INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 15, No.4, December, 2001 247

Scale (: Coccoidea) of ornamental plants from Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil

A. L. B. G. Peronti Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Federal University of Sao Carlos C. P. 676, 13565-905 Sao Carlos Sao Paulo, Brazil

D. R. Miller Systematic Entomology Laboratory Plant Sciences Institute Agricultural Research Service, USDA Beltsville, Maryland 20705

C. R.Sousa-Silva Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Federal University of Sao Carlos C. P. 676, 13565-905 Sao Carlos Sao Paulo, Brazil

Abstract. A list of 35 scale insects collected from 72 ornamental plant species in Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil is provided. Regarding host specificity, 30 scale insects were polyphagous, 4 oligophagous, and 1 monophagous. A total of 102 coccoid/plant associations are recorded, 29 of which are new host records for the species; 60 are new host records for the species in Brazil. Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell, 1893 (Coccidae), Phenacoccus similis Granara de Willink, 1983 (Pseudococcidae), and Orthezia molinarii (Morrison, 1952) (Ortheziidae) are recorded for the first time in Brazil. In addition, we describe the injury caused by scale insects on ornamental plants.

Key words. Scale diversity, Scale/plant associations, Floricultural pests.

Introduction the commercial value of ornamental plants, these insects also affect urban landscapes. Infested con­ Floriculture, which consists of the cultivation tainerized plants become disseminators of harmful of ornamental plants used for cut flowers, flowering insects when they are transported to regions or and non-flowering potted plants, and the produc­ countries far from their place of origin or produc­ tion of seeds, bulbs, and large trees, is an important tion. part of Brazilian agriculture, with annual gross Despite the increase of ornamental plant pro­ sales of approximately one billion Brazilian reals duction in Brazil, very few studies have been un­ (currently about half a billion U. S. dollars). The dertaken on the insects associated with plants in state of Sao Paulo holds a 70% share of this market, gardens. Recent publications include Bergmann & and specialists in floriculture estimate an annual Alexandre (1995) and Imenes and Alexandre (1996); growth of 20% in the next few years (Arruda et aI., they discuss the occurrence of pests, diseases, and 1996). forms of control in roses (Rosa sp.) and chrysanthe­ Scale insects (Superfamily Coccoidea) stand mums (Chrysanthemum sp.), respectively. Favero out as important pests among insects that feed on (1996) describes some pests of flowers, ornamental ornamental plants (Arruda et aI., 1996). They cause foliage, and orchids and gives methods of control, damage to plants directly by sucking their sap, and and Imenes and Bergmann (2000) characterize the indirectly by injecting toxic salivary secretions, principal pests of ornamental plants including some transmitting pathogens, attracting ants, and en­ scale insect-plant interactions and provide infor­ couraging the development of sooty-mold (Lara, mation on control strategies. 1992; Zucchi et aI., 1993). Besides their impact on 248 Volume 15, No.4, December, 2001, INSECTA MUNDI

TABLE 1. Scale insects and their ornamental host plants collected in Sao Carlos - SP from August 1997 to April 1999.

Scale insects collected Host plant species/Common names Plant Plant Plant in Portuguese shown in quotes family Origin Form

!\10NOPHAGOUS Kuwan{lspis bambusicola Bambusa gracilis Hort. Poaceae exotic shrub (Cockerell, J899)(vrw) "bambu-de-jardim"

OLIGOPHAGOUS Diaspididae ' ..Jculaspis oliverai **Hedera canariensis Willd. Araliaceae exotic vine (Lepage & Gianotti, 1942)(vrw) "hera-da-algeria"

Eriococcidae Eriococcus campinensis * *Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth. Fabaceae native tree HempeL 1937 (drm) "sansao-do-campo"

Ortheziidae Orlhe:::ia molinarii * *Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Nyctaginaceae native shrub Y1orrison, 1952 (drm) "primavera" * *Cordilyne terminaZis Kunth. Liliaceae exotic shrub "dracena-vermelha"

Pseudococcidae Phenacoccus similis **Saintpaulia ionantha Wend!. Gesneriaceae exotic herb Granara de Willink, 1983 (drm) "violeta-africana"

POL YPHAGOUS Coccidae Ceroplastes cirripediformis * Duranta repens var. aurea L. Hort. Verbenaceae native shrub Comstock, 1881 (mlw) "pingo-de-ouro"

Cerop/ClSfes jloridensis Hedera canariensis Araliaceae exotic vine Comstock, 1881 (mlw) "hera-da-algeria" * SchejJlera actinophylla Halms Araliaceae exotic shrub "cheflera" *SchejJlera arboricola (Hay.)Merr. Araliaceae exotic shrub "cheflera-pequena"

The objective of this study was to survey scale Collections were made from August 1997 to insect-plant interactions in ornamental plants in April 1999. In the laboratory, scale insects were the city of Sao Carlos, state of Sao Paulo (SP), collected from host plants with brushes and were Brazil. In addition, we classified the species of scale stored in vials filled with 70% alcohol. They were insects according to their host specificity and char­ mounted on microscope slides according to the acterized host-plant injury caused by scale insects. technique described by Granara de Willink (1990). Scale insects were identified with a compound light Materials and Methods microscope using keys Granara de Willink (1999) and Hodgson (1994) for Coccidae; Ferris (1937, The buds, branches, and leaves of ornamental 1938, 1941, 1942) and Lepage and Gianotti (1942) plants infested by scale insects were collected in for Diaspididae; Morrison (1925, 1952) for Orthezi­ public and private gardens in the city of Sao Carlos, idae; and Williams and Granara de Willink (1992) SP, Brazil and taken to the laboratory of the De­ for Pseudococcidae. Most of the scale insects were partment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology of sent to specialists for confirmation offinal identifi­ the Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar). cations. Categorization of scale insect host-plant specificity was based in large part on classic defini- INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 15, No.4, December, 2001 249

TABLE 1. Continued.

Scale insects collected Host plant species/Common names Plant Plant Plant In Portuguese shown in quotes family origin form

Coccus hesperidum **Davalliafejeensis Hook. Davalliaceae exotic herb Linnaeus, 1758 (drm, mlw) "renda-portuguesa" *Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) Chr. Polypodiaceae exotic herb "chifre-de-veado" *Schejjlera actinophylla Araliaceae exotic shrub "cheflera"

Coccus viridis *Murraya exotica Jack Rutaceae exotic tree (Green, 1889) (drm, mlw) "falsa-rnurta" Gardeniajasminoides Ellis Rubiaceae exotic shrub "jasmim-do-cabo" *Polyscias fruticosa N .E.Br. Araliaceae exotic shrub "arvore-da-felicidade-rernea" *lxora coccinea L var. compacta Hort, Rubiaceae exotic shrub "ixora-cornpacta"

COCClIS sp. (alp) Ixora chinensis Lam, Rubiaceae exotic shrub "ixora-chinesa"

Pa/"Gsaissetia nigra *Schinus molle L Anacardiaceae native tree (Nietner, 1861) (drm, m1w) "aroeira-salsa" *Euphorbiafulgens Karw ex Kl. Euphorbiaceae exotic shrub "chiquita-bacana"

Pa/"Gsaissetia sp. (drm) Camelliajaponica L. Theaceae exotic shrub "carnelia"

Prmopu/vinaria pyriformis Schejjlera arboricola Araliaceae exotic shrub (Cockerell. 1894) (drm) "cheflera-pequena"

Bauhinia variegata Linn. Fabaceae native tree "pata-de-vaca"

Pu/vinaria urbicola * *Schinus molle Anacardiaceae native tree Cockerell, 1893 (drm) "aroeira-salsa"

tions, in which "polyphagous" is used for species Dov et aL 2001). Determinations of scale insects that live on a variety of non-related plants, i.e., were made by Douglass R. Miller (drm), Michael L. plants from different families and, "oligophagous" Williams (mlw), Vera R. dos Santos Wolff (vrw), is defined as species that live on a reduced number and Ana Lucia B. G. Peronti (alp) and are so of non-related host plants. We defined "monopha­ indicated in the accompanying table. New records go us" as species that feed on one or more plants of for Brazil are indicated with an asterisk (*); new the same family. Scale insect specimens are depos­ host records for a species of scale are indicated with ited in the Insect Collection of the Department of a double asterisk (**). Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (ColecoclDEBE) at UFSCar and in the Smithsonian's National Coc­ Results and Discussion coidea Collection, Beltsville, Maryland, USA. Or­ namental plants were identified according to Lorenzi A total of 184 samples of scale insects were (1992) and Lorenzi and Souza (1995) or sent to collected from 72 ornamental species (8 trees, 39 specialists. Determination of new host records are shrubs, 23 herbaceous plants, and 2 vines) distrib­ based on a search of the literature or ScaleNet (Ben- uted among 37 botanical families. Approximately 250 Volume 15, No.4, December, 2001, INSECTA MUNDI

TABLE 1. Continued. Scale insects collected Host plant species/Common names Plant Plant Plant In Portuguese shown in quotes family origin Form

Saisse(ia coffeae * Ervatamia corona ria Stapf. Apocynaceae exotic shrub (Walker, 1852) (drm, mlw) "jasrnirn-cafe" * Pseuderanthemum atropurpureum Radlk. Acanthaceae exotic shrub "pseudoerantemo ** Nephrolepis sp. Davalliaceae herb "sarnambaia" *Asparagus africanus Liliaceae exotic herb "asp argo"

Diaspididae Abgra//aspis cyanophylli *Philodendron sp. Araceae native shrub (Signore!, 1869) (vrw) "filodendro"

Acutaspis perseae ** Dietes iridioides Sweet Iridaceae exotic herb (Comstock, 1881) (vrw) "moreia"

Chrysomphailis aOllidum Chrysalidocarplls lutecens Wendl. Palrnae exotic palm (Linnaeus, 1758) (vrw) "areca-bambu" tree * Dracaena marginata Lam. Liliaceae exotic shrub "dracena-de-madagascar" "orquidea" Orchidaceae herb

Chrvsomphailis dictyospermi Rosa sp. Rosaceae exotic shrub (\tlorgan, 1889) (vrw) "rose ira"

Diaspis boisduvalii *Oncidium varicosum Lindl. Orchidaceae native herb SIgnore!, 1869 (drm, vrw) "chuva-de-ouro" Cattleya walklleriana var. princeps Barb. Rodr. Orchidaceae native herb "orquidea"

Fiorinia jioriniae *Camellia japonica Theaceae exotic shrub (Targioni-Tozzetti, 1867) (drm, "carnelia" \"rw) Podocarpus lambertii Klotz. Podocarpaceae native shrub "podocarpo"

Hemiberlesia rapax *Chrysalidocarpus lutecens Pal mae exotic palm (Comstock, 1881) (vrw) "areca-bambu" tree

7 4% of host plants were exotics, and all were peren­ (Pseudococcidae), and Orthezia molinarii (Morri­ nials. One hundred and two coccoid-plant associa­ son, 1952) (Ortheziidae) were recorded for the first tions were recorded; 26 of them were new for the time in Brazil. scale species and 60 were new for Brazil. Thirty­ Based on host-plant information provided in five species of scale insects were identified, includ­ Morrison (1952), Vernalha (1953), Silva et al. (1968), ing 18 diaspidids (armored scales), 8 coccids (soft Ben-Dov (1993, 1994), Ben-Dov et al. 2001, and scales), 6 pseudococcids (mealybugs), 2 ortheziids Williams and Granara de Willink (1992), 30 of the (ensign scales), and 1 eriococcid (felt scale). The scale-insect species are polyphagous, 4 are oligoph­ Icerya sp. (Margarodidae) found on Pittosporum agous, and 1 is monophagous (Table 1). tobira (Thunb.) Ait. (Pittosporaceae) is probably Among the polyphagous species, the most com­ Icerya purchasi Maskell (Table 1). monly encountered were Coccus viridis and Saisse­ Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell, 1893 (Coccidae), tia coffeae (Coccidae); longirostris, Pin­ Phenacoccus similis Granara de Willink, 1983 naspis strachani and Parlato ria proteus (Diaspid- INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 15, No.4, December, 2001 251

TABLE 1. Continued.

Scale insects collected Host plant species/Common names Plant Plant Plant In Portuguese shown in quotes family origin Form

Howardia biclavis ** Ervatamia coronaria Apocynaceae exotic shrub (Comstock, 1833) (vrw) "jasmim-cafe"

lschnaspis longirostris Chrysalidocarpus lutecens Pal mae exotic palm (Signore!, 1882) (dnn, vrw) "areca-bambu" tree * *Ctenanthe oppenheimiana Schum. Marantaceae native "maranta-variegata" herb * *Dietes iridioides Iridaceae exotic herb "moreia" Ficus benjamina L. Moraceae exotic tree "ficus" *Heliconia rostrata Ruiz et. Pay. Musaceae exotic shrub "helic6nia" Ixora coccinea L. Rubiaceae exotic shrub "ixora-coral" Phoenix roebelinii 0' Brien. Palmae exotic palm "tamareira-de-jardim" tree

Par/atoria proteus *Monstera sp. Araceae herb (Curtis, 1843) (vrw) "monstera" *Schefflera arboricola Araliaceae exotic shrub "cheflera-pequena" * *Spathiphyllum wallissii Regel Araceae exotic herb "lirio-da-paz" * Yucca elephantipes Hort. ex Regel Liliaceae exotic shrub "iuca-e1efante" "orquidea" Orchidaceae herb

Pinnaspis aspidistrae *Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) Chr. Polypodiaceae exotic herb (Signoret, 1869) (dnn, vrw) "chifre-de-veado" idae); Phenacoccus madeirensis and Pseudo coccus Most samples of scale insects were collected longispinus (Pseudococcidae); and Orthezia insig­ from plants growing in pots or narrow flower beds nis (Ortheziidae). These eight species occurred on in the shade (indoors) or semi-shade (under nurs­ 42% of the scale-infested hosts. ery netting, trees, or open porches). Infestations of Eriococcus campinensis (Eriococcidae), de­ the armored scale Ischnaspis longirostris on Ficus scribed by Hempel (1937), and Acutaspis oliverai benjamina and of the mealybug Pseudococcus long­ (Diaspididae), described by Lepage and Giannotti ispinus on Cordilyne tenninalis were found only on (1942), are recorded from Brazil only, and Orthezia potted plants, with the former interaction occur­ molinarii (Ortheziidae) and Phenacoccus similis ring both in shade and in bright sunlight and the (Pseudococcidae), previously were recorded by latter only indoors. In larger flowerbeds where Morrison (1952) and Williams and Granara de these pests were found, they appeared in small Willink (1992), respectively, only in Argentina. It is numbers. possible that additional records will place these Dense scale-insect populations were observed species in the polyphagous category. on the majority of host plants. Most infested plants Kuwanaspis bambusicola (Diaspididae), col­ showed symptoms such as dried or shriveled leaves; lected from Bambusa gracilis, is a monophagous in a small number of cases flowers or fruit were species. According to Ben-Dov (1990), this species aborted and leaves were deformed. Chlorosis ofleaf has been reported from species in only two genera tissue was detected mainly on hosts infested by of bamboo, Bambusa and Dendrocalamus. species of Diaspididae. 252 Volume 15, No.4, December, 2001, INSECTA MUNDI

TABLE 1. Continued.

Scale insects collected Host plant species/Common names Plant Plant Plant In Portuguese shown in quotes family Origin form

Pinnaspis strachani '"Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth.) Jess. var. Liliaceae exotic herb (Cooley, 1899) (vrw) sprengeri Hort. "aspargo-pendente" "'Bauhinia variegata Linn. Fabaceae native tree "pata-de-vaca" Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Malvaceae exotic shrub "hibisco" "'Murraya exotica Rutaceae exotic tree "falsa-murta" '" *Nephrolepis exalta Schot var. forida-ruffle Davalliaceae native herb "samambaia-crespa"

Pinlla.lpis sp. (vrw) Asplenium nidus L. Aspleniaceae exotic herb "asplenio"

Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis "'Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae exotic shrub (Green, 1896) (drm, vrw) "espirradeira" *Ficus pumila L. Moraceae exotic tree "unha-de-gato"

Pseudalllacaspis pentagona sp.2 Orchidaceae herb (Targioni - Tozzetti, 1886) "orquidea" (vrw) *Ligustrum sinense Lour. Oleaceae exotic shrub "ligustro-chines"

Pseudischnllspis bowreyi * "'Chrysalidocarpus /utecens Palmae exotic palm (CockerelL 1893) (vrw) "areca-bambu" tree

Seien([spidus articulatus '"* Ervatamia coronaria Apocynaceae exotic shrub (Morgan, 1889) (vrw) "j asmim-cafe" *Murraya exotica Rutaceae exotic tree "falsa-murta"

Margarodidae: Icel)!(1 sp. (drm) Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) Ait. Pittosporaceae exotic shrub "pitosporo-japones'

Sooty-mold frequently was found on plants because of direct and indirect damage caused by infested by species of Ortheziidae, Pseudococcidae, these insects. and Coccidae. A large amount of sooty mold was In most cases, it was not possible to determine found on Nectandra megapotamica infested by the extent of the ultimate destruction caused by Nipaecoccus nipae (Pseudococcidae) and on Schef­ these insects because most infested hosts were flera arboricoZa and S. actinophylla infested by treated in some way to protect them from extensive Orthezia sp. (Ortheziidae). damage. Withered and dead plants of CordiZyne term i­ naZis were observed infested by P. Zongispinus Acknow ledgments (Pseudococcidae) as were plants of Asparagus den­ sifZorus and Murraya exotica infested by Pinnaspis The authors gratefully acknowledge the help of strachani (Diaspididae), and SaintpauZia ionantha Dra. Vera R. dos Santos Wolff (Fundagao Estadual infested by Phenacoccus simiZis (Pseudococcidae). de PesquisaAgropecuaria, FEPAGRO, Porto Alegre, These plants were apparently negatively impacted INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 15, No.4, December, 2001 253

TABLE 1. Continued.

Scale insects collected Host plant species/Common names Plant Plant Plant in Portuguese shown in quotes family Origin form Ortheziidae Orrhe:::iainsignis Ardisia crenata Sims. Myrsinaceae exotic shrub Browne, 1887 ( drm, alp) "ardisia" * lresine herbstii Hook. Amaranthaceae native shrub "iresine" *Duranta repens L. var. aurea Hort. Verbenaceae native shrub "pingo-de-ouro" * *Pseuderanthemum atropurpureum Acanthaceae exotic shrub "pseudoerantemo' * *Pachystachys lutea Nees. Acanthaceae exotic shrub "camarao-amarelo" Solellostemon scutellarioides (L.) Lodd. Labiatae exotic herb "coleus"

Orlhezia sp (drm, alp). Brunfelsia uniflora D. Don. Solanaceae native shrub "manadt-de-cheiro" Codiaeum variegatum Blume. Euphorbiaceae exotic shrub "croton" Dichorisandra thyrsiflora Mik. Comeliaceae native shrub "marianinha" Duranta repells L. Verbenaceae native shrub "violeteira" Euphorbia milii des Moulins var. milii Euphorbiaceae exotic shrub "coroa-de-cristo" Euphorbia milii des Moulins vaL breonii Hort. Euphorbiaceae exotic shrub "coroa-de-cristo" Hibiscus syriacus L. Malvaceae exotic shrub "hibisco-colunar" Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae native shrub "camarazinho"

SchejJlera actillophylla Araliaceae exotic shrub "cheflera" SchejJlera arboricola Araliaceae exotic shrub "cheflera-pequena" Syngonium podopylum Schott. Araceae exotic herb "singonio" Brazil) and Dr. Michael L. Williams (Entomology References Department, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA) for the identification of a large part of the Arruda, S. T., M. P. A. Olivette, and C. E. F. scale insects; Dra. Maria Ines Salgueiro Lima Castro. 1996. Diagn6stico da Floricultura do (Departamento de BotEmica, Universidade Federal Estado de Sao Paulo. Revista Brasileira Horti­ de Sao Carlos, UFSCar, Sao Carlos, Brazil) for the cultura Ornamental, Campinas, 2:1-18. identification of some plant species; and CNPq Ben-Dov, Y. 1990. Bamboo. In: David Rosen (ed.), (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico Armored scale insects. Their biology natural e Tecno16gico, Brazil) for their financial support. enemies and control. World Crop Pests 4B:655- We are grateful to Drs. Manya B. Stoetzel and John 660. Elsevier Science Publisher B.V., Amster­ W. Brown, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, US dam. 687 p. Department of Agriculture and Avas B. Hamon, Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A Systematic Catalogue of the Division of Plant Industry, Florida State Collection Soft Scale Insects of the World. Flora & Fauna of , Gainesville, Florida, for their com­ Handbook Number 9, Sandhill Crane Press, ments and criticisms of this manuscript. Incorporated, Gainesville, Florida. 536 p. 254 Volume 15, No.4, December, 2001, INSECTA MUNDI

TABLE 1. Continued.

.' Scale insects collected Host plant species/Common names Plant Plant Plant in Portuguese shown in quotes family Origin form Pseudococcidae Ferrisia virgata Codiaeum variegatum Euphorbiaceae exotic shrub (Cockerell, 1893) (drm) "croton" * *Rhipsa/is baccifera (Mill.)Steam Cactaceae exotic herb "cacto-macan-ao"

Nipaecoccus nipae ** Nectandra megapotanzica Spreng. Lauraceae native tree (Maskell, 1893) (drm) "canelinha"

Phell(lCOCCliSmadeiriensis *Pachystachys lutea Acanthaceae exotic shrub Green. 1923 (drm) "camarao-amarelo" * Salvia splendens Ker-Gawl. Labiatae native herb "sangue-de-adao" Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Malvaceae exotic herb "hibisco" Acalypha wilkesiana M. Arg. Euphorbiaceae exotic shrub "acalifa" Lantana camara Verbenaceae native shrub "camarazinho"

Plal/oeocells sp. (dnn) Oncidium varicosum Lind!. Orchidaceae native herb "chuva-de-ouro"

Planococcus citri ** Kalanchoe blossfeldiana v. PoeHn. Crassulaceae exotic shrub (Risso, 1813) (dm1) "calancoe"

Pselldococcus longispil/us *Cyeas circinalis Roxb. Cycadaceae exotic shrub (Targioni-Tozzetti, 1867) (drn1) "cicas" * *Cordilyne termina/is Liliaceae exotic shrub "dracena-vern1elha" * *Draeaena surculosa Lind!. Liliaceae exotic shrub "dracena-bambu"

* *Syngonium podophyllum Araceae exotic herb "singonio" * *Rosa sp. Rosaceae exotic shrub "roseira"

Pselldococcus sp. (drm, alp) Davallia fejeensis Davalliaceae exotic herb "renda-portuguesa" Dieffenbachia amoena Hort. ex Gent. "comigo-ninguem-pode" Araceae exotic herb

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