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Parker River and Thacher Island National Wildlife Refuges Habitat Management Plan January 2007

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Parker River and Thacher Island National Wildlife Refuges Habitat Management Plan January 2007 Parker River and Thacher Island National Wildlife Refuges Habitat Management Plan January 2007 "∂Ω¨π/Ø∂ª∂ 3ب"Ø®∫¨ ©¿)∞¥%¨µª∂µ '®Ω¨πØ∞≥≥,®∫∫®™Øº∫¨ªª∫ This blue goose, designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, has become a symbol of the National Wildlife Refuge System. The U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service is the principal federal agency responsible for conserving, protecting, and enhancing fish and wildlife and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. The Service manages the 93-million acre National Wildlife Refuge System comprised of more than 535 national wildlife refuges and thousands of waterfowl production areas. It also operates 65 national fish hatcheries and 78 ecological services field stations. The agency enforces federal wildlife laws, manages migratory bird populations, restores nationally significant fisheries, and conserves and restores wildlife habitat such as wetlands, administers the Endangered Species Act, and helps foreign governments with their conservation efforts. It also oversees the Federal Aid Program which distributes hundreds and millions of dollars in excise taxes on fishing an dhunting equipment to state wildlife agencies. Parker River National Wildlife Refuge Habitat Management Plan Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Scope and Rationale …………………………………………………………………. 3 1.2 Legal Mandates ……………………………………………………………………….3 1.3 Links to Other Plans …………………………………………………………………..4 Chapter 2. Background 2.1 Refuge Location and Description ……………………………………………………..9 2.2 Geographical Setting …………………………………………………………………..9 2.3 Historical Perspective ………………………………………………………………...17 2.4 Climatic Influences and Natural and Anthropogenic Disturbances …………………. 21 2.5 Refuge Resources: Current Condition……………………………………………….. 22 Climate……………………………………………………………………………….. 22 Soil ……………………………………………………………………………………22 Hydrology …………………………………………………………………………….23 Environmental Contaminants ………………………………………………………... 23 Natural Community Types …………………………………………………………... 23 Altered Habitats ……………………………………………………………………… 25 Rare Plants and Exemplary Natural Communities ………………………………….. 26 Wildlife ………………………………………………………………………………. 26 Research and Monitoring …………………………………………………………… 34 Land Management Research Demonstration Area ……………………………………35 Chapter 3. Resources of Concern 3.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….. 39 3.2 Potential Resources of Concern ……………………………………………………… 39 3.3 Biological Integrity, Diversity, and Environmental Health …………………………. 41 3.4 Priority Resources of Concern ……………………………………………………… 42 3.5 Priority Habitat Types and Associated Focal Species ……………………………… 43 3.6 Conflicting Habitat Needs ………………………………………………………… 50 3.7 Adaptive Management ……………………………………………………………… 52 Chapter 4. Habitat Goals and Objectives Barrier Beach Ecosystem and Estuarine Communities 1.1 Piping Plover and Least Terns ……………………………………………………….. 55 1.2 Sandy Beach, Rocky Shore and Dune Grasslands …………………………………….. 56 1.3 Maritime Shrubland and Forest ……………………………………………………… 57 1.4 Exemplary Plant Communities ……………………………………………………….58 1.5 Salt Marsh …………………………………………………………………………. 59 1.6 Tidal River, Bay and Estuary ………………………………………………………... 61 1.7 Nearshore Marine Open Water ……………………………………………………… 61 Human Modified Habitats 2.1 Grassland …………………………………………………………………………….. 61 2.2 Brackish Wetland/Impoundments ……………………………………………………… 64 Thacher Island 3.1 Tern Restoration ……………. …………………………………………………………. 67 Habitat Management Plan-- Parker River and Thacher Island NWR Chapter 5. Management Strategies and Prescriptions Introcution ……………………………………………………………………………… 71 Management Units………………………………………………………………………. 71 Barrier Beach Ecosystem and Estuarine Communities 1.1 Piping Plover and Least Terns ……………………………………………………… 73 1.2 Sandy Beach, Rocky Shore and Dune Grasslands …………………………………… 75 1.3 Maritime Shrubland and Forest …………………………………………………….. 76 1.4 Exemplary Plant Communities ………………………………………………………77 1.5 Salt Marsh ………………………………………………………………………… 78 Human Modified Habitats 2.1 Grassland………………………. ………………………………………………………80 2.2 Brackish Wetland/Impoundments.. …………………………………………………… 81 Thacher Island 3.1 Tern Restoration …………………………………………………………………….. 83 Literature Cited Appendices Appendix A List of Preparers ……………………………………………………….……… 93 Appendix B Habitat Classifications ………………………………………………….……... 94 Appendix C Plant List for Parker River NWR ………………………………………………97 Appendix D Non-bird animal species documented at Parker River NWR …………………109 Appendix E Potential Resources of Concern in the Region and on Parker River NWR……113 Appendix F Past North Pool Improvement Feasibility Studies……………………………..119 Appendix G Potential Management Practices……………………………………………….121 List of Tables Table 2-1 National Vegetation Classification System Association………………………..24 Table 2-2 Cross-walk of Habitat Types and NVCS Associations ………………………...25 Table 2-3 Fish species in Parker River-Plum Island Sound Estuary ……………………...31 Table 2-4 Invasive Species on the Parker River NWR ……………………………………33 Table 3-1 Priority Resources of Concern by Habitat …………………………………….. 43 Table 3-2 Habitat Requirements for Focal Species………………………......…………… 45 Table 3-3 Priority Habitats and Potential Limiting Factors ………………. …………….. 48 Table 5-1 Management Units at Parker River NWR …………………………………….. 73 List of Maps Map 2-1 Parker River and Thacher Island Loci Map …………………………………… 12 Map 2-2 Parker River NWR Infrastructure Map ………………………………………... 13 Map 2-2 Thacher Island NWR Infrastructure Map ……………………………………… 14 Map 2-3 Ecoregion, Bird Conservation Regions, Gulf of Maine Watershed Map ……… 15 Map 2-4 Great Marsh and Parker River/Plum Island Sound Watersheds ……………….. 16 Map 2-5 National Vegetation Community System Map ………………………………… 27 Map 5-1 Parker River NWR Management Units ………………………………………... 72 Habitat Management Plan-- Parker River and Thacher Island NWR I. INTRODUCTION Chapter 1. Introduction ° Scope and Rationale ° Legal Mandates ° Links to Other Plans Habitat Management Plan-- Parker River and Thacher Island NWR 1 I. INTRODUCTION 2 Habitat Management Plan-- Parker River and Thacher Island NWR I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Scope and Rationale The Parker River National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) was established in 1942 to provide feeding, resting, and nesting habitat for migratory birds. Parker River NWR occupies the southern three- fourths of Plum Island, and is a vital stopover site along the Atlantic Flyway for waterfowl, shorebirds, and songbirds. The primary purpose of the Parker River NWR is to preserve and manage habitat for a diversity of species, particularly migratory birds and wintering American black ducks. Parker River Refuge also administers Thacher Island NWR, an unstaffed satellite Refuge in Rockport, Massachusetts. Parker River and Thacher Island NWRs are managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS). The mission of the NWRS is to administer a national network of lands and waters for the conservation, management, and where appropriate, restoration of fish, wildlife, and plant resources and their habitats within the United States for the benefit of present and future generations of Americans . In 1997, Congress passed the landmark National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act, preparing the way for a renewed vision for the future of the refuge system where: • Wildlife comes first • Refuges are anchors for biodiversity and ecosystem-level conservation • Lands and waters of the System are biologically healthy • Refuge lands reflect national and international leadership in habitat management and wildlife conservation Meeting the wildlife conservation challenges of the 21 st century and fulfilling the System mission and vision requires planning and partnerships. The Comprehensive Conservation Plan (CCP) and Habitat Management Plan (Plan) for each refuge are essential to the System’s ability to meet these challenges. This Habitat Management Plan provides a long-term vision and specific guidance on managing habitat for the resources of concern at Parker River and Thacher Island NWRs. The contributions of these refuges to ecosystem and landscape scale wildlife and biodiversity conservation are incorporated in the Plan. The Plan sets a direction for the next 15 years (2007-2022) with reviews every 5 years, and the use of adaptive management to assess and modify management activities as research, monitoring and priorities may require. 1.2 Legal Mandates Parker River NWR was established under the authority of the Migratory Bird Conservation Act for the following purpose: “…for use as an inviolate sanctuary, or for any other management purpose, for migratory birds ”. Initially, 4,650 acres encompassing most of the southern 2/3 of the Island and associated salt marsh were purchased for the Refuge. By 1945 a total of 12,367 acres had been acquired with funds from the sale of Duck Stamps. Local opposition to refuge land acquisition led to legislation that divested the Service of about 7,700 acres (P.L. 80-579, June 3, 1948). Some of the land was returned to former owners. Some tracts with poor title were acquired by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to form the nucleus of three Wildlife Management Areas (i.e. William Forward WMA, Crane Pond WMA and Martin Burns WMA). Habitat Management Plan-- Parker River and Thacher Island NWR 3 I. INTRODUCTION In 1962, the Refuge Recreation Act (16U.S.C. 460K – 460K – 4) expanded the purpose of the Refuge to include “… (1) incidental fish and wildlife-oriented recreation development, (2) the protection of natural
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