HOLISTIC EDUCATION and DEVELOPMENTCENTER The Little Farm House INTERMEDIATE LEVEL – GRADE SCHOOL DEPARTMENT HY 2015 – 2016 Score: ____ / 20 BIOLOGY 6 FIRST TRIMESTER Parent’s Signature: Activity Sheet # 2: Introduction to Botany

NAME: ______DATE DUE: ______LEVEL & SECTION: ______DATE SUBMITTED: ______

What is a ?

A plant is a multicellular organism. It has cells enclosed in rigid cell walls made of cellulose. A plant is capable of making its own food through the process called photosynthesis. The image at right shows a Waling-Waling (Euanthe sanderiana) which is considered by many horticulturists as the Queen of Orchids. The Waling-Waling is found only in the forests of Mindanao and is now Critically Endangered due to excessive collection to supply the global demand for its exquisite . (Image from Dalton Holland Baptista).

What is the study of plant classification?

The science of classifying is called plant . A taxonomist is a biologist that groups organisms into categories. The foundation for plant taxonomy was laid down by Theoprastus (see image at left) who was a student of Aristotle, a famous philosopher who lived almost 2400 years ago. Theoprastus wrote the earliest recorded botany books- History of Plants and The Causes of Plants. He documented types of plants commonly used at that time as well as ways in cultivating wild plants. His work became the basis of botanical studies especially in the areas of medicine and agriculture. (Info from egs.edu; Image from sciencephoto.com).

The other scientist shown at right, is the Father of Plant Taxonomy and the Father of Botany, Carolus Linnaeus. Linnaeus invented a system of naming organisms called the binomial nomenclature which assigns a scientific name to an organism. The scientific name is composed of two names- the genus and the species. The first letter of the genus is capitalized (see the scientific name of the Waling-Waling above, Euanthe sanderiana). Both genus and species are italicized if typed or underlined if written by hand. (Image from cnwhite.org).

SPOT THE ERROR!

The following scientific names are written in the wrong way. Can you spot the error and correct them? Write the correct scientific name on the space provided. Remember that a scientific name must be underlined when writing them by hand or italicized when typed using the computer. The common name is written first followed by the scientific name in parenthesis. (Clipart from occupations.phillipmartin.info; 5 pts)

1. Philippine Monkey-Eating Eagle Image from philippineeaglefoundation.org (Pithecophaga Jefferyi)

Corrected scientific name:

2. Binturong Image from gdeichmann.photoshelter.com (arctictis binturong)

Corrected scientific name:

3. Luzon Bleeding-Heart Pigeon Image from wompoofruitdove.tumbler.com (GALLICOLUMBA LUZONICA)

Corrected scientific name:

4. Corpse Image from picturequotes.info (rafflesia Leonardi)

Corrected scientific name:

5. Narra Image from flickr.com (Pterocarpus INDICUS)

Corrected scientific name:

How are plants classified?

The following diagram shows you the different kinds of plants. The chart does not include all the types of plants but it has the major ones. Do your best to memorize this. We will discuss each of the groups in more detail later on.

PLANTS

Non-vascular Vascular

Moss Plants with Seedless plants

Liverwort Whiskfern

Hornwort Gymnosperm Angiosperm Clubmoss

Conifer Monocot Horsetail

Cycad Dicot Fern

Gnetophyte

Gingko

What are the two main types of plants?

Plants are classified into two main types based on the presence or absence of what is known as the vascular system. The vascular system is like a bundle of straws that move substances up and down a plant (this is similar to the function of blood vessels in animals). The vascular system is composed of xylem and phloem cells. The xylem cells transport water and minerals from the roots to the . The phloem cells distribute the food made by the leaves to all the parts of the plant. Do you recall the process that plants use to make their own food?

The xylem and phloem are organized into bundles called vascular bundles which are surrounded by a layer of cells called the bundle sheath. Botanists use the arrangement of these bundles to further classify vascular plants into different groups. For example, the images shown below highlight the difference between angiosperm monocots and dicots. The dicot stem (bottom left) has vascular bundles arranged into a ring known as the vascular cylinder. The monocot stem (bottom right) has scattered vascular bundles. (Images from generalhorticulture.tamu.edu).

WORD SEARCH!

Can you find the following words? Look for them up, down, backwards, forwards, left, right- even diagonally! Use your favorite color crayon to mark the words you’ve found! (15 pts)

Angiosperm Fern Linnaeus Theoprastus Binomial Gymnosperm Monocot Vascular Conifer Hornwort Phloem Xylem Dicot Horsetail Taxonomy

NOTE: An online version (in full color) is available at hedcenscience.wordpress.com to facilitate learning. Please note that such online material is copyrighted.

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