Holistic Approaches to Overcome the Threat of Banana Wilt Disease Caused by FOC TR4
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Holistic approaches to overcome the threat of banana wilt disease caused by FOC TR4 Bob Williams Director Plant Industries Department of Primary & Fisheries Northern Territory, Australia. Key Point of Focus Four banana business models Cavendish monoculture – multinational companies Cavendish monoculture – small growers supplying to multinational trading companies Diverse range of varieties – small growers supplying into a central market Diverse range of varieties in subsistence farming systems – small farmers Key Points from BAPNET Research • identify the pathogen. • the distribution of Foc across the region • a large breadth of knowledge on varietal susceptibility to Foc. – Race 1, STR4 and TR4. • commercial varieties that are resistant and or tolerant to Foc. – Race 1, STR4 and TR4. • clean plant material • management strategies that suppress the impact of the disease in a production system. • all research teams are involved in field based activities • there is light in the tunnel – but it is still a long way. Other Research within Asia Pacific China. Genetic Improvement Somaclonal variants • Somatic mutation • Chemical mutagenesis Traditional breeding Genetic modification (chill tolerance) Antifungal agents – alliums for cropping systems Malaysia. Somaclonal variants – lakatan banana India. The Missing link. The Australian Experience . Why is it that Australia has been able to minimise the impact of these diseases on the major Production area? Why is it that Australia does not have many of the other major Pest and Diseases of banana? Black Sigatoka Black Cross Foc TR4 Blood Disease BBTV BBMV Black Sigatoka TR4 & Freckle Black Cross Australia – major banana production areas Foc TR4 Darwin Freckle Black Sigatoka Kununurra 15° S Freckle North Queensland Foc R1& STR4 Bundaberg Carnarvon & BBTV Brisbane Southeast 30° S Queensland Perth Northern New Adelaide Sydney South Wales & Coffs Harbour Melbourne Hobart National BananaAustralian Industry Banana Biosecurity Industry Plan Exotic Pests & Diseases National Banana Industry Biosecurity Plan The plan ensures the banana industry has the capacity to minimise the risks of pests and to respond effectively to any pest threats through a pre-emptive planning process Partnership Banana Industry Government Other relevant stakeholders National Banana Industry Biosecurity Plan Pre-Border Border Post-Border Identifying exotic Implementing Minimising risk of pest threats effective regional & quarantine property Undertaking Establishing establishment offshore research surveillance Preparing for where pest are networks detection, endemic Education minimised spread Regulations on the Education importation of material Australian Banana Industry National Banana Industry Biosecurity Plan Banana Planting Permit Policy All major banana Pest and Disease move with plant material Clean Planting Material critical Quality Banana Approved Nursery (QBAN) scheme. All growers annually need a permit to plant bananas This is now run by industry not government. All material must be sourced from a accredited QBAN nursery. Restriction on moving soil, appliances and other things into, out of or within a pest quarantine area for pests of banana plants Queensland Banana Quarantine Zones Approximately 800ha of Cavendish banana Approximately 12,000 ha of banana Approximately 100 ha banana Cavendish Approximately 500 ha banana Ladyfinger and Cavendish Queensland Banana Quarantine No Banana Production Zones No movement of Plant material Major production Area R1 No Banana Production No movement of Foc R1& STR4 Plant material BBTV, Foc R1& STR4 Somoclonal Varieties GCTV 218 - Plant GCTV 218 – 1st Ratoon Hypothesis: Increased soil microbial activity and diversity can suppress Panama disease on bananas Glasshouse Microbial communities Field Microbial communities Microbial groups Families of organism Individual organism Genes ? Commercial validation • Philippines TR4 management • Australia groundcover & Foc R1 management Conclusion: • Increased soil microbial activity and diversity under vegetated groundcover helped suppress Panama disease (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense) on bananas. • Vegetated groundcover changed: • nematode community, • soil enzyme activity, • community level physiological profiles and • TRLFP analysis of the soil • Increasing cellulolytic activity (β-glucosidase) in the soil was negatively correlated with vascular discoloration of bananas caused by Foc. A Global Strategy The Key Objectives of a Global Strategy. 1. A Biosecurity Plan (Policy) Global Regional – Asian Pacific/Africa/Central America. National – Mozambique Farm 2. Research Strategy Short, medium and long term strategies. 3. Technology Transfer Training from farm workers up. A Global Strategy The Key components of a Global Strategy. 1. Prevention • Phytosanitary legalisation • International standards • Quarantine barriers • Farm biosecurity plans • Awareness • Understanding the impacts • Education A Global Strategy The Key components of a Global Strategy. 1. Prevention 2. Identification • Surveillance and reporting • Monitoring • Identification, isolation and destruction. • Education and training A Global Strategy The Key components of a Global Strategy. 1. Prevention 2. Identification 3. Clean planting material • Availability • Certification • Virus indexed • Off-types • Education and training A Global Strategy The Key components of a Global Strategy. 1. Prevention 2. Identification 3. Clean planting material 4. Resistant varieties • Genetic improvement • Somaclonal variants (now) • Conventional breeding (long term) • Genetic modification (long term) • Regional evaluation • Supply chain development • Alternative production systems. A Global Strategy The Key components of a Global Strategy. 1. Prevention 2. Identification 3. Clean planting material 4. Resistant varieties 5. Integrated production systems • Inoculum reduction strategies • Reduction in plant stress • Crop rotations • Area-wide management programs • Education and training A Global Strategy The Key components of a Global Strategy. 1. Prevention 2. Identification 3. Clean planting material 4. Resistant varieties 5. Integrated production systems 6. Capacity building • Knowledge based on good science • Farm workers/leading hands/managers • Corporate managers • Extensionists/agronomists • Quarantine and regulatory staff • Policy makers & Politicians A Global Strategy The Key components of a Global Strategy. 1. Prevention 2. Identification 3. Clean planting material 4. Resistant varieties 5. Inoculum reduction 6. Capacity building 7. Collaboration • Sharing a common goal • Respect • Integration of a wide range of disciplines A Global Strategy What can Asian Pacific bring to a Global Strategy? We have 20+ years of experience of working with the disease The capacity to provide strategic advice Developed a culture of collaboration and sharing Systems for the development and evaluation of resistant varieties Capability and knowledge of production and supply chain systems Testing and evaluation sites Skilled resources The Role of Bioversity(BAPNET)/TFNet in a Global Strategy BAPNET - collection of research institutions - strong networks - technical information TFNet - an environment to increase the awareness of the impact of the disease. - moving the technical information into knowledge and adoption. Key Point of Focus Four banana business models Cavendish monoculture – multinational companies Cavendish monoculture – small growers supplying to multinational trading companies Diverse range of varieties – small growers supplying into a central market each production system Diverse range of varieties in subsistence farming across across systems – small farmers cuts The impacts of global strategy Thank you Research Teams in Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan, China, India and South Africa .