EVS Chapter-11 and buildings Made by Yashvardhan Gupta Grade IV Gulmohars and made by Ryan Tyagi IV Gulmohars What are buildings ?

u A building is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place.For example :- u A factory

u A house

u A school

u etc. Making of Buildings Construction of Buildings The process of construction involves planning, selection of suitable land, building materials and workers-both skilled and unskilled. Making of Buildings Take a virtual tour of a construction site.

https://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=E35mSzF5m3Q RAW MATERIALS USED Raw materials for construction include – Bricks, Cement, Sand, Gravel, Wood, Iron, Glass, Steel, Stones etc. Building materials Let’s learn about the different types of building material through this video

https://www.youtube.com /watch?v=XsFeVuVQE-E Bricks • Bricks are the most commonly used building material. They are made of clay and are made in a kiln. • A number of steps are involved in the making of bricks. Making of Bricks Steps involved in making of bricks- • Digging the right kind of clay, mixing water and kneading • Making balls of clay and putting them in wooden frames to give it a shape. • Inverting the frame to detach the bricks • Drying the bricks in the sun OR • Baking the bricks in the kiln Making of Brickss

Let’s watch manufacturing of bricks.

https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=GEvoXuFKSA0 Cement- an important raw material Cement is a mixture of sand, limestone and other minerals which helps in holding bricks together.

https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=n-Pr1KTVSXo Eco-friendly Building Materials Pollution from industries related to construction and its process calls for the need of ecofriendly building materials. Eco friendly building materials

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsahyCrZ9sk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wvPuyeJ_0Oo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NrQOZfMEXeQ People involved in construction A number of people are involved in making a building.

https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=oKrhhpdq33o People involved in construction • Architect • Mason • Carpenters • Electricians • Welders • Painters • Plumbers ARCHITECT • An architect makes the plan of a building • He uses a drawing board, pencil, compass and scale to make the plan or design of the building. • Construction begins once the plan is approved by the municipal authority. MASON • A strong foundation makes a strong building. • A mason with the help of labourers lays the foundation of a building. • There are various steps involved in laying the foundation. MASON Steps involved in building a foundation • Digging deep trenches and filling them with pieces of stone and cement mortar. • A framework of steel rods are built and a mixture of cement, sand and gravel is cast around the framework. MASON A mixer is used to mix cement with sand and gravel Watch this to see laying of a foundation.

https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=O3P5dQM AMkQ Tools used by a mason

Hammer and mallet Patent axe or Trowel pick axe

Plumb bob Spirit level Tools used by a mason • A plumb bob helps to make walls vertically straight.

• Spirit level is used to level the surface of earth or wall.

• Huge scaffoldings of wood or bamboo are built to help labourers work safely WELDER • Welders use a specialized equipment called a Welding Machine. • They fix iron grills or iron doors to an iron framework. • Welding involves applying heat to metal pieces to melt them and fuse together. WELDER • They also cut or trim metal objects. • They are required to wear protective gear like goggles to protect their eyes from glare produced during welding CARPENTER • Carpenters make wooden doors, windows, cupboards, cabinets etc. • They use tools like chisel, saw, drills, planes and different types of squares. ELECTRICIAN • An electrician installs the wiring and fixtures like plugs, switches, circuit breakers lamps, electric metres etc. • They use tools like pliers, screwdrivers, nut drivers, wire strippers and electric PLUMBER • Plumbers use tools like spanners, pliers, wrenches and hammers. PAINTER • Painter does the final job of painting, once the construction is over. • He uses tools like ladder, paint brushes, paints, rollers, sand paper etc. Bridges What is a ? Bridges Why do we need a bridge? Let’s watch to understand https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NE2 VchWrt LM We Understand • Bridges help people cross lakes, rivers, valleys, railway tracks and busy roads. • It requires a lot of planning and preparation to build a bridge. Basics about bridges • Most bridges are supported on structures called piers. • Piers are fixed firmly to the ground.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yv3RM803bzw&feature=y outu.be Basics about bridges • The length or portion of the bridge between two adjacent piers is called a span. • A bridge usually has many spans. What makes a bridge strong? Bridges have been around for hundreds of years. Let’s understand what makes them so strong

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= oVOnRPefcno Types of bridges The basic types of bridges are-

• bridges • • bridge • bridge • • Draw bridge What is a ?

Beam bridges, also known as stringer bridges, are the simplest structural forms for bridge spans supported by an abutment or pier at each end. No moments are transferred throughout the support, hence their structural type is known as simply supported. What is a pontoon bridge ?

A pontoon bridge, also known as a floating bridge, uses floats or shallow-draft to support a continuous deck for pedestrian and vehicle travel. The buoyancy of the supports limits the maximum load they can carry. Most pontoon bridges are temporary, used in wartime and civil emergencies. What is an ?

An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch. Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side. What is a ? A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using , structures that project horizontally into space, supported on only one end. What is a suspension bridge ? A suspension bridge is a type of bridge in which the deck is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders. The first modern examples of this type of bridge were built in the early 1800s. Simple suspension bridges, which lack vertical suspenders, have a long history in many mountainous parts of the world. What is a draw bridge ? A draw bridge or draw-bridge is a type of typically at the entrance to a castle or tower surrounded by a moat. Here is a test https://form.jotform.com/202254720592047 Please paste the link on a webpage. Thanks for watching