IAJPS 2018, 05 (08), 7397-7402 Pugazhendy K et al ISSN 2349-7750

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INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

Available online at: http://www.iajps.com Review Article TOXICOLOGICAL CRITICAL REVIEW REPORT OF CATLA CATLA (HAMILTON, 1822) Pugazhendy K1, Tamizhazhagan V1, Jayanthi C2, Sakthidasan V1, and Sasikala P 1Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu, India 2Department of Education, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu, India Abstract: Indian major carp Catla catla is used for the various toxicology experiments in life science and medicine field to be consumed major food sources and highly rich proteins present in the Indian major carp. Many toxicology approaches made in lower used to toxicants like herbicide, pesticide, insecticide heavy metals etc., widespread information about the has been together from various sources like books, Journals and authentic classical texts, etc. Researcher and pharmacologist and toxicological treatment may be helpful security of the whole fish was settled in the criticism. Behavior studies, hematology studies, enzyme studies, recovery studies, histology studies, immunological studies, etc., this amassed data may be helpful for the researchers to attention on the significant areas of research yet to be revealed. Keywords: Hematology, Biochemical, Histology, Catla catla. * Corresponding author: Pugazhendy K, QR code Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu, India

Please cite this article in press Pugazhendy K et al., Toxicological Critical Review Report of Catla Catla (Hamilton, 1822) ., Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2018; 05(08).

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IAJPS 2018, 05 (08), 7397-7402 Pugazhendy K et al ISSN 2349-7750

INTRODUCTION: well as internal medium for organisms. Thus water is Adversely human activities are directly or indirectly the most vital factor in the existence of all living affect the environment. Developed and developing organisms. Water covers about 71% of the earth of countries which are progressing rapidly in the field of which more than 95% exists in gigantic oceans very agriculture, technology and industries are less amount of water is contained in the rivers continuously releasing various kinds of harmful (0.00015%) and lakes (0.01%), which comprise the substances [1]. The increase overall lead absorption, most valuable freshwater resources. Global aquatic nutrients can also have marked effects on patens of ecosystems fall under two broad classes defined by tissue deposition of lead once absorbed from the salinity – freshwater ecosystem and the saltwater environment[2]. The importance of medicinal plants ecosystem. and the contribution of phytomedicine to the well- being of a significant number of the world’s Freshwater ecosystems are inland waters that have population[3]. Fish immune system, important for low concentrations of salt. The salt-water ecosystem defense against a variety of harmful pathogens is has a high concentration of salt content (averaging very sensitive to homeostatic adjustments via about 3.5%)[12]. Freshwater mussels play a number endocrine regulation and is influenced by the of important roles in aquatic ecosystems. As biochemical profile of the nervous system[4]. Widely sedentary suspension feeders, unionoids remove a spread pesticides are used to control agricultural pests variety of materials from the water column, including but at the same time they are highly toxic to non- sediment, organic matter, bacteria, and target natural population in the aquatic environment. phytoplankton. Siphoned material is either This necessitated the need to understand and evaluate transferred to the mouth for digestion or sloughs off the biological effects of xenobiotic on aquatic the gills and exits via the ventral margin of the shell ecosystem[5]. The major sources of water pollution (pseudofeces). Digested material is either used as fuel are domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes which for various life processes or excreted as feces. The are discharged into natural water bodies [6]. amount and rate of particulate matter removed from Domestic sewage are runoff from agriculture fields the water column and subsequent deposition of waste loaded with pesticides and fertilizers, pollute the is largely dependent on temperature, particle water bodies. Commonly used pesticides can be concentration, flow regime, mussel size, and harmful living organisms, pets, and their species[13]. These tests determine LC50 which is a environment. The most common cause of water quick estimate of different toxicants and assessment pollution in developing countries is domestic and of a toxicant to estimate toxicant concentration to be industrial waste that is directly released into streams used in the intermediate and long-term test. The or ponds without treatment. These wastes mostly intermediate test is conducted when a toxicity test is contain various types of pollutants such as heavy dealt with a long life cycle organism or longer life metals, radioactive elements, pesticides, herbicides cycle stage which requires additional time for and corrosive substances like acids and bases [7]. determination of LC50 [14]. Investigation on toxicity Supplementary fishes contain lipids particularly makes it possible to evaluate the effects of sublethal omega fatty acids from the human nutritious position concentration on growth, behavior, physiology and of inspection, eminent and excellence in attendance biology of organisms, to determent their adaptation in maritime and cultivable fishes. Various toxicity capabilities and to forecast possible consequences to data symbolize for assortment of pesticide such as toxic effect of Aquatic ecosystems that run through organophosphate, organochlorine, carbamide and agricultural areas have high probability of being pyrethroid pesticides have been reported for number contaminated by runoff and groundwater is reached of fish species noted various approaches and by a variety of chemicals[15]. Gills are the first momentous researchers find out like[8, 9]. Because organs (figure 1) which come in contact with of their low insistence, frequent application of these environmental pollutants. Paradoxically, they are pesticides are life form skillful for the have power highly vulnerable to toxic chemicals because firstly, over of pests in agricultural fields and thereby large their large surface area facilitates greater toxicant quantities find their way into water bodies[10].The interaction and absorption and secondly, their control f pest involves the heavy use of synthetic detoxification system is not as robust as that of liver. pesticides, but the widespread use of these substance Additionally, absorption of toxic chemicals through has led to serious problem including toxic residue on gills is rapid and therefore toxic response in gills is grass and toxicity to nontarget organism such as also rapid [16]. The weathering of rocks, soil forms mammals birds and fishes[11]. The first life and increased use of metal-containing fertilizers in originated in the water and first organisms was also agriculture could lead acetate to a continued rise of aquatic where water was the principal external as the concentration of metal pollutants in freshwater www.iajps.com Page 7398

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reservoirs as a result of water runoff, thereby constitute a serious type of pollution in freshwater representing the greatest hazard to human consumers and being stable compounds, they are not readily of fish [17, 18]. Present critical reviews various filed removed by oxidation, precipitation or other author so many research successfully done especially processes and affect the activity in recipient animal water quality analysis and toxicology heavy metal [2, 11, 12, 16, 19-26]. Table 1: Scientific classification of Catla catla Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Order: Subfamily Genus Labeo Species: L. catla

Figure 1: Morphological structure of Catla catla of Catla catla They quickly reflect the weak condition of fish [10, The catla was formerly listed as the only species in 28, 40, 41]. the genus Catla, (Table 1) but this was a synonym of the genus Gibelion. More recently, Catalog of Biochemical studies of Catla catla Fishes has moved this species to Labeo.This species The total carbohydrate content was estimated by the has been frequently confused with the giant technique of [42] A 10% homogenate of tissue was barb (Catlocarpio siamensis) of south-east Asia, and prepared using 5% TCA and this was centrifuged at the two taxa do bear an extraordinary resemblance to 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. Samples were cooled in the each other, especially in their very large heads[27]. dark at room temperature for 30 minutes. The total carbohydrate content in mg/g of tissue.Protein was Hematology studies of Catla catla estimated by the method of [43]. 1% tissue The present review is aimed to evaluate the effect of homogenate were prepared in 10% TCA and sub lethal concentration of lihocin on hematological centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes. The goal set indices various tissues of carp fish, Catla catla over was dissolved in 1 ml of 1N NaOH to the above 5 ml an exposure period of 45 days [28-30]. of alkaline copper reagent was added and after 10 Haematological parameters are considered as index minutes, 0.5 ml of folin phenol reagent was measured of the total body and therefore they are important for after was added and rapidly The moisture content diagnosing structural and functional strategy of fish was estimated by subtracting the dry weight (dried in Experiments in the field of ecological toxicology are a hot air oven) of the muscle tissue from the known oriented towards studying the variations in the wet of the muscle tissue. The total lipids were hematological changes[31-39]. These parameters extracted by the method of [44] to find out total lipid, have been used to assess the health of fish, known volume of experiment samples were monitoring stress responses and forebode systematic homogenized with 1 ml of methanol and 2 ml of relationship and physiological adaptations of animals. chloroform to which again 2ml of chloroform : www.iajps.com Page 7399

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methanol (2:1 v/v) was added and mixed Ria de Vigo, NE Atlantic (Spain). International thoroughly[35, 45-51] . Journal of Environmental Research, 2012. 6(1): p. 19-24. Histology studies of Catla catla 8. Visvanathan, P., C. Maruthanayagam, and M. Generally, most of the histological studies are made Govindaraju, Effect of malathion and endosulfan on the dead cells or tissues. For microscopically on biochemical changes in Channa punctatus. studies, cells or tissues have to pass through the Journal of Ecotoxicology & Environmental process such as fixation, dehydration, embedding, Monitoring, 2009. 19(3): p. 251-257. sectioning and staining in the present study focused 9. Gurusamy, K. and V. Ramadoss, Impact of DDT various tissues like gill, liver, eyeball, kidney and on oxygen consumption and opercular activity of etc., [52-58]. Lepidocephalichthys thermalis (Bleeker). Journal of Ecotoxicology & Environmental Monitoring, CONCLUSION: 2000. 10(3/4): p. 239-248. Catla catla is used as an important toxicology 10. Tamizhazhagan, V., Pugazhendy K, Sakthidasan approaches to provide significant results in the V, JayanthiC, Barbara Sawicka, Agevi Humphre, scientific field to help to monitor aquatic lower Vasanth pandiyan C,Kasinathan M, Ramarajan animal to higher animals. In the food chain to relate K, Baranitharan., Study of toxic effect of to human to help the veracious studies formulate new monocrotophos 36% EC on the biochemical ideas and innovative of common people may be using changes in fresh water fish Catla catla this review approach. (Hamilton, 1882). 2017.4(3),1-9. 11. Vasantharaja, C., et al., Properties of ACKNOWLEDGMENT: Cardiospermum halicacabum against the toxic The authors are thankful to authorities Department of effect of cypermethrin in the quantification of Zoology, Annamalai University, for the facilities nucleic acids in the freshwater fish provided to carry out this research work. mrigala (Hamilton). Int. Res. J. Pharm, 2013. 4(1): p. 280-283. REFERENCES: 12. Vijayan, P., Senthilmurugan S., Pugazhendy K., 1. Tamizhazhagan, V. and K. Pugazhendy, The Tamizhazhagan V., Analysis of physicochemical toxicity effect of Monocrotophos 36% EC on the parameters water samples from Cauvery River in Biochemical changes Labeo rohita (Hamilton, Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu. Analysis, 2018. 1882). International Journal for Scientific 3(1). Research & Development, 2016. 3(11): p. 802- 13. Vaughn, C.C. and C.C. Hakenkamp, The 808. functional role of burrowing bivalves in 2. Hemalatha, K., et al., Studies on the protective freshwater ecosystems. Freshwater Biology, efficacy of Spirulina against lead acetate 2001. 46(11): p. 1431-1446. induced hepatotoxicity in Rattus norvegicus. 14. Mohamed, F. and N. Gad, Environmental group, 2012. 2(3.17): p. 0.15. pollution-induced biochemical changes in tissues 3. Meenambal, M., et al., Phytochemical of Tilapia zillii, Solea vulgaris and Mugil capito information from FTIR and GC-MS studies of from Lake Qarun, Egypt. Global Vet, 2008. 2(6): methol extract of Delonix elat leaves. p. 327-336. International Journal of Chemical and 15. Jayalakshmi S,Pugazhendy K, Tamizhazhagan Analytical Science, 2012. 3(6): p. 1446-1448. V,Sakthidasan V, Jayanthi C,Sasikala 4. Usha, R., et al., Potential efficacy of Tribulus P.Ttherapeutic efficacy of Aaloe vera terrtri against toxic impact of chlorpyrifos on cypermethrin in the fresh water fish. enzymological alteration in the fresh water fish International Journal of Zoology and Applied Oriochrommis mossambicus. Int. J Pharm. Biol. Biosscience, 2017, 2(6),386-391. Sci, 2017. 7(3): p. 168-184. 16. Tamizhazhagan, V., Pugazhendy K., Sakthidasan 5. Bhattacharya, R., et al., Acute toxicity of some V., Jayanthi C., The toxicity effect of synthetic cyanogens in rats and their response to Monocrotophos 36% EC on the Histological oral treatment with alpha-ketoglutarate. Food changes in gill of Labeo rohita. International and chemical toxicology, 2009. 47(9): p. 2314- journal of innovative research in 2320. multidisciplinary field, 2016. 2(11): p. 435-439. 6. Katyal, D., Water quality indices used for 17. Pichaimani, N., Pugazhendy K., Tamizhazhagan surface water vulnerability assessment. 2011. V., Sakthidasan V., Jayanthi C and Sasikal P., 7. Mhadhbi, L., et al., Bioaccumulation of metals in Antioxidant enzyme activity effect of Solanam tissues of Solea vulgaris from the outer coast and virginianum against lead acetate toxicity of the www.iajps.com Page 7400

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