no.’ ” However, in “The country was this European residence will be the same letter he mentioned one growing more coarsely good for us in the long run. All of man who, without his help, “would us will come back with altered have had no recourse but starva¬ commercial. Its habits, accustomed to many things tion, or possibly a Liverpool work- literature was being which we shall not find at home.” house.” When he returned to the house in Having to actually converse with invaded by ‘a damned Concord after seven years in people in large numbers was bad mob of scribbling Europe, he found it uncomfortably enough, but “the most awful part small and plain compared to the of my official duty” was making women and I shall have splendid homes and villas in which speeches. This “least gregarious of no chance of success he had been entertained in England men” was horrified by the number while the public taste is and Italy. of dinners and public ceremonies Before going abroad he had he was required to address. Any occupied with their never had more than $2,000 a year consul received many such invita¬ trash.’ ” to spend and very little in the way tions, but a consul who was also a of capital. Now he did not see how famous author had to perform the he could maintain his family “on distasteful chore more often than less than the interest of $40,000.” most. It would take at least $100,000 “to Despite his inevitable severe had scarcely known he had. He and make a man quite comfortable stage-fright (and to his own sur¬ Sophia had known only the village . . . and even then he would have prise), Hawthorne proved an effec¬ society of Salem and Concord, and to deny himself a great many desir¬ tive speaker. James T. Fields, his now they were welcomed by able things.” Boston publisher, who was on hand mayors and members of Parlia¬ Halfway through his Liverpool when Hawthorne made a speech at ment. New friends took him to the assignment Congress changed the Brighton, was astonished at how Reform Club in London, where the law on consular fees, cutting his in¬ calmly and easily his shy friend waiters were dressed in “plush come almost by half. He was angry spoke in public. Hawthorne even breeches and white silk stockings,” about it, but concluded he would learned the diplomat’s art of saying the wine was “delectable,” and the “at least be a good deal better off what he did not feel. Called upon to lambs’ feet “delicately done.” He than when 1 took office.” He man¬ make some public remarks during met famous British authors—the aged to leave Liverpool with the Crimean War—which he pri¬ Brownings, Macaulay, Trollope, $30,000, but had spent much of it vately hoped Britain would lose— Leigh Hunt. He did not seek them by the time he returned to the he concluded with a graceful toast out, for he was always uncomfort¬ United States three years later. to the British army. able with celebrities (or being As the American consul in He claimed to take no pride in treated as one himself), but his Liverpool Hawthorne had en¬ his speechifying, but only to admire status in England led to encounters thusiastically supported the aggres¬ his own pluck in attempting it. with important personages of vari¬ sive, even reckless, foreign policy Complimented on remarks he had ous kinds. of the Pierce Administration. Har¬ made at a lord mayor’s dinner, he He was sometimes happy but ried by stormy reaction to his blun¬ could only feel that he had “aimed often depressed. He wrote in his ders in the controversy over the at nothing and had exactly hit it.” notebook that the Christmas of spread of slavery, Pierce thought In his journal he wrote that his suc¬ 1854 had been one of the happiest he could lessen domestic turmoil cess may have resulted from his he remembered, “by my own by waving the flag spectacularly being “rather pot-valiant from fireside, and with my wife and chil¬ abroad. This delighted the “Young champagne.” dren about me—more content to America” wing of the Democratic FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 17 party, with which Hawthorne sym¬ son of the Revolution, he was the York Cathedral was the apex of pathized, for it furthered their pro¬ easily stirred by the Anglophobia architectural beauty. At times he gram of expanding US territory in of the Young Americans and other was repelled by the crust of age on the Caribbean and helping revolu¬ chauvinists at home. In October, English buildings and institutions; tionaries overthrow autocratic re¬ 1854, when the English were at others, he was struck by the un¬ gimes in Europe. somewhat grim-faced at learning happy contrast with his own coun¬ Hawthorne considered it an that the exciting rumor of Sebas¬ try, which was so new. so raw, so American duty to help men who topol’s fall was false, he wrote in lacking in the dramatic shadows of struggled against autocracy on the his journal that he was glad of it. a long past. He searched for his continent. Of all those who came to “It is impossible for an American family name on old gravestones, the consulate for help, he found it to be otherwise than glad. Success and thought about writing a ro¬ hardest to resist the appeals of the makes an Englishman intolerable, mance in which an American “exiles from liberty”—Hun¬ and already, on the mistaken idea would return to England to claim garians, Poles, Spaniards and that the way was open to a pros¬ his ancient heritage. Frenchmen who came to him “as if perous conclusion of the war, the His dislike of the nation of the representative of American Times had begun to throw out George the Third was diluted by menaces against America. I shall his disgust at the news from never love England until she sues America. The country was growing “ ‘Once Hawthorne to us for help, and in the meantime, more coarsely commercial. Its lit¬ went to England,’ Mark the fewer triumphs she obtains, the erature was being invaded by “a better for all parties.” damned mob of scribbling women Van Doren says, ‘he A year later, he was almost belli¬ and I shall have no chance of suc¬ became a man without cose in a letter to Ticknor: “We cess while the public taste is oc¬ have all been in commotion here, cupied with their trash.” a country in more for a fortnight past, in expectation America had become a place he senses than one.’ He of a war; but the peaceful tenor of did not relish returning to. Franklin the last accounts from America Pierce, whom he loved and ad¬ had acquired the have gone far towards quieting mired, was being reviled by New discomforting us.” He did not actually urge war, England Democrats for his policy suspicion that England, but hoped America “will not bate of non-interference with the spread an inch of honor for the sake of of slavery to the territories. The which his upbringing avoiding it. . . . If the Yankees country seemed filled with hate and had taught him to hate, were half so patriotic at home as we violence. Massachusetts Senator on this side of the water, 1 rather Charles Sumner was attacked on was the place where he think we should be in for it. I hate the floor of the Senate by a fire¬ most belonged.” England though I love some En¬ eating South Carolinian; there were glishmen.” riots in Boston over the Died Scott The English were arrogant; they decision; Know Nothing native were their representative.” He too seldom washed; many of their Americans and Irish Catholics applauded the actions of the Young famous places stank; their food and fought in the streets of St. Louis. America adherent in the London climate were bad; their women “I am sick to death,” he wrote legation who let revolutionaries use were ugly. He also saw historical Horatio Bridge, who had been at the diplomatic pouch for their cor¬ reasons for his low opinion of the Bowdoin with him and Pierce, “of respondence and who publicly ad¬ country. “It is only as an American the continual fuss and tumult and vocated the overthrow of Louis that I am hostile to England, and excitement and bad blood which Napoleon. Hawthorne was disap¬ because she hates us.” Even with we keep up about national poli¬ pointed in Pierce for bowing to crit¬ the few Englishmen he liked, “a tics." icism of this undiplomatic behavior cold, thin medium intervenes be¬ When the Democratic Party and recalling the man to Washing¬ twixt our most intimate ap¬ convention abandoned Pierce for ton. proaches.” Buchanan in 1856. Hawthorne sor¬ The 1850s were a period of con¬ He was certain Englishmen felt rowed for him. “I hate to have him siderable discord between Britain the same way toward Americans. left without one true friend or one and America. Pierce sent the Navy If an Englishmen knew every man who will speak a single honest to protect American fishing boats American and liked them all as in¬ word to him." He told Bridge he that had been barred from waters dividuals, “he would doubt, de¬ thought Pierce had been wrong in off Newfoundland. An American spise and hate them in the aggre¬ his pathetically constant com¬ vessel bombarded a British settle¬ gate.” promising in order to preserve the ment in Nicaragua after an Ameri¬ Yet as time passed. Consul Union. The slave states were can diplomat was insulted and in¬ Hawthorne developed a kind of bound to go eventually; let them. jured and neither apology nor repa¬ cultural schizophrenia toward the But he insisted that Bridge not add rations was forthcoming. The host country. While abandoning to their mutual friend’s burdens by British minister in Washington was none of his prejudices, he became passing on the opinion of the expelled for recruiting American fond of many English things. He Liverpool consul. volunteers to serve in the Crimea. enjoyed walking the streets of Hawthorne had planned to re¬ The Livei pe^l consul was dis¬ London, “this dingy, smoky, mid¬ main in Liverpool only four years creet in public, but as a stalwart most haunt of men.” He decided (Continued an page 46) 18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 “Man’s love affair with the automobile transcends ment, but with graceful lines, and, all national boundaries.” incidentally, the best, most reliable automotive product of the United States or elsewhere that I have ever owned. I loved it, and, when it came time in 1955 to pack up and leave for our embassy in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), I was determined not to abandon it. It was thus duly crated, loaded aboard a freighter in New York (a ceremony which I attended personally) shipped, and arrived in Colombo some months after I did. Its initial sweeps through the city and later the Ceylonese coun¬ tryside caused something of a stir. It was, I believe, the only yellow Simon convertible on the island and most certainly the only yellow Stude¬ baker convertible. and the Yellow Convertible It also caused something of a stir in the mind of my ambassador, who suggested, not obliquely, that the car was a menace to driver and passengers, inasmuch as traffic JAMES H. BOUGHTON conditions in Ceylon were treacherous enough even for vehi¬ cles with much sturdier tops. It was a menace also to those Ceylonese Virtually every young man of my for our licenses. who happened to wander along its generation who aspired to any¬ At sixteen, the fantasy seemed route, inasmuch as they tended to thing at all aspired (girls aside) to close to reality until the vast major¬ disregard other vehicular hazards the ownership of a convertible, pre¬ ity of us ran up against cold facts. in order to stare at this saffron ferably of a color clearly distin¬ Today, for reasons still not clear to wonder. (The idea that the guishable on all but the darkest of me, every high school sophomore bhikkus—the Buddhist priests— nights and fully equipped with must have wheels. Then, except might be offended, as they wore white sidewall tires, a radio, and for the scions of the wealthiest and saffron-colored robes, luckily did plenty of chrome. The honey often not even them, an automobile not occur to him.) In short, how¬ blonde on the right front seat was, bought and assigned specifically for ever, through keeping a low profile, of course, an accessory whose ac¬ the use of minor offspring was as that is, keeping the Studebaker out quisition perforce had to be post¬ rare as the honey blonde on the of the ambassador's sight, it man¬ poned (often forever) until the ac¬ right front seat. aged to remain in my possession. quisition of the seat together with Thus I grew up, went through Not that there were not plenty of the rest of the vehicle had been college, World War II, marriage, a opportunities to dispose of it and at completed. child (the last three more or less but a goodly profit. Ceylonese This dream in normal young not quite simultaneously) and fi¬ swains — young, naturally — of males began at the onset of adoles¬ nally found a root of sorts in our sometimes fine and inevitably cence and continued (along with nation’s capital, where I was em¬ wealthy parentage would follow me acne) in ever more vivid techni¬ ployed by the Department of State home, hail me on the road, or color until one’s sixteenth birthday at $2,100 per annum and became otherwise find means to beg per¬ (at least in Connecticut, where I the father of more offspring. The mission to buy this developing gold was raised) when one could take salary, coupled with all this care mine, but I stood firm. the state’s driving test. This was and feeding, was not such as to The car was also the golden before the days of drivers’ educa¬ promote actively the idea of own¬ apple of Simon’s eye. In the course tion courses, but most of us—at ing a shiny new convertible, but the of setting up a menage in Colombo, least those living outside larger old dream did not die and, fortuit¬ we had hired Simon as a second towns and cities—had found suffi¬ ously, in the early 1950s, it in large houseboy. There were also a first cient ways and means, even before part materialized. (I was in my very houseboy, a cook, a gardener, a we became eligible for learners’ early 30s and still considered my¬ dhobi (laundryman), an ayah to permits, to wheel the family car self a youth, convertible-wise.) care for our two-year-old. and a along lanes and by-roads to qualify The car was a gem, a second¬ coolie (low-caste) who came twice hand, bright, almost orange, yellow a day to clean the bathrooms. Their Jim Boughton is a retired FSO who spent most of his career in Near Eastern and 1948 Studebaker, with a black top, combined monthly salaries came to South Asian affairs. Since retirement he has white sidewall tires, radio, perhaps about $80. been a consultant and a writer. lacking a bit in the chrome depart¬ Simon was perhaps eighteen or

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 1 9 nineteen, a smooth-faced, pleasant- the wretched woman was Simon, periods of time from tables in the looking lad who came from a Chris¬ who had been serving at table and study or living room, ending up tian village in the jungle, some 30 or at the first sign of gastronomic dis¬ temporarily on the sideboard in the 40 miles from Colombo. As a tress had rushed for an umbrella, dining room, where they would houseboy, he performed his chores which he had been holding over her disappear forever, presumably out in an average South Asian manner, head during her distress, saving her the kitchen door, their final desti¬ that is, with a flurry of activity after frock and, likely, a great deal of her nation unknown, at least to the breakfast which ebbed slowly away dignity from total inundation. sahib, memsahib, and smaller until lunch, thereafter disappearing This presence of mind he also sahibs. entirely until late afternoon, when displayed with respect to the yel¬ There came, therefore, a meet¬ houseboy number one, Simon, and low convertible. His aim was both ing, in fact a confrontation. I was the cook would slowly swing into general and specific. In the many convinced that neither the gar¬ whatever tasks were needed for the parts of the world where a majority dener, who had no access to the evening's activities. of the inhabitants are totally ex¬ house, nor the bathroom coolie (of These often included dinner par¬ cluded financially from owning any the lowest caste), nor the dhobi, ties, and it was at one of these type of automobile, the access to who spent most of his time pound¬ shortly after his arrival in the and ability to operate one is indeed ing our linens, underclothes, shirts, a dream even more remote than, to ribbons on rocks in a nearby but just as intense as, that of the stream, nor the ayah, who dearly “That left as suspects, if American adolescent of my genera¬ loved her charge, had anything to I was correct, Simon, tion. Thus, Simon’s mind on first do with these minor thefts. That viewing the Studebaker, I am sure, left as suspects, if I was correct, houseboy number one quickly turned to those sahibs who Simon, houseboy number one, and and the cook. employed drivers to chauffeur their the cook. Houseboy number one Houseboy number one private cars. and the cook immediately pointed The approach could not be a ter¬ their fingers at Simon, who burst and the cook ribly subtle one, but he did his best. into a flood of denials. immediately pointed To wit, would it not be a conveni¬ At first, I was inclined to lean ence, almost a necessity, for the toward the cook as the culprit, their fingers at Simon, sahib and memsahib, not to men¬ since he had on one occasion who burst into a flood tion the smaller sahibs, to have a proved himself to have unreliable competent driver to take them re¬ habits. That is to say, late one of denials.” spectively to and from the office, memorable night, when I was fast shopping, school, parties, excur¬ asleep, a god-awful noise came household that Simon distinguished sions around the island? from the dining room. I seized a himself almost, but not quite, to the The fact that he had no license shotgun (I was a sometime hunter point of being indispensable. and had never driven was no deter¬ at the time) and broke out into the Sanitation—or, more accurately, rent. He would study, he would gloom from my bedroom—my fam¬ the lack thereof—being what it is in take lessons, he would practice ily was away for a while. most tropical and sub-tropical hard. One could easily see his ex¬ The cook, whose name I have areas of the world, Ceylon’s citement grow as he stole another long forgotten, was joyously wheel¬ foreign, and particularly western, sideways look at the yellow beauty ing around the dining room table residents individually and often col¬ sitting idly in the gravel driveway. into the living room and back again lectively were subject to violent The answer, a gentle one, was on his bicycle, knocking over and sudden seizures involving most no. He was more valuable inside chairs, small tables, bric-a-brac intimately the gastro-intestinal the bungalow than outside (the gar¬ (that which had not mysteriously tract. For the most part, these at¬ den incident notwithstanding). He disappeared), loaded to the gills, tacks, while intense, were brief, took the response sadly but ami¬ totally smashed. but nonetheless apt to occur with¬ ably, continued his duties, and on “What the hell is going on?” I out warning. proper errands occupied the front asked. Thus it was that the wife of the passenger’s seat, particularly ec¬ “White man’s whisky,” was the first secretary of the Australian static when the top was down and reply. High Commission turned a ghastly he could wave gleefully to passing “What the hell do you mean, hue before the soup plates had been friends walking laboriously or ped¬ ‘white man’s whisky’?” cleared away one evening and, aling their bicycles along the way in “Been to a wedding where there choosing the nearest exit, loped the hot South Asian sun. was white man’s whisky.” from the dining room onto an ad¬ But not all was Edenic with re¬ “You’re fired!” joining small porch and thence into spect to Simon’s presence in the By this time, the rest of the more the garden. household. It was a medium-sized or less permanent staff, who slept It was pouring rain—one of the bungalow with a small study at the outside in makeshift quarters, had biannual monsoons was upon us— front, opening into a living room, been aroused by the commotion in¬ and, after a decent interval, her thence to a dining room, and on¬ side and, with their help, we got the husband and 1 descended into the ward to a kitchen and pantry at the drunken cook and his bicycle out garden to offer what aid we could. back. Small decorative objects, not the back door. I locked it, an un¬ The attack had evidently abated, of great value to be sure, would usual procedure, as I had the only but obviously more comforting to gradually make their way over key, and the only way I could have 20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 breakfast was to leave the door un¬ lected his small supply of wordly primarily a Buddhist and secon¬ locked so that all these people so goods, and we set off for his home darily a Hindu country) a contribu¬ essential to my physical well-being turf. tion to help pay for Simon’s fu¬ could get in during the early morn¬ I had never been there, but neral. How could I have refused? ing hours. Simon directed me, to the north a According to Ceylon’s rural stan¬ At seven-thirty a.m., I was hun¬ few miles, to the east a few miles, dards, I contributed generously. gry, unlocked the kitchen door, and and then onto a bullock path We grieved, despite the loss of found houseboys one and two, as through the jungle which seemed to minor objets d’art, and missed the well as the hung-over cook, sitting go on forever. Simon pleaded that elation of his occupancy of the despondently on the equivalent of a the top be put down, and so I did. front passenger seat. back stoop, staring sadly and si¬ Our pace was not over ten miles The grief, which admittedly lently at a small plantain tree. It per hour as we bounced along. It wasn’t overly long, was suddenly looked sick, too. All was forgiven, was hot and humid, threatening overcome by a ring of the front hunger pangs being what they are. I with rain, and I would have liked to doorbell one humid evening a few had breakfast and went to work. have had the top up and the air- weeks later, and there stood Si¬ But the question of the departed conditioner on, but Simon’s wishes mon, alive and grinning from ear to objects was still not solved, and were more important. ear. To make it brief, he wanted his Simon was still fingered as the As we slowly advanced through old job back. I wish I could re¬ thief. his territory, occasionally meeting member the conversation. Maybe it went like this: Simon: “Hello.” Me: “I thought you were dead!” Simon: “Almost, sahib, but not “The village’s little green square was immediately quite.” inundated with all inhabitants capable of mobility, Me: “Then why did I pay for your funeral?” and some who were not, at the same time Simon: “Because you are so welcoming Simon with affection and marveling at kind.” (Soaping it up, so to speak.) “Can I have my job back?” the yellow fantasy.” There was an afterthought. “Can I ride in the car again?” Perhaps, and more likely, it was a forethought. I don’t remember how 1 replied, The solution to this problem—on a working elephant or two, he but Simon did get his old job back. his part, at least—was resolved would—I guess the right word is When I left Ceylon a few months suddenly and sadly one Saturday yelp—to those of his ilk and others later, the yellow convertible was morning when the cook (restored who stood transfixed as the yellow left behind and sold for far more more or less to favor) rushed into convertible inched its way along than what I originally had paid for the living room from the kitchen to the jungle path. Eventually, we it. say that Simon was having a fit. In¬ reached his village, a beautiful Simon, however, came upon deed he was. He was slightly con¬ palm-filled grove with thatched more bitter times, perhaps caused vulsive, lying on the floor, and vir¬ huts, a blue stream, and saturated by le petit mal or maybe by this tually unconscious. We carried him with those lovely children which time le grand mal. The director of to the yellow convertible and to my Ceylonese adults, young and old, the Colombo Museum and of the doctor, a high caste Singhalese produce in huge quantities. Department of Antiquities, a good whose patients were mostly dip¬ The village’s little green square friend, sent me a year or two later a lomats and upper class Ceylonese. was immediately inundated with all photograph from the front page of inhabitants capable of mobility, He looked at Simon with some one of Colombo’s newspapers. and some who were not, at the In the museum, there was a distaste and said, “Le petit mal. same time welcoming Simon with Let him go back to his village. gorgeous glass-enclosed case, hold¬ affection and marveling at the yel¬ ing a jewel-encrusted throne of one There’s nothing I can do for him. low fantasy. In any case, he’ll be better off with of the ancient kings of Kandy, the After an hour or so of tea, lovely island’s rulers before the his family.” 1 had to agree, very cookies, cakes, and curry, I left reluctantly. Portuguese, the Dutch, and the Simon to his family and Christian British successively took over as At this point Simon had revived compatriots and drove off again, colonialists as the centuries passed somewhat, had never heard of very slowly, out of the jungle and by. epilepsy, much less le petit mal, back to Colombo. I felt sad. The photograph showed Simon, and had no idea of what had hap¬ I felt much sadder when two or who had broken through the glass pened to him, but he understood three months later a stranger ar¬ into the front of the case, sitting that he was to be taken home to his rived at the front door, announced and smiling in triumph on the glit¬ village. He cried. I took him gently that he was Simon’s uncle, and that tering throne, perhaps having out to the Studebaker, where his Simon had died. The purpose of the achieved what he wanted most in feelings took a turn for the better, visit was to solicit (as we were “fel¬ the world, next to driving a yellow then to the bungalow, where he col¬ low Christians” in what was convertible.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 21 ‘‘Trust not him with your secrets, who, when left alone in your room, turns over your papers.” —Johann Lavater

The Ambassador /L50C/7 TheClA

RAYMOND L. THURSTON

Once upon a time when the big fondly with that bittersweet senti¬ to have us on their side. By the trees were all little, as my ment former adversaries have for way, they had a remarkable na¬ father used to preface his bed-time each other. My memories of him tional penchant for the skulduggery stories, I was a deputy chief of mis¬ take on an even greener hue when I surrounding intelligence opera¬ sion in a large embassy presided read the latest CIA expose. One of tions. over by a grizzled ambassador well our differences had to do with the It follows that the CIA boys and past his sixtieth birthday. 1 was extensive operations of our so- girls had a ball. Quite apart from twenty years younger. called spooks in the country in the easy pickings locally, there Though there was a certain which we served. were nearby areas in which their mutual respect, the relationship be¬ It was—and is—a very small writ ran. They were also enjoying tween us was prickly. The genera¬ country both in size and popula¬ the prestigious fruits of recent hap¬ tion gap was difficult to bridge. tion. The bulk of it is an odd-sized penings in Iran and Guatemala. Now that I’m on his side of it, I'm peninsula, but it holds sway over Their big boss, Allen Dulles, more understanding. But this has detached pieces of real estate would drop in occasionally in his come too late for practical conse¬ called glorious isles by romantic converted C-54; he'd had part of quences. The old ambassador went poets and piles of rock and gravel the interior screened off as a. bed¬ to the section of the happy hunting by at least one down-to-earth room featuring a large double bed grounds reserved for diplomats Marine guard in the embassy at the and adjacent bookshelves brim¬ many years ago. I remember him time. ming with reading material in which to browse on his frequent global A past contributor and member of the edi¬ These rock piles had seen a lot of torial board, Ray Thurston tells us he's glad history and had figured promi¬ travels. I was impressed. to be back in the pages of the Journal. His nently in the seminal origins of Kermit Roosevelt, another CIA Foreign Service career included posts in Western civilization. More to the luminary, would also pass through. Canada, Europe, South Asia, Latin point, they had become after World He had a provocative way of de¬ America and Africa as well as several stints on the banks of the Potomac. He was Am¬ War II a testing ground in the preciating the efficacy of traditional bassador to Haiti (1961-63) and to Somalia struggle to contain the expansionist diplomacy in contrast to the suc¬ (1965-69). Since his retirement from the Ser¬ crusade of the Muscovites and cesses achieved by CIA methods. vice he has been active in international their fiefs. It was a little hard to take. academic and related educational pro¬ So it was not surprising in the My ambassador was no slouch as grams, principally in the exotic and unchar¬ tered realm of shipboard education for uni¬ middle 1950s, when the ambas¬ a cold warrior. We shared a com¬ versity undergraduates and older adults. sador and I were working in tan¬ mon aversion to Kremlin tactics Now only occasionally at sea, he leads for dem together in this mythical yet and objectives. But his talents and the most part a landlubber's life, alternating real kingdom, to find the CIA all tastes ran to the tried and true, nar¬ between a home in Florida on the Gulf of Mexico and one in Italy overlooking Lake over the place. They were in the row paths of diplomacy. He was, Trasimeno. It was on the shores of the latter embassy proper, in the economic moreover, accustomed from his that Hannibal of Carthage decimated the and military aid missions, in the years as a pre-World War II dip¬ Roman legions in 217 B.C. His wife, a na¬ military attache staffs and God lomat to the comfortable intimacy tive of Italy, is quick to point out that while knows where else, all with the en¬ of small missions in which an am¬ Hannibal won the battle, he lost the war, a useful reminder for both soldiers and dip¬ thusiastic cooperation and support bassador or minister was the head lomats. of our official hosts who were glad of a family of two or three diploma- 22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 tic secretaries and their wives, if he had the god-awful task of super¬ Once ensconced in his office, the any. To him the large, multi¬ vising CIA operations in Vietnam. Ambassador took out the CIA mis¬ faceted missions the United States He was not exactly the drawing¬ sive, perused it with great satisfac¬ established abroad after 1945 were room type. I considered him then, tion a couple of times, then told his monstrous aberrations. He was a as I do now, a good patriot and secretary through the intercom that “field,” not a “headquarters” friend. he did not want to be disturbed by man. Often he chided me for hav¬ But he did irritate the ambas¬ any visitors or telephone calls the ing fallen victim to Potomac fever sador like hell. Personally sympa¬ rest of the day. as a result of the many years I’d thetic with both of them, caught in Not privy to these goings on, I spent on assignment to Washington the middle, I had to remain funda¬ was curious as to why the ambas¬ just prior to joining him. He was mentally loyal to my chief. Fer¬ sador had gone incommunicado but shocked that I tended to talk vently I hoped something would went about my business. Included “business” on social occasions and happen to abate tension. In a were several routine matters in¬ suggested as more fitting such sub¬ strange, unpredictable way it volving the CIA, but for some rea¬ jects as opera and vintage wines. did—with the old ambassador son neither the chief of station or It was in this context rather than emerging as the winner. others down the line were avail¬ the broader one of policy control or One fine morning the gung-ho able. ethics that he viewed the antics of CIA station chief had a secret ren¬ “We’re having a real crisis here the CIA people. He brushed aside dezvous with a local politician. He today,” a lowly CIA employee my counsel that he monitor per¬ took with him a top secret telegram confided, “everybody’s busy sonally and more closely local CIA from his Washington headquarters working on it.” activities. He'd stick to his job, that outlined in several pages the Late in the afternoon the ambas¬ he'd say, and not get involved in, information he was to glean from sador asked me to come to his of¬ and thus responsible for CIA oper¬ his contact as well as other sensi¬ fice. After traversing the small re¬ ations. I thought he was shirking tive items of guidance in the realm ception area between our two of¬ his duties; he thought I was an em¬ of current policy as seen by the fices, I entered his larger one with pire builder. Perhaps we were both agency. The interview went well, the banal quip, “What mischief right. and our dynamic spy hurried back have you been up to today, Mr. It so happened that the first of to the embassy in his car. He was Ambassador?” He motioned me to the two CIA chiefs of station at¬ so preoccupied with the “hot” in¬ sit down on the chair nearest his tached to the embassy in this formation he’d soon be transmit¬ good ear. “That’s exactly what I period was very persona grata to ting to headquarters that when with wanted to talk about,” he an¬ the ambassador. I suspect that this his customary haste he got out of swered. was partly because the first incum¬ his car in front of the Embassy, he He then recounted the tale of his bent’s sister had married into a did not notice that the highly clas¬ chance retrieval of the document family closely associated with local sified message he was carrying had our CIA man had imprudently car¬ royalty. The ambassador, greatly slipped out of the breast pocket of ried on his person that morning. influenced by his Austrian-born his jacket and fallen into the gutter. “I could easily have let him wife, the daughter of a minor He dashed into the embassy and know right away that I’d picked up Hapsburg baron, had a weakness cheerfully proceeded to his office. his cable and that it’s never been for kings and queens. Once when I There was a chance observer of out of safe hands,” the ambassador complained that the Fourth of July this little scene, none other than the ruminated, “but it seemed to me reception list contained too many aging but still sharp-eyed ambas¬ that he had to be taught a lesson.” court hangers-on and omitted a sador. He had arrived in front of He paused and chuckled. number of local politicians, he the embassy in his limousine just “I gather that the entire CIA op¬ called me a “Jacobin.” I relish this behind our CIA colleague. He eration in this country today has appellation even now. It’s not watched with more than casual been concentrated on trying to find exactly in current usage and has a interest the fluttering descent into the missing document, a useful precious rarity in the 20th century. the gutter of the CIA papers. After exercise in humility for all of them. As to the royally-connected CIA all, for years he’d been admonish¬ Now the moment you leave, I'm representative, the ambassador ing his staff not to fall into the going to relent, call him down here may well have looked upon him new-fangled and indiscreet practice and let him have his paper along with favor for other, more substan¬ of taking official papers out of the with some advice he badly needs. I tive reasons, for he was doing a embassy for possible use in dip¬ really couldn't put him and his meritorious service for the United lomatic conversations. people through a sleepless night. States in cultivating a promising With an imperceptible stooping Maybe I’ve gone too far keeping young politician soon to become gesture that did not detract from his them on tenterhooks all day. But prime minister. Even now in the habitually dignified posture, he they’ve got to learn somehow that late 1970s this no longer young picked up the errant document as we're involved in serious business politician is a stabilizing force in he stepped out of his car and placed here.” that part of the world. it securely in his breast pocket. He Another pause and a deeper The successor CIA chief of sta¬ entered the embassy vestibule and chuckle. “Can you imagine what tion did not have comparable strode to the elevator, returning the kind of a search they went through monarchial connections or suavity smart salute of the Marine guard on up there today? They’ll not forget it of style. He also talked “business” duty with a broader smile than for a long time.” at social gatherings. In later years usual. They didn’t, nor have I.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 23 “The universe is not hostile, nor yet is it friendly. It is simply indifferent.”—John Haynes Holmes TECHNOLOGY

SOCIAL CHOICES

COLIN NORMAN

When the United Nations held suggest that some trends in the have jobs in the United States—are its first global conference on evolution and application of believed to be unemployed or se¬ science, technology and develop¬ technologies may be incompatible verely underemployed in the third ment in 1963, technological op¬ with the need to establish sustain¬ world. And during the next two timism was at its height. The indus¬ able relationships between people decades, the labor force in the de¬ trial countries were experiencing and the earth’s resources. Looming veloping countries is expected to unprecedented economic growth, large among those problems are swell by at least 700 million people. humankind was making its first ten¬ global unemployment, rising dis¬ Those figures provide a central tative excursions into space, the parities in wealth between and reason why modem technologies “green revolution” was promising within nations, doubts about the cannot provide a panacea for de¬ a technological solution to the longevity of the world's oil re¬ velopment: the capital needed to world’s food problems, and nuclear serves, and the possibility of long¬ create enough jobs in modem in¬ power was being widely touted as term ecological problems. dustries and in western-style ag¬ the energy source of the future. Those concerns form the riculture would be prohibitive. It The UN conference, under¬ backdrop to the second UN Con¬ now costs about $20,000 in capital standably, was permeated by the ference on Science, Technology investment to establish a single belief that global problems would and Development, which is set to workplace in the United States, be amenable to technological solu¬ take place in August 1979 in Vi¬ and industrial jobs in the Third tions. enna. The conference and the World are no cheaper to create. It In the ensuing 15 years, how¬ preparations leading up to it requires only a pencil and the back ever, technology has come under provide a good opportunity to as¬ of an envelope to demonstrate the considerable scrutiny and attack in sess the direction and nature of difficulty of providing a billion jobs rich and poor countries alike. In technological development in all at those prices. the industrial world, rising concern countries. As most of the people in develop¬ about pollution, the Vietnam war, Unemployment on an unpre¬ ing countries now live in the coun¬ and the consequences of unlimited cedented scale has emerged as one tryside, most of the increase in the growth in material consumption of the most pressing political and labor force will also come from the have all focused attention on the social problems of the '70s. While rural areas. If the crushing urban negative side-effects of some governments in industrial countries migration that has taken place dur¬ technological developments. In the have been grappling with a pernici¬ ing the past few decades is to be Third World, it has become clear ous combination of inflation and halted, productive employment that the technological revolution unemployment, rates of jobless¬ must be created in the fields, vil¬ has bypassed most of the world’s ness throughout the third world lages and small towns. Those con¬ poor. Although the green revolu¬ have reached extraordinary pro¬ siderations point to the need for tion has increased grain yields, for portions. technologies that will raise the pro¬ example, chronic malnutrition is Economic development theories ductivity of small farmers, create still a fact of life and death for at that held sway during the ’50s and employment for landless laborers, least half a billion people—a grim ’60s are beginning to lose their lead to more productive use of reminder that technical fixes can¬ credibility in the light of mounting labor in public works programs, not solve complex social problems. unemployment and underemploy¬ and establish labor-intensive indus¬ Moreover, the environmental, ment throughout the third world. In tries that rely on local materials and resource and economic problems particular, it is becoming evident meet local needs. that have surfaced during the '70s that simply transferring tech¬ This does not mean that all nologies from rich to poor coun¬ capital-intensive technologies are Colin Norman is a Senior Researcher with tries in an attempt to boost eco¬ inappropriate in the developing Worldwatch Institute, Washington, D C., nomic growth will not create suffi¬ world. Far from it. Often, there and author of Worldwatch Paper 21, Soft cient numbers of jobs. Already, may be no feasible alternative to Technologies, Hard Choices, from which this article is adapted. ®Worldwatch Insti¬ about 300 million people—more sophisticated technologies de¬ tute. than three times the number who veloped in the industrial countries.

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. Januarx. 1979 Imported modem technologies by itself, is not sufficient to guaran¬ poverty and poor sanitation. Ex¬ may offer significant advantages in tee a better life for all. penditures on expensive medical the production of certain goods, The reasons why wealth has be¬ technologies that soak up the bulk such as chemical fertilizers, that come concentrated in a few hands of health budgets reflect a choice of are needed for development. And a are manifold and complex. But one providing high-quality medical care country that seeks to earn foreign contribution to the forces that pre¬ for a few rather than meeting the exchange by exporting manufac¬ serve and aggravate inequities is basic health needs of many. During tured goods to the industrial world the nature of technologies adopted the past few years, however, sev¬ may be forced to use capital- in many countries. Investments in eral developing countries have intensive technologies to bulk- technology for agriculture, indus¬ begun to refocus their health produce high quality merchandise try, health care, transportation, policies, training cadres of for the international market. Nev¬ and energy often benefit only a paramedical workers and establish¬ ertheless, faced with chronic short¬ fraction of the population, raising ing medical facilities in the villages ages of capital and rapidly swelling and poor neighborhoods. The re¬ labor forces, most poor countries sults can be dramatic. In Sri need to find productive employ¬ Lanka, a country with an annual ment for large numbers of people income of only $130 per person, life with small expenditures per ‘‘There is now an expectancy at birth is now ap¬ worker. urgent need to develop proaching that in the United States. The industrial countries are not Although few countries have fol¬ and deploy lowed such a technological path, immune to investments in technol¬ ogies that benefit only a narrow there have been a number of prom¬ technologies that make slice of the population. The $4.2 ising developments around the use of renewable billion spent to build the Concorde world. The International Rice Re¬ energy represents a subsidy by British and search Institute in the Philippines, French taxpayers for international for example, has developed a range resources—direct travel by a tiny, affluent minority. of inexpensive power tillers that sunlight, running water, And since the aircraft are being op¬ are suitable for use on small farms. erated at a loss by state-run air¬ Windmills constructed from local winds and plant lines, the subsidy is continuing. materials have brought irrigation materials. Equally Another factor that raises ques¬ cheaply to the Omo Valley in tions about the suitability of some Ethiopia. In China, vast use of urgent is the need to technologies is the rapid change in human labor has halted rapid de¬ pay close attention to terioration of agricultural land in the outlook for energy supplies that has occurred in the past few years. many regions, while small-scale in¬ the efficient use of Cheap and abundant fossil fuels dustries have been established to energy.’’ have played a central role in the serve local agricultural needs and development of technology since to provide off-season employment. the Industrial Revolution. But that The Janata Party government in role has been particularly evident India has pledged to support small the living standards of a few, and in the past few decades, when a farmers and build up small-scale stretching the gap between rich and barrel of oil cost 15 cents at the industries. And international lend¬ poor. wellhead and less than $2 on the ing institutions such as the World For example, investments in international market. The virtual Bank have also begun to focus their capital-intensive production tech¬ doubling of global agricultural pro¬ efforts on meeting the technologi¬ nologies will benefit a narrow sec¬ duction between 1950 and 1975 re¬ cal needs of small producers. tion of the population while other lied heavily on the use of energy- Closely linked with mounting parts of the economy will be intensive chemical fertilizers. Pro¬ unemployment in developing coun¬ starved of capital. A major key to jected shortages of important min¬ tries is the problem of rising dis¬ securing greater distribution of erals have been averted by new parities in wealth both within coun¬ wealth will therefore involve rais¬ technologies that have harnessed tries and among countries. Al¬ ing the productivity and incomes of increasing amounts of energy to though the world has recently ex¬ those who are now grossly unem¬ mine and process low-grade ores. perienced a period of unpre¬ ployed by spreading capital re¬ And spectacular increases in labor cedented economic growth, a large sources more evenly. The choice of productivity—the basis for unpre¬ portion of the population has not technology for services can also de¬ cedented global economic growth shared in the benefits. More than a termine whether the benefits are in the postwar era—have largely billion people are now thought to shared widely. been achieved with mechanization be living in conditions of extreme The health budgets of many poor technologies that replaced human poverty, at least half of them un¬ countries, for example, are heavily and animal muscle power with fos¬ able to meet their basic food, health weighted toward modern hospitals sil fuels. care, shelter and education needs. that cater to the urban elite, while When oil and gas were cheap and The coexistence of rising wealth the most severe health problems of plentiful, the marriage between and widespread poverty is not lim¬ the third world are malnutrition petroleum and modem technology ited to the third world, but it is and infectious and parasitic was scant cause for concern. In¬ clear that rapid economic growth, diseases—illnesses associated with deed, as technological advances FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 25 had overcome food and materials of materials through most industrial i Babylonian civilization eventually shortages in the past, they were economies, from mines to garbage j declined, and even today, the earth being counted on to avert energy dumps, requires vast amounts of in parts of southern Iraq glistens shortages in the future. The chief energy at every stage of the jour¬ with encrusted salt. These particu¬ vehicle for such hopes has long ney. The average American gener¬ lar irrigation technologies were not been nuclear power. But compla¬ ates 1,300 pounds of solid waste a sustainable over the long term. cency about energy supplies has year, less than seven percent of Unlike civilizations in the past been rudely dispelled in the "70s. which is recycled. Yet the produc¬ that have been confronted with The 1973-74 Arab oil embargo and tion of steel from scrap requires ecological problems, humanity the fivefold rise in oil prices only 14 percent of the energy today at least has the ability to pre¬ marked an abrupt transition from a needed to produce it from virgin dict some dangers well in advance. period of abundance to a new era of ore; the equivalent figure for cop¬ Whether that foresight will lead to rising energy costs and uncertain per is nine percent, and for corrective action is, however, petroleum supplies. Nuclear power aluminum five percent. Recycling another matter. has encountered myriad problems, can never be perfect, however. If technological development is Reducing the materials consumed to be more compatible with human by industrial society requires de¬ needs and more in harmony with signing products that are more dur¬ the earth's resources, four princi¬ able and easier to repair, and pal points must be recognized. “It was generally eliminating wasteful packaging. First, many technologies produced anticipated that the As the world moves from an era in the past few decades are becom¬ of low-cost, abundant energy to an ing inappropriate in the industrial world would eventually era when energy costs are bound to countries, and they are even less be transformed into a rise and oil and gas are expected to appropriate in the developing become scarce, the technological world. Second, the unfettered sort of technological trends of the past provide neither workings of the market system monoculture, with the sound models for the future nor a cannot be relied upon to promote sound basis for the choice of the development and adoption of same agricultural technologies in developing coun¬ appropriate technologies. Third, systems, transportation tries. the development of technologies A final area of concern over that mesh with local needs and re¬ technologies, industrial some trends in technological evolu¬ sources requires that developing processes, and building tion is the increasing stress that is countries be able to generate and being placed on some of the apply new technologies, and it may techniques used world's biological systems. Though also require new arrangements for around the globe.’’ technology cannot be held respon¬ sharing technologies within the sible for many environmental prob¬ Third World. Fourth, technology, lems, humanity’s capacity to alter by itself, is incapable of solving so¬ the natural environment has in¬ cial and political problems. and environmental question marks creased dramatically, thanks to the In most societies, market forces hang over the future for expanded power of modern technology. The are the principal factor influencing use of coal. There is now an urgent environmental battles of the past the development and adoption of need to develop and deploy tech¬ few years have raised awareness of technologies. But they are at best nologies that make use of renewa¬ the intricate links between human an imperfect mechanism for ensur¬ ble energy resources—direct sun¬ activities and the global ecosystem. ing that the development and intro¬ light, running water, winds, and A few years ago. for example, it duction of new technologies will be plant materials. Equally urgent is would have been considered un¬ socially and environmentally ac¬ the need to pay close attention to imaginable that the federal gov¬ ceptable. For one thing, the nega¬ the efficient use of energy. ernment would have to regulate the tive impacts of technological Opportunities for using energy contents of aerosol spray cans be¬ change are seldom reflected fully in more efficiently abound. The food cause of their potential impact on market prices, and government system in the United States, for the earth's ozone layer. regulations are usually required to example, consumes more than four The link between the introduc¬ internalize such costs. Govern¬ times as much energy in process¬ tion of a new technology and the ment support for research and de¬ ing, storing, transporting, and gradual appearance of ecological velopment, and direct and indirect cooking food as in growing it. The problems is not new. Some 6000 subsidies for new technologies— most energy-efficient means of years ago, a civilization flourished such as tax incentives, pricing transportation have captured a on the floodplain of the Tigris and policies, education, road building, growing share of the passenger and Euphrates rivers, in what is now and construction of space facilities, freight market during the past few Iraq, as the development of irriga¬ for example—can have an immense decades, while the most efficient tion technologies turned the desert impact on the direction of technologies, such as railways, into fertile land. Gradually, how¬ technological development. have been seriously neglected. ever, the fields became a salty In the developing countries, the The concept of planned obsoles¬ wasteland because the subsoil be¬ market mechanism cannot work to cence matured in an era of cheap came waterlogged and evaporation stimulate the development and in- energy. The massive one-way flow left behind dissolved salts. The (Continued on page 40) 26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. January, 1979 BYLAWS OF THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION As Amended 12/18/78

ARTICLE I Purposes and Objectives been served with written specific charges, given a reasonable In addition to the general purposes and objectives of this time to prepare a defense, and afforded a full and fair hearing. Association as set forth in the Constitution, the following are The Board shall establish procedures for such disciplinary ac¬ declared to be the primary purposes and objectives of this As¬ tions. sociation:

1. To further the interests and well being of the Members of ARTICLE III Rights of Members the Association; Every Member shall have equal rights and privileges within 2. To represent all the men and women of the Foreign Service the Association, freedom of speech and assembly, and all other in the Foreign Affairs Agencies in employee management rela¬ rights guaranteed by law, Executive Order, and regulation. tions; 3. To work closely with the Foreign Affairs Agencies, other interested institutions and individuals to strengthen the ability ARTICLE IV The Governing Board of the foreign affairs community to contribute to effective 1. The property and affairs of this Association shall be man¬ foreign policies; aged by a Governing Board composed of Officers and Repre¬ 4. To accept and receive gifts, grants, devises, bequests, and sentatives who shall be elected biennially for terms of two years funds from such other voluntary associations as may be created in the manner prescribed in Article VI from among the Associa¬ by Foreign Service personnel or to accept and receive gifts, tion’s Members. Each Board Member shall have one vote. grants, devises, bequests, and funds as otherwise donated to 2. Vacancies occurring during the term of the Board shall be this Association by any person or persons, group orgroups, and filled by the Board by appointment from the Membership, to utilize or dispose of the same for the purposes of this Associ¬ provided that Representatives shall be chosen from the constit¬ ation, or, as directed by said other associations or said other uency of the vacancy as defined in Article IV(4). donors; 3. The Officers shall be a President, a Vice President, a Sec¬ 5. To publish the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL and AFSA ond Vice President, a Secretary, and a Treasurer, elected by NEWS as the official organs of the Association. and from the entire Membership. They shall have the powers 6. To maintain and operate a Scholarship Fund or Funds or and duties specifically conferred on them by applicable law and such other funds as are commensurate with the purposes and regulation, these Bylaws, and the Governing Board. objectives of this Association; 4. The Representatives shall be elected by and from the 7. To carry on such other activities as the Association may Membership employed in the Foreign Service in each of the deem practicable in order to serve the interests of the Associa¬ foreign affairs agencies and by and from the Membership for¬ tion and its Members. merly employed in the Foreign Service in all the foreign affairs agencies (State Department, ICA, and AID. or successor ARTICLE II Membership Agencies). One Representative shall be elected by each of the 1. Persons eligible for Membership are those American citi¬ above constituencies for each 1,000 Members or fraction as of zens, wherever serving, appointed in or assigned to a Foreign the last working day of the calendar year before the election Affairs Agency under authority of the Foreign Service Act of year. 1946, as Amended, the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as 5. The Membership has the right to recall any Officer, and the Amended, Public Law 90-494, or successor legislation to these Membership of any contituency has the right to recall any Rep¬ Acts; persons who have retired or been terminated from the resentative, in whom said Membership has no confidence. Foreign Service; and persons appointed as Chiefs of Mission, Two-thirds of the Governing Board Members or five percent of Ambassadors, or Ministers. the Membership concerned, may recommend such recall by 2. Any person eligible for Membership may be so admitted written request'and supporting statement to the Standing Com¬ upon application and payment of dues, and shall be permitted to mittee on Elections. The Committee shall submit the recall pro¬ maintain membership so long as he or she remains eligible and posal, accompanied by such supporting statement and by maintains current dues payment; only Members shall have vot¬ statements, if any, submitted in favor of the Board Member in ing and other rights regarding the conduct of the affairs of the question, to the Membership concerned for a secret ballot elec¬ Association. tion. 3. The Board shall establish terms and conditions for affilia¬ 6. The Governing Board shall, to the extent practicable, keep tion with the Association, other than Membership, for persons the Membership currently informed, seek its advice before not eligible for Membership. American citizens closely associ¬ making decisions, and inform the Membership of its decisions, ated with or interested in the foreign affairs of the United States on important matters affecting the Membership, the Foreign may become Associates upon the acceptance of their applica¬ Service, and the Association. The Board shall report to the tions by the Board and the payment of dues. Membership annually on its management of the Association 4. The Board may invite to become Honorary Members for affairs and the Association's financial position, and its plans specified periods such representative American citizens as they and budget for the succeeding year. The Board shall also facili¬ deem proper. Honorary Members shall be exempt from the tate communication from any Member(s) to the Membership, or payments of dues. any practicable portion thereof, on Association business, at the 5. The rates of dues shall be set by the Board provided that expense of the Member(s) initiating the communication. dues shall not be increased, or an assessment levied, except 7. The Board shall meet at least once each month. The Board after approval by a majority of those Members voting in a secret shall also meet to consider a particular subject or subjects upon ballot referendum. the written request of the President, one third of the Members 6. Members may be expelled or otherwise disciplined by the of the Board, one Chapter, or 25 Members, submitted at least Association for engaging in conduct which discredits or brings five days prior to the date of the proposed meeting. Meetings into disrepute the Association or the Foreign Service, or taking shall be announced and open to members and Associates; court or Administrative Agency action against the Association provided that the Board may adopt regulations to preserve good without exhausting all reasonable internal administrative pro¬ order, and may go into executive session. Minutes, except of cedures which the Board shall establish. However, no Member Executive Sessions, shall be available to Members and Associ¬ may be disciplined by the Association unless such Member has ates. ARTICLE V Internal Organization less than 30 days. The Elections Committee during this period 1. There shall be a Standing Committee on Elections which may organize and publicize campaign meetings. Should candi¬ shall have full power within the Association, subject to applica¬ dates wish to mail supplementary statements to the mem¬ ble law and regulation, these Bylaws, and the Association bership, the Association will make available to them on request budget, to conduct regular elections for Governing Board the membership mailing list or address labels. In such cases Members, any election for the recall of a Governing Board candidates will reimburse the Association for all related ex¬ Member, any referendum, and any vote on amendments to penses. these Bylaws. The Committee shall establish regulations for 5. The official ballot bearing only the names of all qualified these procedures and interpret relevant sections of the Bylaws, candidates, slate identifications when applicable, and voting in¬ resolve disputes, and determine and declare results. The Com¬ structions shall be mailed to each Member on or about May 15. mittee shall be composed of at least five Members, including a 6. Each Member may cast one vote for each Officer position Chairperson and including at least one Member from each con¬ and, in addition, each Member may cast one vote for each stituency. The Governing Board shall appoint the Chairperson Representative position available in the Member’s constitu¬ and Members of the Committee for two year terms beginning ency. Members may vote for candidates as individuals or as a July 15 of each even-numbered year, and shall fill vacancies slate, or may write in the name(s) of any Memberfs) who fulfills occurring during such term, but may not remove Committee the eligibility requirements as of June 30 of the election year. Members except on recommendation of the Committee, or in 7. The secrecy of each Member’s vote shall be guaranteed. accordance with disciplinary procedures. The first Committee 8. The Elections Committee shall count on or about July 1 all to be appointed after ratification of this amendment shall be ballots received at the Association as of the close of business appointed as soon as possible, with a term expiring in July 1980. the last working day of June. Candidates or their representa¬ Committee Members shall be impartial in the performance of tives may be present at the counting and challenge the validity their duties. While serving on the Committee, and for six of any vote or the eligibility of any voter. months thereafter, they shall not be Board Members, or Candi¬ 9. The Elections Committee shall decide all questions of dates or nominators thereof, or accept appointment to the Chair eligibility and declare elected the candidates receiving the of another Committee. greatest number of votes for each position. 2. Standing Committees for each of the constituencies shall 10. The new Officers and Representatives shall take office on have primary responsibility, subject to the overall direction of July 15. the Governing Board, for the interests of Members of said con¬ stituencies. The Chairperson and Members of each such com¬ ARTICLE VII Referendum mittee shall be appointed by the Governing Board from among The Membership may, by majority vote in a referendum, the Members within each such constituency. determine the Association's policy on any matter within the 3. The Governing Board shall appoint the Chairman and Board’s authority. One-third of the Board. 10 Chapters, or 100 members of the JOURNAL Editorial Board, who shall serve at Members may initiate a referendum by submitting a specific the pleasure of the Board, and who, under the general direction proposal to the Standing Committee on Elections. If the Com¬ of the Board, shall be specifically responsible for the publica¬ mittee determines that the proposal is within the authority of the tion of the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. The yearly dues shall Board, it shall submit the proposal, accompanied by state¬ include a payment of at least $5.00 for a subscription to the ments, if any, from the proponents and opponents of such pro¬ FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. posal, to the Membership in a referendum. 4. The Washington Membership shall consist of all Members resident in or assigned to the Washington Area (the District of ARTICLE VIII Amendments Columbia, Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia). The Gov¬ 1. One hundred Members or the Board may propose an erning Board shall call a meeting of the Washington Mem¬ bership at least once annually; and must call such a meeting to Amendment to these Bylaws by submission to the Standing Committee on Elections. Each such proposal shall be accom¬ deal with a specified agenda at the written request of one fourth of the Board, or 100 Washington Members. Such a meeting may panied by a short statement of explanation. 2. The Committee shall promptly circulate to the Mem¬ make recommendations to the Board on any matter within the bership each such proposed Amendment and statement in ex¬ Board’s authority. planation by publication in the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL or 5. Members may organize Chapters, subject to regulations to AFSA NEWS. For 45 days following the date of publication of be issued by the Board, to carry out the purposes of the Associ¬ ation. Chapters shall adopt Bylaws, subject to the approval of the proposal the Committee shall accept statements of appro¬ priate length submitted in opposition thereto, provided each the Board. The Board shall delegate such authority to such statement is signed by not less than 10 Members, and no two Chapters as it deems necessary. statements shall be signed by the same Member. Further, the ARTICLE VI Elections Committee shall commence within 90 days following the date of 1. The Elections Committee shall issue an election call to all publication of the proposal, and shall conclude 45 days thereaf¬ Members in the February FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL and/or ter, polling of the Membership on the proposal. The Committee AFSA NEWS, prescribing the terms and conditions of the elec¬ shall provide to the Membership, together with the ballots, the tion and soliciting candidacies. statements in opposition accepted by it in accordance with this 2. Candidates may make known their candidacies or Mem¬ Article, as well as statements to be furnished by the propo¬ bers may nominate candidates in writing to the Elections Com¬ nents. mittee not later than 30 days following the date of the election 3. Should Members wish to distribute, at their own expense, call for Officer or Representative positions. Candidacies may additional statements regarding a proposed Amendment, the be filed for individually or in slates. Candidacies must be ac¬ Association shall make available to them on request the Mem¬ companied by evidence of eligibility as of June 30 of the year of bership list or address labels. In such cases. Members will the election. reimburse the Association for all related expenses. 3. The Elections Committee shall verify the eligibility of can¬ 4. The adoption of a proposed Amendment will require the didates for each position, and announce publicly the names of affirmative votes of not less than two-thirds of the valid votes the candidates on or about April I. received. 4. Candidates may submit campaign statements according to regulations to be established by the Elections Committee. The ARTICLE IX Parliamentary Authority Elections Committee shall have published in the April FOREIGN The Association’s Parliamentary Authority shall be the most SERVICE JOURNAL, and/or AFSA NEWS, and/or elsewhere at recent edition of Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised: ex¬ Association expense, the platform statements of the candidates cept as otherwise provided by applicable law and regulation, and/or slates during the beginning of a campaign period of not these Bylaws, and the Governing board. was an edited version of the Zap- Mankiewicz and Joel Swerdlow P2J BODK ESSAY ruder film of the tragedy, but even note that “police detectives across that not until 1976.) Item: In 1976, America are drawing lines around Chicago police entered an apart¬ the body on the floor, taking end¬ ment in which a father had been less photographs of the scene of the murdered by burglars several hours crime, dusting for fingerprints, This Nuclear Confrontation before and were shocked to find showing pictures of suspects to vic¬ Is Made Possible By three children watching television tims ... all because over the past A Grant From while their father’s bloody body lay two decades Americans have seen a few feet away. police do this on television and will S. I. NADLER Contrary to what might logically not be content until police do it in be expected, not even newscasts real life.” THE SPONSOR, by Erik Barnouw. Ox¬ are permitted to deal exclusively ford University Press, $10.00. Until the mid-1960s, television with facts. To one degree or did not figure in the international Nothing in our past experience another, entertainment ingredients affairs equation; today, it can be a prepared us for the reality of televi¬ are added until what is deemed to deciding factor. Two recent illus¬ sion. Ninety-eight per cent of the be an audience-holding mix is ob¬ trations, relating to the overriding homes in this country own a televi¬ tained. In News from Nowhere, considerations of war and peace, sion set, nearly half boasting two or Edward Jay Epstein quotes from a come immediately to mind. One is more. Young children devote more 1963 memo written by the then Vietnam. In an article in the Wash¬ time to watching TV than to any executive producer of the NBC ington Post Magazine, in January other activity except sleeping, the Evening News, Reuven Frank: 1978, Don Oberdorfer posed the teenager graduating from high ‘Every news story should, without question, “How . . could Tet have school has spent 12,000 hours in any sacrifice of probity or respon¬ been both a defeat for the attackers the classroom, 24,000 hours in sibility [!], display the attributes of abroad and for the government at front of the tube. Most Americans fiction, of drama. It should have home?” Answer: “If Tet had been cite television as their main structure and conflict, problem and reported only in newspaper stories source—and the one they trust denouement, rising action and fall¬ and radio dispatches, I doubt that most—of information about what is ing action, a beginning, a middle, the offensive could have had this going on in the world. The medium and an end." Real life events, of electric effect. My belief is that has so revolutionized the political course, seldom unfold in so orderly near-saturation, near-simultaneous process in the United States that an and suspenseful a fashion. Neither television coverage via satellite election campaign in which it does do they occur frequently enough to from Asia was the ‘X’ factor which not play a major role is almost in¬ fit the evening newscast time- made a historic difference.” conceivable, a development ren¬ frame. Walter Cronkite has com¬ Eric Sevareid has drawn upon dering all but prohibitive the cost of plained of the “hypercompression his experience in Vietnam to running for major office without we are forced to exert to fit 100 illustrate the "problem of dealing personal wealth or the backing of pounds of news into the one-pound with a complex story with the special interest groups. sack that we are given to fill every simplicity demanded in a hard news Television’s unique ability to night,” warning that the resulting [television] program.” In the blur the line between fact and fic¬ “distortion” could “lead to disas¬ spring of 1966. he reports, he was tion, to blend reality and fantasy ter.” in Vietnam, when “Buddhists so that one becomes indistinguish¬ Daniel Boorstin believes that staged some riots in Saigon and Da able from the other, represents the television causes a mental confu¬ Nang. The TV cameras wheeled ultimate measure of its awesome sion in the sense that things happen up . . They act like flashlights . . in power and latent threat. Writing twice, once in reality and once on darkness. Everything else around, in the New Yorker in 1938, E. B. the screen. Hungarian writer Ivan however vital to the story, is lost in White perceptively observed: “In Bodizer finds TV creating a "sec¬ darkness and ceases to exist. The sufficient accumulation, radio ond reality” which blurs the “first pictures could not show you that a sounds and television images may reality." If the “second reality” block away from the Saigon riots become more familiar to us than seems preferable, it should not be the populace was shopping, chat¬ their originals. A door closing, surprising. Instant replay, after all, ting. sitting in restaurants in total heard off the air; a face contorted, simplifies the judgment process, normalcy. The riots involved a tiny seen in a panel of light—these will slow motion eases tension, and proportion of the people in either emerge as the real and the true; and freeze-frame techniques stay the city, yet the effect of the pictures in when we bang the door of our own onslaughts of time. The side-effects this country, including the Con¬ cell or look into another’s face, the are dangerous. People start de¬ gress, was explosive. People here impression will be of mere ar¬ manding that problems be resolved thought Vietnam was tearing itself tifice.’’ Item: 250,000 people have within a specific period of time apart. Nothing of the sort was hap¬ written to Dr. Marcus Welby for (unpleasantnesses, like the Viet¬ pening.” medical advice. Item: Seven out of nam War, which drag on too long In November 1977, the Middle ten respondents to a major survey should be canceled). Members of East was the unlikely scene of a were convinced that they had seen various professions are expected to stunning example of the extent to the actual assassination of Presi¬ behave like their role model coun¬ which television has become more dent Kennedy on television in terparts in television series or sit¬ a maker than a mirror of current 1963. (What they might have seen coms. In Remote Control, Frank history. On November 14, 1977, FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, Junuury. 1979 3 3 President Sadat of Egypt, in an messages—messages that some¬ commercial ends has put lethal interview with CBS News anchor¬ times are dripping with political pressure on other values and in¬ man Walter Cronkite, said that, if content—and their programs terests . . . The effect on politics properly invited, he was prepared (which carry express or implied has been devastating.” He is also to go to Jerusalem within a week. political and economic points of concerned with the identity of Israel’s Prime Minister Begin then view). Buying access is beyond the sponsors and the nature of their en¬ told Cronkite that he was ready to reach of most of us (at $225,000 a terprises. He points out that “of greet Sadat at the airport “any minute) and is no legal right, any¬ the top 100 network sponsors of time, any day" and present him to way.” 1975, 81 were multinational corpo¬ the Knesset. Previously unimagin¬ In Sponsor, one of the most im¬ rations. Some have supply sources, able developments then tumbled portant books of 1978 and one manufacturing operations, and one upon another. In the Nov¬ which has not received the atten¬ markets spanning several conti¬ ember 25, 1977, Washington Post, tion it merits, Erik Bamouw has nents. Their global deployment Charles B. Seib wrote: “Never tackled the question of who con¬ holds potential for enormous power was a historic event so dominated trols television and with what im¬ and profit—and disasters . by a news medium. At times it was plications for the rest of us. His Barnouw refers to Adam Smith, hard to decide whether the net¬ book’s subtitle. Notes on a Modern whom he describes validly as being works were reporting history or Potentate, is neither hyperbole nor regarded by many businessmen as shaping it. Television was an in¬ affectation. In effect, looking at the “a patron saint of free enterprise” strument of foreign policy ...” all-pervasive, all-powerful medium and as having given “self-interest Golda Meir may have given the of television, he says out loud, an almost theological sanction." chain of events the proper TV “There’s an emperor in those He draws upon a less well-known perspective when she said, “I am clothes." aspect of Smith’s philosophy, not¬ not sure whether in the end they It is all well and good to speak of ing that Smith “observed that the will get the Nobel, but for certain the power of the networks (ABC, merchant is so perceptive in dis¬ both should get an Oscar.” CBS, NBC, and, yes, PBS), but cerning his self-interest that he is one must bear in mind that the net¬ often credited with large wisdom Given the reach, influence, and works wield delegated power, oc¬ as yet untapped potential of televi¬ and given a role of authority. The casionally power by default. With¬ merchant's alertness to his own sion, it is obviously of critical im¬ out sponsors, neither the networks portance to society how the interest is likely to blind him to 'the nor individual stations would exist public interest,’ ” thought Smith. medium is used and who controls as we know them today. Barnouw it. When he was secretary of com¬ “Merchants should therefore not writes: “A vast industry has grown have monopolistic or governmental merce, Herbert Hoover said of up around the needs and wishes of broadcasting that it was “incon¬ power. It would produce 'the worst sponsors. Its program formulas, of all governments for any country ceivable that we should allow so business practices, ratings, demo¬ great a possibility for [public] ser¬ whatever.’ ” graphic surveys have all evolved in He then suggests that the “spon¬ vice . . to be drowned in advertis¬ ways to satisfy sponsor require¬ ing chatter.” If that is not what we sor, the merchant, has been living ments. He has reached the ulti¬ at the summit of our communica¬ did, we have come pretty close. In mate status: most decision-making 1976; the advertising revenues of tion system. He has had things swirls at levels below him, requir¬ largely his way, and we are in trou¬ AM and FM radio stations ex¬ ing only his occasional benediction ceeded two billion dollars, and dur¬ ble. He himself is aware of it. Im¬ at this or that selected point. He is pending change is in the air.” ing 1977 the top 100 advertisers a potentate of our time." [Em¬ spent four and a quarter billion dol¬ phasis added.] The Sponsor should be consid¬ lars on TV commercials. As seen by Barnouw, the ered required reading for anyone The Radio Act of 1927 and the “preemption of the schedule for concerned with governmental or Communications Act of 1934 made public affairs. Given the nature of it clear that those licensed to use the subject, along with the clarity broadcast channels did not own of writing, it will also interest the those channels, which were to be general reader. used for the “public interest, con¬ The beginning of this essay venience and necessity.” It does stated that our past experience did not seem to have worked out quite not prepare us for the reality of that way. Nicholas Johnson, fed¬ television. There have, however, eral communications commis¬ been wise observations which have sioner, 1966-1973, and currently a certain startling applicability. In head of the National Citizens Back to Methuselah, for example, Communications Lobby, recently George Bernard Shaw said: “I wrote [The New York Times, No¬ maintain that it is dangerous to vember 19, 1978]: “ 'Access’ to show too much to people who do radio and television is the essence not know what they are looking of modern-day democracy. That's at.” And long before that, William not cheap rhetoric: it's a fact." He Blake made the rather chilling ob¬ also stated: “Corporations can buy servation, “We become what we access for their commercial behold.”

34 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 The author has his lighter cumspect about challenging his pgj BOOKSHELF touches. He tells the tale of the plans and judgments. After all he general and his Eurasian mistress had been triumphantly right many to show not only MacArthur’s ter¬ times, and he had powerful suppor¬ 20th Century Shogun ror that his domineering mother ters at home. might find out but how Drew Pear¬ MacArthur did, however, in a AMERICAN CAESAR, DOUGLAS son did find out and made the then series of action in early 1951 chal¬ MACARTHUR. 1880-1964, by William Army Chief of Staff look foolish. lenge the administration’s strategy Manchester. Little, Brown, $15. The geographical setting for and conduct of the war, culminat¬ This book is all one would expect MacArthur’s final rendezvous with ing in his famous letter to Con¬ from a skilled popularizer— history is laid in this epic sentence; gressman Joe Martin. Manchester readable, entertaining, anecdotal, “Korea hangs like a lumpy phallus agrees that the president had to re¬ grand in its generalizations, between the sprawling thighs of move the general but proceeds to sketchy in its research, and spongy Manchuria and the Sea of Japan.” argue that it was done in so unwise in its reliability as biography and The last chapters of the book are a manner as to humiliate the gen¬ history. Nonetheless, it is full of the most intriguing for those in¬ eral and stir up public opposition. penetrating insights and succeeds terested in foreign affairs. Here we He writes that by “acting firmly, in giving an eminently believable see the 20th century shogun presid¬ the Administration had crossed the picture of America’s most flam¬ ing over Japan and, wearing his Rubicon.” One is tempted to add; boyant and possibly most success¬ field marshal’s cap, the general “Omnis America est divisa in duo ful general of this century. dealing confidently with issues of partes.” The definitive MacArthur is the highest political and strategic —RICHARD B. FINN being meticulously ground out by importance in Korea. After ail, he Professor D. Clayton James of had been a a general officer since Sympathetic Post Mortem Mississippi State University, but 1918 and had served in the Far East the MacArthur this country will without break since 1937. MacAr¬ OUR ENDLESS WAR. by Tran Van Don. know better, often bigger than life, thur archly points out in his Re¬ Presidio Press, $12.95. is more likely to be found in Man¬ miniscences that Dean Acheson The Vietnam war was such a chester’s monumental tome, now declined his invitation to visit Asia traumatic experience for Ameri¬ riding the crest of the best seller and see the situation first-hand but cans that even the most serious lists and selection by the Book of nevertheless made 11 trips to works have encountered enormous the Month Club. Europe while he held high office. reader resistance. In addition, the To this biographer the general Was MacArthur an American deception practiced by the US was "the most gifted man-at-arms Caesar? As Manchester notes, leadership—not least of all on this nation has produced’’ as well they were much alike in person¬ themselves—created a credibility as “extraordinarily brave.’’ The ality—bold, austere and willful, gap which the first wave of book makes a strong case for and both reigned as benevolent au¬ memoirs and post mortems have MacArthur’s martial virtues, and tocrats far from their homeland. found it difficult to bridge. as if to reinforce the argument, MacArthur was, however, subject This is one of the first critiques adds a superb account of how Ar¬ to much more control from Wash¬ of the war to emerge from the Viet¬ thur MacArthur at the age of 18 ington than Manchester admits. All namese side. Far from being an won the Medal of Honor at Mis¬ aspects of the Occupation of Japan anti-communist polemic or a veiled sionary Ridge in 1863. Moreover, were governed by policy guidance indictment of American desertion, MacArthur the son demonstrated from the State and Defense De¬ this concise and remarkably well- throughout his life a powerful in¬ partments as well as the president, written book by the former chief of tellect and an unfailing memory. even though these instructions staff and defense minister of South Indeed, Manchester ranks “the were cast in the general and flexible Vietnam. General Tran Van Don, man who wrote the Japanese Con¬ language characteristic of United combines a sophisticated appraisal stitution’’ with “the creator of the States military practice. On occa¬ of his country’s military collapse Napoleonic code.” sion MacArthur would assert his with sympathetic treatment of the In short, MacArthur was a great authority as an allied commander American political dilemma. Gen¬ man in those things that really to ward off decisions by Washing¬ eral Don considers it both unrealis¬ count—as military captain and pro- ton that he did not like, but he tic and unfair for his country to consul. On the other hand he was never crossed the Rubicon of defy¬ have allowed the United States to flawed in lesser things, as evi¬ ing Washington’s ultimate author¬ get bogged down in a ten-year war denced by his “vanity, envy, arro¬ ity. on the Asian mainland. He depicts gance, and contrariness.” But Nor did MacArthur have a free in convincing detail the impossible these attributes were not all bad; hand in Korea. The book recounts obstacles facing an American army Manchester the psychoanalyst in vivid detail the various ex¬ wedded to technology, hooked on comments that his hauteur was an changes between Washington and statistics, incapable of establishing asset in his rule of Japan by creat¬ Tokyo, leading one to conclude anything but superficial links with ing a “sadomasochistic” relation¬ that the field commander inter¬ the local population, and commit¬ ship in which “a part of the preted his instructions liberally but ted to a totally defensive strategy Japanese wanted to taste the whip did not exceed them. The Joint camouflaged by aerial bombing, os¬ of someone like him, just as a part Chiefs at no time countermanded tentatious tactical patrolling, and of him enjoyed holding the whip.” MacArthur and were always cir¬ paper “pacification.”

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 35 Don’s description of the internal of objective forces, at least, seems world community. He equated and politics of Saigon, and the gradual to flow in the direction of Sino- condemned Russia for its interven¬ erosion of Diem’s position are de¬ Soviet detente. ... I am not sug¬ tion in Czechoslovakia and the scribed in fascinating detail with lit¬ gesting that the two red giants will United States for its intervention in tle attempt at circumlocution or return to their intimacy of the 1950s the Dominican Republic. He took evasion. Don fixes responsibility or that they will find agreement on the initiative with the two super¬ for the execution of Diem and his Marxist doctrine or rattle the saber powers during the Cuban missile brother directly on Big Minh, but at the United States. A relaxation crisis and made at least an ancillary indirectly on the brothers Ken¬ of tensions is all the term ‘detente’ contribution to its peaceful settle¬ nedy, who, with the rest of the means, and hard-headed interests ment. He tried to arrange talks be¬ American leadership, persisted in will form its basis.” tween Hanoi and Washington to tinkering with explosive ingre¬ China’s struggle to join the world: bring peace to Vietnam but was re¬ dients beyond their capacity to China will increasingly become a buffed by President Johnson. He comprehend. part of the world community. To was severely criticized for his Don also thinks that the French achieve economic development it prompt withdrawal of the United did remarkably well considering will need sophisticated technology Nations Emergency Force from the inadequacy of their equipment and capital goods. So, world trade the Sinai in 1967—at the urgent re¬ and the much smaller size of their will grow. The Third World will be quest of the Government of Egypt expeditionary force. At least they the chief market for China’s light (and with the full support of Ralph understood the country! industrial products. Development Bunche). Yet how could he disre¬ —CHARLES MAECHLING, JR. of China’s vast off-shore oil re¬ gard the sovereign right of one of sources will tremendously increase the United Nations? And there Years of the foreign exchange earnings. “The were practical considerations; Dragon and Snake scope of its concerns has become some of the states contributing global and no longer merely na¬ forces to UNEF would not have THE FUTURE OF CHINA AFTER MAO. tional in the minimum sense of agreed to delay. by Ross Terrill. Delacorte, $9.95. keeping the world out.” At the beginning and end of View Though attention-grabbing, the This “extrapolation” of recent from the UN, U Thant outlines his book’s title is a bit of a misnomer: it events into the wave of the future vision of the world—the imperative is not an exercise in soothsaying. makes easy, interesting reading necessity in the nuclear age of More than half the book describes both for the layperson and the working out arrangements to live portentous happenings in the “China expert.” It is not a case of peacefully together on what Dean Chinese People’s Republic in the “haute vulgarisation''—just lively Rusk describes as this speck of Year of the Dragon (1976) and in writing and stimulating reasoning. dust. That was the UN idea, an the Year of the Snake (1977): de¬ —ROBERT W. RINDEN idea that lingers on in these mise of Mao Tse-tung and Chou memoirs. En-lai. rise to power of Hua Kuo- U Thant’s Vision — DAVID LINEBAUGH feng and Teng Hsiao-p’ing, fall of the “Gang of Four” (Mme. Mao VIEWS FROM THE UN, by U Thant. Arrest in Chile Double day & Co. and friends), etc.. AUDACITY TO BELIEVE: AN AU¬ Then, the author sets forth what U Thant’s posthumously com¬ TOBIOGRAPHY. by Sheila Cassidy. Col¬ may be governing considerations in pleted and published memoirs hide lins, $8.95. China’s future relations with the the man in the jargon of the bu¬ At the age of 35, Dr. Sheila Cas¬ US, USSR, third world and reaucrat and the stilted phrases of sidy left her job with the National Taiwan. Piercing the future’s veil is the diplomat. Occasionally we get a Health Service in England and necessarily a dicey undertaking but glimpse of U Thant, the warm went to Chile to practice medicine. Harvard professor Terrill carries it human being who liked good com¬ Four years later, in 1975, she was off well. Here are some of his fore¬ pany and who had a rich supply of arrested by the Chilean secret casts. dirty jokes. For example, when U police after treating a wounded America and China: “Relations Thant writes that “Dean Acheson revolutionary. She was tortured, between the United States and was one of the most overrated dip¬ questioned, and imprisoned for 59 China have reached a stage, like lomats of his time,” his meaning is days before being expelled from the seeds when broadcast on the soil in clear. And U Thant is clear in ex¬ country. Her moving account changing weather, that must now posing his views of John J. brings the broad question of human lead either to growth or to a wither¬ Me Cloy, who had been sent to rights under totalitarian govern¬ ing.” keep an eye on Adlai Stevenson ments into focus in an immediate Terrill holds that the current during the Cuban missile crisis: and personal way. Dr. Cassidy’s state of “semi-normalization” in “Whenever I stressed the need for story is a compelling one, marked US-CPR relations ought expedi¬ peaceful coexistence or tolerance by adventure, terror, and great tiously to progress to “normal¬ (between East and West), Mr. faith. Her fresh approach to life ization”—as foreseen in the Shan¬ McCloy was visibly ill at ease.” compensates for a sometimes ghai communique of February But in general U Thant’s memoirs awkward prose and the book offers 1972. Otherwise, the Chinese may are a rather dry recitation and re¬ a valuable glimpse of life in Chile become bitter and disappointed cord of his role in the major inter¬ both before and after Allende’s over Americans’ procrastination. national crises of the sixties. downfall. A thaw with Russia?: “The tide U Thant spoke and acted for the —THOMAZINE SHANAHAN 36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 AFSA EDITORIAL, from page 4 psychological incentives which we deserve and which are necessary to maintian a strong career service. people. The Secretary fought within the executive branch Even in today’s austere climate, there are several areas for a temporary “high one” retirement incentive, and in which progress can be made in the coming year in accelerated the promotion cycle in State to ameliorate the improving the lot and the performance of the career effect of extremely low promotions earlier this year. Also Foreign Service. Let me mention a few: in State, the Director General’s office was able to win • The congressional mandate for a serious study of recognition from the President’s pay agent for a “ Foreign compensation and staffing of the Department of State Service factor” in classifications of positions overseas. must be carried out seriously, so that the pay of Foreign Attacks on the career Service by the political leadership Service employees moves toward that of the rest of the have virtually ceased, and there have been instances in federal service and the private sector, taking into account which they have defended career people strongly against basic salary, premium pay and stand-by or on-call pay for outside criticism. We hope these encouraging words secretaries, communicators and others who must spend today spur our leaders to continue to do better in the so many off-duty hours by their phones. coming year. • We must establish a permanent foreign assistance In any case, career Foreign Service people should not agency, staffed mainly by career Foreign Service people, simply blame others for the problems we face. The with a personnel system compatible with those of State uniqueness and greatness of our Service may be self- and IC A. The AID Foreign Service is prepared to accept evident to us, but experience tells us that it must be both the risks and responsibilities involved in presidential asserted and demonstrated every day to an indifferent, commissions. skeptical, and sometimes hostile world outside. We must • Our system of employee-management relations must show that we really do believe in excellence by support¬ be improved and enacted into law as an amendment to ing efforts to recruit the best available people to our Ser¬ the Foreign Service Act. This would institutionalize the vice, from all sectors of American society; and by accept¬ right of Foreign Service people to elect an exclusive rep¬ ing meaningful selection-out and other procedures to resentative to speak for them on personnel policies and maintain and raise our average standard of performance. working conditions, as well as on professional issues. We need equitable assignment procedures, but when • Present legislative authority must be used more ef¬ these have been properly applied, we must put into prac¬ fectively to create better job opportunities overseas for tice the concept of worldwide availability by, in the end, Foreign Service families. going wherever they send us. We must not only maintain • Caste distinctions with respect to diplomatic the core skills of diplomacy, but also be prepared to apply privileges and immunities must be reduced to the these skills to some of the newer areas of international maximum extent compatible with international law and relations, in positions both inside and outside the foreign practice, and employees serving overseas, particularly affairs agencies. We must continue to become more sen¬ staff corps people and others not on the diplomatic list, sitive and more proficient in our relations with the must be compensated for duties and taxes unfairly in¬ American people and the Congress. We must fight curred. against the occupational diseases of our profession—such • Members of the Foreign Service staff corps must be as parochial clientism which can make us seem to others given expanded career prospects. like the representative of a foreign country rather than • Outstanding senior career Foreign Service officers our own. And we must rise above our own internal dis¬ in AI D and ICA should be given more serious considera¬ tinctions based on cones, skill codes, pay plans, and tion than they are now for presidential appointments. We agencies—the guilds and castes of our profession. All of believe a representative of each agency should sit on the us are professionals, in the sense that we are trained to do committee which recommends such appointments to the a job, and take pride in doing it well. There is more that Secretary. unites us than that which divides us. To the extent that • The Board of the Foreign Service should have a we fail or refuse to do these things, our claims on the more firmly entrenched role in advising the foreign affairs nation will be drained of credibility, and we will be pre¬ agency heads on the “Foreign Service impact” of pro¬ served, if at all, as a museum piece rather than as a living posed personnel policies. A majority of the Board’s instrument of the national interest. members are senior career people respected by Agency We must not gloss over problems which remain in rela¬ heads and employees alike. While we would not expect tions between the Service and Management—for exam¬ them always to share our own views, or to intervene in ple, the recent harsh and brutal application of the recom¬ consultations between management and AFSA, we be¬ putation of cost of living allowances overseas at the ex¬ lieve they are well placed to offer the agency heads ad¬ pense of lower-paid employees, the regrettable outcome vice from a perspective different than that of their per¬ of the high-one legislation and the negative role played in sonnel managers. The role of the Board of the Foreign that outcome by the Office of Management and Budget, Service should receive legislative sanction, as it had orig¬ the continued high number of political appointees in the inally. Department and AID and their adverse impact on career Meanwhile, we call upon the agency heads to direct prospects; some aspects of the Department's affirmative their personnel managers to give the Board a chance to action program, and various problems of adequate com¬ review all proposed policy changes with a significant im¬ pensation for Foreign Service people at home and over¬ pact on the career Service. And we call on the Board to seas. Some of these matters will be discussed at tomor¬ perform these duties seriously and vigorously, as it has row noon's open meeting here with the Director General; begun to do, taking the initiative when necessary, and today I simply want to emphasize how important it is that giving the agency heads the advice they need to hear the management of the foreign affairs agencies support rather than that which they may on some occasions pre¬ our professionalism by providing the material and fer to hear. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 37 Finally, we call on all of us—management and employ¬ tions into the existence and activities of other colonies of ees, active-duty and retired, career and non-career. Americans located abroad. Foreign Service and friends of the Foreign Service—to What can the government and the public expect of their join in bigger and better effort to explain to the Congress consular officers abroad? Is it within our country’s legal and the American public why the Foreign Service is an and moral framework for consular officers to investigate important and valuable national institution worthy of religious “cults” abroad, and, if so, who is to define what their support. qualifies as a “cult?” Should, indeed can, the United States government undertake to protect its citizens abroad from the personal consequences of their own acts? We anticipate that attempts will be made to answer these and related questions during the coming months. The laws of the United States implementing regula¬ tions and relevant treaties make clear that consular offi¬ CONSULAR RESPONSIBILITIES cers are required to perform a wide range of services on behalf of American citizens abroad. Consular officers are AND THE LAW responsible for extending appropriate protection to citi¬ zens who request such protection. However, none of these laws, treaties and regulations, confer upon the con¬ sular officer any law enforcement responsibility or au¬ Consular affairs have been much in the news during thority to undertake investigations or surveillance of this past month. In the flood of articles appearing in American citizens traveling or residing abroad. the national press after the mass deaths in Jonestown, Even more to the point: our consular officers are spe¬ Guyana, allegations have been made that the Depart¬ cifically prohibited by federal statute from maintaining ment of State and its consular officers had somehow been “any record describing how any individual exercises negligent in their duties prior to this tragedy. In the first rights guaranteed by the First Amendment” (5 USC 552a hours of heated, emotional reaction, many members of (3) (7)). This prohibition, contained in the Privacy Act of Congress, as well as the media and the public, have asked 1974, was clearly intended to curtail not only the mainte¬ “why” rather than “if’ our embassy in Georgetown nance of records but also to prevent federal agencies failed to adequately investigate the activities of the Peo¬ from the kind of unauthorized surveillance activities ples Temple in Jonestown. Many have publicly de¬ which might lead to the compilation of records on the manded that the department conduct full-scale investiga¬ political or religious beliefs of American citizens. This

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38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 statute was enacted in response to revelations concerning Life and Lq»ve in the Foreign Service files on citizens developed by certain government agen¬ cies during the war in Vietnam. President Carter, in commenting on the tragedy in Guyana, said: “It's unconstitutional for the government of our country to investigate . . . any group no matter how much they may depart from normal custom which is based on religious belief. The only exception is when there is some substantive allegation that the activities of those religious groups directly violate federal law.” The department’s official position is that investigation of religious activities of Americans abroad is not one of its proper functions. In fact, it is precluded by law from maintaining records on how individuals choose to exer¬ cise their constitutional guarantees of freedom of religion and freedom of association. During the ensuing debate on the tragedy of Jones¬ town, the foregoing legal principles should not be forgot¬ ten or ignored.

BOOK FAIR HUMOR This notice appeared on the bulletin board in the mid¬ dle of this year's Book Fair: "/ don't understand the inspector's remark about 'going Today would you please make a special effort to return native.' / thought they wanted us to have native servants and books to their proper categories. You don’t have to be use local transportation." too fussy, but try to get Africa out of China/Japan and Animals out of Marriage/Sex. Run your eyes along the shelves and see what horrors you can find.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 39 TECHNOLOGY AND around the globe. But such as¬ common problems that are not SOCIAL CHOICES sumptions were never valid. being dealt with adequately by the current technological system, great from page 26 The energy-intensity and materi¬ als requirements of many modern potential exists for joint projects, technologies make their use ques¬ information-sharing, and transfer troduction of technologies that tionable not only in the developing of technologies within the develop¬ meet the needs of the poor, for the countries but in the industrial world ing world. simple reason that the poor, by def¬ as well. Moreover, the costs—both It should be emphasized, how¬ inition, are often outside the in terms of capital requirements ever, that technological changes market system. Unless govern¬ and social impacts—of massive are only one influence on poverty, ments, foreign aid agencies,and transfer of technology from rich to unemployment, and other pressing community organizations assume poor countries would be prohibi¬ problems in developing countries. responsibility for bringing appro¬ tive. Far from being a technological Political, social, and economic priate technologies to subsistence monoculture, the world of the fu¬ transformations are also required farmers, small-scale manufactur¬ ture will have to be characterized to raise the living standards of ers, and others now outside the by technological diversity if it is to those who are now at subsistence market system, the poor may not be socially and ecologically sus¬ level. Charles Weiss, science and benefit at all from technological tainable. Each society will have to technology adviser to the World progress. determine for itself what is appro¬ Bank, has pointed out that “evi¬ Until recently, it has been tacitly priate in terms of its own needs and dence is piling up that the impact of assumed that western-style indus¬ resources. No two societies are the introduction of any particular trial development would be the ap¬ likely to need the same mix of piece of equipment—whether trac¬ propriate model for developing technologies. tors in South Asia, or waterless countries to follow. Just as similar This may require a number of toilets in Vietnam—depends heav¬ technologies are now employed substantial changes in the current ily on social and institutional struc¬ throughout the industrial countries, technological world order. In par¬ tures on which it is imposed. For it was generally anticipated that the ticular, the capacity of developing this reason, there are many situa¬ world would eventually be trans¬ countries to meet some of their tions in which an intervention fo¬ formed into a sort of technological own technological needs must be cused purely on technology— monoculture, with the same ag¬ strengthened. There is also consid¬ whether indigenous or foreign, ricultural systems, transportation erable scope for building technolog¬ new, adapted, or transferred—is technologies, industrial processes, ical links among developing coun¬ likely to be doomed from the and building techniques used tries. Because many countries face

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40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January , 1979 HERE HE COMES. . . publicly only in the society column. you could find the weather report THE PRESIDENT Repercussions were immediate. in Cleveland or call the time in OF THE UNITED STATES The entire staff was shepherded Washington. With a walkie-talkie from page 8 into a small office where our press you could probably order a Big choice of sailing companions, the advance person glared at us and Mac with an order of fries to go. sail did have its strong point: it was announced in a stentorian voice, Sometimes, one of the advance Amy’s favorite part of the trip! “There has been a leak and it initi¬ squad would part with this marvel¬ Program determined, the other ated here.” We looked at each ous piece of engineering equipment unresolved issue was the choice of other furtively, guiltily. Of course, and let a member of our ground a presidential residence. Since this none of us had ever met the social crew hold the radio. We held them was a rest stop, it had to have a columnist nor even graced a gather¬ reverently, lovingly. modicum of recreational accouter¬ ing that would merit a punctuation I don’t know why the White ments, i.e. a pool and a tennis mark on his page. And by coinci¬ House advance team didn't court. While some of the homes dence. the mayor’s wife appeared socialize with the ground crew. with sunken bathrooms, circular in his column on a daily basis. But Perhaps they could only communi¬ beds, and mirrored ceilings were we swallowed our suspicions, cate by walkie-talkie. On the one fun to visit, they didn't seem just shouldered the blame, and secretly occasion when we were all invited right. Recently, I had been invited revelled in the thought that one of to a brunch together, we were as¬ to one of the most luxurious apart¬ us was “Deep Diplomat." tonished to discover that the ad¬ ments in Rio. While I gaped at the Our relations with the members vance people went to the same col¬ Rubens, the Corot, the oriental of the White House advance team leges we did, that they had dated rugs, my hostess graciously offered were generally of the master-slave friends at Smith, had boyfriends in her home to the president. I variety. They kept to them¬ New York, and in one case, was gasped. Did the presidential party selves—only prying themselves the “kid next door." And like the keep ashtrays as souvenirs? Did away from their walkie-talkies to kid next door, were human with they use the towels to polish their give occasional orders. It was ter¬ human foibles and not all of them shoes? Of course not. ribly frustrating not having a could back their imperiousness Eventually, a decision was walkie-talkie. With a walkie-talkie with competence. made: the mayor’s summer resi¬ you could call someone on the But the euphoria of that Sunday dence. Although we knew about “Boss’s" (said with a knowing brunch passed and countdown the choice, the full details appeared smile) plane. With a walkie-talkie. week was on. The president was

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. January. 1979 41 scheduled to arrive at 2:00 pm on cial Rio tourist agency—and dis¬ think I saw my husband two days Thursday, March 30, and to leave covered that they had prefabricated ago. Only our Great Dane Ajax is at 10:30 am on Friday, March 31. platforms four feet high in stock. benefiting from this visit; he is get¬ The hours of preparation for a 20- “No good.” 1 called two construc¬ ting walked by both of us twice a hour stop-over are incalculable. tion companies for estimates and in day. As “C” Day approached, 1 gar¬ the space of two hours, I visited the Thursday: “C” Day. One last nered an additional assignment: monument three more times. The look at the platform. The press ad¬ press site officer for the laying of a estimates would be ready the next vance person says, “Move it two wreath at the War Memorial. 1 was morning. feet.” I can't. Nor can a battalion thrilled. Unlike many of the hun¬ Tuesday, estimates in hand, I try of Brazilian soldiers. It stays put. dreds of people who worked on the to locate my press advance person. The hour nears. The president is visit, at least I was guaranteed a No walkie-talkie. No luck. When I scheduled to arrive at the monu¬ glimpse of the president. On Mon¬ finally find him at 3:00 pm, he says, ment at 2:45 pm. At noon I’m day, I went to the site with the “Forget the 15-foot platform.” there. Apart from some Brazilian White House advance press person Would the four-foot prefab be military officials and an eager hot and we discussed arrangements okay? “Fine.” Riotur will install it dog salesman. I'm alone. The mili¬ with the Brazilian military officers on Wednesday morning. tary are concerned because no in charge. Wednesday. I saunter over to the copies of the American press cre¬ The press advance person de¬ monument for the installation and dentials have been shown to them. cided that two platforms for the run smack into a stern-faced Brazi¬ “Don’t worry,” 1 lie, “I'll recog¬ television cameras were necessary: lian colonel. “You can’t install that nize them.” At this point I have one low platform would be con¬ platform next to the monument. been living out of the country for structed next to the monument and Too high." Visions of my next three years. My media l.Q. is 0. 1 a larger one, 15 feet high, would be foreign service assignment in still think Chevy Chase is a suburb near its' base. His parting words Upper Volta pass before my eyes. of Washington and I'm not sure I Monday were, “Build it.” In a 1 called Riotur. They promise to would recognize my mother on country that spends six months of saw two feet off the platform and TV. every year building the grandstands end by building us a new one. One p.m. My friend in the Secret for the Carnival parade, how could Every evening in the consulate Service arrives to keep me com¬ I construct a 15-foot platform in we attend a countdown meeting. pany. The Brazilian military are ar¬ two days? 1 called Riotur. the offi¬ We gather, listen, and scatter. I riving in full force. There must be a

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42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. January, 1979 thousand of them. “Look at all TO THE SEASON these soldiers,” I gasp. My Secret Service pal grins, “Yeah, isn’t it 1 heard the sound of the wind in my ears great?” The sigh of the whistling wind; Ten minutes before the arrival. 1 saw the falling, tumbling leaves Disaster. The P.A. system blows And frost on the window limned. and I can’t even see the Eternal I heard the voice of a summer gone Flame burning. Next to the tomb of The fading September warm— And over it all the roaring crash— the Unknown Soldier, I envision The crash of a winter storm. the tomb of the Known Diplomat. And what have we lost, 1 said to myself— But it’s not our fault. I breathe What losses does winter bring? again. So bereft of summer’s sparkling rains, President Carter arrives. The Bereft of the green of spring? press advance persons says, “Stick And what have we gained, I asked myself, \$ifh me.” I stick. I run. I translate. What promise will winter bring? I run. I see the president while I’m The gleaming white of a swirling snow. running but at least I see him. The note of a sleighbell’s ring— Eighteen hours that include three And overhead the scudding clouds— hours of sleep later, they leave. The ships on heavenly seas— The advance team departs—most And the glory of stars in a frosty sky, without goodbyes or thanks. See¬ And the spur of a stinging breeze— ing the president was our reward. The mist on the field and the fog on the shore, We all have our memories. And the pounding waves on the coast. After it’s all over, I visit the And a pale, cold sun in a steel-blue bowl— States on vacation. My dad gets my These are a winter’s boast. presidential seal lapel button and I live for these days, these chilling days, my mom pulls out a news photo of These days both bright and drear. the crowd at the War Memorial. For the wind and the snow, and the sun. and the cloud And the spirit of winter's cheer. “Were you there, dear?” “No, Mom, 1 was standing next to the photographer.” —George W. Skora

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 43 CHRISTMAS TIME ON A fingers’ worth, so as not to jeopar¬ The next day I set out across the FARM NEAR MOSCOW dize Soviet-American relations. By fields in the direction of Gorky from page 14 this time, he was babbling away in to visit the place where Lenin had Ukrainian. As best I could tell, he lived during his final years. My feet described his job and seemed was relating his amorous experi¬ were ice-cold, since the leather somewhat at pains to convince me ences in collective farms the length boots I had brought with me had that his was not a bad life. But it and breadth of the USSR. He sug¬ become soaked through from the was clear from his remarks that he gested we go see a movie at the snow, and 1 had only succeeded in felt ill at ease in his rural surround¬ House of Culture—a saga about burning the laces by my attempt to ings. Later that afternoon 1 men¬ life and love in the countryside— dry them out over the stove. What tioned to the old woman that 1 had and as soon as we arrived he began I would have given for a pair of had a nice talk with David to make advances to some of the valenki! Markovich. She looked somewhat girls in the audience. His technique I was all on my own as I made surprised, then remarked: “But was of the rather direct variety, my way over the hills that had he's not Russian, you know," by consisting primarily of obscene given Lenin’s village its name. I which she meant to say that he was gestures which he kept making dur¬ passed under giant pylons bearing Jewish. ing the entire film. I managed to frost-covered electric lines and was disengage from his company after reminded of Lenin’s dictum that At dinner in the communal the second reel and wandered back Communism was the electrification hall, a young Ukrainian tractor to the projection booth. The of the entire country. Soon I came driver sidled up to me and over operator was a young man from out on the highway and, after walk¬ borsch pulled out a bottle of Moscow who prided himself on his ing for a couple of hours, turned up samogonka. Pouring out a water urban sophistication and clearly to the left, following the signs that glass full for himself, he offered me found working the farm circuit a said “Museum.” some. “Twice as strong as vodka,” bore. We talked about his job and I joined a group of local visitors he guaranteed. I declined so he his ambition to make it as a “big- who passed reverently from room simply shrugged his shoulders and time” projectionist in the capital. to room where Vladimir Il’ich had threw it all down in a couple of As 1 left the hall, I noticed that my lived and worked. The guide spoke swallows, after which he poured Ukrainian companion, deserted of him as though he had been a another glass. For the third round, now by the girls, had fallen soundly close friend, and the people in the 1 finally relented and accepted two asleep in the last row. group seemed to partake in this

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44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January', 1979 feeling of intimacy. Finally, we said he would have liked to sit ant existence, but there was some¬ came to the bedroom and were down and “reason together” over thing about being close to the soil shown the place where “Vladimir tea, and wished me well. that gave those villagers an extra Il’ich uttered his final breaths.” I I drove back to Moscow with dimension to their lives. Would the looked at the man next to me and David Markovich who was going creeping influence of modern soci¬ saw tears streaming down his there on an official errand of some ety and the pressure of an urban cheeks. kind. We talked very little and soon ideology transform the basic values Outside a poster read “Lenin is the peasant houses by the road of the countryside? Was change in¬ with us.” A few steps further stood gave way to more modern build¬ evitable or necessary? And sud¬ a bench which could have been the ings. I thought about how the old denly I realized that I was reliving one where the famous picture had and the new were coming together the great debate a century earlier been taken of Stalin and Lenin to¬ in that vast, long-suffering enigma¬ between the Slavophiles and the gether in the sun. I found a place tic land that was Russia. I reviewed Westernizers. where 1 could get a bowl of soup in my mind the people I had met in hen I reached the University I and managed to hitch a ride back to the village—the old woman, turn¬ W discovered that I had become the farm with a truck driver on his ing over my penny in her hand; something of a celebrity. The way to Moscow. Volodya, poring over formulas for Pravda correspondent had in¬ the new wage scales; the peasant cluded his interview of me in a couple, sitting around a samovar he next day was my last on the front-page article. It claimed that I T with a new “Moskvich” parked farm, and 1 was ushered into had given Khrushchev credit for a outside; and David Markovich, the the presence of the Chairman, Ivan resurgence of the study of Lenin in man of the Party, sitting beside me, Andreyevich. An archetypal Rus¬ America. And it ended by saying who seemed so ill at ease in a peas¬ sian peasant with flowing gray that “our dear Il'ich would have ant milieu. mane and piercing eyes, he had an been happy to know that people almost animal magnetism as he Rural Russia was in flux. Yet, from the ends of the earth were spoke. He gave the impression of what had impressed me most on the now coming to Gorky, which used trying to play a heroic part on life's Vladimir Il'ich Collective Farm to be poor and backward, to com¬ stage, searching for a denouement was the tenacity of traditional prehend the greatness of Social¬ that never came. He wrote a few ways. It was wrong, of course, to ism's ideas and the greatness of the lines for me in a copy of his book. idealize the harsh realities of peas¬ Party’s achievements.”

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. January. 1979 45 THE GENIUS AS FSO was the place where he most be¬ mately acquainted, but in which I from page 18 longed. In a fragment of a novel left cannot possibly have a personal at his death, an American who goes interest.” and with Buchanan’s inauguration to England is thrilled by the He anticipated anger in England in March, 1857, it was time to take thought that “this was his home.” about his frankness in the book, but steps to end his English sojourn. Franklin Pierce, in giving his friend he declined to apologize for it. He submitted his resignation in an overseas assignment, had “Not an Englishman of them ever July, but remained at his post for a perhaps done him no favor at all. spared America for courtesy’s few more months until a successor When Hawthorne finally decided sake . . . nor, in my opinion, arrived. to go home in 1860, he viewed the would it contribute in the least to He took the family to London for prospect gloomily. “As regards any mutual advantage and comfort Christmas. It was dull and dreary. going home, I alternate between a if we were to besmear each other “I am weary,” he wrote in his longing and a dread.” He had de¬ all over with butter and honey.” notebook, “weary of London, and veloped the habit of expatriation. His health began to fail. By 1864 of England, and can judge now how During his employment with he was unable to complete a novel the old Loyalists must have felt, Uncle Sam in Boston and Salem. for which he had already received condemned to pine out their days Hawthorne had written nothing but an advance. As he became weaker here when the Revolution had rob¬ his journal. He was equally unpro¬ his thoughts turned to the place bed them of their native country.” ductive in England. He managed to where he had felt the curious mix¬ Weary of England and reluctant produce The Marble Faun while in ture of happiness and dread. “If I to return to an America which he Italy, but once back in Concord, he could but go to England now, I feared he might no longer under¬ wrote little. His only output of any think that the sea voyage and the stand, he did not go home, but took consequence was Our Old Home, a ‘Old Home’ might set me all his family to Italy for three years. volume of sketches about his right.” “Once Hawthorne went to En¬ travels through England. His years A few months later he died while gland,” Mark Van Doren says, in the country of his ancestors now traveling for his health in New “he became a man without a coun¬ seemed far away. He felt as if he Hampshire. Only Franklin Pierce, try in more senses than one.” He were writing about another man’s to whom he had gratefully dedi¬ had acquired the discomforting experiences, “with which, through cated Our Old Home despite warn¬ suspicion that England, which his some mysterious medium of trans¬ ings that the gesture would hurt upbringing had taught him to hate, mitted ideas, I find myself inti¬ sales, was with him at the end.

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46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 JANUARY, 1979

This portion of the JOURNAL is the re¬ AID NEWS sponsibility of the Governing Board of AFSA and is intended to report on Use of Foreign Service Lounge by AID nel system. . .” He plans to present the employee-management issues, condi¬ F.S. AFSA continues to press man¬ Administration’s position to the Con¬ tions of employment and the policy and agement for the right of full use of the gress by March 15, 1979 and direct im¬ administration of AFSA, including its Foreign Service Lounge by AID F.S. plementation 90 days thereafter unless Board, Committees, and Chapters. employees. On November 17, Assis¬ a statute to the contrary is enacted in Members wishing to send letters on tant Administrator McDonald wrote to the interim. employment, working conditions or Assistant Secretary Thomas offering A consultant to AID has prepared a AFSA affairs should get them to AFSA $20,000 in Lounge renovation costs and concept paper on the unified personnel by the 10th of the month preceding de¬ one temporary ceiling, with the poten¬ system which reportedly was approved sired publication. AFSA News Commit¬ tial for making the ceiling permanent in principle by the senior staff and the tee, Room 3644, N.S. and supplementing it with a second ceil¬ Administrator on December 1. The ing if workload data demonstrates the AID Standing Committee has sent in¬ need. While the Department also had formation on the concept paper and re¬ CONTENTS requested 300 square feet of space now lated subjects to the field and AID/W used by AID, we are hopeful that this keypersons. The Standing Committee Vance v. Bradley 50 offer by AID will be sufficient to allow would appreciate comments from AID Annual Awards 51 the Department to end this inequitable FS personnel. Threat to Consular Corps 51 exclusion of AID F.S. from the Expanded Opportunities for Language Scholarships 51 Lounge. Training. Management has tabled a Ruben Memorial Lecture 52 FSS Promotions. Management re¬ proposal for improved access to lan¬ New Careers 52 cently announced fourteen FSS pro¬ guage training for employees assigned Foreign Service People 54 motions, including four from FSS-9 to to non-language positions and for fam¬ Letter to the Editor 54 FSS-8. AFSA asked where these ily members—30 weeks or S-3 in a FSS-9s were located. Management western European language and 24 found only one FSS-9 on the roles, a weeks or S-2 in other languages, AFSA BYLAWS AMENDED Resident Hire who had not been whichever occurs first. This is an out¬ selected for promotion. (Now you see growth of AFSA-sponsored legislation it, now you don’t.) Since FSS pro¬ which authorized a one-year experi¬ The Bylaws Amendments Commit¬ motions totaled only ten, AFSA has ment in expanded language training. tee announced, as of close of business asked that Management consider addi¬ Management’s proposal is not every¬ December 18, 1978, that the AFSA tional FSS promotions in the second thing that AFSA would like or Man¬ membership has approved all of the round of FY 1979 promotions planned agement can give, e.g., baby-sitting proposed amendments to the AFSA for the second quarter of FY 1979. fees to allow wives with small children Bylaws which were circulated to the Proposed Unified Personnel System to attend classes and the use of com¬ membership in the November 1978 for AID. The President has requested mercial facilities by dependents not lo¬ issue of the Foreign Service Journal. that AID submit to him by February cated in the Washington Metropolitan Of the 117 votes received, 1 was de¬ 15, 1979 “ . . . alternatives for revi¬ area, but the final agreement should be clared invalid and not counted. Of the talizing the current foreign aid person- a welcome improvement. votes received, found to be valid and counted the results were as follows: Draft Votes Votes Amendment For Against DEPARTMENT REFUSES TO PUBLISH BIO REGISTER A 101 15 The overwhelming majority of AFSA continues to believe it to be in B 107 9 Foreign Service employees apparently the best interests of all concerned for C 111 5 want the Department of State to re¬ the Department to resume publication D 110 5 sume the pre-1974 practice of publish¬ of the Biographic Register as a public E 113 3 ing annually a Biographic Register of document. The text of the Depart¬ F 107 8 Foreign Service employees. This was ment’s latest letter signed by Anthony G 109 6 clearly indicated by the results of an M. Kern follows: H 110 5 AFSA survey completed earlier this I 111 5 year and reported on in the October I refer to your letter of November 1 ad¬ J 110 6 issue of the Foreign Service Journal. dressed to Mr. Read on the subject of the K 114 2 The Department was informed of the Biographic Register. L 108 7 results of that survey, but, we regret to We note that 95.3% of the respondents to M 113 3 report, the Department discounts the the Association's survey agreed to have N 110 5 validity of the survey because only their own biographic information published. O 112 4 4.7% of those eligible responded. The We also note, however, that only 4.7% of those eligible responded to the survey. The text of the AFSA Bylaws as Department’s rationale seems very We understand the Association's efforts amended as of December 18, 1978 ap¬ much forced as a sample of 4.7% of in seeking the publication of the Register', pears on pages 31 and 32 of this issue of those concerned is far larger than any the Department, however, is still of the the Journal. These pages can be re¬ sample base used by Gallup or other opinion that the constraints of the Privacy moved and kept for reference. known poll-taking organizations. Act preclude the requested publication. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 49 VANCE v. BRADLEY (Mandatory Retirement at Age 60) sonnel system would force mid-career employees to seek employment else¬ where, due to the lack of opportunity in Murgia ... is controlling in this case. The Supreme Court heard oral ar¬ the Foreign Service .... The Court there upheld a requirement guments in Vance v. Bradley on The function of the Foreign Service that uniformed state police officers re¬ November 27. Solicitor General Wade employee overseas is to represent the tire at age 50, finding that the state had McCree argued on behalf of the gov¬ interests of the United States abroad, a legitimate purpose in ensuring that its ernment, and the appellees (Bradley, primarily in the areas of foreign policy police officers would be able to respond etc.) were represented by D. C. attor¬ and national security. While the to the demanding requirements of the ney Zona Hostetler. AFSA’s represen¬ Foreign Service has a number of attrac¬ job, and that retirement at age 50 was a tatives were present in the courtroom tions as a career, and life in selected rational means of meeting the state’s to hear the arguments, as were many posts can be pleasant under normal cir¬ needs. [In the Foreign Service,] com¬ others in the Foreign Service commu¬ cumstances, situations can change pensatory features [for earlier retire¬ nity with an interest in the case. We dramatically for the worse, often on ment are] included in other provisions expect a decision from the Court in two short notice. Foreign Service employ¬ of the retirement system. Mandatory to three months. AFSA filed a brief ees may be caught in civil wars (as in retirement at age 60 does not deny ap¬ amicus curiae last summer on behalf of Angola), stationed in areas of the world the government’s case. Summary ex¬ pellees the equal protection of the laws plagued by unrest (as in Zaire), in¬ guaranteed by the Fifth Amend¬ tracts from the brief follow. volved in disaster relief operations (as Question Presented: Whether Section ment. . . . in Tananarive), forced to evacuate post 632 of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, The number of promotions available on little or no notice (as in Saigon and as amended, which requires partici¬ to employees in each class (or special¬ Vientiane), and involved as the target pants in the Foreign Service Retire¬ ty within a class) in the Foreign Ser¬ of terrorist attack or kidnappings (as in ment System to retire at age 60, viol¬ vice is dependent upon . . . vacancies Beirut). It was not irrational for the ates the equal protection guarantees in corresponding positions at the next Congress to select age 60 as the age embodied in the due process clause of higher class. Promotions are available beyond which fewer employees could the Fifth Amendment. to a given group of employees only withstand the rigors of constant trans¬ Argument: The guarantee of equal when employees in the class or classes fers and the stresses which accompany protection of the laws embodied in the above leave their class—by retirement, life in another culture, sometimes in a Fifth Amendment requires that the law death, resignation, separation, selec¬ hostile and rapidly changing environ¬ apply in a like manner to individuals or tion-out, or promotion to the next ment. . . . groups in like circumstances. Legisla¬ higher class. . . . The Congress is not required to tive classifications which provide for select the best possible means for de¬ differing treatment of individuals or .... [W]here no vacancies are available, the detrimental effect is felt termining which employees remain groups are valid where such groups suited to continued Foreign Service have different characteristics and are throughout the Service. The prepon¬ derant number of vacancies at the employment as they age. It is incum¬ not similarly situated with respect to senior level are created by retirements. bent upon the Congress only to choose the distinction made. The Civil Service This direct linkage makes mandatory a rational means of making this deter¬ and the Foreign Service differ in many mination. If the means chosen by Con¬ of their respective terms and conditions retirement a necessary tool in permit¬ ting an appropriate distribution of per¬ gress are not perfect, that does not de¬ of employment .... prive appellees of equal protection of The Congress had a dual purpose in sonnel at various ranks and ages within the Service in order to fulfill the various the laws under the Constitution. requiring that employees covered Foreign Service employment can be under the Foreign Service Retirement needs of the agencies and to allow for very demanding, and the Congress has and Disability System retire at an ear¬ rational planning of personnel and re¬ sources. chosen an even-handed and workable lier age than employees in the Civil means of determining when Foreign If attrition from the Service by re¬ Service. This distinction has existed Service employees should be required tirement ceases to provide the needed since the enactment of the Rogers Act to retire. vacancies in the Service, it is virtually in 1924, and the Congress has re¬ For the foregoing reasons the deci¬ peatedly articulated its purposes when inevitable that the agencies will have to sion of the district court should be re¬ rely more heavily upon the selection- the law has been amended over the past versed. fifty years. The government has a valid out system to provide for internal mo¬ interest in maintaining a Foreign Ser¬ bility and to permit the requisite de¬ vice which is balanced by age and rank, velopment and advancement of officers MEMBERSHIP IN THE AAFSW and the earlier mandatory retirement within the Service. This may in fact age serves the needs of the Service in force officers in the middle of their Members of the organization report providing opportunity for upward mo¬ careers out of the Service when they that they have been receiving inquiries bility and progressive career develop¬ fail to secure promotions within the re¬ from women who have only recently ment for other employees in the Ser¬ quisite time period, while officers at become aware of AAFSW. Inquiries vice. The government has an equally ages 60 to 70 may remain in the Ser¬ can be made or membership forms re¬ legitimate need to be assured of the vice. Since the size of the personnel quested by writing: ability of its Foreign Service employees system is relatively stable, providing a Membership Chairman to serve at any post overseas, often at benefit to officers over the age of 60 by P.O. Box 8068 hardship posts on short notice. . . . permitting them to remain within the Washington, D.C. 20024 Legislative history of the Foreign system necessarily takes away the or by contacting the AAFSW Housing Service retirement provisions indicates same benefit from employees under the and Information Office, Room 1248, that the Congress had both purposes in age of 60, who lose promotion oppor¬ Department of State, 632-3573. mind in enacting an earlier retirement tunities and may become subject to Membership is open to women of the age for Foreign Service employees than selection-out for failure to secure pro¬ US Foreign Service community— the applicable age for Civil Service per¬ motion within the requisite time. women who are, or who are wives of, sonnel. . . . Moreover, the more junior employees Chiefs of Mission, Foreign Service of¬ The decision of this Court in Mas¬ would be too young to be eligible for a ficers, Foreign Service Information of¬ sachusetts Board of Retirement v. pension. Such stagnation in the per¬ ficers or Foreign Service Staff officers.

50 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 AFSA’S ANNUAL AWARDS PERFORMANCE REPORTS

The Eleventh Annual Awards cere¬ courage of a high order. ” Employees will be interested in a re¬ mony for the Herter. Rivkin and Har- Rivkin Award - Kenneth M. Quinn, cent decision of the Foreign Service riman Awards took place on December FSO-4, who “demonstrated an ex¬ Grievance Board concerning the han¬ 13, 1978 in the Loy Henderson Confer¬ traordinary degree of perception, dedi¬ dling of performance evaluation re¬ ence Room. cation, courage and initiative in analyz¬ ports, in particular the opportunity for These awards carry a stipend of ing the problems facing the Foreign an employee to amend or delete the $1,000 each, provided by the respective Service and their impact on morale and employee’s own statement in the com¬ donors for senior, mid-level and junior persuading the Senior Management pleted report which appears in the Foreign Service personnel who during that something must be done.” “Rated Employee’s Comments” sec¬ the past year have demonstrated ex¬ Harriman Award - Stephanie Smith tion of the report. traordinary accomplishments involving Kinney, FSO-6, for her initiatives In the case before the Board, the initiative, integrity, intellectual courage which contributed to the establishment employee had not alleged that the rat¬ and creative dissent. Nominations for of the Family Liaison Office in the De¬ ing or review officers’ comments were these awards may be made by anyone partment of State and for her efforts for erroneous or falsely prejudicial, but he familiar with the performance of the a better life for Foreign Service fami¬ wanted to amend his own “Rated nominee and the competition is judged lies. Employee’s Comments.” Some time by a distinguished panel of private citi¬ Marks Foundation Award - Nathan following submission of the report, the zens. Glick, FSRU-2, for founding, produc¬ employee had had second thoughts on The Third Marks Foundation Award ing and nurturing the ICA journal, what he had written. He argued that he for an employee of ICA who has dem¬ Dialogue. had had only a minimum amount of onstrated creativity in communications The Honorable W. Averell Harri¬ time within which to consider and pre¬ was also presented. man, former Ambassador, Under Sec¬ pare his comments and had been unable The winners of the 1978 competition retary of State and Governor of New to obtain any guidance on how best to are: York, recently returned from a visit to protect his interests. Herter Award - Richard N. Viets, Moscow, was the principal speaker. Replying to this aspect of the FSO-2, who “exemplified qualities of He was introduced by Lars H. Hydle, employee’s grievance, the agency as¬ leadership, integrity and intellectual President of AFSA. serted that the only basis for removal of all or part of an evaluation report after it had been reviewed by a selection board would be a finding that the report ADMINISTRATION’S REORGANIZATION PLAN THREATENS is inaccurate, erroneous or falsely pre¬ CONSULAR OPERATIONS judicial. As the employee agreed that his comments were not inaccurate, er¬ Over the past year, a great deal has tional, sensible one. We trust that our roneous or falsely prejudicial, and the been heard about the President’s pro¬ efforts to maintain the present organi¬ report had been seen by a selection posed reorganization plan to create a zational responsibilities will prevail at board, the agency refused to grant the new Border Management Agency to be the White House level but if necessary employee the requested relief. After responsible for enforcement of US cus¬ we shall argue our case when the reor¬ holding a hearing on this issue, the tom and immigration laws at the bor¬ ganization plan is considered in Con¬ Grievance Board decided that in the ders. An ancillary aspect of the plan gress. absence of any substantive or pro¬ reportedly provides that the Immigra¬ cedural irregularities or any apparent tion and Naturalization Service in the injustice, it had no basis for directing Department of Justice will be given full the removal of the employee’s state¬ authority for the issuance of policies, DEADLINE SET FOR AFSA ment. rules and regulations governing the is¬ SCHOLARSHIP APPLICATIONS Considering this decision. AFSA is suance of visas overseas by consular studying the matter to determine what officers of the Department of State. Applications for the American action is most appropriate to protect This would include the transfer of Foreign Service Association (AFSA) employees’ interests in these matters. about 25 positions from State to INS. merit scholarship awards and financial AFSA, as well as many individual aid grants for 1979-80 must be post¬ Foreign Service employees, and the marked by February 15, 1979. Eligible Consular Officers Association, has ar¬ to compete for the scholarships are de¬ gued against the proposed transfer of pendent sons and daughters of active, any new responsibility for visa issuance retired or deceased members of the overseas from State to INS. AFSA has Foreign Service community. FRIENDS ON THE HILL stated these views to the White House For application forms and related and to Congress. It is our position that materials call or write: Scholarship Members of the Foreign Service will the visa function is an integral compo¬ Programs, AFSA, 2101 E St., N.W., be pleased to know that the following nent of the conduct of foreign relations. Washington, D.C. 20037 (202 338- former members of the Foreign Service The manner in which the visa function 4045). and Department of State officials were is performed has a decided impact on Sixty-three Financial Aid Grants re-elected to Congress this past our relations with foreign nations. Tra¬ were awarded for 1978-79, ranging from November: ditionally the Department of State has $200-$1500, with a maximum of $2000 To the Senate: had authority for visa operations in to any one family. Additionally, 20 Claiborne Pell ( D. Rhode Island) foreign countries and the INS has had merit awards of $500 each were made Larry Pressler(R. South Dakota) responsibility for domestic aspects of last June to graduating high school stu¬ To the House: controlling aliens entering our country. dents and preparatory school seniors. John B. Anderson (R. Illinois) This “double check” system was These programs are made possible Jim Leach (R. Iowa) created by Congress over fifty years by funds from the AFSA Scholarship Andrew Maguire (D. New Jersey) ago and, in our belief, the division of Fund and funds raised by the AAFSW Gerry E. Studds (D. Massa¬ responsibility continues to be a ra¬ I Book Fair. chusetts)

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 51 JANET RUBEN MEMORIAL LECTURE OUTSTANDING A luncheon and memorial lecture AFSA and the Women’s Action Or¬ YOUNG WOMAN AWARD were held November 30 honoring the ganization have agreed to sponsor Foreign Service officers often ex¬ late Janet Ruben, former ICA Repre¬ jointly a second program honoring perience concern whether their chil¬ sentative on the AFSA Governing Janet, to be called the Janet Ruben In¬ dren receive adequate education while Board. Dr. Olin C. Robison, Chairman ternational Dialogue. Using donations at foreign diplomatic posts. of the United States Advisory Com¬ given the AFSA Fund in Janet's mem¬ The Journal has learned of a recent mission on International Communica¬ ory to help finance it, this program will award that should be somewhat reas¬ tion, Culture and Educational Affairs consist of informal group discussions suring. delivered the Memorial Lecture on the among persons in the foreign affairs Dr. Sheridan A. Phillips, daughter of subject of Public Diplomacy. Janet’s agencies and in the greater Washington Lawrence A. Phillips, retired Foreign many friends and colleagues filled the community who are interested in the Service officer, and Mrs. Phillips, has Foreign Service Club for this occasion. ramifications of social change, particu¬ been selected as an “Outstanding In his remarks, which will be further larly as it relates to the role of women. Young Woman of America for 1978” in reported in a subsequent issue of the The goal will be to strengthen the recognition of “outstanding ability, ac¬ Journal, Dr. Robison spoke on the role partnership between men and women complishments and service to the of public diplomacy in furthering our in all fields of development, including community.” country’s foreign policy objectives. the attitudes of and about women and This is one of only ten such awards Using Janet’s dynamic spirit and con¬ their role in society. The first such made each year by the Board of Ad¬ structive imaginative drive as a model, dialogue is scheduled for early 1979 and visors of “Outstanding Young Women he described the successes that can be will be held in the Foreign Service of America,” representing leading accomplished in public diplomacy by Club. women’s organizations and univer¬ the efforts of an individual person. It was also announced on this occa¬ sities. In his introductory remarks, AFSA sion that at a recent meeting of the Cul¬ Dr. Phillip’s pre-college education President Lars Hydle announced that tural Affairs Council of the Organiza¬ was abroad while with her parents at tion of American States in Santiago, various diplomatic posts (Frankfurt/ Chile, the Council gave recognition to Bonn, Habana, Bangkok, Bogota, Sin¬ Janet’s contribution to the cultural in¬ gapore). terrelationship of the Western Hemi¬ A graduate of Swarthmore College, sphere countries and her devotion to it. Dr. Phillips received her Ph.D. in The Council’s newly approved five psychology from State University of year cultural activities program was New York at Stonybrook. While teach¬ named in her honor and will be called ing there she also acquired a post¬ “The Janet Ruben Plan.” doctorate in clinical psychology. She interned at London’s Middlesex Hospi¬ tal. Later she taught candidates for doc¬ torate degrees in psychology at Adelphi University, Long Island (N.Y.). Currently Dr. Phillips is on the staff of Maryland University Hospital, di¬ SKILLS TALENT BANK recting its psychology program related to adolescents. QUESTIONNAIRES A number of her writings in the field FOR FS SPOUSES of psychology have been published. Skills Talent Bank forms are now available in the following locations: NEW CAREERS Family Liaison Office, Room 1216A Foreign Service Lounge, Room 1252 William N. Stokes, FSO-retired, has Medical Division, Room 2906 been appointed a principal in the inter¬ Overseas Briefing Center, FSI, national development group of Kear¬ Room 401 ney Management Consultants, in AID Training Center, SA-14, Room Alexandria, Virginia. Mr. Stokes spent 405B 30 years in the Foreign service, serving Foreign Service Center, ICA, Room in Tunisia, Morocco, Thailand, 718 Algeria, Japan and China. He received All spouses of State, AID, and ICA two meritorious honor awards for his employees, whether living in Washing¬ service in China and Algeria, a De¬ ton or overseas, are urged to complete fense Department distinguished civil¬ HELP the questionnaires. Cooperation from ian service medal and a citation by the as many FS spouses as possible is Royal Thai government. PREVENT necessary in order to develop a com¬ Dorothy Yoder, wife of former FSO puterized bank of talent large enough in Robert Yoder, is remodeling the his¬ BIRTH size to maintain service to potential toric old Crayco Hotel in Bellows overseas employers that the Family Falls, Vermont. The building, to be Liaison Office is currently contacting. called the Stairsides Building, will in¬ DEFECTS Forms should be printed or typed in corporate shops and a restaurant, as clear concise English and returned to well as a health spa and apartments. M/FLO, Room 1216A, New State, for Robert Yoder is now chairman of the March of Dimes coding and automation as soon as pos¬ Southeastern Vermont Council on the THIS SPACE CONTRIBUTED BY THE PUBLISHER sible. Arts. 52 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 liiiiiii

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PET LIABIL/7> State Zip 19A | J State Department building almost LETTERS TO | as many hours as I work in a com¬ fortable office below. It takes a full Upon receiving the De¬ year to receive, unpack, sort, clas¬ Marriage cember issue of the Journal, I was sify and repack some 100,000 Kalty-Morin. Katherine Anne Kalty disappointed to see what I feel is books each year. They are sorted was married to Lee Miller Morin, son poor coverage of the American into some 72 different categories. of FSO and Mrs. Laurent E. Morin, on Foreign Service Women’s 1978 In addition to the many women November 10 at All Souls Unitarian Book Fair. As you rightly pointed who volunteer their time through¬ Church in New York City. out, more than 200 volunteers con¬ out the year, there are many men in tributed to the event. I believe that the Department who spend eve¬ Deaths when that number work so hard, nings and weekends collecting Bartlett. Jessie Hendrick Hardie during the entire year, to produce books from donors and delivering Bartlett, J.D. and J.S.D., died on an event which raises a significant them to the Department in their November 29, in Washington. An ac¬ amount of funds for Foreign Ser¬ personal vehicles. Books are do¬ tive member of the AAFSW, she vice scholarships and other very nated by individuals, estates, chaired the Legal Seminar for Foreign churches, schools, thrift shops, Service women on September 30 of this worthy activities touching on the year. She served as representative of lives of a large number of Foreign employees at posts overseas and book stores themselves. As the the Federal Bar Association at the Law Service personnel, their Journal of the Sea Conference in Caracas, should provide better coverage. storage facilities provided by the 1975, and had also worked as copyright I have assisted in some small Department fill, volunteers store examiner. Mrs. Bartlett received a way in the past and know the boxes of books in their homes meritorious service award for her work amount of work these many selfless around the city. Many teenagers on the AAFSW Forum. She was the volunteers perform. The work of are also involved in this very widow of Ambassador Frederick Pear¬ producing the next fair starts the worthy project, helping to box son Bartlett. Survivors include a books and move them about for the daughter, Robin Hardie Griffiths, Ar¬ day the fair closes. It is an all year lington, Va., a son, William Huger job with women working in a women. Many long hours are put in by these “boxboys.” Some even Hardie, Jr., Mobile, Ala. storeroom under the roof of the Evans. Joseph S. Evans, FSO-retired, give up their weekends to get the died on September 12 in Washington. job done. They recognize the im¬ Mr. Evans joined EC A in 1949 and rO I SPECIAL portance of this fund raising activ¬ served in London before joining USIA SERVICES ity to the Foreign Service commu¬ in 1953. He served at Tokyo, Buenos In order to be of maximum assistance to nity. Aires and in Okinawa (with the De¬ AFSA members and Journal readers we are What happens to those many partment of Defense) before his retire¬ accepting these listings until the 15th of books and magazines which cannot ment in 1971. He received the Medal of each month for publication in the issue be sold, but which are in good con¬ Freedom from General Eisenhower in dated the following month. The rate is 40$ dition? Did you know that they are 1945 and the Army's Outstanding Civil¬ per word, less 2% for payment in advance, donated by the American Associa¬ ian Service Medal on his retirement. minimum 10 words. Mail copy for adver¬ He is survived by his former wife, tion of Foreign Service Women to Margaret Rymond Evans, and a sister. tisement and check to: Classified Ads, such worthy causes as Boys Clubs Foreign Service Journal, 2101 E Street, around Washington, the House of Owens. Robert C. Owens, son of FSO N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. John P. Owens, died on November 19 Ruth and the D.C. General Hospi¬ in an automobile accident near BOOKS tal? Most importantly, do your Larache, Morocco. He was a Peace BEST BUYS IN BOOKS. Our super-value plan readers know all this? Isn’t it im¬ Corps volunteer teaching English to brings big savings. Send list of Subjects and portant that they be made aware of Arab students at El Jadida, Morocco. Authors of interest. Book Service, 348 East Troy this tremendous effort on the part He had accompanied his father on as¬ Avenue, Indianapolis, Ind. 46225. of many of their colleagues? signments to Greece, Italy, Venezuela COINS I for one, believe that all of this is and Finland. In addition to his father, HIGHEST Prices paid for coins, medals/paper certainly deserving of more than 608-23rd St., N.W., Washington, D.C. money. Investments/Appraisals. COINS INTERNA¬ three pictures and a 65 word article 20037, he is survived by his mother and TIONAL, P0 Box 303-RCS-J, New York. N.Y. stepfather, Elizabeth and Paul 10019. in the Journal. I suggest that one of Niederman, a brother, Brian Owens, VACATION RENTALS your staff spend a few minutes each all of Washington, his stepmother, ADIRONDACK LODGES on Upper Saranac Lake. year developing an article worthy Barbara Owens, also of Washington. Available for two weeks or a month, July through of such a mammoth effort in sup¬ September. Everything provided for comfortable Parks. James E. Parks, FSO-retired, living in the quiet woods. Please write Bartlett port of Foreign Service Associa¬ died on September 11 in Southern Carry Club, RD 1, Tupper Lake, NY 12986. tion projects as well as AAFSW F’ines, North Carolina. Mr. Parks NURSING HOME projects. After all, we are all in this joined the Foreign Service in 1920 and UNIVERSITY PARK, 2420 Pemberton Rd., together and the Foreign Service served at Paris and Lille. In 1924 he Richmond, Virginia 23229. Brand new facility gets little enough credit for the was one of the first Foreign Service of¬ meeting latest codes and requirements on 30 many good things it does. Your ficers appointed under the Rogers Act. acres park. Only IV2 hours south of D.C. Phone: Journal (our Journal) receives wide He then served at Cardiff. Luxem¬ 804-747-9200. bourg, Martinique, London, Glasgow, distribution and this is an opportu¬ Manchester, Colon. Panama, Paris and TAX RETURNS nity to place another activity on the INCOME TAX preparation. Rentals, moves, sales, Le Havre before retiring in 1949. He is etc. For TCA computer checked returns, Brigitte credit side of the ledger. survived by his wife, Simone, Penick Savage, 620 Beulah Rd., Vienna, Va., 22180. DAVID E. L’HEUREUX Home, P. O. Box 268, Southern Pines, (703) 938-4296. Washington N.C. 28387. 54 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, January, 1979 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D. C. 20037

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