Chapter 1: Operating System Fundamentals
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Chapter 1: Introduction What Is an Operating System?
Chapter 1: Introduction What is an Operating System? Mainframe Systems Desktop Systems Multiprocessor Systems Distributed Systems Clustered System Real -Time Systems Handheld Systems Computing Environments Operating System Concepts 1.1 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002 What is an Operating System? A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware. Operating system goals: ) Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier. ) Make the computer system convenient to use. Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner. Operating System Concepts 1.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002 1 Computer System Components 1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices). 2. Operating system – controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various application programs for the various users. 3. Applications programs – define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users (compilers, database systems, video games, business programs). 4. Users (people, machines, other computers). Operating System Concepts 1.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002 Abstract View of System Components Operating System Concepts 1.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002 2 Operating System Definitions Resource allocator – manages and allocates resources. Control program – controls the execution of user programs and operations of I/O devices . Kernel – the one program running at all times (all else being application programs). -
KUNCI JAWABAN CHAPTER 2 CCNA-RS-ITN-SIM-1 Configuring a Network Operating System Chapter 2 Exam
KUNCI JAWABAN CHAPTER 2 CCNA-RS-ITN-SIM-1 Configuring a Network Operating System Chapter 2 Exam Mandar 3 Oktober 2016 CCNA-RS-ITN-SIM-Ganjil-2016 MANDAR 3 OKTOBER 2016 KUNCI JAWABAN CHAPTER 2 1. Which two features are characteristics of flash memory? (Choose two.) Flash provides nonvolatile storage. The contents of flash may be overwritten. 2. A network administrator is planning an IOS upgrade on several of the head office routers and switches. Which three questions must be answered before continuing with the IOS selection and upgrade? (Choose three.) What models of routers and switches require upgrades? Do the routers and switches have enough RAM and flash memory for the proposed IOS versions? What features are required for the devices? 3. Which procedure is used to access a Cisco 2960 switch when performing an initial configuration in a secure environment? Use the console port to locally access the switch from a serial or USB interface of the PC. 4. A network administrator needs to keep the user ID, password, and session contents private when establishing remote CLI connectivity with a switch to manage it. Which access method should be chosen? SSH 5. A router has a valid operating system and a configuration stored in NVRAM. When the router boots up, which mode will display? user EXEC mode 6. Which two functions are provided to users by the context-sensitive help feature of the Cisco IOS CLI? (Choose two.) displaying a list of all available commands within the current mode determining which option, keyword, or argument is available for the entered command 7. -
The Security and Management of Computer Network Database In
The Security and Management of Computer Network Database in Coal Quality Detection Jianhua SHI1, a, Jinhong SUN2 1Guizhou Agency of Quality Supervision and Inspection of Coal Product,Liupanshui city 553001,China [email protected] Keywords: Computer Network Database; Database Security; Coal Quality Detection Abstract. This paper research the results of quality management information system at home and abroad, through the analysis of the domestic coal enterprises coal quality management links and management information system development present situation and existing problems, combining with related theory and system development method of management information system, and according to the coal mining enterprises of computer network security and management, analysis and design of database, and the implementation steps and the implementation of the coal quality management information system of the problem are given their own countermeasure and the suggestion, try to solve demand for management information system of coal enterprise management level, thus improve the coal quality management level and economic benefit of coal enterprise. Introduction With the improvement of China's coal mining mechanization degree and the increase of mining depth, coal quality is on the decline as a whole. At the same time, the user of coal product utilization way more and more widely, use more and more diversified, more and higher to the requirement of coal quality. In coal quality issue, therefore, countless contradictions increasingly acute, the gap of -
Chapter 1. Origins of Mac OS X
1 Chapter 1. Origins of Mac OS X "Most ideas come from previous ideas." Alan Curtis Kay The Mac OS X operating system represents a rather successful coming together of paradigms, ideologies, and technologies that have often resisted each other in the past. A good example is the cordial relationship that exists between the command-line and graphical interfaces in Mac OS X. The system is a result of the trials and tribulations of Apple and NeXT, as well as their user and developer communities. Mac OS X exemplifies how a capable system can result from the direct or indirect efforts of corporations, academic and research communities, the Open Source and Free Software movements, and, of course, individuals. Apple has been around since 1976, and many accounts of its history have been told. If the story of Apple as a company is fascinating, so is the technical history of Apple's operating systems. In this chapter,[1] we will trace the history of Mac OS X, discussing several technologies whose confluence eventually led to the modern-day Apple operating system. [1] This book's accompanying web site (www.osxbook.com) provides a more detailed technical history of all of Apple's operating systems. 1 2 2 1 1.1. Apple's Quest for the[2] Operating System [2] Whereas the word "the" is used here to designate prominence and desirability, it is an interesting coincidence that "THE" was the name of a multiprogramming system described by Edsger W. Dijkstra in a 1968 paper. It was March 1988. The Macintosh had been around for four years. -
The Arcos Network Operating System
AT-A-GLANCE The ArcOS TM Network Operating System History has repeatedly proven that large industries transition from The ArcOS Advantage vertical integration to best-in-class horizontal segmentation as the urgent business need for innovation outstrips the ability/intent of the incumbents to deliver. The networking industry is in exactly such Agile situation, but it lags the compute and, to a large extent, the storage tiers in terms of this transition. Network operations teams are hampered by inflexible, proprietary systems that are expensive to build, operate, Automated processes accelerate and manage. This model does not fit well into today’s digital business and streamline network expectations of a more agile and innovation-friendly smart infrastructure. provisioning, operations, and deployment. Built-in YANG/ Recently, there has been an explosion of networking merchant silicon OpenConfig support simplifies options in the market that continue to redefine what is possible. integration into existing Additionally, the networking hardware ecosystem continues to evolve frameworks. with a proliferation of readily available leading-edge network platforms from multiple ODMs. But the fundamental problem has been the lack of a modern, scalable, and viable software network operating system that enables the transition from a proprietary, closed approach to an open integration approach. Elastic Arrcus addresses this problem by delivering ArcOS, an independent, open, Linux-based network operating system, as a high-quality alternative Modular software on white box/ to vertically integrated OEMs, to meet and exceed the modern smart brite box network hardware network infrastructure requirements. maximizes flexibility in building a scale-out architecture for a variety of network environments A Modern Network Operating System for the Data Center, (physical, virtual, cloud). -
LAB MANUAL for Computer Network
LAB MANUAL for Computer Network CSE-310 F Computer Network Lab L T P - - 3 Class Work : 25 Marks Exam : 25 MARKS Total : 50 Marks This course provides students with hands on training regarding the design, troubleshooting, modeling and evaluation of computer networks. In this course, students are going to experiment in a real test-bed networking environment, and learn about network design and troubleshooting topics and tools such as: network addressing, Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), basic troubleshooting tools (e.g. ping, ICMP), IP routing (e,g, RIP), route discovery (e.g. traceroute), TCP and UDP, IP fragmentation and many others. Student will also be introduced to the network modeling and simulation, and they will have the opportunity to build some simple networking models using the tool and perform simulations that will help them evaluate their design approaches and expected network performance. S.No Experiment 1 Study of different types of Network cables and Practically implement the cross-wired cable and straight through cable using clamping tool. 2 Study of Network Devices in Detail. 3 Study of network IP. 4 Connect the computers in Local Area Network. 5 Study of basic network command and Network configuration commands. 6 Configure a Network topology using packet tracer software. 7 Configure a Network topology using packet tracer software. 8 Configure a Network using Distance Vector Routing protocol. 9 Configure Network using Link State Vector Routing protocol. Hardware and Software Requirement Hardware Requirement RJ-45 connector, Climping Tool, Twisted pair Cable Software Requirement Command Prompt And Packet Tracer. EXPERIMENT-1 Aim: Study of different types of Network cables and Practically implement the cross-wired cable and straight through cable using clamping tool. -
Isolation, Resource Management, and Sharing in Java
Processes in KaffeOS: Isolation, Resource Management, and Sharing in Java Godmar Back, Wilson C. Hsieh, Jay Lepreau School of Computing University of Utah Abstract many environments for executing untrusted code: for example, applets, servlets, active packets [41], database Single-language runtime systems, in the form of Java queries [15], and kernel extensions [6]. Current systems virtual machines, are widely deployed platforms for ex- (such as Java) provide memory protection through the ecuting untrusted mobile code. These runtimes pro- enforcement of type safety and secure system services vide some of the features that operating systems pro- through a number of mechanisms, including namespace vide: inter-application memory protection and basic sys- and access control. Unfortunately, malicious or buggy tem services. They do not, however, provide the ability applications can deny service to other applications. For to isolate applications from each other, or limit their re- example, a Java applet can generate excessive amounts source consumption. This paper describes KaffeOS, a of garbage and cause a Web browser to spend all of its Java runtime system that provides these features. The time collecting it. KaffeOS architecture takes many lessons from operating To support the execution of untrusted code, type-safe system design, such as the use of a user/kernel bound- language runtimes need to provide a mechanism to iso- ary, and employs garbage collection techniques, such as late and manage the resources of applications, analogous write barriers. to that provided by operating systems. Although other re- The KaffeOS architecture supports the OS abstraction source management abstractions exist [4], the classic OS of a process in a Java virtual machine. -
Libresource - Getting System Resource Information with Standard Apis Tuesday, 13 November 2018 14:55 (15 Minutes)
Linux Plumbers Conference 2018 Contribution ID: 255 Type: not specified libresource - Getting system resource information with standard APIs Tuesday, 13 November 2018 14:55 (15 minutes) System resource information, like memory, network and device statistics, are crucial for system administrators to understand the inner workings of their systems, and are increasingly being used by applications to fine tune performance in different environments. Getting system resource information on Linux is not a straightforward affair. The best way is tocollectthe information from procfs or sysfs, but getting such information from procfs or sysfs presents many challenges. Each time an application wants to get a system resource information, it has to open a file, read the content and then parse the content to get actual information. If application is running in a container then even reading from procfs directly may give information about resources on whole system instead of just the container. Libresource tries to fix few of these problems by providing a standard library with set of APIs through which we can get system resource information e.g. memory, CPU, stat, networking, security related information. Libresource provides/may provide following benefits: • Virtualization: In cases where application is running in a virtualized environment using cgroup or namespaces, reading from /proc and /sys file-systems might not give correct information as these are not cgroup aware. Library API will take care of this e.g. if a process is running in a cgroup then library should provide information which is local to that cgroup. • Ease of use: Currently applications needs to read this info mostly from /proc and /sys file-systems. -
Introduction to Performance Management
C HAPTER 1 Introduction to Performance Management Application developers and system administrators face similar challenges in managing the performance of a computer system. Performance manage- ment starts with application design and development and migrates to administration and tuning of the deployed production system or systems. It is necessary to keep performance in mind at all stages in the development and deployment of a system and application. There is a definite over- lap in the responsibilities of the developer and administrator. Sometimes determining where one ends and the other begins is more difficult when a single person or small group develops, admin- isters and uses the application. This chapter will look at: • Application developer’s perspective • System administrator’s perspective • Total system resource perspective • Rules of performance tuning 1.1 Application Developer’s Perspective The tasks of the application developer include: • Defining the application • Determining the specifications • Designing application components • Developing the application codes • Testing, tuning, and debugging • Deploying the system and application • Maintaining the system and application 3 4 Chapter 1 • Introduction to Performance Management 1.1.1 Defining the Application The first step is to determine what the application is going to be. Initially, management may need to define the priorities of the development group. Surveys of user organizations may also be carried out. 1.1.2 Determining Application Specifications Defining what the application will accomplish is necessary before any code is written. The users and developers should agree, in advance, on the particular features and/or functionality that the application will provide. Often, performance specifications are agreed upon at this time, and these are typically expressed in terms of user response time or system throughput measures. -
Applied Combinatorics 2017 Edition
Keller Trotter Applied Combinatorics 2017 Edition 2017 Edition Mitchel T. Keller William T. Trotter Applied Combinatorics Applied Combinatorics Mitchel T. Keller Washington and Lee University Lexington, Virginia William T. Trotter Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 2017 Edition Edition: 2017 Edition Website: http://rellek.net/appcomb/ © 2006–2017 Mitchel T. Keller, William T. Trotter This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 Interna- tional License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-sa/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA. Summary of Contents About the Authors ix Acknowledgements xi Preface xiii Preface to 2017 Edition xv Preface to 2016 Edition xvii Prologue 1 1 An Introduction to Combinatorics 3 2 Strings, Sets, and Binomial Coefficients 17 3 Induction 39 4 Combinatorial Basics 59 5 Graph Theory 69 6 Partially Ordered Sets 113 7 Inclusion-Exclusion 141 8 Generating Functions 157 9 Recurrence Equations 183 10 Probability 213 11 Applying Probability to Combinatorics 229 12 Graph Algorithms 239 vii SUMMARY OF CONTENTS 13 Network Flows 259 14 Combinatorial Applications of Network Flows 279 15 Pólya’s Enumeration Theorem 291 16 The Many Faces of Combinatorics 315 A Epilogue 331 B Background Material for Combinatorics 333 C List of Notation 361 Index 363 viii About the Authors About William T. Trotter William T. Trotter is a Professor in the School of Mathematics at Georgia Tech. He was first exposed to combinatorial mathematics through the 1971 Bowdoin Combi- natorics Conference which featured an array of superstars of that era, including Gian Carlo Rota, Paul Erdős, Marshall Hall, Herb Ryzer, Herb Wilf, William Tutte, Ron Gra- ham, Daniel Kleitman and Ray Fulkerson. -
1. Introduction
Network Operating Systems Partha Dasgupta Department of Computer Science and Engineering Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287-5406 USA [email protected] [Note: Written in 1997, Appeared in Encyclopedia of Electrical Engineering] 1. Introduction Network Operating Systems extend the facilities and services provided by computer operating systems to support a set of computers, connected by a network. The environment managed by a network operating system consists of an interconnected group of machines that are loosely connected. By loosely connected, we mean that such computers possess no hardware connections at the CPU – memory bus level, but are connected by external interfaces that run under the control of software. Each computer in this group run an autonomous operating system, yet cooperate with each other to allow a variety of facilities including file sharing, data sharing, peripheral sharing, remote execution and cooperative computation. Network operating systems are autonomous operating systems that support such cooperation. The group of machines comprising the management domain of the network operating system is called a distributed system. A close cousin of the network operating system is the distributed operating system. A distributed operating system is an extension of the network operating system that supports even higher levels of cooperation and integration of the machines on the network (features include task migration, dynamic resource location, and so on) (1,2). An operating system is low-level software controlling the inner workings of a machine. Typical functions performed by an operating system include managing the CPU among many concurrently executing tasks, managing memory allocation to the tasks, handling of input and output and controlling all the peripherals. -
Linux® Resource Administration Guide
Linux® Resource Administration Guide 007–4413–004 CONTRIBUTORS Written by Terry Schultz Illustrated by Chris Wengelski Production by Karen Jacobson Engineering contributions by Jeremy Brown, Marlys Kohnke, Paul Jackson, John Hesterberg, Robin Holt, Kevin McMahon, Troy Miller, Dennis Parker, Sam Watters, and Todd Wyman COPYRIGHT © 2002–2004 Silicon Graphics, Inc. All rights reserved; provided portions may be copyright in third parties, as indicated elsewhere herein. No permission is granted to copy, distribute, or create derivative works from the contents of this electronic documentation in any manner, in whole or in part, without the prior written permission of Silicon Graphics, Inc. LIMITED RIGHTS LEGEND The electronic (software) version of this document was developed at private expense; if acquired under an agreement with the USA government or any contractor thereto, it is acquired as "commercial computer software" subject to the provisions of its applicable license agreement, as specified in (a) 48 CFR 12.212 of the FAR; or, if acquired for Department of Defense units, (b) 48 CFR 227-7202 of the DoD FAR Supplement; or sections succeeding thereto. Contractor/manufacturer is Silicon Graphics, Inc., 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy 2E, Mountain View, CA 94043-1351. TRADEMARKS AND ATTRIBUTIONS Silicon Graphics, SGI, the SGI logo, and IRIX are registered trademarks and SGI Linux and SGI ProPack for Linux are trademarks of Silicon Graphics, Inc., in the United States and/or other countries worldwide. SGI Advanced Linux Environment 2.1 is based on Red Hat Linux Advanced Server 2.1 for the Itanium Processor, but is not sponsored by or endorsed by Red Hat, Inc.