Australian Hotel Conservation Management Plan

FINAL Report Number 06/38 June 2006

Heritage Design Services

Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3

1.0 INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 CONTEXT OF THE REPORT 5 1.2 OBJECTIVES 6 1.3 SITE IDENTIFICATION 6 1.4 BUILDING DESCRIPTION 8 1.5 METHODOLOGY, STRUCTURE AND LIMITATIONS 9 1.6 TERMINOLOGY 10 1.7 AUTHORSHIP & ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 10

2.0 DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE 11 2.1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRECINCT 11 2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE SITE 15 2.3 HISTORIC THEMES 58

3.0 PHYSICAL EVIDENCE 63 3.1 INTRODUCTION 63 3.2 CONTEXT 63 3.3 BUILDING DESCRIPTION 67 3.4 COMPARATIVE IDENTIFICATION OF FABRIC – EXTERNAL 76 3.5 COMPARATIVE IDENTIFICATION OF FABRIC – INTERNAL 82 3.6 DEVELOPMENT OF FABRIC SINCE 1990 101 3.7 A RCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL 102 4.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE 105 4.1 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 105 4.2 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 108

5.0 GRADING OF SIGNIFICANCE 109 5.1 INTRODUCTION 109 5.2 GRADING OF SIGNIFICANT ELEMENTS 110 5.3 SIGNIFICANCE DIAGRAMS 116

6.0 CONSTRAINTS, OPPORTUNITIES AND REQUIREMENTS 122 6.1 INTRODUCTION 122 6.2 ISSUES ARISING FROM THE STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 122 6.3 PHYSICAL CONDITION OF THE PLACE 122 6.4 SYDNEY HARBOUR FORESHORE AUTHORITY 123 6.5 HERITAGE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 124 6.6 COMMUNITY GROUPS 129 6.7 BUILDING REGULATIONS 129

7.0 CONSERVATION POLICIES 131 7.1 INTRODUCTION 131 7.2 APPLICATION OF THE BURRA CHARTER 131 7.3 THE USE OF 133

NSW Government Architect’s Office 1 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

7.4 ASSET MANAGEMENT 135 7.5 MANAGEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 136 7.6 NEW WORK POLICIES 145

8.0 IMPLEMENTING THE PLAN 149 8.1 INTRODUCTION 149 8.2 MANAGEMENT ISSUES 149 8.3 ON-GOING MAINTENANCE 149

9.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 152

APPENDIX 1 - Detailed History of the Occupation of the Site 156 APPENDIX 2 – Chronology 179 APPENDIX 3 – Rate Assessment Book Allotment 14 Section 75 193

NSW Government Architect’s Office 2 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006 Executive Summary

Background to the CMP

This report was prepared by the NSW Government Architect’s Office for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority (SHFA). The commission required updating of the 1990 investigation of significance for the Australian Hotel prepared by Robertson and Hindmarsh and the development of management policies for the place. The CMP aims to provide a basis for identifying and managing the heritage significance of the Australian Hotel within its historic context in The Rocks. The report structure and general contents were provided by SHFA in the form of a Conservation Management Plan(CMP) template, including standard introductory words for each section.

Statement of Significance

The Australian Hotel is significant as a largely intact example of the public houses that were built in The Rocks from the establishment of the Colony and part of a suite of buildings, which demonstrate changing social and drinking habits over time. It is also likely to have a high degree of social significance as a traditional meeting place and abode of working men within The Rocks area and it continues to provide the service for which it was designed.

Its form and siting reflects the 1903 Hickson, Davis and Vernon planning scheme, designed to improve the hygiene and amenity of The Rocks inhabitants following the 1900 plague outbreak. It has landmark qualities on a prominent site at the corner of Cumberland and Gloucester Streets.

The building is an attractive and well-resolved example of Edwardian hotel architecture, with quality finishes, fabric and details. The building has a high degree of intact fabric and details and integrity. The combination of hotel and shops in one architectural treatment and the two level bar demonstrates an innovative response to the characteristics of the site and the needs of the community at the time.

The archaeological resources within the site are also highly significant. Relating to the occupation of the site prior to changes for the 1903 planning scheme and construction of the Hotel, they provide a rare opportunity in conjunction with other sites, to study an early and significant community in the development of Sydney and the State.

Recommendations

Key recommendations that have immediate priority include:

• Implement the maintenance plan in Section 8.3; • Prepare a regular maintenance schedule; • Priorities for maintenance should include investigation and repair of roof membranes and the reinstatement of the existing fibre-cement tiles or similar on the terraces; • Update existing plans of the Hotel to correctly record current configuration and use and to include known archaeological evidence; • Provide the lessee with a copy of this Conservation Management Plan and brief them regarding heritage conservation responsibilities;

NSW Government Architect’s Office 3 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

• Review the lease of the building to include site specific as well as generic clauses about heritage management; • Make this Conservation Management Plan a publicly accessible document; • Ensure that all building contractors, project managers, trades personnel and consultants involved in works at the Australian Hotel have appropriate professional skills and are experienced with working on historic buildings.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 4 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Context of the Report This report is based on a brief outlined in a letter from the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority (SHFA), and as clarified in subsequent discussions with the Authority. The commission required updating of the 1990 investigation of significance for the Australian Hotel prepared by Robertson and Hindmarsh.

The Conservation Management Plan (CMP) for the Australian Hotel has been structured to fit within the framework of The Rocks Heritage Management Plan (adopted February, 2002). It conforms to the current guidelines of the New South Wales Heritage Council and follows the SHFA template provided with the brief.

Figure 1.1 Location of the Australian Hotel within the context of The Rocks1.

1 Godden Mackay Logan Pty Ltd, The Rocks Heritage Management Plan (2000), p.6. The Rocks Heritage Management Plan, adopted February, 2002, is in three volumes, Vol. 1, Vol. 2, Background Papers, and Vol. 3, Supporting Documentation. The Rocks Heritage Management Plan (2000) may be accessed at www.shfa.nsw.gov.au

NSW Government Architect’s Office 5 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

1.2 Objectives The main objective of this Conservation Management Plan is to provide guidelines for the conservation, re-use, interpretation and management of the Australian Hotel to ensure that the heritage values of the place are maintained and where appropriate, enhanced.

1.3 Site Identification The Australian Hotel is located on a wedge shaped site at the intersection of Cumberland and Gloucester Streets, The Rocks. Specifically, the address of the hotel is 100-102 Cumberland Street, and the addresses of the adjoining shops are 104 Cumberland Street and 87 Gloucester Street, The Rocks. However, for the purposes of this report, the term “Australian Hotel” refers to the hotel and the adjoining shops as they were constructed at the same time and are currently incorporated into the hotel, either physically or in terms of their use.

The site is identified as being Lot 1 in DP 777656.

The Australian Hotel and associated shops are listed on the State Heritage Register (Listing number 1582, listed 10/5/2002) and the Conservation and Heritage Register of SHFA.

They are also listed on the following non-statutory heritage registers: • Register of the National Estate (The building has the RNE listing # 2307, (21/10/1980) and The Rocks Conservation Area has the RNE listing # 2255 (21/10/1980)) • Register of the National Trust of Australia (NSW) • Royal Australian Institute of Architects Register of 20th Century Buildings of Significance

The site is also part of The Rocks Conservation Area (RNE ID number 2255).

Figure 1.2 Map of the precinct, March 2004, as provided by SHFA. The Australian Hotel is circled.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 6 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 1.3 The Australian Hotel, viewed from the north.

1.4 Building Description The Australian Hotel is formed by a group of three attached buildings, comprising the hotel and two adjoining shops at 104 Cumberland Street and 87 Gloucester Street. Constructed as the one development in 1914-1915, the three buildings present a uniform exterior, with a consistent scale, wall finishes, rendered details and pattern of fenestration.

The building is designed in a mixed style, typical of much development during the Interwar period. The ground floor features elements of the Federation Free Style which continued through the early interwar years, such as the use of contrasting face brickwork and painted render, Arts and Crafts influences, informal fenestration and some minor Art Nouveau references. Above the awning, the building features elements more akin to the Interwar Stripped Classical style with some stripped classical elements in rendered masonry, including pilasters, string courses and mouldings around openings.

The hotel has three floors, including a basement used for storage, the ground floor with its public bars and associated facilities and the first floor with guest accommodation, plus an additional roof terrace. The shop on Cumberland Street has been integrated into the hotel, with the hotel kitchen and restaurant located at ground floor level, and common areas for the first floor private rooms above. The shop on Gloucester Street however remains largely separate to the hotel, although is connected by the internal lightwell. The Gloucester Street shop has a bottle shop at

NSW Government Architect’s Office 7 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006 ground level with hotel management offices on the first floor. Both shops have roof terraces.

The building is constructed in load-bearing brickwork, supported on a bedrock foundation. External wall detailing is simple, featuring a polychromatic face brick dado, with a smooth rendered finish above, extending above the roofline to form a parapet. The upper levels of the façade feature recessed bays, engaged piers, rendered stringcourses, architraves and sills to windows. A suspended awning on cast iron brackets wraps around the building on both the Cumberland and Gloucester Street elevations. A detailed physical analysis is contained in Section 3.0 of this report.

Figure 1.4.1 Figure 1.4.2 Cumberland Street elevation, March 2004 (SHFA). Gloucester Street elevation, March 2004 (SHFA).

Figure 1.4.3 Figure 1.4.4 Basement plan, March 2004 (SHFA). Ground Floor plan, March 2004 (SHFA).

Figure 1.4.5 Figure 1.4.6 First Floor plan, March 2004 (SHFA). Roof plan, March 2004 (SHFA).

NSW Government Architect’s Office 8 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

1.5 Methodology, Structure and Limitations This Conservation Management Plan has been prepared in accordance with guidelines outlined in The Burra Charter: the Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance, 1999, known as The Burra Charter; the NSW Heritage Manual, and the model set out by James Semple Kerr in Conservation Plan: A Guide to the Preparation of Conservation Plans For Places of European Cultural Significance, 6th edition, 2004.

The client’s brief was to update the existing Conservation Study, prepared by Robertson and Hindmarsh (1990):

Robertson & Hindmarsh Pty. Ltd. Architects, The Australian Hotel: An investigation of the significance of the Australian Hotel and adjacent shops and residences, Cumberland and Gloucester Sts, The Rocks, Volumes 1 & 2, prepared for the Sydney Cove Authority, January 1990. (hereafter referred to as ‘Robertson & Hindmarsh’)

Therefore, this conservation plan has not been prepared completely from scratch and the budget was limited to a minimum amount of work sufficient to update the conservation policies and site analysis. A comparative analysis was not possible in this context. The structure and generic text prefacing each section was provided by SHFA in the form of its standard CMP template. This template dictated the type of information collected and the way it has been organised. This differs from the structure and presentation of information normally used by the Government Architect’s Office.

Contemporary plans of the building were supplied by SHFA, based on the original drawings, which have not been amended to indicate the current layout of the building. Discrepancies in these drawings have been indicated were relevant.

The initial sections of the CMP provide an analysis of the site and buildings, based on documentary and physical evidence. This analysis includes a historical summary, developing an understanding of the history of the site and place, together with a descriptive analysis of building components and elements. A grading of significant elements and spaces has been provided to identify their differing levels of contribution to the significance of the Australian Hotel. .

The later sections of this report address various management issues and the role and objectives of the relevant heritage authorities. They provide the framework for the formulation of the conservation policies and implementation guidelines.

The history was undertaken by a professional historian using both primary and secondary sources. An oral history and detailed social significance assessment were not possible during the preparation of this plan. This CMP does not address potential Aboriginal cultural significance embodied in the site.

Fieldwork was carried out by Caitlin Allen, Matthew Devine and Anita Krivickas in April 2006. During this visit the existing building layout and fabric was inspected and compared to the original, 1950s and current (March 2006) drawings. These were annotated while on site to identify changes to the building, to assist in an understanding of integrity and significance.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 9 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

1.6 Terminology The terminology used, particularly the words place, cultural significance, fabric, and conservation, are as defined in Article 1 of The Burra Charter and are detailed in Section 7.2, of this report. In the history, the following abbreviations have been used:

Bk Book C T Certificate of Title DP Deposited Plan (LTO) ML Mitchell Library LTOD Land Titles Office, Deed MSB Maritime Services Board No Number RAB Rate Assessment Book SRNSW State Records, New South Wales V & P L A N S W Votes and Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly, NSW

1.7 Authorship & Acknowledgements This report has been collaboratively prepared by the following project team:

Matthew Devine Heritage Specialist Anita Krivickas Heritage Specialist Terry Kass Historian Caitlin Allen Archaeologist

Unless otherwise specified, all images, including photographs, were taken by staff from the Government Architect’s Office, Department of Commerce in March – April 2006.

The authors would like to thank the following for their assistance in preparing this document: Karyn McLeod, Wayne Johnson, Zoran Popovich of SHFA, staff and management of the Australian Hotel.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 10 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

2.0 Documentary Evidence

2.1 Development of the precinct

Convicts seeking shelter in the early colony initially occupied land on the Rocks overlooking Sydney. They erected rough shelter that gradually began to be improved as time went by. The right of possession lay with the "householder" with no formal title to the land. They continued to build in materials which became ever more permanent. As people moved, grew wealthy or died, their cottages were sold or exchanged as in a free market economy. Due to the absence of any proper title to the land, these exchanges were often informal and many householders did not bother to register the transaction. It is difficult to identify the earliest occupants of the site as well as many of their successors. Nonetheless, the land later granted as Allotment 16, was reputed to have been held in 1795 by someone identified as – Kane. 2 Sarah Mills was reputed to have held the land which became Allotment 13 about 1809 on what was then the west side of Cambridge Street. 3 Cambridge and Gloucester Streets were often confused and the names were use interchangeably until well into the nineteenth century.

Reconstruction of the evidence of buildings on the adjacent site show that by 1809, there were a few single storey cottages on the land.4 Most of them would have been built of timber. George Cribb operated his slaughter yard and stockyard nearby on what later became Section 74. Shops and pubs emerged to cater for residents of the area.

By 1823, some larger buildings had been constructed, some being as high as two storeys. Harper's and Stewart's maps show that on the subject site, facing Cumberland Street, there were larger houses often sitting in their own gardens, whilst smaller houses situated on narrower lots faced Gloucester Street.5 This set a precedent that would be adhered to for the next century. Larger houses, some of which were shops and even hotels, faced Cumberland Street whilst smaller cottages fronted Gloucester Street. In addition, there appear to have been more owner- occupiers on the Cumberland Street frontage than on Gloucester Street. The turnover of tenants on Gloucester Street also seems to have been more frequent than in Cumberland Street, yet this is to overstate the contrasts. Large houses mixed with small cottages across the town of Sydney, many cheek-by-jowl, so that a complex social mix characterised most areas.

The 1830s was a period when much of the land in the study area was either claimed officially or formally granted. The process of investigating the rights of claimants either through the Court of Claims or directly through the Colonial Secretary's Office enabled the identity of people owning and occupying the land and the dwellings on them to be identified. As the reconstruction of the adjacent site shows, development of the land became more intensive by the mid 1830s, though there was still a good

2 Aln 86/3599, in Lands, Alienation Branch, Correspondence, SRNSW 10/35305 3 Court of Claims, Memorial 571, SRNSW 2/1791 4 G Karskens, Inside the Rocks: The archaeology of a neighbourhood, Hale and Iremonger, Sydney 1999, p 22 5 SR Maps SZ 434, SZ 469

NSW Government Architect’s Office 11 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006 deal of vacant space around many houses.6 By the 1840s, a settled population was living in the area.

In 1901, an old resident of Sydney named Elizabeth Walker recorded her recollections of The Rocks. She remembered names and identities in Cumberland Street. In an imaginary walk up the street, she spoke of people in what can be identified as Section 71, Cumberland Street, south of the subject site. Then, she remarked,

Crossing the street, and continuing to go down [to the north], we passed by the houses of many respectable working people. The properties in which they lived were the rewards of their industry and thrift. Their sons would be serving their time as shipwrights, coopers and carpenters; and after their apprenticeship had been served, many of the young fellows would go out with the whalers for eighteen months.7

By 1845 when the first Rate Assessment was made for the new City Council, the site had far more two-storey dwellings on it. Gloucester Street was largely occupied by two storey dwellings both of brick and timber, many in poor condition. The prominence of two storey houses was possibly a reflection of landlords trying to maximise their return on smaller allotments of land. On Cumberland Street however, most of the houses were still single storey and were built of a mix of stone, brick and wood. There were some shops there as well.8

Houses were gradually built on land within the site. In the mid 1850s, James Casey erected a hotel, “The Rock of Cashel” on Allotment 6. More intensive development succeeded older houses, though many still remained standing. In Cumberland Street, newer houses were built directly on the street alignment. The older houses seen on the 1823 plans remained at the rear of these allotments. By 1887, many of these older houses had disappeared in the rush of development.

Much intellectual capital has been made from W S Jevons’ critical remarks on The Rocks area in 1858. Yet less attention has been focussed on an evening stroll he made on 20 November 1858, when he walked up the hill from the Exchange, up Argyle Street and then turned south along Cambridge Street. He found little vice and even less depravity.

In the higher parts of The Rocks, Gloucester and Cumberland Streets, there was very little more stir, a few people gossiping at the corner, or moving homewards. Princes Street was perfectly quiet except for the subtle murmur of conversation inside the dwellings, which was in almost every part of the town audible. The interiors of the dwellings, too, with few exceptions appear cheerful where a glimpse could be obtained. The family was generally round the central table or sitting about in chairs and sofa. The females were generally engaged in needlework; all were talking.9

At that time, the residents on or near this site included James Casey, at the Rock of Cashel Hotel, Edmund Smithard, butcher and John Howarth, provision store in

6 G Karskens, Inside the Rocks: The archaeology of a neighbourhood, Hale and Iremonger, Sydney 1999, p 22 7 'Old Sydney in the Forties - Recollections of Lower George Street and "The Rocks" - Dictated by Mrs Eliza Walker', JRAHS, 16, 4, 1930, pp 309-10 8 1845 Gipps Ward RAB 9 B Groom and W Wickman (eds), Sydney – The 1850s: The Lost Collections, University of Sydney, 1982, pp 80-82

NSW Government Architect’s Office 12 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Cumberland Street. In Gloucester Street, there was John Mathews boarding house and Patrick Fenley, the bootmaker.10

Primitive sanitary practices continued in the area for a long period. Louis Uhde was identified by Grace Karskens, as slaughtering livestock at his Lower George Street butcher's shop in the 1860s. Thus, she surmised that he might have done the same at his shop at 106 Cumberland Street on this site. Indeed, other butchers also occupied this shop and are likely to have done so as well.11

Some of the houses within the study site were unfavourably identified in the 1875-6 investigations into the sewerage and health of Sydney. 12 Nevertheless, almost next door, lived people of status and income such as John Molloy, a long time resident of 102 Cumberland Street, master mariner and man of wealth, with assets in land and business.

By the 1880s and 1890s, the increasing flight of more affluent residents to the suburbs had begun to affect The Rocks and Millers Point. First to leave had been the professionals and middle class, followed by skilled tradesmen. As shipbuilding declined on the nearby waterfront, with the closure of yards such as Cuthbert's shipyards and their replacement by larger docks and wharfs, the skilled men who worked in those yards left for homes in the newly developing suburbs. The population began to consist primarily of dock workers, storemen, carters and general labourers along with trades, which served them such a butchers, bakers and publicans.

Most of the dwellings on the site were held by landholders who owned no more than one or two properties. One owner, Patrick Fanalay/Fennelly (various spellings) was a somewhat more substantial owner than the others. He held land within the study area and outside running into the Cumberland/Gloucester Streets Archaeological site but even he was small fry. On the other hand, as a man who had achieved a modest success, Fanalay could indulge in some “conspicuous consumption”. In his case, he was reputed to have made some lavish donations to the local Catholic parish church, St Patrick’s.13

The people who lived in these cottages and worked nearby were examined in detail in Grace Karskens’ published work. One of Fanalay’s tenants was Oscar Hellsten, who was reputed to have been “a ladies man”. When visiting a brothel, he was betrayed by the family dog who stood outside waiting for him. His wife, Annie, then forced him out of the home and raised their children herself. 14 They lived in 79 Gloucester Street in 1884-5 but were recorded as Oscar Elliston in the 1885 Sands Directory. The daughter of Patrick Fennelly, Katie, married John Herbert Towle but he deserted her to go gold digging, so she had to bring up her six children on her own.15 They were recorded as living at 81 Gloucester Street in 1892 and 1894-5, and then at 79 Gloucester Street from 1899 to 1901 and then in Number 87 in 1904-05.

Family ties were again demonstrated in the linkages between Thomas and Mary White who conducted a greengrocer’s shop at 110 Cumberland Street in 1890, which was then carried on by Lawrence White in 1891 and 1892. They were linked to other

10 Sands, Directory, 1858-9, p 38, 56 11 G Karskens, Inside the Rocks, p 88-9 12 ‘Sydney City and Suburban Sewage and Health Board – Eleventh Progress Report’, 1875- 6, V & P L A N S W, V, p 558 13 G Karskens, Inside the Rocks, p 115 14 G Karskens, Inside the Rocks, p 143 15 G Karskens, Inside the Rocks, p 153

NSW Government Architect’s Office 13 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006 families nearby such as the Cotters of 2 Cribb’s Lane, and the Awlsbury family of 4 Caraher’s Lane.16

The outbreak of bubonic plague in Sydney in 1900 created alarm across all sections of society and the government reacted swiftly to quell public alarm in an attempt to deal with the incipient epidemic. The Government resumed large areas of land at The Rocks and Millers Point on 29 December 1900. They fell within the "Observatory Hill Resumed Area" under the provisions of the Public Works Act, 1900, in conjunction with the Darling Harbour Wharves Resumption Act, 1900.

Redevelopment of the area, the wholesale demolition of older buildings and wharfs, the construction of rat-proof wharf barriers and the erection of new buildings was part of the scheme. Large scale demolition of houses and the wholesale removal of the people who lived there was part of the scheme. Much of the land was redeveloped, some for commercial use. Other areas were subsequently rebuilt as housing once the Government realised that wharf and dock workers needed to be available at short notice. Most of the buildings on the site, which is the subject of this study, had been removed by 1907.17

Construction of the hotel in 1914 occurred once redevelopment had settled into a pattern, which demonstrated that a hotel would be viable. John Murray, licensee of the existing "Australian Hotel" nearby at 116 Cumberland Street, saw that he could continue to trade from a new site and that there would be sufficient residents and workers nearby to make the hotel profitable. Two shops were built as part of the hotel development. Their continued viability as shops serving a local clientele until the 1930s, demonstrated that there were still enough people living nearby to allow them to function. Construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and approaches in the late 1920s and early 1930s, obliterated much of the local residential market so the shops became uneconomic. The hotel continued to trade. The tight control that the Licences Reduction Board maintained over hotels across Sydney and suburbs ensured that few additional hotels were built unless an existing licence was shifted. The continuation of the Australian Hotel on this site demonstrates that it remained profitable serving local residents and workers who came into the area. Use of the adjacent land as a bus depot contributed to the clientele of the hotel. As bus employees came off work they had a handy “watering hole” next door.

Minor repairs characterised the management of the hotel for a long time, but by the 1940s, there was an increased need to upgrade fittings and facilities. By the 1940s, white ants had become evident and the problem needed attention. A major refit was carried out in 1949. In 1947, the Police successfully objected to the transfer of the licence since the barmaid, Bessie Keys had been the de facto licensee. She had various prior convictions against her.18 Another major refit occurred in 1959.

16 G Karskens, Inside the Rocks, p 171-2 17 See Gipps Ward, RAB, 1907 18 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 24

NSW Government Architect’s Office 14 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

2.2 Development of the Site 2.2.1 History of the Site Before the Australian Hotel

The site of the Australian Hotel and its associated shops was originally part of Sydney Section 75. The street layout was substantially altered by the re-construction of The Rocks area after the 1900 Plague resumptions. The plan below shows the position of the current hotel shown by the triangular shape overlaid across Allotments 6, 7, 8, 13, 14 and 15 on the original block plan. 19

Figure 2.1 Sydney Section Plan of Section 75 shows the old layout of the block with the new layout superimposed on the plan. The Australian Hotel is the triangle. (Source: Sydney Section 75, Lands Titles Plans Room, undated, post 1910 – later copy of a plan produced in 1835 and reproduced in 1835). The position of the Hotel on this plan has been used as the reference for identifying the hotel on earlier plans before the street alignment changed. The position however has been estimated only.

This section of the report deals with the various plans and surveys which cover the whole site. The following section will deal with the history of each Allotment separately.

19 Sydney Section 75, Lands

NSW Government Architect’s Office 15 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

The earliest plan, which showed the buildings on the site with any degree of accuracy, was Harper’s survey of 1823 (Figure 2.2), which depicted a fairly dense concentration of buildings on the study site, though some of the site lay within the rear yards of some buildings. 20

Figure 2.2 Harper’s Plan of 1823 showed much of the site occupied by buildings. (Source: SR Map SZ 434)

20 Sydney Town, rough map with buildings, Harper, c 1823, (originally S.268) SR Map SZ434

NSW Government Architect’s Office 16 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Stewart’s map of 1825 (Figure 2.3) was essentially a cleaner re-drawing of Harper’s plan. It showed the buildings on the site more clearly. 21

Figure 2.3 Stewart’s plan of Sydney of 1825 showed much of the site with the same detail though with greater clarity. (Source: SR Map SZ 469)

21 Plan of the allotments of ground in Sydney, G C Stewart (draughtsman), (originally S.13), 1825, SR Map SZ469

NSW Government Architect’s Office 17 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Surveyor Robert Russell completed his plan of survey of Section 75 on 1 January 1835. Unfortunately, this plan is not currently available at the Lands Plans Room at Prince Alfred Road.22

The 1865 Detail Survey (Figure 2.4) showed the buildings on the site. The buildings facing Gloucester Street included Numbers 51-3 (Allotment 15), 55-9 (Allotment 14) and 61-3 (Allotment 13). Facing Cumberland Street, were the following buildings, Numbers 102 (Allotment 6), 104 (at rear) and 106 (Allotment 7), and 108-10 (Allotment 8). 23

Figure 2.4 The 1865 Detail Survey of Sydney showed the subject site. (Source: Sydney Detail Survey, 1865, Sheet B2)

The survey of the city by the Detail Survey Branch of the Lands Department (Figure 2.4) provided further data about the site. Surveyor Stephen Mills completed the

22 SG, Plan catalogue, COD 87 23 Sydney Detail Survey, 1865, Sheet B2

NSW Government Architect’s Office 18 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006 measurements for the Detail survey. His Field Book of July 1887 showed detail of the buildings on the site (Figures 2.6 to 2.8).24

Figure 2.5 H Percy Dove's published survey of 1880, revealed detail of the buildings, their roofing material and number of storeys. At that date, much of the site was built on. (Source: H P Dove, Plans of Sydney)

24 Detail Survey, Field Book 1324, Sydney Water Plans Room, p 21

NSW Government Architect’s Office 19 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 2.6 Surveyor Stephen Mills’ Field Book of 1887 shows detail of the buildings on part of Cumberland Street. The subject site encompasses the rear of these allotments, approximately to the right of the line shown here (Source: Detail Survey, Field Book 1324, Sydney Water Plans Room, p 21)

NSW Government Architect’s Office 20 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 2.7 Surveyor Stephen Mills’ Field Book of 1887 shows detail of the part of Cumberland Street towards Cribbs Lane. The approximate location of the south-western corner of the subject site is shown (Source: Detail Survey, Field Book 1324, Sydney Water Plans Room, p 20)

NSW Government Architect’s Office 21 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 2.8 Surveyor Stephen Mills’ Field Book of 1887 showing part of Gloucester Street. The south- eastern corner of the subject site is shown (Source: Detail Survey, Field Book 1324, Sydney Water Plans Room, p 10)

NSW Government Architect’s Office 22 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Mills’ manuscript plan of the detail survey dated as 1887 (Figure 2.9) showed detail of the buildings on the site. The houses numbered 67, 69, 71, 73 and 79 and 81 Gloucester Street are on the site. Those numbered as 104 and 106 Cumberland Street are also on the site. The rear yard of 108 Cumberland Street is also on this site. Note that the hotel at 116 Cumberland Street, which was later called the “Australian Hotel” was then called the Hibernian Hotel.25

Figure 2.9 Mills' final manuscript plan of 1887. (Source: Plan PWD 366.1544, Sydney Water Plans Room)

25 Plan PWD 366.1544, Sydney Water Plans Room

NSW Government Architect’s Office 23 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

The first published edition of the Detail Survey dated as 1889 gave this detail of the site (Figure 2.10).26

Figure 2.10 The first published edition of the Detail Survey plan. (Source: NSW - Dept of Lands, Metropolitan Detail Series, M L Map M Ser 4 811.17/1, Sections 70 to 75, 1889)

26 NSW - Dept of Lands, Metropolitan Detail Series, M L Map M Ser 4 811.17/1, Sections 70 to 75, 1889

NSW Government Architect’s Office 24 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

A slightly later published version of 1890 showed the site as below. 27

Figure 2.11 A slightly later edition of the Detail Survey plan. (Source: NSW - Dept of Lands, Metropolitan Detail Series, M L Map M Ser 4 811.17/1, Sections 70 to 75, 1890)

27 NSW - Dept of Lands, Metropolitan Detail Series, M L Map M Ser 4 811.17/1, Sections 70 to 75, 1890

NSW Government Architect’s Office 25 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

The Resumption Survey plan of 1900 provided details of the buildings and their ownership across the study site.28

Figure 2.12 The 1900 Resumption Plan. The approximate location of the subject site is shown (Source: Plan Q, SHFA)

28 Plan Q. Copy supplied by Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority

NSW Government Architect’s Office 26 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 2.13 Numbers 102-114 Cumberland Street c. 1900. These buildings are erected on Allotments 6 to 9. Allotments 6 to 8 are within the study area (Numbers 102 to 110 Cumberland Street). (Source: CD 46, SHFA)

Figure 2.14 Cumberland Street looking north c. 1915. Note the Australian Hotel on the right. All of the buildings in the previous photo, which lay within the study area, appear to have been demolished. (Source: CD 124, SHFA)

NSW Government Architect’s Office 27 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

2.2.1.1 Allotment 6 Section 75

According to later evidence, this Allotment was owned by William Blue who transferred it to William Kelly on 22 September 1820.29

The Census of November 1828 listed a William Kelly, aged 32, free by servitude, who had arrived on Baring 2, in 1819, with a seven-year sentence. He was a printer living in Essex Lane. He had a wife, Elizabeth, born in the colony, aged 38, and a daughter, Emmeline, 4, also born in the colony. 30

In a Memorial of 29 May 1834, William Kelly of Sydney requested the deeds to various parcels of land, including a lot bounded on the north by William Davis, on the south by widow Simpson, on the east by Stafford Lett and on the west by Cumberland Street, measuring 3.25 perches. The land had been bought on 22 September 1820 from William Blue.31 In order to receive the grant deed, he gave his details as William Kelly, of Cumberland Street on 2 October 1839. 32 On 1 January 1840, a Town Grant was made out to William Kelly of Cumberland St, Sydney for 3 perches, Allotment 6, Section 75. It was bounded on the west by Cumberland Street, 32 links, on the south by Allotment 7, 84.5 links, on the east by Allotments 7 and 15, 24 links, and on the north by Allotment 5, 74 links.33 On 2 December 1843, William Kelly released the land to Edward Smith Hill for £78.34 On 11 November 1845, Edward Smith Hill conveyed it to Barney Chaney, of Sydney, butcher, for £80.35

The Section map shows a notation referring to a very early plan numbered as 405 (W) but this plan now “no longer exists”.36

The 1845 Rate Assessment gave the following details of this land. (Note that the owner’s name does not agree with the title documents):

29 34/3947 in Col Sec, Correspondence re Land, William Kelly, SRNSW 2/7897 30 Census of New South Wales - November 1828, edited by Malcolm R Sainty & Keith A Johnson, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1980, K 0417-9 31 34/3947 in Col Sec, Correspondence re Land, William Kelly, SRNSW 2/7897 32 39/10780 in Col Sec, Correspondence re Land, William Kelly, SRNSW 2/7897 33 Grants, Volume 50 (TG Book 3), 112 34 LTOD, No 428 Bk 5 35 LTOD, No 817 Bk 9 36 Lands Plans Counter, 24 Jan 2006

NSW Government Architect’s Office 28 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Year House Owner or Occupier Description Gross Remarks No Landlord Value 1845 George Kelly John St Sh 1F 1R 14 Date of Webber 21’ x 51’ Taking Jan 1844 Bad repair

Barney Chaney, described as a butcher of Cumberland Street, Sydney conveyed the land to James Casey of Sydney, licensed victualler, for £80 on 20 March 1851.37 Casey began to erect a hotel on the site. On 4 December 1854, James Casey of Cumberland, St, freeholder mortgaged it to William Nash of Castlereagh St, bullion broker, for £300 for two years at 7%.38 This was followed on 4 December 1856 by another mortgage between the same parties for £500 for three years at 6%. On this occasion, not only was Allotment 6 Section 75 noted on the deed, but there was also a specific reference to the public house “The Rock of Cashel” thereon.39 The 1858 Rate Assessment Book noted that at 102 Cumberland Street, James Casey was the owner and occupier of a Public House of stone, with a shingled roof and two floors and eight rooms with an annual value of £104.40 The 1858 Sands Directory shows James Casey as publican of the Rock of Cashel on this site.41 The State Records Publicans Licenses listing indicates he may have been publican from 1846.

The 1865 Detail Survey showed a large building on this site. It was known as 102 Cumberland Street and was occupied by Thomas Gilson.42

Casey was in financial difficulty. By 1861, William Dowling was shown as the owner of 102 Cumberland Street in the Rate Assessment Book and the property was a "House and Shop", occupied by Alfred Rosell.43 The Sands Directory showed Mrs Vale as the occupier. 44

The mortgage was transferred to Walter Church of Sydney, merchant and Herbert Shackelford Gibson of Sydney, horse dealer, on 8 November 1866 for £300. 45 As mortgagees they sold the property to John Molloy of Sydney, freeholder for £400 on 19 June 1871. 46 He immediately mortgaged it back to the vendors the same day for £350 for 5 years at 7%. 47 The loan was paid off and the mortgage discharged on 12 January 1877. 48

John Molloy had been living next door in Number 104 for some years. In 1867, he had become the tenant of 102 Cumberland Street.49

37 LTOD, No 416 Bk 20 38 LTOD, No 521 Bk 35 39 LTOD, No 337 Bk 47 40 Gipps RAB, 1858, No 496 41 Sands, Directory, 1858-9, p 38 42 1865 Detail Survey; Sands, Directory, 1865, p 48 43 Gipps RAB, 1861, No 522 44 Sands, Directory, 1861, p 39 45 LTOD, No 742 Bk 103 46 LTOD, No 299 Bk 125 47 LTOD, No 300 Bk 125 48 LTOD, No 762 Bk 165 49 Sands, Directory, 1867, p 56

NSW Government Architect’s Office 29 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

On 4 May 1881, John Molloy of Sydney, freeholder used the land as security to the Commercial Banking Co of Sydney Ltd to cover an advance of £30.50 This was followed on 27 September 1884, when he used it again to cover another advance from the same bank for £400.51

On 12 February 1889, a Deed of Assignment was signed with the following parties, 1st John Molloy, 102 Cumberland St, Sydney, master mariner 2nd, his wife Jane, 3rd John James Molloy, clerk in the General Post Office. It specified that Molloy was entitled to various shares and property. He assigned those interests to his wife, Jane. The assets included the property at 102 Cumberland Street; five lots at Alexandria; three lots at Alexandria; his interest in the lodge “The United Brothers Manchester Unity”; a life insurance policy in the Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd, for £500, policy No 13318; his interest in a co-partnership of pearl fishers between Molloy and Albert Collins as defined in Articles signed on 27 September 1884; all debts due to Molloy; and the benefit of all contracts signed by Molloy.52

John Molloy, master mariner of Sydney, died on 27 January 1891. His widow, Jane of 102 Cumberland Street, completed his death duties schedule. Richardson and Wrench made a real estate valuation on 1 April 1891. It described his land as 24 feet on Cumberland Street and 50 feet deep, on which stood 102 Cumberland St, a stone and brick building with an iron roof, containing a hall, five rooms, an attic room, and a kitchen with a room over. It was worth £680. Molloy’s furniture was valued at £30 but no details were given.53

On 24 February 1891, Jane Molloy, widow of Sydney, assigned the deeds to the Commercial Banking Co of Sydney Ltd to cover an advance of £30.54 Jane Molloy was the owner of this land shown on the 1900 resumption plan.

2.2.1.2 Allotment 7 Section 75

There is evidence from the case before the Court of Claims as to the names of a sequence of owners who held this land before it was granted. However, no dates are given for their ownership of the land nor were any other details provided about their

50 LTOD, No 458 Bk 244 51 LTOD, No 458 Bk 244 52 LTOD, No 6 Bk 430 53 Stamp Duties Office, Deceased Estate File, John Molloy, duty paid 13/5/91, SRNSW 20/27 54 LTOD, No 244 Bk 458

NSW Government Architect’s Office 30 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006 identity such as occupation. According to that evidence, the first owner of the land in sequence was William Cassidy who passed it on to James Condon. James Condon sold it to James Doyle who sold it to Simpson. 55 The identity of this Simpson is uncertain. He later died and after his death, it passed to his mother who was his only relative.56 Judith Simpson had arrived free on the Hercules in 1798.57 In the 1810s, she had held a sequence of licences to sell beer.58

On 28 March 1827, Judith Simpson of Sydney conveyed to James Lucas of Sydney, a parcel of land described in the Court of Claims Case as a house and premises known as No 70 Cumberland Street for £45. However, the deed of conveyance showed it as 71 Cumberland Street sold for £46.59

The Census of November 1828 listed Judith Simpson aged 54 who came free on the Hercules, in 1798, as a householder in Cumberland Street.60 James Lucas, aged 23, born in the colony, was listed as a lodger with Judith Simpson at Cumberland Street.61

In 1834, James Lucas, boat builder signed a Memorial seeking the deeds for 9.5 rods, known as No 70 Cumberland Street. It was bounded on the west by Cumberland Street 60 links. He had bought it from Mrs Simpson with only sufficient assets to cover the fees of £10, and had barely enough for his aged mother and himself. J J Therry, the Catholic priest, vouched for this.62

James Lucas of Cumberland St, Sydney was granted 10 perches known as Allotment 7, Section 75, on 11 July 1835. It was bounded on the west by Cumberland Street, 59 links, on the south by Allotment 8, 75 links and 41.5 links, on the east by Allotments 14 and 15, 62.5 links, and on the north by Allotments 15 and 6, 7 links 5 links and 84.5 links.63

The 1845 Rate Assessment gave the property details as:

Year House Owner or Occupier Description Gross Remarks No Landlord Value 1845 James Lucas George St Sh 1F 2R 15 Date of Amos 38’ 6” x 69’ Taking Jan 1840 Bad repair

On 8 January 1846, a Deed of Settlement was signed with the following parties, 1st James Lucas, Sydney boat builder, 2nd Ann Lucas, his daughter, 3rd Lucy Lucas, his daughter, 4th Richard Hayes, Sydney, undertaker. The land was conveyed to Hayes

55 Court of Claims, Memorial 586, SRNSW 2/1791 56 Court of Claims, Memorial 586, SRNSW 2/1791 57 Census of New South Wales - November 1828, edited by Malcolm R Sainty & Keith A Johnson, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1980, S 0980 58 Col Sec, Index to Correspondence, 1788-1825 59 Court of Claims, Memorial 586, SRNSW 2/1791; LTOD, No 488 Bk C 60 Census of New South Wales - November 1828, edited by Malcolm R Sainty & Keith A Johnson, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1980, S 0980 61 Census of New South Wales - November 1828, edited by Malcolm R Sainty & Keith A Johnson, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1980, L1247 62 Court of Claims, Memorial 586, SRNSW 2/1791 63 Grants, Volume 39 (TG Book L), 41

NSW Government Architect’s Office 31 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006 to hold for the use of Ann Lucas, the eldest daughter of James Lucas until she was 21 years old and then for the term of her natural life. The land included Allotment 7 Section 75 and an unnumbered Allotment in Section 94.64

Ann Lucas married Edward Terrett Parkyns on 16 April 1849. On 5 April 1853 by a deed of Release, the land was vested in her husband, Edward Terrett Parkyns of Sydney, gentleman.65 On 4 October 1854, Edward Terrett Parkins [sic – but signed the deed as Parkyns], Sydney, gentleman conveyed it to William Wells of Sydney, freeholder for £750.66 The 1858 Rate Assessment Book showed that Edmond Smithound tenanted 104 Cumberland Street, a single storeyed brick dwelling with three rooms and a shingled roof, plus 106 Cumberland Street, a single storey brick shop with two rooms roofed with shingle.67 The Sands Directory of the same year showed Edmund Smithard, butcher, occupying 106 Cumberland Street.68

William Wells of Cooks River, freeholder conveyed it to John Johnson Cooper of Cumberland Street, for £440 on 15 August 1859.69 The Detail Survey of 1865 showed a building on the site facing the street, which was known as 106 Cumberland Street and was occupied by Louis Uhde & Co, butcher. At the rear, there was an older building first seen on Harper’s 1823 survey and John Molloy occupied it.70 In 1864, he had been described as a dealer. 71 John Molloy later bought Allotment 6 adjacent. (See Section 2.2.1.1 above.) The shop on this site had a long period of use as a butcher shop.

John Johnson of Phillip Street, Sydney, gentleman leased the property to William Mitchell of 106 Cumberland Street, butcher on 1 June 1884. The lease of 106 Cumberland Street would run from 19 July for seven years at £3 per week. Mitchell was already in occupation.72 Later that year, on 21 November 1884, John Johnson, of George Street, Sydney, licensed victualler, was declared bankrupt. He was the publican of the Coffee Place Hotel. His assets included a freehold house in Cumberland Street let to Mr Smith, butcher which was valued at £2,250. Johnson was permitted by his creditors to continue to trade. Thus, he was successfully able to repay the debts and was released from bankruptcy on 10 December 1885.73

John Johnson of Sydney, gentleman, died on 3 September 1886. He left considerable property, which included three dwellings situated in Cumberland Street plus two dwellings and one shop in the same street, with a combined total value of £1,300.74

This Allotment was shown as owned by “Estate of John Johnson” on the 1900 Resumption plan.

64 LTOD, No 153 Bk 17 65 LTOD, No 999 Bk 25 66 LTOD, No 697 Bk 34 67 Gipps RAB, 1858, No 497 68 Sands, Directory, 1858-9, p 38 69 LTOD, No 550 Bk 62 70 1865 Detail Survey; Sands, Directory, 1865, p 48 71 1865 Detail Survey; Sands, Directory, 1864, p 42 72 LTOD, No 528 Bk 290 73 Supreme Court, Bankruptcy File, John Johnson, 7 Nov 1884, No 19228, SRNSW 2/10103 74 Stamp Duties Office, Deceased Estate File, John Johnson, duty paid 30/11/88, SRNSW 20/8

NSW Government Architect’s Office 32 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

2.2.1.3 Allotment 8 Section 75

There is no data about the ownership of this Allotment before 1838. On 4 June 1838, William Williams of Castlereagh Street, requested the deeds for grants for five Allotments, including Allotment 8 Section 75. The letter was minuted that there were no caveats against these lots.75 Due to the lack of prior data on the correspondence about this land and the common name, it has not been possible to seek further back than this point.

In the November 1828 Census, there were no William Williams listed in Castlereagh or Liverpool Streets. There are two other potential candidates that might be this man. One was William Williams, aged 25, free by servitude who had arrived on Asia 2, in 1822, with a seven-year sentence. He was a servant to William Kelly of Essex Street.76 The other was William Williams aged 35 who came free on the Urania, in 1819. He was a waterman, employed by Thomas Cooper, at Gloucester Street. 77

William Williams of Castlereagh Street, Sydney was given a Town Grant on 19 July 1838 of Allotment 8 Section, 75 measuring 11 perches. It was bounded on the west by Cumberland Street, 53.25 links, on the south by Allotment 9, 126.75 links, on the east by Allotments 12, 13 and 14, 67 links, and on the north by Allotment 7, 45.25 links and 75 links.78 William Williams was listed in the 1839 Post Office directory at Castlereagh and Liverpool Streets but no occupation details were given.79

Williams used this property to provide for his old age. By a deed of 8 and 9 July 1839, a Lease and Release and Grant of Annuity was signed between the following parties, 1st William Williams, 2nd Edward Davies 3rd Adolphus William Young. By this deed, Williams passed this land with a messuage thereon to Davies in return for a yearly annuity of £54/11/0 to be paid to Williams by Davies until Williams' death. 80 Due to the common nature of his name, it has not been possible to ascertain when William Williams died.

75 38/5651 in Col Sec, Correspondence re Land, William Williams, SRNSW 2/8007 76 Census of New South Wales - November 1828, edited by Malcolm R Sainty & Keith A Johnson, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1980, W1554 77 Census of New South Wales - November 1828, edited by Malcolm R Sainty & Keith A Johnson, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1980, W1565 78 Grants, Volume 29 (TG A), 243 79 New South Wales and Port Phillip General Post Office Directory for 1839, James Raymond, Sydney, p 172 80 LTOD, No 108 Bk P

NSW Government Architect’s Office 33 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

The 1845 Rate Assessment gave the following details of that property:

Year House Owner or Occupier Description Gross Remarks No Landlord Value 1845 Edward George Shop 20 Date of Davis Shearer St Sh 1F 3R Taking 28’ x 43’ Jan 1840 Bad repair “ Patrick Shop 26 Date of Vaughan Br Sl 2F 4R Taking 18’ x 26’ 6” May 1844 No outhouse s

Edward Davis died on 18 November 1863. Probate of the will was granted on 30 December 1863.81 After Davies’ death, the property passed to Agnes Simmons.

The Detail Survey of 1865 showed two buildings on the site facing the street, which were known as 108 and 110 Cumberland Street and were occupied by Henry Murray, pawnbroker and John Robertson, shipwright, respectively. At the rear, there was an older building first seen on Harper’s 1823 survey but there was no street number assigned to it.82

By a deed of partition dated 24 September 1890, this land was divided between the devisees of Agnes Simmons. The parties to the deed were 1st John Thomas Neale, executor of the will of Agnes Simmons of Sydney widow, deceased, 2nd Frances Gadsden of Petersham, wife of Roger Gadsden of Mt Gravatt, Queensland, esquire, 3rd Elizabeth Wangenheim of Sydney widow, 4th William Deane of Sydney, solicitor (trustee). Agnes Simmons had made her will on 2 December 1886. She had died on 26 June 1890. There were numerous parcels of land involved, including Allotment 8 Section 75. 83

This land was shown as owned by Frances Gadsden, with William Deane as trustee on the 1900 Resumption plan (No 536).

81 SRNSW Probate index 82 1865 Detail Survey; Sands, Directory, 1865, p 48 83 LTOD, No 581 Bk 445

NSW Government Architect’s Office 34 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

2.2.1.4 Allotment 13 Section 75

Sarah Mills was reputed to have held this land about 1809 on what was then the west side of Cambridge Street. 84 The name seemed to be “Mills” on the documentation but a Sarah Wills was also a prominent property holder in this period and it might be her who held this land.

On 25 August 1830, Sarah Mills (or Wills) transferred this land to John Gardner. 85 John Gardner was listed in the November 1828 Census as aged 49. He was free by servitude and had arrived on the Mangles in 1820 with a fourteen-year sentence. He was a baker who lodged at Mary Driver’s in York St.86

John Gardner claimed a grant for this land on 3 May 1834 on the basis of Sarah Mills’ title. She had held it 25 years ago on the west side of Cambridge Street. It was bounded on the east by Cambridge Street, 24 feet and on the south by premises known as the Sperm Whale, 29 feet. It was known as 22 Cambridge Street.87 The Court of Claims reported favourably on the claim of on John Gardner of Market Street, baker, for 2 perches, Allotment 13 Section 75. 88

On 6 June 1835, John Gardner of Market Street, Sydney was granted Allotment 13, Section 75, measuring 2 perches. It was bounded on the east by Gloucester Street, 37 links, on the north by Allotment 14, 37 links, on the west by Allotment 8, 32 links, and on the south by Allotment 12, 37 links.89

John Gardner was listed in the 1839 Post Office Directory as a baker of Market Street East.90 John Gardner drew up his will on 8 September 1845. He left the land to trustees to sell and specifically bequeathed the southernmost house to “my trusty and well beloved Housekeeper Elizabeth Byron for her long and arduous services rendered towards me”.91

84 Court of Claims, Memorial 571, SRNSW 2/1791 85 Court of Claims, Memorial 571, SRNSW 2/1791 86 Census of New South Wales - November 1828, edited by Malcolm R Sainty & Keith A Johnson, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1980, G 0177 87 Court of Claims, Memorial 571, SRNSW 2/1791 88 Court of Claims, Memorial 571, SRNSW 2/1791 89 Grants, Volume 52 (TG 5), 206 90 New South Wales and Port Phillip General Post Office Directory for 1839, James Raymond, Sydney, p 58 91 Supreme Court, Probate Packet, John Gardner, Series 1 No 1683, SRNSW 14/3225

NSW Government Architect’s Office 35 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

The 1845 Rate Assessment Rate Assessment gave these details of the property:

Year House Owner or Occupier Description Gross Remarks No Landlord Value 1845 John Mrs Watts Wood Sh 1F 10 Date of Gardiner 2R Taking 13’ x 26’ 6” June 1844 Bad repair no outhouse “ John Wood Sh 1F 10 Date of Landrigan 2R Taking 13’ x 26’ 6” Jan 1845 Bad repair no outhouse

John Gardner died on 28 January 1846. 92 His land passed to his executors and they sold it for the benefit of his devisees. On 9 December 1846, a Deed of Conveyance was signed with the following parties, 1st James Slade, Sydney, landowner and Thomas Lusty, Sydney, carpenter, executors of the will of John Gardner, baker, 2nd Eliza Farmelin, of Minchampton, Co Gloucester, England, wife of Joseph Farmelin, laborer, 3rd Mary Horlick, Dowering, near Minchampton, Co Gloucester, England, wife of Isaiah Horlick, laborer, 4th Matthew Charlton, Sydney, landowner. This deed sold the northern part of Allotment 13 Section 75 for £72. 93

Gardner’s housekeeper, Elizabeth Byron, was admitted to the Benevolent Asylum as a patient on 28 September 1846 and was discharged on 30 October 1846. She was readmitted on 19 November 1846 and remained there until her death on 8 January 1847. She was aged 56 years at her death.94 On 24 December 1846, by a deed of gift, Elizabeth Byron, currently an inmate of the Benevolent Asylum, single woman gave the house to Phillippa Carbis of Sydney, head nurse, in “consideration of esteem and regard” for Carbis and as “a reward for the many kind attentions which the said Phillippa Carbis has shown”, during Byron’s time at the asylum. The land measured 1 perch in Gloucester Street with a cottage thereon which had been willed to Byron by Gardner, baker, deceased. 95 After the death of Byron, Carbis sold the land. On 9 March 1847, Phillippa Carbis of Sydney, head nurse at the Benevolent Asylum near Sydney conveyed it to Matthew Charlton of Sydney, landholder for £60. The land measured 1 perch in Gloucester Street with a cottage and was bounded on the north [sic] by the cottage of John Gorman, on the east by Gloucester Street, on the west by Edward Davis’ land. 96

The 1865 Detail Survey showed two buildings on the site facing the street, which were known as 61 and 63 Gloucester Street and were occupied by David Arnot and Hall Henry Thomas, waterman, respectively.97

92 Recited in LTOD No 791 Bk 13 93 LTOD No 791 Bk 13 94 Resident Surgeon’s Memo & Memo by Thomas Wood, Clerk, St Lawrence, 13 Jan 1847 in RPA 2151 95 LTOD No 19 Bk 12 96 LTOD No 373 Bk 12 97 1865 Detail Survey; Sands, Directory, 1865, p 72

NSW Government Architect’s Office 36 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

On 21 October 1868, Matthew Charlton, senior, of Sussex St, Sydney, landholder conveyed the land to Davis Dunne of Upper Forbes St, Sydney, storeman for £240.98 Dunne applied to convert the land to Torrens Title. To assist this process, Matthew Charlton the elder, of Sussex Street declared on 8 January 1869 that two weatherboard cottages occupied land.99 The plan for the application also showed details of these cottages as well as the details of adjacent land.

Figure 2.15 The survey for the Real Property Application of 1868 showed detail of this site. (Source: RPA 2151, SRNSW K 260061)

A Certificate of Title was issued to Davis Dunne of Upper Fort St, storeman on 1 May 1869.100 The land was transferred to Neils Hansen Cranberg of Sydney, bootmaker on 21 July 1875. 101

The Sydney City and Suburban Sewage and Health Board was examining properties around Sydney at that time and it included reports of them in its evidence. On 16

98 LTOD No 819 Bk 110 99 RPA 2151 100 C T 84 f 179 101 C T 84 f 179

NSW Government Architect’s Office 37 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

November 1875, Committee members visited Gloucester Street. There they noted the following:

Nos 61, 63 and 57 (owner not known) are in a similar condition [i.e. not habitable], and should be destroyed, the roofs are dilapidated, and the whole building falling to pieces.102

Numbers 61 and 63 were on Allotment 13.

The property was transferred to Herman Henry Groth of Sydney, importer on 28 March 1881. 103 It was transferred shortly afterwards on 13 May 1882 to Patrick Fanalay of Sydney, landowner. 104 He took out a mortgage to Alick Osborne of Moss Vale and Ben Marshal Osborne of Berrima, esquires, on 13 May 1882, which was later discharged on 10 March 1887. 105

The 1900 Resumption Plan showed this land as held by Patrick Fanalay (Number 535). The resumption was duly entered on the Certificate of Title on 31 May 1901. 106

Figure 2.16 This photo, dated about 1901, shows Patrick Fanalay's houses built on Allotment 13, at the right. (Source: GL 26, SHFA)

102 ‘Sydney City and Suburban Sewage and Health Board – Eleventh Progress Report’, 1875- 6, V & P L A N S W, V, p 558 103 C T 84 f 179 104 C T 84 f 179 105 C T 84 f 179 106 C T 84 f 179

NSW Government Architect’s Office 38 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

2.2.1.5 Allotment 14 Section 75

James Cooper of Sussex Street, Sydney was given a Town Grant of 4 perches on 5 April 1842, for Allotment 14, Section 75. Earlier holders of this land are not known. No correspondence or demands by James Cooper seeking a grant for this land has been located. A James Cooper was acting as agent for Daniel Cooper in 1842, but this may not have been the same man.107 Allotment 14 was bounded on the east by Gloucester Street, 66.5 links, on the north by Allotment 15, 45.25 links, on the west by Allotments 7 and 8, 45 links, 4 links and 21 links, and on the south by Allotment 13, 37 links. It had previously been advertised in his name as No 14 in the Government Notice of 13 April 1839.108

The 1845 Rate Assessment Book gave these details of the land:

Year House Owner or Occupier Description Gross Remarks No Landlord Value 1845 James William Br Sh 1F 3R 15 Date of Cooper Landrigan 14’ 6” x 24’ Taking 6” June 1844 Bad repair no outhouse “ Peter Wd Sh 1F 20 Date of Sparkes 4R Taking 28’ 6” x 32’ Jan 1829 Middling repair no outhouse

Surveyor Lewis Gordon completed a survey of Allotment 14 Section 75, which had escheated to the Crown. It had been the property of James Cooper, deceased. The

107 Col Sec, Correspondence re Land, James Cooper, SRNSW 2/7831 108 Grants, volume 52 (TG 5), 206

NSW Government Architect’s Office 39 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006 front alignment had been taken back in accordance with the new building line. Some buildings were shown on the site.109

Figure 2.17 Lewis Gordon's 1849 survey of Allotment 14. (Source: S.170.858, Crown Plan)

109 S.170.858, Crown Plan

NSW Government Architect’s Office 40 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

The name “James Cooper” was searched in the Vendors’ Indexes at the Lands Department title registry until 1887 with no result. It seems that the property passed down by will. The notation “Sullivan” appears across the 1849 survey and this agrees with later data. It is uncertain when James Cooper died. The only candidate that seems to fit is James Cooper who was buried aged 80, by St Andrew’s Presbyterian Church, Sydney.110 It is also possible that he could have died outside the colony.

The property continued to be occupied by buildings and was shown in the Rate Assessment Books as occupied for a prolonged period. The owner was usually shown as Sullivan. Sands Directories also show that buildings occupied this land. Dove’s plan of 1880 showed that there were still buildings on this site.111 The listing in Sands Directories ends between 1881 and 1882. The 1883 Rate Assessment Books show this site as vacant land and it remained so until the Resumption. For details of the data in the Rate Assessment Books, see 10.0 Appendix.

The 1865 Detail Survey showed three buildings on the site facing the street, which were known as 55, 57 and 59 Gloucester Street and were occupied by Henry Digan, Ann Sullivan, and William Williams, mariner, respectively.112

The Sydney City and Suburban Sewage and Health Board included reports of these properties, which it visited Gloucester Street on 16 November 1875:

Nos 61, 63 and 57 (owner not known) are in a similar condition [i.e. not habitable], and should be destroyed, the roofs are dilapidated, and the whole building falling to pieces.113

Number 57 Gloucester Street was on Allotment 14.

As noted, the site became vacant about 1882, and remained that way until it was resumed in 1900. The Resumption Plan showed that this land (No 537) was “Vacant Land - repd by Land Tax Dept as unclaimed. Tax upon it is therefore evidently unpaid.”

110 BDM indexes 111 H P Dove, Plans of Sydney, Sydney, 1880 112 1865 Detail Survey; Sands, Directory, 1865, p 72 113 ‘Sydney City and Suburban Sewage and Health Board – Eleventh Progress Report’, 1875- 6, V & P L A N S W, V, p 558

NSW Government Architect’s Office 41 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

2.2.1.6 Allotment 15 Section 75

According to the solicitor G R Nichols, Stafford Lett held this land before 1823.114 Previously, there had been a significant deed pertaining to this land. On 26 May 1820, George Cribb of Sydney, butcher and his wife Sophia, lately Sophia Lett, widow of Stafford Lett, transferred to William Wybrow of Sydney, bricklayer and George Woodford of Sydney, upholsterer, property which they were to hold as trustees for the benefit of the children of Stafford Lett. The property consisted of three messuages in Cambridge Street, Numbers 19, 20 and 60 [i.e. in Gloucester Street]; a messuage in Cockle Bay; and twenty cows.115 Stafford Lett had arrived on the Hillsborough in 1799 and was a publican in Sydney by 1814.116 He had been the proprietor of the Punch Bowl and held a licence for Cambridge Street, (actually Gloucester Street).117 Stafford Lett had died aged 38 in 1817 and was buried by St Phillip’s Anglican Church. His widow Sophia married George Cribb in 1818. Stafford Lett's children were still very young at that time.118 His widow then acquired the licence, which she later transferred to George Cribb. When she separated from him, she regained her licence. Sophia died in 1824.

On 26 March 1835, solicitor G R Nichols, seeking to protect the interests of some of the female children, informed the Colonial Secretary that George Cribb had conveyed this land to William Whybrow and George Woodford as trustees for the benefit of the children of Stafford Lett.119 In 1836, William and Stafford John Lett, the male children of Stafford Lett petitioned that this land had been left to them by their father for their benefit. However, the trustees had allowed other people to gain possession of the property, and it was allowed to go to ruin thus reducing its rental value. They requested the deeds of grant so that they could sell it in order to recoup the costs of their legal actions to recover the property.120 G R Nichols requested on 1 March 1839

114 Letter 26 April 1839, in Col Sec, Correspondence re Land, William & Stafford John Lett, SRNSW 2/7906 115 Old Register, Bk 8, p 148 no 212 116 C J Baxter, General Muster of New South Wales: 1814, ABGR, Sydney, 1987, 4332 117 Col Sec Indexes, 1788-1825 118 BDM Indexes 119 35/2380, in Col Sec, Correspondence re Land, William & Stafford John Lett, SRNSW 2/7906 120 36/4000, in Col Sec, Correspondence re Land, William & Stafford John Lett, SRNSW 2/7906

NSW Government Architect’s Office 42 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006 that the grant deed be made out to all the children of Lett including the daughters but the deed had already been made out to the two sons. 121

Thus, on 3 March 1839, a Town Grant was issued to William Lett and Stafford John Lett, of Sydney for 7 perches, Allotment 15, Section 75. It was bounded on the east by Gloucester Street, 81.5 links, on the north by Allotment 16, 57 links, on the west by Allotments 5, 6 and 7, 45.5 links, 19 links and 17.5 links, and on the south by Allotment 14, 45.25 links.122 As part of the administrative details for the grant, on 2 April 1839, George Cribb requested that the grant for the land in Gloucester and Cambridge Streets be made out to William and John Stafford Lett.123

Very soon after the grant, on 11 and 12 April 1839, by a deed of Lease and Release, William Lett and Stafford John Lett of “Manera” [sic] conveyed the property to Nicholas Bray for £585.124 Nicholas Bray of Sydney, householder mortgaged it to Joseph Marsham of Sydney, hairdresser on 15 April 1841 for £300 at 15% for two years.125 This was followed on 20 April 1843, by an assignment of the term by Joseph Marsham to Nicholas Bray for £300.126 On 25 April 1843, Nicholas Bray and his wife Judith released all their claim to the property to Joseph Marsham for £800.127

Joseph Marsham mortgaged it to John Lewis Spencer on 12 December 1843 for £225.128 The interest was 15%.129 Joseph Marsham died on 16 August 1844 and a debt of £157/13/0 was still due on that mortgage. 130 By his will of 12 April 1842, Joseph Marsham had appointed Hugh O’Donnell and Thomas Tipple Smith as trustees to pay maintenance to his wife Bridget, and daughter Harriett. 131

The 1845 Rate Assessment shows these details of the property:

Year House Owner or Occupier Description Gross Remarks No Landlord Value 1845 Mrs Unoccupied St Sh 2F 4R 20 Middling Marsham 24’ x 36’ repair no outhouse “ Mrs St Sh 2F 6R 26 Date of Marsham 30’ x 37’ 6” Taking June 1844 Middling repair no outhouse

121 39/2609, in Col Sec, Correspondence re Land, William & Stafford John Lett, SRNSW 2/7906 122 Grants, Volume 48 (TG 2A), 86 123 39/3784, in Col Sec, Correspondence re Land, William & Stafford John Lett, SRNSW 2/7906 124 LTOD, No 703 Bk O 125 LTOD, No 545 Bk V 126 LTOD, No 709 Bk 3 127 LTOD, No 582 Bk 5 128 LTOD, No 583 Bk 5 129 Recited in LTOD, No 602 Bk 22 130 Recited in LTOD, No 602 Bk 22 131 Supreme Court, Probate Packet, Joseph Marsham, Series 1 No 1591, SRNSW 14/3221

NSW Government Architect’s Office 43 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

From 1845 onwards, Joseph Marsham’s probate papers show the various payments on account of the Gloucester Street cottages. These are shown below:

July 1845 Repairs £29/17/6

25 August 1845 Blackman – sale advertising

9 Oct 1845 Repair and emptying privies (Gloucester St??) £3/9/6

29 Sept 1848 Repairs £12/5/4

29 Sept 1848 5.75 squares of shingling £5/15/0

20 May 1850 Funeral expenses for Mrs Marsham (Memo notes that rents were paid to her until this time)

28 May 1850 Repairs £11/2/8132

Mrs Marsham died about May 1850. The loan was not repaid. Hence, on 8 September 1851, Purkis and Lambert auctioned the property for the mortgagees. 133

By a deed of Conveyance of 17 September 1851, the property passed back to Nicholas Bray for £300. The parties to that deed were, 1st John Lewis Spencer, Elizabeth Street, Sydney, solicitor, 2nd Hugh Frederick O’Donnell, Market Street, licensed victualler and Thomas Tipple Smith, Castlereagh Street, builder, 3rd Nicholas Bray, George Street, licensed victualler.134

On 29 May 1854, Nicholas Bray of Sydney, freeholder mortgaged the land to William Nash of Sydney, bullion broker for £500 at 7% for two years.135

Nicholas Bray senior died on 16 July 1854. 136 A son named Nicholas George Bray had been born on 2 January 1854. 137 By his will of 23 September 1853, Nicholas Bray, of Sydney, freeholder, left his property to his brother John, his wife Harriett, his father-in-law George Body and his friend John Donohue as executors. Included in the will were “two large houses in Gloucester Street”. Bray left a life estate to his wife of one-third of the rents of his property. 138

The mortgage was discharged on 10 May 1860. 139 The property remained in the hands of the estate. The 1865 Detail Survey showed two buildings on the site facing the street, which were known as 51 and 53 Gloucester Street and were occupied by John Grisdale, cask dealer and John Willett, grocer, respectively.140 The 1867 Rate Assessment Book shows the owner as George Seale, apparently an agent, and the

132 Supreme Court, Probate Packet, Joseph Marsham, Series 1 No 1591, SRNSW 14/3221 133 Recited in LTOD, No 602 Bk 22 134 LTOD, No 602 Bk 22 135 LTOD, No 505 Bk 34 136 Recited in LTOD, No 625 Bk 165 137 Recited in LTOD, No 625 Bk 165 138 Supreme Court, Probate Packet, Nicholas Bray, Series 1 No 2946, SRNSW 14/3266 139 LTOD, No 427 Bk 67 140 1865 Detail Survey; Sands, Directory, 1865, p 72

NSW Government Architect’s Office 44 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006 buildings as Number 51, a stone shingle roofed house of two storeys and six rooms with an annual value of £45, though in “Bad repair”, plus Number 53, an identical house also in “Bad repair.”141

On 20 December 1876, Bray’s son, Nicholas George Bray of Sydney, freeholder conveyed it to George Atkinson of George Street, butcher for £550.142 By a deed of conveyance dated 5 June 1877, George Atkinson conveyed it to John Williamson, Sydney (trustee) for the benefit of his wife, Mary Catherine Atkinson.143 She held it for many years. On 24 April 1896, Mary Catherine Atkinson, wife of George Atkinson, of Boyce Street, Glebe Point, gentleman, mortgaged it to John Thomas Neale of Potts Point, gentleman, for £300 for three years at 7%.144 This was discharged on 21 January 1899 after Neale’s death. 145 It was superseded by a mortgage the same day to his widow, Hannah Maria Neale of Potts Point for £500 for three years at 6%. In this case, the loan was for Allotment 15 Section 75 plus land in Harrington Street.146 Mary C Atkinson was shown as the owner of this land (No 539) in the 1900 Resumption Plan.

2.2.1.7 Allotment 16 Section 75

The earliest known holder of the land later granted as Allotment 16, was – Kane, who was reputed to have held it in 1795. 147 By a deed of Lease and Release of 13 and 14 May 1828, David Lloyd, of Cambridge Street sold this land to Thomas Cooper of Sydney for £150. It was recorded as being 4 rods in Cambridge St, bounded on the east by “Cambridge Street”, on the west by Mr Campbell, on the north by James Ball and on the south by Stafford Lett.148 On 17 and 18 September 1828, Thomas Cooper, of Sydney, dealer sold this land with a messuage upon it to William Merritt of Sydney, butcher for £170.149

141 Gipps RAB, 1867, Nos 291-2 142 LTOD, No 625 Bk 165 143 LTOD, No 36 Bk 170 144 LTOD, No 266 Bk 577 145 LTOD, No 79 Bk 637 146 LTOD, No 81 Bk 636 147 Aln 86/3599, in Lands, Alienation Branch, Correspondence, SRNSW 10/35305 148 Aln 86/3599, in Lands, Alienation Branch, Correspondence, SRNSW 10/35305; LTOD, No 410 Bk B 149 Aln 86/3599, in Lands, Alienation Branch, Correspondence, SRNSW 10/35305; LTOD, No 520 Bk B

NSW Government Architect’s Office 45 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

William Merritt died about 1834 leaving his eldest son, also known as William Merritt. Francis Mitchell declared on 10 December 1840 that Merritt had made a will in which he named Mitchell as his executor but due to the fact that the will was not properly witnessed it could not be probated.150 Francis Mitchell further stated that by a family arrangement the other children had shared the personal property of William Merritt and that William, the eldest son, would take the land. 151

When the Court of Claims reported on 23 December 1840 on the claim of William Merritt, of Kissing Point to 6.5 perches, Allotment 16 Section 75, it stated that the land was held by Francis Mitchell, merchant, as trustee for William Merritt. It recommended a grant to William Merritt.152

A Town Grant was issued to William Merritt of Kissing Point on 22 January 1841 for 6.5 perches, for Allotment 16 Section 75. It was bounded on the east by Gloucester Street, 73.75 links, on the north by Allotment 17, 45 links, on the west by Allotments 3, 4 and 5, 77 links, and on the south by Allotment 15, 57 links.153

The 1845 Rate Assessment gave the following details about the property:

Year House Owner or Occupier Description Gross Remarks No Landlord Value 1845 Mrs Merritt Mary St Sh 2F 3R 10 Date of McGrah 14’ x 34’ Taking [sic] Jan 1839 Bad repair no outhouse Mrs Merritt Mrs St Sh 1F 2R 10 Date of Burrowes 35’ 6” x 34’ Taking Jan 1839 Bad repair no outhouse

William Merritt of Kissing Point died intestate on 7 May 1854 leaving this property to his brother James. 154 No intestate estate papers were found. James Merritt of Kissing Point died intestate on 27 June 1860 leaving the property to his son James Frederick Merritt. 155 Again, no intestate estate papers appear to have survived.

The 1865 Detail Survey showed this site as vacant land.

James Frederick Merritt of Sydney, master mariner conveyed the property to Francis Mitchell of Sydney, esquire for £25 on 9 June 1871.156

150 Aln 86/3599, in Lands, Alienation Branch, Correspondence, SRNSW 10/35305 151 Aln 86/3599, in Lands, Alienation Branch, Correspondence, SRNSW 10/35305 152 Aln 86/3599, in Lands, Alienation Branch, Correspondence, SRNSW 10/35305 153 Grants, Volume 51 (TG 4), 172 154 Recited in LTOD, No 541 Bk 125 155 Recited in LTOD, No 541 Bk 125 156 LTOD, No 541 Bk 125

NSW Government Architect’s Office 46 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Francis Mitchell of Sydney, esquire applied to convert the land to Torrens Title on 11 December 1872. He gave the land value of £120. The Application showed that an unknown owner held the land to the south, with “Murphy” agent and Henry Lawrence occupied it. On the west, the various owners and occupiers were owner, W Davis, occupier, J Gibson; D Capel owner, - Staunton, occupier; and owner Elizabeth Graham, occupier Daniel Cahill.157

The Real Property Application plan showed the site and the adjacent ownerships.

Figure 2.18 The Real Property survey of 1872 for Allotment 16. (Source: DP 53308, Lands Plans Room)

The diagram on the first Certificate of Title gave a clearer view of these details.

157 RPA 3308

NSW Government Architect’s Office 47 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 2.19 The property diagram for the Certificate of Title in 1876 gave some details more clearly. (Source: C T 246 f 89)

A Certificate of Title was issued to Francis Mitchell of Sydney, esquire on 29 January 1876. He transferred it to Ann Smith, wife of William Smith of Sydney on 30 June 1876. 158 A new Certificate of Title was issued to Ann Smith on 1 August 1876. She mortgaged it to George Atherden of Sydney, esquire on 13 July 1876. It was duly discharged on 26 April 1880.159 The property passed by transmission to Mary Moss, wife of Bernard Moss of Kingston, carpenter, after the death of Ann Smith and was entered on the register on 18 July 1890. 160

A new Certificate of Title was issued to Mary Moss on 30 August 1890. She transferred it to William Henry Flavelle of Sydney, jeweller on 12 September 1890.161 On 14 April 1891, he transferred it to William Henry Flavelle of Sydney, jeweller, Ruth Eleanor Flavelle of London, spinster, John Mason Flavelle of London, gent and John Roberts of Sydney, jeweller. 162 They were shown as the owners on the 1900 Resumption Plan (No 542). The resumption of the land under the Public Works Act 1900, Section 40 was entered on the register on 10 June 1903. 163

158 C T 246 f 89 159 C T 262 f 206 160 C T 262 f 206 161 C T 980 f 98 162 C T 980 f 98 163 C T 980 f 98

NSW Government Architect’s Office 48 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

2.2.2 History of the Australian Hotel (including building development)

2.2.2.1 Australian Hotel

An "Australian Hotel" had been located further along Cumberland Street at Number 116 at the corner of Cribbs Lane. There had been an Australian Hotel in the vicinity for many years. The original hotel had been built in 1809 as Isaac Nichols’ residence. It became the Australian Hotel in 1825. The pub remained near Queen's Wharf until 1889 when the licence was transferred to 116 Cumberland Street. Licensee John Murray ran the hotel. When his hotel was demolished, he applied to erect another nearby on the site of the current Australian Hotel.164

In the wake of the outbreak of bubonic plague in Sydney in 1900, the Government resumed large areas of land at the Rocks and Millers Point on 29 December 1900. They fell within the "Observatory Hill Resumed Area" under the provisions of the Public Works Act, 1900, in conjunction with the Darling Harbour Wharves Resumption Act, 1900.

Redevelopment of the area, the wholesale demolition of older buildings and wharfs, the construction of rat-proof wharf barriers and the erection of new buildings was part of the scheme. Large parts were developed, some for commercial use and others for residential use once the Government realised that wharf and dock workers needed to be available on hand at short notice. Most of the buildings on the site, which is the subject of this study, had been removed by 1907.165

An advisory board consisting of R R P Hickson, J Davis and W L Vernon submitted a scheme for the re-planning of the area in November 1903, which acted as the basis for the re-planning of the Area's streets.

It was in this initial resumption and redevelopment phase that Cumberland and Gloucester Streets were realigned and the current site of the "Australian Hotel" and its two adjoining shops was created.166 The difference in layout is apparent in the plan showing the original layout of Section 75 with the new layout overlaid upon it. (See Figure 1.5) The layout of the new streets and the Australian Hotel site is apparent in the plan showing the site for the Hotel.167

On 8 May 1912, the Observatory Hill Resumed Area was placed under the management of the Housing Board, which had been set up under the Housing Act, 1912, which managed the area for some years.

The Australian Hotel remained standing until about 1910. It was demolished after about 1911 according to photographic evidence.

164 SHFA data sheet, 100-2 Cumberland St, Australian Hotel 165 See Gipps Ward, RAB, 1907 166 SR Map 6172 167 Ms.3523.3000, Crown Plan

NSW Government Architect’s Office 49 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 2.20 Site survey of land for the Australian Hotel in 1911. (Source: Ms.3523.3000, Crown Plan)

In 1912, John Murray, the licensee of the "Australian Hotel", was granted a licence, operative from 1 January 1913, on the newly created site at the corner of Cumberland and Gloucester Streets. He was allowed two years in which to construct a hotel at a minimum cost of £3,000.168 The fifty-year lease of the site was transferred from John Murray to Resch's Ltd in 1913. The brewery submitted plans to the Municipal Council. On 8 May 1914, the Sydney Municipal Council approved the construction of a two-storey hotel plus a cellar and two shops adjoining (one in Cumberland Street and one in Gloucester Street). The plans had been prepared for and submitted to Council by Resch's Ltd.169 The application showed the building with a two level bar, a small saloon bar, with a parlour off the main bar and another parlour off the saloon bar. 170

168 SCRA Building Data Sheet CU/01, 100-102 Cumberland St 169 BA 291/14 cited in Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vo 1, p 4 170 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 1, p 11

NSW Government Architect’s Office 50 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 2.21 Plan and Elevations of the Australian Hotel, 1914. (Source: BA 291/14, Sydney City Council Archives)

NSW Government Architect’s Office 51 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 2.22 Plan of the Ground Floor and First Floor of the Australian Hotel plus cellar details, 1914. (Source: BA 291/14, Sydney City Council Archives)

Late in 1914, a letter to the Housing Board indicated that construction of the new "Australian Hotel" was nearly complete.171 Resch's Ltd had signed a Head Lease with the Housing Board on 1 January 1914 for a period of fifty years for an initial

171 SCRA Building Data Sheet CU/01, 100-102 Cumberland St

NSW Government Architect’s Office 52 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006 monthly rental of £11/13/4.172 Resch's Ltd sublet the hotel in 1915 to John Upjohn who remained the licensee until October 1939. 173

The Housing Board was abolished in 1924 and ownership of the hotel appears to have been vested in the Sydney Harbour Trust from about 1930. In 1928, the two brewing firms of Resch's Ltd and Tooth & Co merged and the Head Lease was transferred to Tooth & Co in 1929.

Formal ownership of the site was transferred to the Maritime Services Board in 1936. By this time, the hotel was an older building and change began to occur to update the hotel, to repair the ravages of time and use and to comply with evolving licensing requirements.

Figure 2.23 The Australian Hotel in the 1930s. (Source: GL 18, SHFA)

In December 1937, the MSB gave notice to the licensee to renovate the kitchen, laundry and two bathrooms. 174 The hotel and the two shops were painted and repaired in March 1938. 175 When the licence was transferred from Upjohn in 28 October 1939, extensive repairs were required. 176 Further extensive repairs were needed in 27 March 1942 when the licence was again transferred. 177

172 Tooth & Co Yellow Card cited in Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 1, p 4 173 SCRA Building Data Sheet CU/01, 100-102 Cumberland St 174 Tooth & Co File N60/5661 cited in Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 11 175 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 11 176 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 12 177 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 14

NSW Government Architect’s Office 53 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

The interior and exterior were painted plus many repairs requested by the police were completed for £260 in 28 August 1942. 178 Between 1943 and 1959, the wall between what had been Rooms 7 and 8 was removed to make a larger room for use as a Dining Room. The original Dining Room was then used as a parlour.179

There is evidence that the Hotel was poorly conducted. When an application was made to transfer the licence from John Stephen Carney to Norman Philip Cohen in 1947, it was alleged that Carney was not the actual licensee. A barmaid, Bessie Keys, was reputed to have run the Hotel but she had previously been convicted of infringements of the Licensing Act.180

White ants had become active in the building and there were continuing measures to defend against them or to repair the damage done to the building. On 17 March 1947, all buildings were treated for borers.181 Extensive repairs to the hotel were undertaken in 1947 as shown in an account of 9 June 1947. Work included the removal of partitions on the ground floor, the renewal of the flooring on the ground floor, the renewal of the ant infested staircase, the replacement of damaged walling with waterproof plaster, the repair of timber framing in the ceiling where it had been affected by white ants, the renewal of timber and flooring on the first floor where it had been affected by white ants, and similar repairs to the ceiling. 182 Renovation of external detail of the hotel and the bar openings for a cost of £65 was noted in 29 December 1947.183 By 15 March 1949, it was recorded that the hotel had recently been remodelled throughout.184

Gas hot water had been installed for £215 by 5 October 1951. 185 White ants had reappeared in the building by August 1953. 186 A new compressor unit, four 2-tap instantaneous beer coolers and beer panels and one 4 feet bottle cabinet would be installed at cost of £1,660 in an account of 12 October 1954. 187

In 1955, the main roof iron, valleys, gutters and downpipes were replaced at a cost of £395, as seen in an account of 23 February 1955. 188 Also in 1955, the division between the bars was removed and the bar counters were re-faced, the canopy over the counters was removed and the shelves behind the bar were re-built. 189 This might be the work costing £33/16/0 noted on 15 June 1955. 190

Extensive repairs to the hotel costing £1,487 were reported on 19 November 1957.191 On 3 February 1959, the City Council approved the removal of the wall between the saloon bar and the parlour. 192 This work was estimated to cost £142.193

178 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 16 179 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 1, p 11 180 Sun, 26 June 1947, cited in Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 24 181 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 23 182 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 23, 52-3 183 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 24 184 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 25 185 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 27 186 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 29 187 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 31 188 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 31 189 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 1, p 11 190 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 32 191 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 32 192 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 36 193 Street Card, 100-102 Cumberland Street, Sydney City Council Archives

NSW Government Architect’s Office 54 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 2.24 Plan of Alterations to the Australian Hotel in 1959. (Source: BA 104/59, Sydney City Council Archives)

NSW Government Architect’s Office 55 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

All tenants of the shops and residences were given notice on 30 October 1963 to vacate the premises by 31 December 1963 due to the expiry of Tooth & Co's Head Lease. The Crown sought to have immediate possession.194 Ownership of the property reverted to the Maritime Services Board on 1 January 1964. 195

The Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority informed the hotel on 23 December 1974 that from 22 November 1974, York Street North would be again known as Cumberland Street. 196

Figure 2.25 The Australian Hotel in the 1970s. (Source: SLNSW photo from SHFA)

After 1974, the first floor was converted to a private residence for the licensee. 197 After 1980, the floor of the private sitting room collapsed and was replaced. 198

2.2.2.2 Shop and Residence at 104 Cumberland Street

The shop at 104 Cumberland Street (York Street North) was erected as part of the hotel building. In 1914, the shop and residence was let to W P Fitzgerald who conducted a grocery business until at least May 1931.

194 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 1, p 5 195 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 40 196 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 42 197 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 1, p 12 198 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 1, p 12

NSW Government Architect’s Office 56 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

On 9 September 1930, the York Street shop was still operated by W P Fitzgerald, who requested a reduction in rent due to the loss of business due to extensive demolition nearby for the Sydney Harbour Bridge.199 By January 1932, the "Australian Wine Saloon" was operating in this shop.

The hotel and the two shops were painted and repaired about March 1938. 200 The ceiling and woodwork of the shop and residence were renovated for cost of £37 in 1947 as shown in an account of 29 December 1947. 201

Wunderlich metal ceilings were installed in the dining room and two bedrooms at a cost of £37 as seen in an account of 12 September 1949.202

By 1952, the tenant was Griffiths Etchings. By October 1963, the tenants were Mr J Coleman and Mr A Ferguson. Ownership of the property reverted to the Maritime Services Board on 1 January 1964.203 From 22 November 1974, York Street North would again be known as Cumberland Street, thus giving the property its current address. 204

The shop became derelict and in poor condition after 1974. 205

2.2.2.3 Shop at 87 Gloucester Street

The shop at 87 Gloucester Street was also built as part of the hotel building. In 1914, the shop and residence at 87 Gloucester Street was let to R Walton. His wife was still in residence as later as 1952. The shop occupied by Mr Walton for sixteen years had closed by 9 September 1930. 206

In June 1936, the staircase was replaced at a total cost of £37/10/0. 207 The hotel and the two shops were painted and repaired in March 1938. 208 On 31 May 1944, the floors were treated for borers, which were active in the timber. 209 Extensive repairs and the painting of the shop, bathroom, kitchen etc, were carried out for £70 as shown in an account of 15 December 1947. 210 The ceiling and woodwork were renovated for £36 as shown in an account of 29 December 1947.211

On 12 January 1955, Mr L Peterson was granted a sub-tenancy on 87 Gloucester St. Ownership of the property reverted to the Maritime Services Board on 1 January 1964. 212

White ant treatment was undertaken on the shop and an upstairs room according to an account of 22 February 1963. 213

199 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 4 200 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 11 201 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 24 202 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 26 203 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 40 204 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 42 205 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 1, p 12 206 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 5 207 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 9 208 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 11 209 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 19 210 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 24 211 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 24 212 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 40

NSW Government Architect’s Office 57 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

2.3 Historic Themes NB. This is an edited version of a comparative table that is supplied by the Heritage Office of NSW. The themes that are relevant to the Australian Hotel and the two shops are marked with an asterisk.

Australian Theme NSW Theme Relevant to Australian Hotel? 1 Tracing the natural evolution of Environment - naturally Australia evolved

2 Peopling Australia Aboriginal cultures and interactions with other cultures 2 Peopling Australia Convict * Yes

2 Peopling Australia Ethnic influences * Yes

2 Peopling Australia Migration * Yes

3 Developing local, regional and Agriculture national economies

3 Developing local, regional Commerce * Yes and national economies

3 Developing local, regional and Communication national economies

3 Developing local, regional and Environment - cultural national economies landscape

3 Developing local, regional and Events national economies

3 Developing local, regional and Exploration national economies

3 Developing local, regional and Fishing national economies

3 Developing local, regional and Forestry national economies

3 Developing local, regional and Health national economies

3 Developing local, regional and Industry national economies

213 Robertson & Hindmarsh, Vol 2, p 39

NSW Government Architect’s Office 58 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Australian Theme NSW Theme Relevant to Australian Hotel? 3 Developing local, regional and Mining national economies

3 Developing local, regional and Pastoralism national economies

3 Developing local, regional and Science national economies

3 Developing local, regional and Technology national economies

3 Developing local, regional and Transport national economies

4 Building settlements, towns Towns, suburbs and * Yes and cities villages

4 Building settlements, towns and Land tenure cities

4 Building settlements, towns and Utilities cities

4 Building settlements, towns Accommodation * Yes and cities

5 Working Labour * Yes

6 Educating Education

7 Governing Defence

7 Governing Government and administration

7 Governing Law and order

7 Governing Welfare

8 Developing Australia’s Domestic life * Yes cultural life

8 Developing Australia’s cultural Creative endeavour life

8 Developing Australia’s Leisure * Yes cultural life

NSW Government Architect’s Office 59 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Australian Theme NSW Theme Relevant to Australian Hotel? 8 Developing Australia’s cultural Religion life

8 Developing Australia’s cultural Social institutions life

8 Developing Australia’s cultural Sport life

9 Marking the phases of life Birth and Death

9 Marking the phases of life Persons

The NSW State themes relevant to the Australian Hotel are:

Convict

Whilst the extant hotel has little potential to demonstrate this theme, the underlying archaeological evidence in The Rocks has long been recognised as highly significant. The Convict theme has been recognised as an Australian theme with worldwide significance. As the home to many of the early convicts and the working classes, which soon evolved from them, The Rocks has considerable potential to yield evidence demonstrating the lifeways, foodways and cultural practices of the convict element of Australian society. It also has the potential to add detail to the documentary record, which is silent on many aspects of everyday convict life. Relationships between the convicts and the Aboriginal occupants of The Rocks may also be illuminated, as well as Aboriginal occupation of the area before white Europeans settled on The Rocks.

Migration

Australia is a nation of immigrants. Many immigrants entered the country through the Port of Sydney, so that an early and continuing association emerged between new settlers and The Rocks. The Rocks was the point of entry for many and many emigrants settled in The Rocks with its ready access to employment, services and cheap housing. The first years of European settlement were associated with the penal or convict settlement of Australia. Then came immigrants either bounty immigrants or those who paid for their own passage. Continuous waves of immigration added texture and a rich cultural life to the area. Some of this is evident in building fabric and some is evident in the archaeological deposits below standing buildings. The Irish had a strong association with hotels in Australia, and the extant Australia Hotel is no exception, with a number of Irish names featuring as publicans and, no doubt as patrons too. Many people from other ethnic backgrounds would also have had an association with the building.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 60 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Commerce

As the building includes both a hotel and two shops, it falls neatly into this theme. The sale of liquor and the provision of a limited range of opportunities for entertainment, the serving of food and the provision of accommodation were the purposes, which underlay the role of the hotel. As such, it followed in a long line of hotels in the Rocks, even standing partially over the sites of earlier hotels, which had been sited in this location in the original street and allotment alignment. Its name carried on the title and licence of a hotel that could be traced back as far as 1825, though on other sites. Though the hotel provided some opportunity for entertainment, it appears that not all were strictly legal.

The two shops served a variety of roles over the years. Initially, they serviced the surrounding population when there were still enough residents to make them viable and when people still patronised small local shops, relying on face-to-face recognition and that assurance of credit from a retailer who knew them, before the development of formalised institutionalised credit networks and international consortiums. In time, they changed their role, becoming liquor outlets or serving more as commercial premises than shops. In a way, they mirrored the evolution of small shops across Australia and demonstrate the local process of change.

The Robertson and Hindmarsh report identified a number of design elements that made these notable as commercial premises. The two level bar was noted as being rare. The incorporation of a hotel and shops within the one architectural treatment was also notable. In addition, the premises known as 87 Gloucester Street was a very rare example of an intact Edwardian style shop.

Accommodation

One of the purposes of hotels was to offer accommodation to travellers. The upper floors of the Australian Hotel were fitted out for this purpose, though substantial changes were made in later years. More recently, some of this space was converted into a private residence for the licensee.

The two shops were built as shops and residences for letting. This was a common combination in settlements across Australia from the centres of major cities to small towns. It is a form that still remains in use though with changes.

Towns, suburbs and villages

The vast changes that were made to the layout of the Rocks after 1900 in an attempt to re-plan the original layout of the area in a form more in line with contemporary ideas of town layout was a major initiative in Australian town planning. The site on which the hotel is built, and it corner location and the form of the land parcel on which its sits stems directly from these changes. Underneath, it retains some of the material remains of the earlier layout whilst its current form, and position is a direct reminder of those changes.

Labour

Hotels were workplaces as well as places of entertainment. They provide material evidence of the working conditions of men, and especially of women in the past. Hotels were a significant workspace for women and their role in hotel work and the place of hotel employment in the lives of working women has been the focus of recent historical research. As licensee, wife of the licensee, or barmaid, women were

NSW Government Architect’s Office 61 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006 heavily involved in work in hotels, despite the masculine aura of hotels. Thus, hotels provide significant work places for men, and more particularly, for women.

Additionally, the two shops, which are part of the whole group, were also workplaces too.

Domestic Life

Hotels with their accommodation role and the residences, which were part of the two shops, also provide some, evidence of domestic life.

Leisure

Hotels were primarily places of leisure. The consumption of liquor was a central part of leisure activity for Australian men for many years, and their role was cemented in the earliest days of the colony, when it was often the only relief in a colony with few alternative outlets for amusement in spare time. Over the years, hotels expanded in the Rocks and then shifted about as their licensees moved. The Australian Hotel had been one its site for a prolonged period in a purpose-built building. As noted earlier, it has a rare two level bar. Though there have been a number of changes in the building, it retains numerous original features.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 62 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

3.0 Physical Evidence

3.1 Introduction The aim of this chapter is to describe the Australian Hotel in detail in order to facilitate the understanding of the existing place. The place itself is a good source of information on the number of changes that have been carried out during its lifetime. This chapter builds on the evidence outlined in the previous section, noting the physical changes that have taken place over time, in order to understand why, when and how these alterations were made.

3.2 Context The Australian Hotel is located in The Rocks, a unique area of Sydney, described in The Rocks Heritage Management Plan by Godden Mackay Logan Pty Ltd, February 2002, as follows:

Situated on a rocky promontory projecting into Sydney Harbour on the western side of Sydney Cove, The Rocks is bounded by the Harbour foreshore, the southern approaches to the Harbour Bridge, the edge of Dawes Point Park and Grosvenor Street to the south.

From a high ridge along the precinct's western boundary, the ground falls to the east in a series of sandstone escarpments, providing sweeping harbour views. The topography and street pattern provide the setting for a diverse array of buildings and open space. Historic warehouses, bond stores and residences create a distinctive maritime/worker character, overlain by some more recent developments.

Specifically, The Australian Hotel is located near the western edge of The Rocks, in an area manipulated by the effects of a number of major historical changes in the area, including the post-plague demolition of much 19th century building fabric and subsequent road re-alignment and building development, plus the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. The immediately vicinity of the hotel is dominated by the concrete escarpment of the southern approaches to the bridge.

In more detail, The Australian Hotel is located within the acute angle formed by the intersection of Gloucester Street with Cumberland Street. On Cumberland Street, immediately opposite the hotel is the KGV Recreation Centre, an articulated glass and steel building dating from 1998, adjacent to the southern approaches to the Harbour Bridge. To the south of the hotel is the Cumberland/ Gloucester Streets Archaeological Site, with evidence of the early development of the area prior to its resumption and reconstruction at the turn of the nineteenth century. Gloucester Street to the east of the hotel is split over two levels; rising to meet Cumberland Street, and falling to meet Argyle Street further to the north. Immediately opposite the hotel is a row of unusual three-storey Edwardian brick terrace houses (Nos. 46-56), leased by the Department of Housing, located on the upper level of Gloucester Street. Further to the north is a row of late nineteenth century terraces, which have largely been converted for office or commercial uses, on the lower level.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 63 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.1 Site plan, March 2004 (SHFA). The Australian Hotel is circled.

Figure 3.2 View looking southeast towards the intersection of Gloucester Street with Cumberland Street, showing the prominent corner face of the hotel.

Figure 3.3 View down Gloucester Street towards the Department of Housing terraces at 46-56 Gloucester Street.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 64 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.4 Edwardian terraces, managed by the Department of Housing, at 46- 56 Gloucester Street.

Figure3.5 Victorian terraces located on the lower section of Gloucester Street, near the corner of Argyle Street. These have been adaptively re- used for commercial purposes.

Figure 3.6 Susannah Place on Gloucester Street, 1845 terraces to the southeast of the Australia Hotel. These terraces are examples of the type of development prevalent in the area prior to the resumption and reconstruction of large sections of The Rocks.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 65 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.7 Longs Lane Buildings on Cumberland Street to the south of the Cumberland/ Gloucester Streets Archaeological Site, south of the hotel.

Figure3.8 Looking over the Cumberland/ Gloucester Streets Archaeological Site towards the southern elevation of the Australian Hotel.

Figure 3.9 View north along Cumberland Street, showing the proximity of the hotel to the Sydney Harbour Bridge.

Figure 3.10 KGV sports centre opposite the Australian Hotel on Cumberland Street.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 66 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

3.3 Building Description

3.3.1 Exterior

The Australian Hotel comprises a group of three attached buildings, constructed as one development; the hotel, and two shops facing Cumberland and Gloucester Streets, which combine together to present a uniform building form of two storeys, with consistent wall finishes, rendered details and pattern of fenestration.

The shop on Cumberland Street has been integrated into the hotel, with the hotel kitchen and restaurant located at ground floor level, and common areas for the first floor private rooms above. The shop on Gloucester Street however remains largely self-contained physically, although it is connected by the internal light-well and used for hotel-related functions with a bottle shop on the ground floor and offices for hotel management on the first floor.

The building is constructed in load bearing brick walls, laid in English bond, on a bedrock foundation. External wall detailing is simple and features polychromatic face brickwork to dado height with a smooth rendered finish above, extending from this level to above the roofline to form a parapet. The upper levels of the façade feature recessed bays, engaged piers, rendered cornice and string courses, and moulded architraves, sills and keystones to windows.

The façade is further detailed by the rhythmic spacing of the fenestration on each level, even though the lower fenestration does not necessarily correspond to that on the upper level. Windows are timber-framed and predominantly double hung sash windows, with the upper sash being multi-paned, while doors are timber panelled with glazed and inscribed inserts. A suspended awning on cast iron brackets encircles the building on both the Cumberland and Gloucester Street elevations. Signage is limited to below the awning level, with one exception being the name of the hotel painted on prominent corner parapet.

The building is designed in a mixed style in 1914 - 1915, typical of much development during the Interwar period. The ground floor features elements of the Federation Free Style which continued through the early interwar years, such as the use of contrasting face brickwork and painted render, Arts and Crafts influences, informal fenestration and some minor Art Nouveau references. Above the awning, the building features elements more akin to the Interwar Stripped Classical style with some stripped classical elements in rendered masonry, including pilasters, string courses and mouldings around openings.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 67 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.11 Cumberland Street elevation, March 2004, (SHFA).

Note that there is a discrepancy in the drawing circled. The moulding below the first floor windows to the Cumberland Street shop is not as indicated.

Figure 3.12 Gloucester Street elevation, March 2004, (SHFA).

Note that there is a discrepancy in the drawing circled. The moulding below the first floor windows is not as indicated.

Figure 3.13 Looking south along Cumberland Street, including the intersection with Gloucester Street.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 68 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.14 Cumberland Street shop, which presently houses the hotel restaurant and kitchen at ground level.

Figure 3.15 Typical detail of the timber doors at ground level.

Figure 3.16 Typical detail of the cast iron awning brackets, lighting and signage.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 69 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.17 Intersection of Gloucester Street with Cumberland Street.

Figure 3.18 View looking north along the Gloucester Street elevation.

Figure 3.19 Gloucester Street shop, which houses bottle shop and offices above.

Figure 3.20 Plaque commemorating the shooting of John William Manners outside the hotel in 1956, located on the Gloucester Street façade.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 70 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.21 Typical detail of the upper floor windows, including rendered architraves and sills.

Figure 3.22 Detail of the parapet and painted signage at the intersection of Gloucester Street with Cumberland Street.

Figure 3.23 Corner window and painted signage at ground floor level.

Figure 3.24 Hatch to the keg roll and basement at the corner of Cumberland and Gloucester Streets.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 71 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

3.3.2 Basement

The occupied area of the basement is located along the Gloucester Street side of the hotel, and is accessed from a timber stair located behind the lower half of the split- level bar. This area houses general store, cold room and keg store. The original barrel roll remains at the corner of Gloucester and Cumberland Streets, including timber keg slide, and sandstone bounding walls. The metal hatch to the street has been replaced.

The brick walls of the occupied section of the basement either retain their original lime plaster and wash, or have been rendered with a hard cement render. Some of the cross walls do not appear to be sitting directly on the bedrock, but rather a thin layer of subsoil separates the bedrock foundation from the lower brick course. At the time of inspection some of this protecting subsoil layer had been removed, exposing carvings in the bedrock for drainage lines and the remains of a sandstone wall associated with the development on the site prior to the construction of the hotel. Sine the inspection, SHFA have removed more of the soil under archaeological supervision and revealed further features. Further discussion of the archaeological potential of the site is contained in Section 3.7. The floor of the remaining occupied section of the basement has been covered over with a concrete topping. From within the basement, the replacement of the ground floor timber floors of the hotel is readily apparent.

Other areas of sub-floor were visible through floor traps located within the private sitting room and bottle shop on Gloucester Street, the latter revealing a stone footing and original street alignment.

A

B

Figure 3.25 Basement plan of the Australian Hotel, March 2004, (SHFA).

Note the areas circled are presently occupied, housing general storage, keg store and cold room. Area A is the original extent of the basement.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 72 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

3.3.3 Ground Floor

The internal planning of the hotel is formed around the number “7”, with a split level bar located in the centre (taking into account the change in level between Cumberland and Gloucester Streets) with Public Bar seating located along each “arm” extending along the street fronts. Smaller Parlours were originally designed at the extremities of each arm, although these have generally been incorporated within the main bar areas. Services are located within the central “void”, with natural light and ventilation made possible via a light-well extending perpendicular to Cumberland Street. This lightwell provides both access and buffer between the hotel and shops, which form the southern boundary of the building group.

The ground level of both shops has been subdivided, although in a manner, which is reversible. A large cold store has been constructed at the rear of the Gloucester Street shop, essentially halving the available floor area. A low timber screen separates the hotel kitchen from some internal seating within the Cumberland Street tenancy.

Internal finishes generally include plastered wall surfaces, ceilings of pressed metal or battened fibro, timber boarded floors with either carpet, vinyl or tile finishes, and timber joinery. Both the timber bar fronts and panelled partition wall between the two split-levels of the bar are original. The interior, including alterations to the layout and fabric, is further described in the photos within Section 3.3.

A

B

C

Figure 3.26 Ground floor plan of the Australian Hotel, March 2004, (SHFA).

This plan largely reflects the current use of the ground floor level in 2006, with some minor alterations. The original parlour on Cumberland Street presently houses a Gaming Parlour, and a fire door connects this space to the Cumberland Street shop (A). Other alterations include to the layout of the Men’s WC (B) and to the former Parlour entrance (C) on Gloucester Street, which is occupied by a small office space.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 73 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

3.3.4 First Floor

The internal planning of the first floor level is similar to that at ground level, with private rooms extending along each arm of the number “7”, accessed from an internal corridor. Service spaces, such as bathrooms and common kitchen, are located within the central area, with natural light and ventilation provided by the lightwell. A Guest Lounge occupies the prime corner position of Cumberland and Gloucester Streets.

Internally the building has similar finishes to those at ground floor level, including pressed metal, lathe and plaster or battened fibro ceilings, plastered wall finishes, ornate joinery (skirtings, architraves, door and windows) and hardware. Original features and furniture items include the laundry lift, joinery, door and window hardware, plaster cornices, tiled bathroom on Gloucester Street, and iron stove.

The first floor level of the former shop on Cumberland Street has been incorporated into that of the hotel, housing common kitchen, dining and sitting areas for the private rooms. This area has been largely reconstructed, including timber floor structure, plasterboard ceilings, joinery and stair to the lightwell. The offices of the Australian Hotel occupy the first floor level of the Gloucester Street shop. Internal finishes are similar to those of the hotel at this level.

B

C

A

Figure 3.27 First Floor plan of the Australian Hotel, March 2004, (SHFA).

This plan largely reflects the use of the first floor level in 2006, with minor alterations. These include the reconfiguration of the internal laundry (A), to house a second bathroom and private store (the original laundry lift remains extant); reconfiguration of the existing bathroom (B) and demolition of the separate WC, providing access to the first floor level of the Cumberland Street shop. This area is used as a common dining and sitting area by the private rooms (C), with an associated modern kitchen.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 74 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

3.3.5 Roof

The roofs over the hotel and the two shops are distinctly separate items, and each includes a small terrace with access via its own stairwell from the floor below. The roof is formed by a series of skillion roofs behind parapet walls, the two skillions over the hotel forming a shallow butterfly roof with central valley. The roof sheeting has been replaced, and is presently white colorbond sheeting in a corrugated profile. Flashings and gutters (ogee profile) are of a similar material, although there is evidence in the wall of the line of the original stepped lead flashings. The parapets to the street are square topped, while those to the inside are rounded, and have been made waterproof through the application of a fibreglass cover. The shared chimney between the Gloucester and Cumberland Street shops is topped by terracotta chimney pots, typical of the period, although the fireplace below is no longer functional. A chimney at the northernmost end of the Cumberland Street elevation, which services the fireplace within the Guest Lounge below, is flush with the parapet height.

The terraces to each roof are of similar detail, and are formed by fibre cement pavers supported on plastic feet over a bituminous membrane. The terraces are accessed via similar sets of timber stairs housed within timber framed stair enclosures. These are clad with horizontal timber boarding externally and vertical boarding and fibro sheeting internally, with a narrow skillion roof of colorbond sheeting. These roof enclosures appear to be original, as evidenced by the line of a former lead flashing, and have been restored since 1989.

Figure 3.28 Roof plan of the Australian Hotel, March 2004, (SHFA).

NSW Government Architect’s Office 75 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

3.4 Comparative Identification of Fabric - External The following photographs and captions illustrate the current condition of the building, and the changes that have been made to the fabric. Where earlier photographs have been included, these have been dated and the source reference as appropriate. All recent photographs were taken by the NSW Government Architect’s Office during site visits in March 2006.

Australian Hotel

Figure 3.29 Australian Hotel, 1929. ANU, Archives of Business and Labour.

Figure 3.30 Australian Hotel, 1958-1968. ANU, Archives of Business and Labour.

Figure 3.31 Australian Hotel c.1972. Small Pictures File, Mitchell Library, State Library of NSW.

Figure 3.32 Australian Hotel, 2006.

Although in black and white, the above photographs provide evidence of the regular repainting of the building, which occurred in accordance with the strict requirements of the Liquor Act, 1912. Note that the present colour scheme is based early colour schemes for the building, as per Figure 3.28.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 76 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.33 Southern elevation from Cumberland Street, 1989. Note the painted advertising sign which has since been removed/painted over, and the loss of the awning over the shop on Cumberland Street. (Robertson & Hindmarsh).

Figure 3.34 Southern elevation from Gloucester Street, 2006.

Figure 3.35 Southern elevation from Cumberland Street, 2006.

Figure 3.36 Southern elevation facing the Cumberland/ Gloucester Streets Archaeological Site, 2006.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 77 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

104 Cumberland Street

Figure 3.37 Figure 3.38 Elevation of the Cumberland Street shop, 1989. Cumberland Street shop façade, 2006. Note (Robertson & Hindmarsh). the reconstruction of the awning.

Figure 3.39 Shopfront behind the boarding, 1989. (Robertson & Hindmarsh)

Figure 3.40 Refurbished shopfront, 2006. The window frames to large shopfront windows appear new, while the multipaned frames are original (although the coloured glass has been replaced since 1989). Original door has been retained.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 78 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

87 Gloucester Street

Figure 3.41 & 3.42 Figure 3.43 Shop frontage, 1989. Gloucester Street shop frontage, 2006. Note extent shop front window and water staining below the parapet. (Robertson & Hindmarsh).

Figure 3.44 Figure 3.45 Refurbished shopfront facing Gloucester Original shopfront glazing and pressed metal Street, 2006. soffit over the entry door.

Figure 3.46 Figure 3.47 Original ceramic floor and wall tiles to The raised shopfront platform has been largely the entry porch and shop front. removed since 1989, with the exception of a small section behind the entry door.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 79 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Light-well

Figures 3.48 & 3.49 Entrance to the lightwell and Cumberland Street (LHS) and additional door (post 1989) between the Gaming Parlour (original Ladies Parlour) and lightwell into the restaurant in the Cumberland Street shop.

Figures 3.50 & 3.51 Two views into the lightwell from Cumberland Street (LHS) and the roof terrace above the Cumberland Street shop. The awnings appear to be later additions (post 1989). The timber doors into the lightwell were constructed c.1999 to create a “foyer”, and are based on the existing original panelled doors to the laneway. Note commercial kitchen exhaust within the stairwell, which also dates from this time.

Figures 3.52 & 3.53 Two views of the light-well showing its condition in 1989 (LHS) (Robertson and Hindmarsh) and in 2006 (RHS). Note: awnings over doorways are recent additions.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 80 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Roof

Figure 3.54 View of the butterfly roof over the hotel, 2006. Colorbond sheeting is a later replacement.

Figure 3.55 Roof terrace over the Gloucester Street shop, 2006. The concrete pavers over bitumen membrane are typical to all three roof terraces.

Figure 3.56 Figure 3.57 Roof over Gloucester Street shop, 1989. Skillion roof and terrace over Gloucester Street (Robertson & Hindmarsh). shop, 2006. Colorbond roof sheeting is a later replacement.

Figure 3.58 Figure 3.59 Stair enclosure over Gloucester Refurbished stairwell enclosure to the roof Street shop, 1989. (Robertson & terrace over Gloucester Street, 2006. Hindmarsh).

NSW Government Architect’s Office 81 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

3.5 Comparative Identification of Fabric - Internal The following photographs and captions illustrate the current condition of the interior of the building, and the changes that have been made to the fabric. Where historic/earlier photographs exist, these have been dated and their source identified. All recent photographs were taken by the NSW Government Architect’s Office during site inspections in March 2006.

Australian Hotel – Basement

Figure 3.60 General view of the basement located below the lower split bar facing Gloucester Street (Area B on Figure 3.24). The cutting to the bedrock has been exposed, providing evidence of the earlier development at the site. It would also appear that the non-structural partition walls have been constructed onto the fill and not onto the bedrock.

Figure 3.61 General view of the basement looking towards the stair. Walls are cement rendered, while the reconstructed timber floor of the level above forms the ceiling.

Figures 3.62 and 3.63 Carvings into the bedrock, forming early drainage lines for the terrace houses located at the site prior to the construction of the hotel.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 82 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.64 Timber stair leading to the basement, located behind the lower level of the split bar. This stair would appear to be original/early.

Figure 3.65 The keg roll into the basement store is likely to be original, and is located within the original extent of the basement (Area A on Figure 3.24) located at the intersection of the Cumberland and Gloucester Streets.

Figure 3.66 Keg store, with new cool room (LHS). The walls in this area are lime washed, most likely original, while the floor has been covered with a concrete slab since at least 1943. The cool room was installed after 1989.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 83 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Australian Hotel – Ground Floor

Figure 3.67 Figure 3.68 View of the lower split level bar facing Lower level of the public bar facing Gloucester Gloucester Street. The bar counter was Street. The location of an original partition refurbished in the late 1980s/early 1990s to its separating this bar into two halves was original form, although the original “canopies” removed in 1959. The partition was reused had been removed in 1959. The actual detail of within the present Ladies WC at ground floor these canopies however is unknown. level.

Figure 3.69 Figure 3.70 View of the original Ladies Parlour on Entry to the corridor leading to the private Gloucester Street. The dividing wall was sitting room on Gloucester Street, and the demolished in 1959 with the Parlour access stair to the upstairs bedrooms. incorporated into the public bar, reflecting the change in drinking habits at this time.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 84 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.71 Figure 3.72 Original sash windows facing Gloucester Original door, typical of the exterior doors. The Street, which are typical for the building. The opaque finish (sheet) and lettering is similarly a opaque finish (sheet) and lettering is a later later addition. addition, however in a sympathetic style.

Figure 3.73 and 3.74 Figure 3.75 Original door furniture, ground level, Gloucester Street. Raised floor level, marble threshold & underfloor vent.

Figure 3.76 Figure 3.77 Original pressed metal ceiling over the lower Original pressed metal ceiling over the original level of the split-level bar facing Gloucester Ladies Parlour on Gloucester Street. Street.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 85 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.78 Passage leading from the lower level of the Public Bar on Gloucester Street to the Private Sitting Room.

Figure 3.79 Private Sitting Room on Gloucester Street. Although marked as such on the original plans, the painted sign above the door indicates that this room was originally referred to as a Parlour.

Figure 3.80 Private Sitting Room on Gloucester Street.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 86 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.81 Figure 3.82 New reception desk and doorway at the base Original private entry to the Ladies Parlour on of the stair to the private rooms at first floor Gloucester Street. The door has been fixed level, installed c.1999. shut and the entry space forms a small office and reception for the private rooms above.

Figure 3.83 Figure 3.84 Original timber stairs leading to the private Original timber stairs leading to the private rooms on first floor level. rooms on first floor level.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 87 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.85 Figure 3.86 Upper level of the split-level bar facing Period bar equipment, including beer pulls and Cumberland Street. The original bar fronts fridges, has been installed to both the upper were refurbished in the late 1980s/early 1990s. and lower split-level bars. The original bar “canopies” were removed in 1959. The exact detail of these canopies is unknown.

Figure 3.87 Typical door joinery facing Cumberland Street, including panelled door leaf and glazed highlight. Note original door furniture.

Figure 3.88 Detail of highlight window, operating mechanism and lattice vent to the external doors facing both Gloucester and Cumberland Streets. This detail is original and typical for all external doors.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 88 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.89 Figure 3.90 Original window (the larger panel appears to Original pressed metal ceiling over the upper be reglazed) at the corner of Cumberland and level of the split-level bar, facing Cumberland Gloucester Street. Street.

Figures 3.91 and 3.92 Electrical wiring and fuse boxes are surface mounted and located within the public bar area facing Cumberland Street.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 89 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.93 Original Ladies Parlour on Cumberland Street, which was converted to a Snack Bar in 1959, and then restored back, forming the Gaming Parlour c.1999. The exit into a new “foyer” within the laneway, and a corresponding doorway into the restaurant were also added at this time.

Figure 3.94 Original Parlour door to Cumberland Street.

Figure 3.87 Original Parlour door to Cumberland Street. Note change in floor level to exterior.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 90 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.88 Urinals to the Men’s WC off of the upper split level bar (Cumberland Street side).

Figure 3.89 Original stall door within the Men’s WC.

Figure 3.90 Original ripple iron ceiling to the Men’s WC.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 91 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Australian Hotel – First Floor

Figure 3.91 Figure 3.92 The privacy screen and door between the first Panelled door and brass door furniture to the floor lobby and the passage leading to the lobby door at first floor level. The door may private rooms was added c.1999. have been relocated (unconfirmed).

Figure 3.93 Figure 3.94 WC at first floor level, located adjacent to the View along passage towards the lounge at the lobby. This WC appears to be original (note intersection of Cumberland and Gloucester plaster cornice), however is not indicated on Streets. Much of the joinery at first floor level the original drawings. appears to be original and in good condition. Although the glazing to the highlight windows to the bedrooms (RHS) has generally been painted over, many remain operable.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 92 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.95 Figure 3.96 View of passage leading to the common areas New connection between the common areas above 104 Cumberland Street. This new above 104 Cumberland Street and the private connection required the rearrangement of the rooms above the hotel. bathrooms at this end of the passage, dates from the late 1990s.

Figure 3.97 Figures 3.98 and 3.99 Laundry lift, located adjacent to the first floor Detail views of the laundry lift, which is an lobby. The original laundry was remodelled original feature of the building (no longer used c.2000. and fixed shut).

Figure 3.100 The original laundry at first floor level was remodelled c.2000, and a “period” style bathroom installed. This bathroom is indicative of the style of the ‘”rearranged” bathroom on the Cumberland Street. A third bathroom on Gloucester Street (adjacent to the stairwell) retains the original ceramic fittings, glazed tiles and fixtures.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 93 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.101 Figure 3.102 Original corner fireplace at the intersection of Doorway into the original linen cupboard off of Cumberland and Gloucester Streets. the first floor lounge. Joinery appears to be original.

Figures 3.103 and 3.104 Original plastered wall finishes, pressed metal ceiling and joinery (skirting boards, picture rail, windows and doors) of the prominent corner lounge at first floor level.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 94 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.105 General view of the original kitchen, located at the centre of the floor plan, and presently used for storage. The kitchen benches and floor finishes have been replaced, although the battened ceiling and joinery appears to be original.

Figure 3.106 Early cast iron fuel stove located within the original fireplace.

Figure 3.107 Early gas “Kooka” located adjacent to the earlier fuel stove.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 95 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.108 Figure 3.109 Generally the joinery to the bedrooms appears Original brass door handle and later lock as to be original. While the highlights have been typical to private rooms (Bedroom 5 pictured). painted over, several retain the original opening mechanism. (Door to Bedroom 5 pictured).

Figure 3.110 Internal view of Bedroom 3, typical of each of the private rooms.

Figure 3.112 Window joinery and hardware appears to be original in most bedrooms. Other decorative original joinery includes architraves and skirting boards, which are generally in good/fair condition.

Figure 3.111 Typical battened ceiling to the private bedrooms, which appears to be original. Note lack of cornice.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 96 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

104 Cumberland Street

Figure 3.113 Timber and glass partition, which separates the dining area from the restaurant kitchen, 2006. Partition dates is a recent construction. The restaurant kitchen is located behind this screen, and is a modern commercial installation.

Figure 3.114 Figure 3.115 Figure 3.116 Interior of the reconstructed Looking up towards the Bedrooms 9 and 10 at first floor Cumberland Street shop, 2006. bedrooms at first floor level, level, 2006. The timber boarding within the 1989. Note condition of original shopfront has replaced the plastered wall and ceiling original pressed metal. finishes. (Robertson & Hindmarsh).

Figure 3.117 Figure 3.118 Figure 3.119 Looking up towards the first floor Fireplace on first floor level, View towards the rear, first floor through collapsed floor, 1989. 2006. level, 2006, which has largely (Robertson & Hindmarsh). been reconstructed.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 97 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

87 Gloucester Street

Figure 3.120 View towards the front of the shop, 1989. Note extant original joinery of shopfront and pressed metal ceiling. (Robertson & Hindmarsh).

Figures 3.121 and 3.122 View towards the front of the shop, 2006. Note restored joinery and pressed metal ceiling, and sympathetic joinery for wine display.

Figure 3.123 View towards the rear of the shop showing original joinery to the stairwell and pressed metal ceiling, 1989. (Robertson & Hindmarsh).

Figure 3.124 A new cool room has been installed to the rear of the shop, which retains the joinery of the stair and pressed metal ceiling above.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 98 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.125 Figure 3.126 Typical condition of first floor window and First floor windows, and pressed metal ceilings pressed metal ceiling (installed 1950s), (installed 1950s), which have been refurbished. first floor, 1989. (Robertson & Hindmarsh).

Figure 3.127 Figure 3.128 Condition of wall and ceiling plaster in New kitchen installation for office fitout, first floor. original kitchen space, 1989 (Robertson Installed since 1989. & Hindmarsh).

Figure 3.129 Original door joinery and hardware to former bedrooms (present offices) at first floor level.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 99 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.130 Figure 3.131 Original “Younger No. 2” kitchen stove, 1989. The kitchen stove was retained within the 1989 (Robertson & Hindmarsh). refurbishment.

Figure 3.132 Staircase leading towards the roof terrace, which has been restored.

Figure 3.133 Views of the footing within the subfloor of the Gloucester Street shop, which are evidence of the earlier development on the site.

Figure 3.134 Footings within the subfloor of the Gloucester Street shop.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 100 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

3.6 Development of the Fabric Since 1990

The following summary of alterations to the hotel and the adjacent shops at 104 Cumberland Street and 87 Gloucester Street has been compiled as a quick reference to the development of the fabric of the building since the preparation of the Robertson and Hindmarsh Investigation of Significance, 1990. The pre 1990 alterations to the building have been described in Sections 3.2 and 3.3. This section summarises the alterations and refurbishment undertaken since 1990.

The Robertson and Hindmarsh report was prepared as a precursor to an extensive program of conservation and reconstruction works, which were implemented between 1991-1992. These works included the following:

Reconstruction of the shop at 104 Cumberland Street including:

• removal of debris and stabilisation of the walls; • improvement of sub-floor ventilation; • removal of rising damp; • reconstruction of the roof, roof structures, floors, stairs and shopfront window based on the original detail; and • reconstruction of the street awning.

The following excavation works have been recorded in an archaeological monitoring report dating from this time:

• Rubbish removal beneath the floors of the hotel, improvement of drainage within the lightwell through the excavation of bedrock. • Insertion of sub-floor vents, removal of rock and soil lying against the west wall below the Gloucester Street shop and lowering of the ground to the south of the building to improve the underfloor ventilation, including the reconstruction of the ground floor. • Lowering of the ground level under the floor, and replacement of the floorboards. • Insertion of vents to improve sub-floor ventilation. • Lowering of the ground level to the south of the building, and the removal of rock and soil lying against the west wall. • 2006 excavation of approximately 10cm soil and demolition rubble overlaying the bedrock in the cellar, exposed features pre-dating the Hotel cut into the bedrock (report pending SHFA).

Alterations to amalgamate 100-102 and 104 Cumberland Street, c.1999

• Incorporation of the premises at 104 Cumberland Street into the hotel at 100-102 Cumberland Street, with a new restaurant at ground floor level and new common areas (bathroom, kitchen and guest lounge) for the private accommodation rooms above. • Provision of new restaurant facilities at ground level of the Cumberland Street shop, including installation of a new cool room, commercial grade kitchen facilities and exhaust into the light-well. The front portion of the shop was to be used for café/restaurant style seating, reusing recent shopfront partitioning as a screen. The “Snack Bar” within the present Gaming Parlour was also removed at this time and the Parlour reinstated, and the “Laneway” off of Cumberland Street

NSW Government Architect’s Office 101 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

into the light-well was converted to a foyer, which involved the relocation of the existing external timber panelled doors, and the creation of two new door openings connecting the new Café/Kitchen to the Gaming Parlour. A new grease trap was also installed at the eastern end of the lightwell at this time. The existing canvas awning and outdoor seating around the hotel was also approved at this time. • Provision of a new Reception Office for the first floor accommodation within the Private Entry to the original Ladies parlour on Gloucester Street, which required the fixing shut of the existing external door, and installation of a new door opening and reception desk at the base of the stairs. • Alterations to the entry and partitioning within the Men’s WC at ground level. • Removal of the accommodation office at first floor level, and conversion of this room for guest accommodation (Bedroom 1). • Installation of a new security screen and door between the stairwell and private rooms at first floor level. • Alterations to the existing bathrooms at first floor level, including reconfiguration of the bathroom on Cumberland Street to allow for a new connection to the common areas at first floor level on Cumberland Street. This level is to house additional bathroom, kitchen and guest lounge. • Alterations to the existing internal laundry to reduce its area and create a third bathroom. The original laundry lift was retained.

3.7 Archaeological Potential 3.7.1 Above Ground

Jane Lydon undertook archaeological monitoring on the site during the conservation works undertaken in 1990 and 1991 (Lydon 1992). She examined all available underfloor spaces as well as excavation works immediately surrounding the buildings. The site was shown to contain evidence relating to nineteenth domestic occupation. It was used at the time to predict high archaeological potential on the adjoining land, later known as the Cumberland/ Gloucester Streets Archaeological Site and investigated by Godden Mackay Logan in 1993-4.

The archaeological resources found within the Australian Hotel chiefly relate to two terrace houses fronting Gloucester Street, non-residential buildings and their yard at 106 Cumberland Street and the architectural development of the hotel itself. A small collection of artefacts relating to the twentieth century use of the site were also recovered and are now held in the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority’s artefact store and archive.

A considerable portion of the floor plan of the terraces fronting Gloucester Street was located in 1990. Sandstone bedrock had been excavated for the footings. Lydon suggests these were 79-81 Gloucester Street. The 1901 photograph at Figure 3.135 shows these buildings in the right hand side foreground. These remains, within the Gloucester Street shop, have been retained in situ beneath the renewed floor.

Less excavation work was undertaken in the Cumberland Street shop, but the external back wall and eastern return of 106 Cumberland Street was found along with some rear yard paving from either 106 or 108 Gloucester Street. Other remnant remains probably associated with structures in the rear yard were also located.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 102 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.135 79-83 Gloucester Street in 1901 (reproduced from Karskens 1999: 115).

Lydon indicated that there was still potential for further evidence to be found under the Cumberland Street shop, as the 1990s investigation had less impact there than in Gloucester Street and noted that the Gloucester Street remains had been well recorded and preserved in situ. The fact that these remains were cut into bedrock is presumably the basis of Lydon’s recommendation that no further work would be required under the Gloucester Street shop.

The site inspection for this report, carried out in April 2006, revealed that the spaces under the hotel itself have significant archaeological potential. Most of the underfloor areas have an earthen base. Work being undertaken by the lessee within the cellar under the bar revealed that this is a deposit relating to the demolition and levelling of the area when the neighbourhood was remodelled after 1900 and before the hotel was constructed. It is a compacted loamy soil up to 15 – 20 cm deep with mixed artefacts including bone, glass, ceramic and fragments of brick. Some of the internal cross walls of the hotel are sitting directly on it (Figure 3.136), which may explain some of the structural problems with the building over the last century. It is expected that this deposit will extend across the site, where it hasn’t already been removed by excavation. The work being undertaken by the lessee during the preparation of this report has removed most of this deposit from within the cellar under the bar. The removal however, has revealed rock cut drainage and footings associated with the rear yards and possibly walls from the back part of former buildings in Lot 15 (Figures 3.137 and 3.138). Further work more recently undertaken by SHFA revealed other features including drainage channels, cuts for foundations and joists of previous structures and the foundation trench for the Australian Hotel along the Gloucester Street frontage. In between the features, the surface of the bedrock has been heavily worked with evident pick marks. Given the presence of rock cut features and footings in both the hotel cellar and the Gloucester Street shop, it is likely they will continue under the rest of the hotel, with the exception of the breezeway, which has already been excavated.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 103 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Figure 3.136 The loamy deposit with mixed inclusions underlying the hotel. Some of the non-structural walls sit directly on this deposit. The height of the deposit is indicated by the orange line and the grey area above is part of the hotel structure.

Figure 3.137 A shallow rock cut drain revealed beneath the mixed deposit. Probably relating to the rear yard area of one of the former structures on Lot 15. Other features associated with it include rock cut footing beds and some sandstone footing blocks.

Figure 3.138 The Gloucester Street side of the site occupied by the Australian Hotel, shown in 1901 (reproduced from Karskens 1999: 155).

3.7.2 Above Ground Due to the state of the building prior to the 1990s renovation and the extent of work done at that time, it is unlikely that any artefact deposits will have survived above ground floor level within the standing structure of the Hotel and two shops. The architectural development of the place is also well understood. The potential for above ground archaeological remains within the building cavities of the Hotel is therefore very low.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 104 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

4.0 Assessment of Cultural Significance

4.1 Assessment of Significance The following assessment of heritage significance has been prepared utilising the current evaluation criteria established by the New South Wales Heritage Council.

Criterion (a) – An item is important in the course, or pattern, of NSW’s cultural or natural history (or the cultural or natural history of the local area)

The Australian Hotel is historically significant because the complex and site followed the precepts of the 1903 Hickson, Davis and Vernon planning scheme, designed to improve the hygiene and amenity of The Rocks inhabitants following the 1900 plague outbreak. The relocation of the hotel and the whole development provides evidence of the town planning principles and the prevailing concepts of public health and amenity of the period.

The Australian Hotel is also historically significant because it provides evidence of past and current leisure activities in NSW. It is one of the last purpose built hotels in The Rocks. The building is an important remaining example of the public houses built in The Rocks from the establishment of the Colony. The Australian Hotel, in conjunction with these earlier hotels, is part a suite of buildings that demonstrate changing social and drinking habits over time. Substantially intact purpose-built hotels of this period are rare, as most have been altered as a result of changing licensing laws and drinking habits.

The site’s changing use reflects the urban, economic and social development of the area. The site also reflects the lifestyles of the working and lower middle classes during the early twentieth century. The site also is indicative of the consistent two-storey scale of the area, which predominated in the vicinity prior to construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge.

The shop at 87 Gloucester Street is an almost intact example of an Edwardian shop. The whole building, designed in an Edwardian architectural idiom, remains highly intact and thus provides evidence of past tastes, customs and forms.

Ranking: STATE

NSW Government Architect’s Office 105 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Criterion (b) - An item has strong or special association with the life or works of a person, or group of persons, of importance in NSW’s cultural or natural history (or the cultural or natural history of the local area)

The site has no known associations with people or groups of importance in NSW’s cultural or natural history.

Criterion (c) - An item is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in NSW (or the local area)

The Australian Hotel is aesthetically significant because it has landmark qualities on a prominent site at the corner of Cumberland and Gloucester Streets. It makes a significant contribution to The Rocks precinct as a visual marker of post- resumption development along with the housing board terraces across the road. This is in contrast to earlier elements such as Susannah Place and the Cumberland/Gloucester Street Archaeological site.

The building is an attractive and well-resolved example of Edwardian hotel architecture, with quality finishes, fabric and details. The building has a high degree of intact fabric and details and integrity and as such is relatively rare, as most hotels of this period have been altered as a result of revised licensing laws and changing drinking habits. In addition, the design of the building effectively solves the problems of its corner site and differing street levels.

Ranking: STATE

Criterion (d) - An item has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in NSW (or the local area) for social, cultural or spiritual reasons

Although not formally assessed, it is likely that the Australian Hotel has a high degree of social significance. This relates to its traditional role as a meeting place and abode of working men within The Rocks area. It continues to provide the service for which it was designed to not only the local residents but also to visitors to the area. The Australian Hotel and shops have social significance as an important feature in The Rocks Conservation area, and contributes strongly to the character of The Rocks.

Ranking: LOCAL

NSW Government Architect’s Office 106 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Criterion (e) - An item has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of NSW’s cultural or natural history (or the cultural or natural history of the local area)

The Australian Hotel and site has technical/research significance because it demonstrates earlier forms of building practice. The site also contains highly significant archaeological remains from pre-Hotel occupation of the site. Rock-cut features and footings associated with the residential neighbourhood from settlement to c1910 have been found and retained beneath both the Hotel and shops. There is very high potential for further remains to be found. In conjunction with the adjoining Cumberland/ Gloucester Streets Archaeological Site, the remains add to an understanding of the community in this area and provide a rare opportunity for archaeological study of an early neighbourhood that is not possible in many other parts of Sydney and the State.

Ranking: STATE

Criterion (f) - An item possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of NSW’s cultural or natural history (or the cultural or natural history of the local area)

The combination of hotel and shops in one architectural treatment and the two level bar provided an innovative response to the characteristics of the site and the needs of the community at the time. The building has a high degree of intact fabric, details and integrity. Many hotels of this period have been altered as a result of revised licensing laws and changing drinking habits.

The early archaeological resources within the site provide a rare opportunity, in conjunction with neighbouring sites, to study an early and significant community in the development of Sydney and the State.

Ranking: LOCAL

Criterion (g) - An item is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of NSW’s • cultural or natural places; or • cultural or natural environments. (or a class of the local area’s cultural or natural places; or • cultural or natural environments)

The Australian Hotel is representative of a type of building traditionally associated with a meeting place and abode for

NSW Government Architect’s Office 107 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

working men within the traditional mixed residential, industrial, commercial and maritime uses of The Rocks area.

Ranking: LOCAL

4.2 Statement of Significance The Australian Hotel is significant as a largely intact example of the public houses that were built in The Rocks from the establishment of the Colony and part of a suite of buildings, which demonstrate changing social and drinking habits over time. It is also likely to have a high degree of social significance as a traditional meeting place and abode of working men within The Rocks area and it continues to provide the service for which it was designed.

Its form and siting reflects the 1903 Hickson, Davis and Vernon planning scheme, designed to improve the hygiene and amenity of The Rocks inhabitants following the 1900 plague outbreak. It has landmark qualities on a prominent site at the corner of Cumberland and Gloucester Streets.

The building is an attractive and well-resolved example of Edwardian hotel architecture, with quality finishes, fabric and details. The building has a high degree of intact fabric and details and integrity. The combination of hotel and shops in one architectural treatment and the two level bar demonstrates an innovative response to the characteristics of the site and the needs of the community at the time.

The archaeological resources within the site are also highly significant. Relating to the occupation of the site prior to changes for the 1903 planning scheme and construction of the Hotel, they provide a rare opportunity in conjunction with other sites, to study an early and significant community in the development of Sydney and the State.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 108 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

5.0 Grading of Significance

5.1 Introduction The Australian Hotel has been carefully assessed to determine a relative grading of significance into five levels. This process examines a number of factors, including:

• Relative age • Original design quality • Degree of intactness and general condition • Extent of subsequent alterations • Association with important people or events • Ability to demonstrate a rare quality, craft or construction process

Grading reflects the contribution the element makes to the overall significance of the item (or the degree to which the significance of the item would be diminished if the component were removed or altered).

EXCEPTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE Includes the original extant fabric and spaces of particular historic and aesthetic value.

HIGH SIGNIFICANCE Includes extant fabric from the early phases of construction.

MODERATE SIGNIFICANCE Includes building fabric and relationships which were originally of higher significance, but have been compromised by later, less significant modifications.

LITTLE SIGNIFICANCE Includes most of the fabric associated with recent alterations and additions made to accommodate changing functional requirements. These are components generally of neutral impact on the complex’s significance.

INTRUSIVE Recent fabric, which adversely affects the significance of the complex.

Grading is a valuable tool to assist in developing appropriate conservation measures for the treatment of the Australian Hotel and its various elements. In general, good conservation practice encourages the focussing on change, or upgrading of, an historical building/site to those areas or components, which make a lesser contribution to significance. The areas or components that make a greater or defining contribution to significance should generally be left intact or changed with the greatest care and respect.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 109 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

5.2 Grading of Significant Elements 5.2.1 Exterior: Cumberland and Gloucester Street façades, Lightwell and Roof

• Original double brick walls and parapets, including polychromatic brickwork and rendered finishes and details, such as string courses, cornices and window surrounds. • Painted signage “Australian Hotel” and flagpole to the corner parapet. • Original joinery, including doors and sash windows. • Original door and window glass, including painted signage. • Original boarded doors to the laneway on Cumberland Street. EXCEPTIONAL • Original awning to the Hotel and the shop at 87 Gloucester Street, including cable ties and wrought iron brackets. • Marble thresholds to doors. • Original shopfront to 87 Gloucester Street and 104 Cumberland Street, including form, wall and floor tiles, pressed metal soffits, raised floor platforms (where extant). • Location and sandstone surround to the hatch to basement level.

• Original drainage items such as stormwater heads. • Form and location of the roof terraces, as early alterations to the building, including repaired/reconstructed stair joinery and stair enclosures. • Reconstructed joinery based on original detail, such as sash HIGH windows, and panelled doors. • Replacement door and window glass, including painted signage. • Reconstructed awing to 104 Cumberland Street, including cable ties and brackets. • Remnants of the earlier sandstone kerb and road alignment.

• Southern boundary wall. • Ripple iron ceiling within the laneway on Cumberland Street, which MODERATE has been penetrated with services lines. • Extant timber and terrazzo thresholds and steps.

• Colorbond roof sheeting and associated roof items, which have been replaced, such as flashings, gutters and downpipes. • Fabric of the roof terraces, including membrane waterproofing and concrete pavers. • Fibreglass parapet cappings. • Timber boarded doors to the interior of the light well. • Recent awnings and service pipes within the light well. LITTLE • New door openings connecting the Hotel (Gaming Parlour) with the Restaurant at 104 Cumberland Street. • Door opening, adjacent to passage to lightwell (originally a window) • Under awning signage, lighting and canvas blinds. • Advertising signs affixed to the rendered wall above the brickwork dado and below the awning.

• Kitchen exhaust within the light well. • Service lines penetrating the ripple iron ceiling to the laneway. INTRUSIVE • Electrical meter box located on the Cumberland Street elevation.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 110 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

5.2.2 Interior: Australian Hotel, Basement

• Archaeological evidence of the earlier layer of construction on the site within the basement and underfloor areas, including sandstone EXCEPTIONAL footings and carvings in the bedrock.

• Original extent of cellar in northern corner of site • Concrete floor finishes, which date from at least 1943. • Lime-washed wall finishes. HIGH • Timber keg roll and location and sandstone surround of the hatch to the street. • Location and fabric of the floor hatch and stair leading to the basement level.

• No items identified. MODERATE

• Rendered wall finishes to the basement extension (Area B on Figure 3.24). LITTLE • Existing metal hatch to the street. • Later shelving, cool room and services.

• No items identified. INTRUSIVE

5.2.3 Interior: Australian Hotel, Ground Floor

• Split level bar including its form and layout, original refurbished bar EXCEPTIONAL fronts and partitioning.

• Original internal plastered wall finish, including dado mould and decorative plaster wall vents. • Original pressed metal ceilings and cornices. • Original door and window joinery including furniture, such as handles, stops, locks and highlight window mechanisms. • Original joinery, including skirtings, picture rails, door and window architraves. HIGH • Pass through hatch between the Gaming Parlour (original Ladies Parlour) and Public Bar on Cumberland Street. • Original joinery to the stair leading to first floor level and the roof. • Original walls tiles, ripple iron ceilings, floor finish, toilet cubicles and doors, partitions and marble slab urinal within the Ladies and Men’s WCs.

• Timber floor structure, which has been replaced. • Internal paint colour scheme, which has been based on original paint scrapes. • Evidence on the wall of the former partition between the two bars (3d MODERATE and 6d) on the Gloucester Street level of the ground floor bar. • Evidence of the original wall alignment in the wall nibs and ceiling beam, of the former Ladies Parlour on Gloucester Street.

• Bar counter and bar equipment, including fridges and beer pulls, and other associated furniture (wall mounted tables, cupboards etc.) LITTLE • Floor coverings, including tiles and carpets. • Modern additional or replacement door and window joinery. • Later urinals and pans within the Men’s and Ladies WCs.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 111 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

• Pendant and wall mounted light fittings, ceiling mounted fans and smoke detectors. • Internal window blinds. • Signage and advertising fixed to the internal walls of the hotel. • Alterations for new reception desk and office, within the private entry space.

• Door into the Men’s WC. INTRUSIVE • Electrical and fuse boxes fixed to the internal walls of the bar on Cumberland Street.

5.2.4 Interior: Australian Hotel, First Floor

• No items were identified. EXCEPTIONAL

• Room layout and configuration. • Original internal plastered wall finish and decorative plaster wall vents. • Original pressed metal ceiling and cornice within the guest lounge. • Original and early lathe and plaster or battened ceilings and plaster cornices (where extant) within the bedrooms and original kitchen space. • Original panelled door and window joinery, including original furniture HIGH such as handles, locks and highlight window mechanisms. • Original joinery, including skirtings, picture rails, door and window architraves, fireplace surrounds and mantles. • Original joinery to the stair leading to ground floor level and the roof. • Original laundry lift. • Original fuel stove and early “Kooka” gas stove within the original kitchen space.

• 1930s bathroom fitout on Gloucester Street, including bath, basin, MODERATE wall tiles and associated fittings (soap holder, towel rail).

• Modern replacement or additional door and window joinery. • Modern towel rails and hooks. • Pendant light fittings and ceiling fans. • Surface mounted GPOs to skirting boards. • Modern floor tiles to Gloucester Street bathroom. • Modern bathroom fitouts on Cumberland Street and original laundry LITTLE space, including fittings, floor and wall tiles. • Modern carpet floor finishes. • Modern kitchen fitout, including benches, cupboards and wall tiles. • Stair connection between the hotel and the first floor level of 104 Cumberland Street. • New glazed screen between the stair lobby and the private rooms.

• No items were identified. INTRUSIVE

NSW Government Architect’s Office 112 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

5.2.5 Interior: 104 Cumberland Street, Ground Floor Restaurant and Sub-Floor

• Archaeological evidence of the earlier layer of construction on the site within the basement and underfloor areas, including sandstone EXCEPTIONAL footings and carvings in the bedrock.

• Plastered wall finish. • Original pressed metal ceiling and cornice. • Original shopfront, including timber door, window framing, display HIGH window glass, high level multi-coloured glass panes and raised floor level. • Original timber panelled doors, including extant original door furniture.

• Reconstructed timber stair to first floor level and the roof, based on the original detail. • Reconstructed timber floor structure. MODERATE • Timber panelled ceiling and walls to the shopfront. • Timber partition screening the restaurant seating from the kitchen.

• Modern commercial kitchen installation at ground level of the Cumberland Street shop and associated items. • Modern floor coverings. LITTLE • Modern pendant light fittings, ceiling fans, security and fire alarm systems.

• No items were identified. INTRUSIVE

5.2.6 Interior: 104 Cumberland Street, First Floor Common Areas

• No items identified. EXCEPTIONAL

• Original fireplace breast. • Original rendered wall finish, plaster vents (Bedrooms facing Cumberland Street) where extant. HIGH • Original door joinery (Bedrooms facing Cumberland Street) where extant.

• Rendered wall finish and plaster wall vents, based on original detail. • Reconstructed joinery, including door and window architraves, MODERATE skirtings. • Evidence of the location of original wall alignments.

• Modern kitchen installation. • Modern floor coverings, such as carpet and vinyl. LITTLE • Modern pendant light fittings, ceiling fans, security and fire alarm systems. • Modern plasterboard ceilings.

• No items were identified. INTRUSIVE

NSW Government Architect’s Office 113 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

5.2.7 Interior: 87 Gloucester Street, Ground Floor Shop and Sub-Floor Area

• Archaeological evidence of the earlier layer of construction on the site within the basement and underfloor areas, including sandstone EXCEPTIONAL footings and carvings in the bedrock.

• Room layout and configuration. • Original rendered wall finish. • Original pressed metal ceiling and cornice. • Original shopfront, including timber door, window framing, display window glass, high level multi-coloured glass panes, timber panelled ceilings and raised floor level (where extant). HIGH • Original timber ladder accessing high level storage. • Original timber panelled doors, including extant door furniture. • Timber balustrade to the stair from ground to first floor level, which is original. • Timber panelling and high level glazing to the stair partition.

• Replaced timber floor structure at ground level. MODERATE • Timber stair (excluding balustrade), which has been replaced.

• Modern display and cool room within the bottle shop at 87 Gloucester Street. • Modern pendant light fittings, ceiling fans, security and fire alarm LITTLE systems. • Modern replacement or additional door furniture.

• No items identified. INTRUSIVE

5.2.8 Interior: 87 Gloucester Street, First Floor Office

• No items identified. EXCEPTIONAL

• Room layout and configuration. • Original rendered wall finish. • Original pressed metal ceilings and cornices where extant. • Original door joinery, including extant door furniture. • Original sash window joinery, including extant furniture. HIGH • Original joinery, including skirtings and architraves. • Timber balustrade to the stair from ground to first floor level, and from first floor to the roof. • Original fireplace breast, timber mantle and fuel stove within the original kitchen space.

• Replaced timber floor structure at ground level. • Timber stair (excluding balustrade), which has been replaced. MODERATE • Evidence of the original wall layout in ceiling beams.

• Modern display and coolroom within the bottle shop at 87 Gloucester Street. • Modern pendant light fittings, ceiling fans, security and fire alarm LITTLE systems. • Modern office fitout, including later partition walls, joinery (skirtings), kitchen and bathroom fitouts (benches, fittings, wall and floor tiles). • Modern plasterboard ceilings.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 114 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

• Modern floor coverings (carpet, vinyl sheeting, tiles).

• No items identified. INTRUSIVE

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5.3 Significance Diagrams As previously discussed, the Australian Hotel has been carefully assessed to determine a relative grading of significance into five levels. Grading reflects the contribution the element makes to overall significance of the item (or the degree to which the significance of the item would be diminished if the component were removed or altered). The diagrams below indicate the relative grading of the principal elevations and spaces of the Australian Hotel, based on the assessment of

significance.

KEY

Figure 3.11 Graded significance, Cumberland Street elevation The Australian Hotel, March 2004, (SHFA).

Small elements such as panes of glass have not been assessed individually nor indicated on this elevation specifically, however guidance is provided in Section 5.2.1.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 116 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

KEY

Figure 3.12 Graded significance, Gloucester Street elevation, The Australian Hotel, March 2004, (SHFA).

Small elements such as panes of glass have not been assessed individually nor indicated on this elevation specifically, however guidance is provided in Section 5.2.1.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 117 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

KEY

Figure 3.24 Graded significance, Basement, The Australian Hotel, March 2004, (SHFA).

Small elements such as joinery have not been assessed individually nor indicated on this plan specifically, however guidance is provided in Sections 5.2.2, 5.2.5, 5.2.7.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 118 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

KEY

Figure 3.25 Graded Significance, Ground floor, The Australian Hotel, March 2004, (SHFA).

Small elements such as joinery have not been assessed individually nor indicated on this plan specifically, however guidance is provided in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.5, 5.2.7.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 119 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

KEY

Figure 3.26 Graded Significance, First Floor, The Australian Hotel, March 2004, (SHFA).

Small elements such as joinery have not been assessed individually nor indicated on this plan specifically, however guidance is provided in Sections 5.2.4, 5.2.6, & 5.2.8.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 120 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

KEY

Figure 3.27 Graded Significance, Roof, The Australian Hotel, March 2004, (SHFA).

Small elements such as joinery or roof plumbing have not been assessed individually nor indicated on this plan specifically, however guidance is provided in Section 5.2.1.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 121 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

6.0 Constraints, Opportunities and Requirements

6.1 Introduction This section outlines various major issues involved in the preparation of the conservation guidelines for the site. It takes into consideration matters arising from the statement of significance, procedural constraints imposed by cultural conservation methodology such as that of the Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter. It identifies all statutory and non-statutory listings that apply for the site and describes constraints and opportunities arising from these listings.

6.2 Issues Arising from the Statement of Significance Considering the Statement of Significance, the following issues need to be addressed in the conservation guidelines.

• All significant components of the Australian Hotel and site should be retained and conserved.

• The site should continue to be used as a hotel, with associated facilities including accommodation.

• No new work or activity should be carried out, which will detract from or obscure physical evidence of the major phases of development of the site and building components. Particularly evidence of the development on the site that predates the hotel must not be lost or diminished in any way without careful consideration and appropriate recording.

• No works or activity should be carried out that will obscure or detract from physical evidence of the occupation and use of the site and its building components.

• New works or activities at the place should enhance its significant historic character and use.

• Aspects of the Australian Hotel, which contribute to the visual character of The Rocks should be conserved and not obscured in any future development, particularly the prominent corner façade with signage and flagpole.

• Interpretation of the significance of the hotel is important to communicate assessed significance.

6.3 Physical Condition of the Place The Australian Hotel is generally in very good condition. Much money has been spent on resolving difficult fabric and construction issues inherent in the building since its construction and as a result, the building is in good condition.

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Considering that the building has had water-proofing issues since its construction, drainage and storm-water management is essential for long-term conservation of the building. Related works could involve the investigation of the existing membranes on the roof terraces and reinstatement of the existing or similar fibre-cement tile system.

6.4 Relevant Stakeholders 6.4.1 Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority

The Rocks is managed by the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority (SHFA), which was constituted on 1 February 1999 under the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Act, 1998. The Rocks area is, therefore, not within the jurisdiction of the Council of the City of Sydney.

The principle functions of SHFA are stated in its Act as follows:

(a) to protect and enhance the natural and cultural heritage of the foreshore area; (b) to promote, co-ordinate, manage, undertake and secure the orderly and economic development and use of the foreshore area, including the provision of infrastructure; (c) to promote, co-ordinate, organise, manage, undertake, secure , provide and conduct cultural, educational, commercial, tourist, recreational, entertainment and transport activities and facilities.

In recognition of the importance of heritage conservation in The Rocks, The Rocks Heritage Management Plan (adopted February, 2002) has been prepared to provide a firm basis for understanding and conserving the heritage value of The Rocks and to assist in preparing individual Conservation Management Plans for heritage buildings within The Rocks.

SHFA Vision and Charter

Vision To demonstrate vision and leadership in creating quality environments that are enriching, diverse, accessible and sustainable by continually improving Sydney’s significant waterfront precincts, balancing visitor, community and commercial expectations.

Charter 1. To add value by redevelopment of surplus government land through a highly skilled organisation that creates new city precincts on the harbour 2. Capitalise on the economic and cultural worth of foreshore precincts, notably The Rocks, Circular Quay, Darling Harbour, as core attractions for both visitors and Sydneysiders 3. Balance economic return, vibrancy and diversity of harbour foreshores, including the working waterfront 4. Deliver excellence in its role as place manager for Sydney’s premier harbour sites 5. As custodian, ensure preservation and interpretation of natural and cultural heritage around the foreshores, promoting a sense of community ownership 6. Facilitate the opening up of foreshore areas to the public, balancing protection with active use while improving and extending waterfront public domain.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 123 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

The Authority proposes, subject to the recommendations of the conservation plan, to continue to use the Australian Hotel for appropriate uses similar to existing, such as a hotel with associated facilities, including accommodation.

6.4.2 Tenant

While managed in a broad sense by SHFA as part of The Rocks, The Australian Hotel is leased to a tenant who is similarly an important stakeholder and responsible for the daily use and management of the site. As has happened in the past, the tenant may require changes to the property to accommodate changing business practices, drinking habits and customer needs.

6.5 Heritage Management Framework

6.5.1 NSW Government TAM Guidelines

The Total Asset Management Manual prepared by NSW Government’s Asset Management Committee requires that: ‘Sustainable management of heritage values should be treated by an agency as part of its core business’. Similarly, TAM Guidelines for Government Agencies prepared by NSW Treasury require ‘planning use of heritage assets to maximise their service delivery while protecting their cultural values’.

6.5.2 Environmental Planning Instruments (EPIs)

There are three principle EPIs under the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 that are applicable to The Rocks, and these are as follows:

A. State Environmental Planning Policy (Major Projects) 2005

The SEPP - Major Projects identifies The Rocks as being included within the City Foreshores Areas. The SEPP provides that development with a capital investment value of less than $5 Million is development under Part 4 of the Act (i.e. requires a Development Application) for which the Minister is the consent authority. Development over $5 Million is development to be dealt with under Part 3A of the Act, i.e. as a Major Project Application, for which the Minister is also the consent authority.

In accordance with the instrument of delegation from the Minister to the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Planning Assessment Manager, the Planning Assessment Team receives and process Development Applications and Major Project Applications, and can determine DAs (applications less than $5 million in value) under delegation from the Minister. Major Project Applications are reported to the Minister for determination.

B. Sydney Regional Environmental Plan (Sydney Harbour Catchment) 2005

The Rocks is included in the 'Foreshores and Waterways Area' defined in the SREP, and as such any development must be considered in terms of the criteria set out in clauses 21 to 27 of the SREP. The SREP does not identify any heritage items within The Rocks, however it does identify the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Circular Quay Ferry Wharves as heritage items and any development within their vicinity

NSW Government Architect’s Office 124 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006 needs to be considered in terms of impacts on these items, including views to the items. Draft Amendment 1 to the SREP also identifies a ‘Buffer Zone’ for development in the vicinity of the Sydney Opera House, which covers a majority of The Rocks area, and any impacts on views to the Opera House are to be taken into consideration.

The SREP also requires the consideration of potential to impact on archaeological or potential archaeological relics.

The Rocks is also included as a ‘Strategic Foreshore site’ on Sheet 1 of the SREP, for which a Master Plan (deemed DCP) is required. However this only applies to the City Foreshores area if the Minister directs, and as yet there has been no such direction.

The DCP that exists under the SREP is also relevant to development in The Rocks. Its primary focus is on ecological and landscape character areas, and built form design guidelines for development very close to the water’s edge. The only relevant landscape character area in The Rocks is Dawes Point.

C. Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority (SCRA) Scheme

The Rocks is covered by the SCRA Scheme which has the status of an EPI under Schedule 6 of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979. The SCRA Scheme comprises a series of Building Site Control Drawings which provide for the maximum height of buildings on any particular site, and which also specify permissible uses for a particular site or precinct.

The SCRA Scheme does not have any further development provisions nor does it specifically identify Heritage Items.

6.5.3 New South Wales Heritage Act 1977 (as amended)

Heritage and Conservation Register (Section 170 Register)

Section 170 of the NSW Heritage Act requires a 'government instrumentality' such as the Foreshore Authority to 'establish and keep a register entitled the Heritage and Conservation Register. The register must be reviewed annually, and amended if necessary.

The register must contain items, under the ownership or control of the Foreshore Authority, that are or could be listed in the NSW State Heritage Register or could be subject to an Interim Heritage Order, or which are listed as an item of environmental heritage in an environmental planning instrument.

Under Section 170A of the Heritage Act the Authority must provide a minimum of 14 days notice to the Heritage Council before removing any item from the Register, transferring ownership of any item, ceasing to occupy or demolish any item. The Authority must also maintain and manage the item in accordance with any principles or guidelines for State owned heritage assets approved by the Minister or the Heritage Council (see also 6.4.1 NSW Government TAM Guidelines).

Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority has prepared a Section 170 Register, which has been endorsed by the NSW Heritage Council. Those items on the Section 170

NSW Government Architect’s Office 125 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Register assessed as being of State significance (94 items) were listed on the State Heritage Register in May 2002 (see below).

State Heritage Register (SHR)

The Australian Hotel, at 100 – 104 Cumberland Street and 87 Gloucester Street, comprising hotel, shops and dwellings is listed on the NSW State Heritage Register (SHR No. 01528). This listing recognises the site as being of State significance and provides statutory protection under the NSW Heritage Act (1977).

Under Section 57(1) of the Heritage Act, Heritage Council approval is required for any of the following works to the item: (a) demolish the building or work, (b) damage or despoil the place, precinct or land, or any part of the place, precinct or land, (c) move, damage or destroy the relic or moveable object, (d) excavate any land for the purpose of exposing or moving the relic, (e) carry out any development in relation to the land on which the building, work or relic is situated, the land that comprises the place, or land within the precinct, (f) alter the building, work, relic or moveable object, (g) display any notice or advertisement on the place, building, work, relic, moveable object or land, or in the precinct, (h) damage or destroy any tree or other vegetation on or remove any tree or other vegetation from the place, precinct or land

Unless an item constitutes a danger to its occupants or the public, demolition of a State Heritage Register item is prohibited under the Heritage Act. An element of a State Heritage Register item may only be demolished if it does not contribute to the significance of the item.

To gain approval for any of the above works, an application must be made to the Heritage Council (Section 60 application). Authority has been delegated to SHFA to determine Section 60 applications for minor works which do not materially affect the significance of the item. SHFA can advise applicants whether applications can be assessed under delegation, or whether they need to be approved by the Heritage Council. Section 60 application forms are available from the NSW Heritage Office, or from SHFA for minor works.

Archaeological Management

Under Section 57(1) of the Heritage Act (see above) Heritage Council approval is required to move, damage, or destroy a relic listed on the State Heritage Register, or to excavate or disturb land which is listed on the State Heritage Register and there is reasonable knowledge or likelihood of relics being disturbed. The Act defines a ‘relic’ as -

Any deposit, object or material evidence

(a) which relates to the settlement of the area that comprises New South Wales, not being an Aboriginal settlement, and

(b) which is 50 or more years old.

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A Section 60 application is required to disturb relics on an SHR listed site. The delegation to SHFA to approve minor Section 60 applications (see above) extends to archaeological works.

Standard Exemptions for works to State Heritage Register listed items

Under Section 57(2) of the Heritage Act, the Minister may make exemptions from approval otherwise required under Section 57(1) for works to State Heritage Register items (see above). Such exemptions are intended to streamline the approvals process. There are two types of exemptions:

• Standard exemptions: apply to all State Heritage Register items and cover maintenance and repair and minor alterations.

• Site specific exemptions: apply only to an individual State Heritage Register item.

All standard exemptions to Subsection 57(1) of the Heritage Act 1977 are applicable in this instance. Currently, there are no site-specific exemptions applicable.

Minimum Standards of Maintenance and Repair

Section 118 of the Heritage Act provides for the regulation of minimum standards for the maintenance and repair of State Heritage Register items. These standards were regulated in 1999 and apply to all State Heritage Register items. The minimum standards cover the following areas:

• Weatherproofing • Fire protection • Security • Essential maintenance

An inspection to ensure that the item is being managed in accordance with the minimum standards must be conducted at least once every year (or at least once every 3 years for essential maintenance and repair standards). For details of the minimum standards see http://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/docs/info_minimumstandards.pdf.

Failure to meet the minimum standards may result in an order from the Heritage Council to do or refrain from doing any works necessary to ensure the standards are met. Failure to comply with an order can result in the resumption of land, a prohibition on development, or fines and imprisonment.

6.5.4 National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1974

The National Parks and Wildlife Act provides for the protection of Aboriginal cultural heritage. Under Section 87 of the NPWS Act, a permit is required to conduct any works which will excavate, disturb, damage or move an aboriginal object. If there is knowledge or reasonable likelihood that Aboriginal objects will be disturbed, or if Aboriginal objects are discovered unexpectedly during the course of excavation,

NSW Government Architect’s Office 127 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006 contact the Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) and obtain any necessary permits. Liaison with the Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council (MLALC) may also be required.

While this CMP does not address potential Aboriginal cultural significance embodied in the site, this Act may be shown to be relevant in the future.

6.5.5 Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, 1999

The Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (EPBC Act) provides for the protection of cultural heritage at a National level and for items owned or managed by the Commonwealth. Significant items owned/managed by the Commonwealth may be listed on the Commonwealth Heritage List. There are no such properties within The Rocks. The EPBC Act has also established the National Heritage List. The National Heritage List is the appropriate statutory mechanism for the protection of sites assessed as being of significance at a National Level. An item listed on the National Heritage List is known as a National Heritage Place. Approval from the Australian Heritage Council is required before conducting any works which would have an impact on its heritage significance.

The Register of the National Estate has been maintained under the EPBC Act, however it now serves only as an indicative list of significant places. The Australian Hotel is listed on the Register of the National Estate.

6.5.6 The Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter, 1999

The Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter 1999,1, known as The Burra Charter, is widely accepted in Australia as the underlying methodology guiding the conservation of items of cultural heritage. The Burra Charter documents the conservation process, supported by principles and guidelines. The conservation process, which is in turn reflected in the structure of this CMP, comprises three stages: (i) understanding significance, (ii) development of policy, and (iii) management.

All parties involved in the management of the place should be conversant with the Burra Charter. Copies of the Burra Charter can be purchased or downloaded from Australia ICOMOS (http://www.icomos.org/australia/).

Following is a summary of some of the key articles of the Burra Charter which need to be understood prior to the development of conservation policy.

• Conservation should retain the cultural significance of the place. Conservation is an integral element in the good management of the place, and should aim towards safeguarding its future (Article 2). • Conservation requires a cautious approach and should respect existing fabric and use while not distorting the evidence provided by the fabric (such as through conjecture). Follow the principle of: “changing as much as necessary but as little as possible” (Article 3). • Identify and consider all aspects of cultural significance. One value should not be emphasised at the expense of other values, however relative degrees of cultural significance may result in different conservation actions (Article 5).

1 The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance 1999.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 128 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

• Culturally significant uses should be retained and places should have compatible uses (Article 7). • The appropriate visual setting should be retained. Changes adversely affecting the setting of the place are not appropriate (Article 8). • The need for change is acknowledged, however change is undesirable if it will reduce cultural significance (Article 15). • Adaptation is acceptable if it has minimal impact on the cultural significance of the place and will involve minimal change to significant fabric (Article 21). • New work is acceptable where it does not distort or obscure the cultural significance of the place or detract from its interpretation or appreciation. New work should be identifiable as such and avoid imitation (Article 22). • Continuing or reinstating a significant use may be an appropriate and preferred form of conservation (Article 23). • The cultural significance of the place may not be readily apparent, and may be explained through interpretation. Interpretation should enhance understanding and enjoyment and be culturally appropriate (Article 25). • Disturbance of significant fabric should be minimised and only undertaken for the purposes of research or to obtain evidence essential for decision regarding the conservation of the place (Article 28). • Competent direction and supervision of conservation is required. Change should be implemented by people with the appropriate knowledge and skills (Article 30). • Records associated with the conservation of the place should be placed in a permanent archive and be made publicly accessible (Article 32).

6.6 Community Groups 6.6.1 National Trust of Australia (NSW)

The Australian Hotel has been classified by the National Trust of Australia (NSW).

Listing on the Register of the National Trust carries no statutory implications. The Trust’s opinions however, are usually sought when major proposals are being formulated in heritage precincts or in relation to heritage buildings.

6.6.2 Royal Australian Institute of Architects – NSW Chapter

The Australian Hotel is included on the Register of 20th Century Buildings of Significance of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects – NSW Chapter (RAIA).

Listing on this Register carries no statutory implications. The opinion of the Heritage Committee of the RAIA are usually sought when major proposals are being proposed to items on their Register.

6.7 Building Regulations The Building Code of Australia is concerned with establishing uniform building regulations across Australia. The Code is implemented in NSW through the Local Government Act 1993. Generally, minimum standards are required to be reached in building works.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 129 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

The main provisions of the Code concern structural requirements, fire resistance, access and egress (including provisions for people with disabilities), services and equipment and health and amenities.

Though a detailed assessment of compliance of the complex with the Code has not been carried out for this report, the Australian Hotel generally seems to comply with the code with the possible exception of disabled access and access to the basement generally.

In general, when considering the Building Code of Australia in heritage buildings, proposals must ensure that significant fabric and spatial qualities are not compromised. Where compliance with the BCA requirements is likely to have an adverse impact on a place of heritage significance such as the Australian Hotel, advice on solutions may be sought through the Fire Access & Services Advisory Panel (FASAP) of the Heritage Council of NSW.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 130 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

7.0 Conservation Policies

7.1 Introduction Conservation can be regarded as the management of change. It seeks to safeguard that which is important in the built environment within a process of change and development. As such, it is one of the functions of this document to establish criteria, policies and recommendations of the conservation, on-going use of the buildings as an appropriate and desirable future direction. In this way the owners and managers of the place/buildings will be able to formulate proposals within a known framework of acceptable directions, and planning authorities will be able to assess those proposals against the criteria.

The following section identifies Policies and Guidelines as the two basic mechanisms, with which to achieve the conservation and on-going use of the subject complex in the context of the adaptive re-use and necessary upgrade of the various building components. A brief Background provides the context for each of the policies. The Policies identify basic conservation guidelines, which are required to be met. They are supported by Guidelines and in places they should be clearly identified by the proponent and discussed in any Development Application submission.

This section contains general policies that are structured under five major headings with sub policies relating to more specific issues. The first major policy, and especially its sub policy 7.2.2 Treatment of fabric of different grades of significance, should be used as a basis for decision making, to enable future planning for each building and external and internal element to be made with due regard to the significance of the fabric in question.

7.2 Application of the Burra Charter The Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter 1999,2, known as The Burra Charter, is widely accepted in Australia as the underlying methodology by which all works to sites/buildings, which have been identified as having national, state and regional significance are undertaken.

Because the Australian Hotel is of demonstrated cultural significance, procedures for managing changes and activities at the complex should be in accordance with the recognised conservation methodology of the Burra Charter.

7.2.1 Consistent Terminology

In order to achieve a consistency in approach and understanding of the meaning of conservation by all those involved a standardised terminology for conservation processes and related actions should be adopted. The terminology in the Burra Charter is a suitable basis for this. Article 1 of the Burra Charter gives the following definitions3 -

2 The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance 1999. 3 Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter 1999, p. 2.

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Place means site, area, land, landscape, building or other work, group of buildings or other works, and may include components, contents, spaces and views.

Cultural significance means aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for past, present or future generations.

Cultural significance is embodied in the place itself, its fabric, setting, use, associations, meanings, records, related places and related objects.

Places may have a range of values for different individuals or groups.

Fabric means all the physical material of the place including components, fixtures, contents, and objects.

Conservation means all the processes of looking after a place so to retain its cultural significance.

Maintenance means the continuous protective care of the fabric and setting of a place, and is to be distinguished from repair. Repair involves restoration or reconstruction.

Preservation means maintaining the fabric of a place in its existing state and retarding deterioration.

Restoration means returning the existing fabric of a place to a known earlier state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing components without the introduction of new material.

Reconstruction means returning the place to a known earlier state and is distinguished from restoration by the introduction of new material into the fabric.

Adaptation means modifying a place to suit the existing use or a proposed use.

Use means the functions of a place, as well as the activities and practices that may occur at the place.

Compatible use means a use which respects the cultural significance of a place. Such a use involves no, or minimal, impact on cultural significance.

Setting means the area around a place, which may include the visual catchment.

Related place means a place that contributes to the cultural significance of another place.

7.2.2 Treatment of Fabric of Different Grades of Significance

The building components of the Australian Hotel have been carefully assessed to identify the differing levels of contribution each makes to the significance of the overall site. The grading utilises a five-tier system of values: exceptional significance, considerable significance, some significance, little significance and intrusive.

The grading of significance of the various elements of the Australian Hotel is a valuable planning tool, and it assists in developing a consistent approach to the treatment of different elements. The various grades of significance generate different

NSW Government Architect’s Office 132 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006 requirements for retention and conservation of individual spaces and their various elements.

• Items identified as being of exceptional and high significance should not be subject to modification but be retained and conserved in situ. Any work, which affects the fabric or external appearance of these items should be confined to Preservation, Restoration, Reconstruction, or Adaptation as defined by The Burra Charter. They should also be subject to continuing care and Maintenance.

• Where the fabric is of moderate significance some intervention is permissible. Adaptation, relocation or alteration to components of these items and spaces is acceptable provided that it protects the overall cultural significance, and is carefully considered and executed. Such work should take place within defined work programs and should not be the product of general maintenance or sporadic alterations.

• Elements assessed as of little significance provide evidence of long-term use and support the character and overall quality of the place. They have particular qualities that can expand overall interpretive themes, but are generally not regarded as essential to the major aspects of significance of a building or place, often fulfilling a functional role and/ or are in poor condition. Both retention and removal are acceptable options, depending on the element. Major interventions should be confined to areas where the fabric is of little significance.

• Elements identified as intrusive can reduce or obscure the overall significance of the place, despite their role as illustrators of the site’s progressive development. The preferred option is for their removal, conversion to a more compatible form or replacement in a way, which help to retain the overall significance of the item. These items need not be addressed immediately.

The Burra Charter recommends a minimalist approach be taken in removing fabric graded as of little significance or intrusive, and it be limited to protecting and enhancing fabric of greater cultural significance, or allowing practical use of the building.

7.3 The Use of The Australian Hotel

Background

The Australian Hotel, excluding the adjoining shops, has been used as a hotel since its construction in 1914, with associated facilities, including accommodation. The adjoining shops were used for retail sales with dwellings above for many years. In more recent years, these shops have been incorporated into the uses of the hotel, providing kitchen, restaurant, bottle shop and offices.

Policy

The site should continue to be used as a hotel, with associated facilities including accommodation. Separate unrelated uses for the shops at 104 Cumberland Street and 87 Gloucester Street is acceptable.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 133 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Guidelines

• Additional uses to those existing at the Australian Hotel may be considered appropriate as long as they do not diminish from and contribute to the principal and historic use as a hotel with associated accommodation.

• Variations on the existing uses such as increased bar areas or permanent residential use on the first floor are acceptable as long as the impact on significant fabric is limited.

• Any new uses for the shops at 104 Cumberland Street and 87 Gloucester Street should be appropriate for their context, significance, fabric and character. Acceptable uses could include private residential use of their upper floors, (as this relates to their original use), or a low-impact commercial use of both levels.

7.4 Asset Management 7.4.1 SHFA responsibilities

Background

The Australian Hotel as part of The Rocks, is owned by the Crown and vested in the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority (SHFA). SHFA has overall responsibility for the management of the place.

Policy Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority shall retain management of the Australian Hotel as a single entity within the overall context of The Rocks precinct and manage it in accordance with its significance and the policies in this Conservation Management Plan.

Guidelines

• The Authority should implement a management structure that integrates development and conservation work with the overall management of the Australian Hotel.

• SHFA should make this Conservation Management Plan a publicly accessible document.

• SHFA should ensure that this document and any subsequent recording and investigations are achieved in such a manner that provides an accurate record of the changes to the significant fabric of the Australian Hotel

• The intention, aims and policies of this CMP should be disseminated through, and implemented by, relevant key staff of SHFA.

• SHFA should adequately assess the impact of proposed modifications to significant fabric at the Australian Hotel, prior to the granting of owner's consent.

• Site specific as well as generic clauses about heritage management should be included in the terms of any lease for the property and the lessee(s) should be provided with a copy of this Conservation Management Plan. The implications of

NSW Government Architect’s Office 134 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

significance and policies in this Plan should be used as the basis for the lease clauses, to highlight the particular aspects of this property’s significance and the particular areas requiring care from the tenant.

• All recording, when required, should be undertaken and archived in accordance with the recording guidelines prepared by the NSW Heritage Office.

• A program of regular monitoring should be established, covering both the physical changes within the Australian Hotel and visitor experience issues, and be incorporated, where relevant, into management decisions.

• The Authority should investigate mechanisms, which give it better control of the design, documentation and implementation of work to heritage buildings. One option, which should be investigated, is that all such activities be undertaken directly by the Authority and paid for by the tenant.

• Detailed and regular briefing meetings with the tenant of the Australian Hotel are essential to ensure a clear understanding the responsibilities and roles of SHFA and the tenant with regard to management of the site.

7.4.2 Adoption and Review of the CMP

Background

The Conservation Management Plan (CMP) for the Australian Hotel proposes a framework for the management of heritage issues in relation to upgrading and adaptive re-use projects and into the long term, to ensure that the identified significance of the site is retained and maintained.

Circumstances, however, will change over the years as various recommendations are implemented and new use requirements emerge. Conservation Policies need to progressively respond to changing situations if they are to remain relevant.

Policy This Conservation Management Plan should be adopted by SHFA as one of the bases for the future management of the site. Conservation Policies should be reviewed every five years.

Guidelines

• Adoption of this CMP is essential to ensure appropriate heritage management of the Australian Hotel.

• Reviews of the Australian Hotel CMP should be based on The Burra Charter and other guidelines by the NSW Heritage Office.

• Reviews should also take into account any other relevant legislation, planning frameworks, appropriate literature and widely recognised conservation practices and procedures.

• Reviews should be undertaken by experienced conservation practitioners in conjunction with relevant ownership and management representatives.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 135 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

• Irrespective of the requirement to review the document every 5 years, the CMP should remain as a valid basis for on-going heritage management until such reviews are completed.

7.4.3 Required Approvals

Background

To prevent gradual loss of cultural significance through gradual change, a mechanism for controlling any modifications by tenants to the significant fabric needs to be established.

Policy

Before doing work to any part of the Australian Hotel or lodging a development application, Section 60 application or Standard Exemption Application, the proponent should liaise with SHFA’s heritage architect and obtain the consent of the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority.

Guidelines

• A formal pre-lodgement process should be required to ensure that any proposed development by a tenant at the Australian Hotel is consistent with the objectives of the Standard Exemptions or this CMP to protect significant cultural values, prior to SHFA giving its consent (as landowner) to the lodgement of the application.

• Prior to granting owner’s consent to a proposal, the SHFA should, in its capacity as landowner and manager of the Australian Hotel, be satisfied that there are no adverse heritage impacts associated with the proposal. Where necessary, a Heritage Impact Assessment and adequate documentation of the proposed works should be required to assist in the assessment of owner’s consent applications.

7.4.4 Tenancy

Background

To prevent the gradual loss of the cultural significance of the Australian Hotel through incremental change, a mechanism for controlling any modifications undertaken by tenants to the significant fabric needs to be established. Tenants need to be made aware of the heritage significance of the Australian Hotel and the implications of this significance.

Policy

All tenants of the building should be made aware of the cultural significance of the Australian Hotel and site-specific conditions regarding heritage management included in any lease. Tenancies should only be selected/approved by SHFA on the basis that the proposed or future uses are compatible with the significance and the sensitive fabric and spaces and can be installed and removed without impact.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 136 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Guidelines

• Tenants shall be briefed on the policies and guidelines included in this CMP.

• Tenants shall be provided with a copy of this CMP and be required in the conditions of lease to adopt the guidelines of this CMP in their planning and design.

• Tenants should be made aware of Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority policies.

• The impact of proposed modifications to significant fabric and spaces of the Australian Hotel should be adequately assessed, prior to the granting of owner's consent

7.4.5 Appropriate Conservation Skills and Experience

Background

The Burra Charter encourages the use of skilled and appropriate professional direction and supervision from a range of disciplines for conservation activities.

The attitudes, skills and experience required and creative approaches taken in the context of a conservation project are quite different to those applied to the design and construction of new buildings.

Policy

People with appropriate conservation skills and experience should be used to deal with any programs of conservation and upgrading of the building components of the Australian Hotel.

Guidelines

• Appropriate professional skills and experience assembled to work on the detailed conservation of the Australian Hotel could include, as appropriate, researchers, archaeologists, architects, structural engineers, building code compliance advisers, materials conservation specialists and cost planners.

• Building contractors, project managers and trades personnel who are experienced with working on historic buildings should be selected to work on the Australian Hotel if necessary.

7.5 Management of Significance 7.5.1 Retention of Significance

Background The Australian Hotel and associated shops at 100 – 104 Cumberland Street and 87 Gloucester Street, The Rocks has both State and local heritage significance linked to its historic development and continuing use, existing materials, character and form, relatively high degree of integrity, social value, rarity and representativeness.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 137 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Policy

The statement of significance should be adopted as the basis for heritage management. All decisions should consider and seek to retain the values identified in the Statement of Significance.

Guidelines

• The existing external architectural character and imagery of the Australian Hotel should be retained and conserved. Conservation should be undertaken in the context of the on-going use of the whole building as a hotel with associated facilities.

• The existing internal architectural character and imagery of the Australian Hotel should be retained and conserved.

• The conservation, adaptation and maintenance of the Australian Hotel should be approached with the general principle of changing “as much as necessary but as little as possible”.

• Structural alteration to the building components, which impact on the integrity or significance of the Australian Hotel should not occur.

• Future uses should be compatible with the nature and significance of the building components and should enable the Australian Hotel to remain a vital and important component within The Rocks precinct.

• A continuation of the existing principal use is essential to maintaining significance.

• Limited internal alterations and renovations may be acceptable within the context of compatible use, however they should not impact on the significance of the internal original fabric, layout and spatial qualities of the building, or the external façade.

• No externally mounted air-conditioning, ventilation equipment, water heaters or service components should be visible from the street or impact negatively on the façade.

• Evidence of the progressive evolution of the Australian Hotel should be respected and retained.

• Archaeological features associated with uses of the site prior to construction of the Hotel should be conserved.

7.5.2 Conservation of Significant Fabric

Background

One of the key objectives of contemporary conservation practice is that as much of the significant original fabric of the building or place should be retained and conserved in order to preserve the essential integrity of the heritage resource for future generations. While any conservation activity will affect the building in some

NSW Government Architect’s Office 138 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006 way, the aim, consistent with responsible re-use or management aims, should be to minimise the work necessary. In this way the authenticity of the item will be retained as far as possible within a process of evolutionary changes and good maintenance practice.

The existing building fabric of the Australian Hotel both internally and externally, is in good condition and has significance ranging from exceptional – little.

Policy

Extant building fabric, both internally and externally should be managed and where relevant retained and conserved, in accordance with the levels of significance identified in Section 5.0 Grading of Significance, of this Conservation Management Plan.

Guidelines

• Original external and internal fabric, which has been identified as of exceptional or high significance should be retained and conserved.

• No conservation or maintenance work should alter or negatively impact on the significant elements of the external façades, significant internal fabric/space or layout.

• Decayed building fabric that is not likely to be causing on-going deterioration should not be repaired for visual reasons if by doing so the patina of age and ability to successfully interpret various stages of use is degraded.

• Where repairs or alterations are required, new material should closely match original or adjacent materials. However, evidence of change should not be so well matched as to be impossible to read on close inspection.

• All structural elements should be retained as existing and left exposed, with appropriate maintenance. No structural members should be removed, other than to re-instate significant architectural elements.

• All original joinery, including doors, windows, staircases and associated landings, as well as floors and hardware should be retained, with appropriate maintenance.

• Where it is clear that original or significant fabric has been removed it may be appropriate to adaptively reconstruct based on extant fabric or historic record. Nonetheless, conjectural reconstruction should be avoided.

• The pre-hotel archaeological evidence in the basement (including foundations, channels and evidence of modification of the bedrock) should be retained in situ and conserved. Any new flooring in the basement should be raised above this level providing ventilation and protection. Concrete flooring poured directly onto the bedrock would not be appropriate as it would physically impact on the archaeological resource and if not properly specified could contribute to rising damp.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 139 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

7.5.3 Conservation of Significant Spaces

Background

The significance of various building components of the Australian Hotel is directly related to the building’s past and current use. The principal space is the dual-level bar on ground floor, which is an interesting and clever way to resolve the differing street levels of Gloucester and Cumberland Streets. The loss of any of these significant spaces would represent a substantial and negative impact to the heritage significance of the place.

Policy

The spatial qualities of the Australian Hotel, particularly the dual level bar on the ground floor, the bedrooms on the first floor wrapping around a bent hallway and the original basement, contribute to its significance and interpretation and therefore should be conserved, as part of the on-going use, on-going management and any future development strategy.

Guidelines

• The existing principal use of the Australian Hotel is integral to its heritage significance and relates directly to its existing spatial qualities, both of which must be maintained.

• The existing spatial qualities should be interpreted, to assist in an understanding of the significance of the hotel.

• The existing character of the principal spaces and layout must be maintained (or at least continue to be evident in the event of any possible future changes). These principal spaces include the original basement, dual-level bar and linked sitting rooms and parlours, bedroom and bathrooms along a bent hallway. The principal layout and spaces of the shops must also be maintained, primarily consisting of one large space and associated smaller spaces at ground floor and a number of smaller spaces on the first floor, surrounding a central larger area.

7.5.4 Archaeology

Background

Previous excavation on the site has revealed the presence of rock-cut features, footings and deposits associated with nineteenth century occupation of the area. These features in association with those on surrounding sites are considered to have exceptional heritage significance.

Policy

Archaeological features relating to nineteenth century use of the site should be retained. Work, particularly excavation, in areas with known or potential

NSW Government Architect’s Office 140 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006 archaeological resources should be subject to advice from a suitably experienced historical archaeologist and if necessary carried out under archaeological supervision.

Guidelines

• Particular care should be exercised in sub-floor areas that have not already been disturbed and still contain soil deposits. • Rock-cut features and other structural remains should be conserved and new works in sub-floor areas should be designed around them. • Removal of archaeological deposits is possible but only under archaeological supervision. • A new site plan should be prepared to combine features recorded by Jane Lydon with features revealed during the most recent work in the cellar. This plan should be retained by SHFA and added to as further features are revealed during future works. • Where possible, the information gained from the Australian Hotel site should be interpreted in conjunction with that from neighbouring sites, particularly the Cumberland/ Gloucester Streets Archaeological Site next door. • Any artefacts removed from the site and selected for retention should be stored along with original site records in the SHFA artefact store and archive. • Like other works undertaken on the site, disturbance of archaeological remains is subject to s60 approval from the NSW Heritage Council or from SHFA under delegation, depending on the scale of the work proposed.

7.5.5 On-going Maintenance and Repair

Background

The nature of any building is that its fabric will deteriorate due to the effects of age, maintenance, weather, vegetation incursion and use. To ensure the on-going conservation of significant building fabric, a regular maintenance schedule should be implemented, which provides for regular inspection and for remedial action to be taken where necessary.

Policy

The significant fabric of the Australian Hotel should be maintained by the implementation of the short, medium and long-term maintenance program outlined in Section 8.3, Ongoing Maintenance.

Guidelines

• The building fabric and services of the Australian Hotel should be subject to continuing care and maintenance by the SHFA.

• In addition to regular maintenance activities on the Australian Hotel, prompt preventative action and repair should be taken as necessary.

• Prevention of continuing deterioration should take priority over widespread repair or reconstruction.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 141 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

• Inspection and maintenance works on the Australian Hotel should only be conducted by those with professional knowledge and experience of buildings and materials.

• Maintenance work or repairs on the Australian Hotel should not negatively impact significant fabric.

• Maintenance and repair works should be carried out by tradespeople with demonstrated heritage skills, experience and knowledge.

• Further to regular maintenance, monitoring of significant fabric at the Australian Hotel will also ensure conservation.

• Priorities for maintenance should include investigation and repair of roof membranes and the reinstatement of the existing fibre-cement tiles or similar on the terraces.

7.5.6 Controls on Intervention

Background

Article 3 of The Burra Charter indicates that conservation is based on a respect for the existing fabric of a place and should therefore involve the least possible physical intervention in order not to distort the evidence provided by the fabric.

Adaptations of existing fabric for practical reasons such as installation of new services and equipment, and the need to meet fire safety and other statutory requirements may be required in terms of securing a viable use for the building components as a whole, and satisfying the changing needs of the general public.

Policy

Intervention into building fabric for non-conservation purposes should generally be restricted to approved programs of re-use or upgrading of service areas and facilities.

Guidelines

• Intervention into any building fabric at the Australian Hotel should respect the relatively high degree of integrity of the extant material, be carefully controlled, and be limited to that required by any proposed works.

• Limited intervention for exploratory or research purposes should generally be restricted to approved programs of re-use, or upgrading of service areas and facilities.

• Intervention should not be detrimental to the original fabric of the hotel.

• Existing service areas may be upgraded in accordance with the relative significance of the spaces and fabric involved. Any upgrading is subject to the proper approval process.

• New internal floor coverings are permissible, but should have minimal impact on the floor structure.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 142 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

7.5.7 Retention of Fixtures and Fittings

Background

Original joinery, hardware, sanitary fitting (amongst other things) are relics of the site’s historic and current use and period of development that contribute to the special character of the Australian Hotel and its building components. The loss of any of these special fixtures and fittings would represent a substantial and negative impact to the heritage significance of the place.

Policy Significant features and fixtures associated with the site’s historic use and period of development should be retained and preserved.

Guidelines

• The retention and conservation of significant features and fixtures should be considered as part of the design work for future adaptive re-use programs.

• Ongoing maintenance to ensure viability and ongoing usability of significant features and fixtures, especially hardware and sanitary fittings is essential.

7.5.8 Interpretation

Background

Interpretation of historic places essentially reveals long-term connections and cohesions, which underpin our cultural identity. To "interpret" a historic place, in its geographic and physical setting, is to bring its history and heritage significance to life to increase the public’s understanding, and, through this extended understanding, to give them an enhanced perception of the place.

Due to its history, including historic and ongoing use, significance, character and setting in The Rocks, the Australian Hotel should be being interpreted for promotional and educational purposes.

Policy

The heritage significance of the Australian Hotel should be interpreted on site by appropriate methods. In particular the social significance of the site should be further investigated, documented and interpreted.

Guidelines

• One of the primary components of the conservation management of the Australian Hotel should be to make the values of its cultural significance physically, intellectually and/or emotively accessible to the public.

• In the longterm, the ongoing management of the Australian Hotel should include the development and implementation of an interpretation strategy, which reveals the cultural significance of the place, particularly the site’s history, development,

NSW Government Architect’s Office 143 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

ongoing use and links to a history of public houses in The Rocks, intact fabric, and distinctive character.

• The social significance of the place should be further investigated and oral history should be collected. Important or interesting social events or connections should be interpreted on the site.

• In making significance accessible at the Australian Hotel, SHFA should take into account of the policies and guidelines contained within the ICOMOS International Cultural Tourism Charter.

• Interpretation programs should provide equitable physical, spiritual and intellectual access to the cultural significance of the Australian Hotel

• Interpretation at the Australian Hotel should take into account all periods of development and occupation in the context of the history of The Rocks, and be presented in an accurate and insightful manner.

• Interpretation should take into account all the historic phases of the Australian Hotel, including development on the site that predates the current hotel and shops.

7.5.9 Recording

Background

Current conservation methodologies include the need to document the reasoning behind the selection of a particular approach, either conservation or intervention, to enable those undertaking work in the future to understand the aims and intentions of a particular project. Furthermore, a record of the existing condition, layout and fabric should be in the records held by SHFA.

Policy

Ensure that a record of the underlying methodology for any conservation works, or alterations is maintained including documentation of the reasoning behind major decisions and records of any testing or additional research undertaken; and ensure that this record is appropriately archived.

Guidelines

• Update existing plans of the Australian Hotel to correct record current configuration and use as soon as possible.

• Instigate a regular regime of photographic recording of the Australian Hotel to record condition, fabric and layout.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 144 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

7.6 New Work Policies 7.6.1 Integration of New Work

Background

Because of the significance of the Australian Hotel, scope for new development is limited. In general, no external alterations or additions should occur, except minor additions for services, where these can be concealed from public view. Within the general principles outlined above in this Conservation Management Plan, some relatively minor internal alterations and additions could occur. These should generally be confined to less significant areas and should only affect limited amounts of original fabric. New work should be carefully designed and integrated with the original character of the significant components.

Policy

The introduction of new fabric at the Australian Hotel should be undertaken in such a manner that it does not result in a lessening of the cultural significance of the place. New work should be identifiable as such and should, where possible, be capable of being removed without damage to significant fabric or spaces.

Guidelines

• Period detailing should only be used where there is clear evidence of the original detail (either remaining in the fabric or in the historic record).

• Where there is no evidence of the original detail, it is not necessary/appropriate to invent a period detail (unless the original character of the space is to be recreated and the new element is required to blend in).

• Careful detailing will ensure minimal damage to the significant fabric and will allow for reversibility.

• Where a function is being re-established, new fittings and fixtures may be adopted to complement the existing architectural character.

7.6.2 Integration of Services

Background

The installation of services is an intrinsic component of the contemporary functioning and viability of the Australian Hotel, to ensure ongoing use, which is integral to the place’s heritage significance. It is recognised that periodic upgrading of services within the building components will be required.

Policy

The extension or alteration of existing services in the Australian Hotel is acceptable, but should not have a detrimental impact to the significance of the building components as a whole.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 145 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Guidelines

• Any proposed upgrading of services at the Australian Hotel should be carefully planned. The preparation of schematic layouts is not sufficient: service routes must be planned in detail so as not to damage the significant fabric or disrupt significant spaces.

• Areas previously modified for services should be re-used, in preference to modifying intact fabric.

• The surface mounting of services is preferable to chasing services into significant fabric, in particular face brickwork, stonework and timber.

• Brackets or fixings for services should not damage significant fabric.

7.6.3 Ordinance Compliance

The Building Code of Australia (BCA) is the operative building ordinance in New South Wales for the conservation and re-use of heritage buildings. In terms of on- going use programs, the key issues are usually compliance with fire resistance, egress provisions, and provision of disabled access and facilities. It is essential that the cultural values of the Australian Hotel not be degraded by inappropriate responses to meeting ordinance requirements.

Policy

A detailed assessment of the main provisions of the Code, with particular reference to fire resistance, access and egress (including provisions for people with disabilities), services and equipment and health and amenities should be carried out to ensure appropriate long-term heritage management of the site.

Approaches to compliance with building ordinances for the conservation and upgrading and re-use programs of the Australian Hotel should focus on responding to the spirit and intent of the ordinances if strict compliance would adversely affect the significance. Uses which require an unacceptable degree of intervention for upgrading to ordinance compliance should be avoided.

Guidelines

• Commission a detailed assessment of the main provisions of the Building Code of Australia, with particular reference to fire resistance, access and egress (including provisions for people with disabilities), services and equipment and health and amenities as soon as possible.

• Conservation and on-going use programs should not place undue stress on the building fabric of the Australian Hotel in order to meet excessive requirements of ordinance compliance.

• Methods of complying with ordinance requirements which utilise fire or smoke detection and active fire suppression are preferred to the addition of fire rating material, which may obscure extant finishes.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 146 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

• Future upgrades of the Australian Hotel should take into consideration any newly developed approaches for the implementation of fire safety standards that do not harm the existing significant fabric.

• When dealing with disability access issues, refer to the document “Access to Heritage Buildings for People with Disabilities” prepared by E.J. Martin (Cox), August 1997.

• Where compliance with the BCA requirements is likely to have an adverse impact on the Australian Hotel, advice on solutions may be sought through the Fire Access & Services Advisory Panel (FASAP) of the Heritage Council of NSW.

7.6.4 Signage and External Lighting

Background

It is recognised that commercial identification and signage are an intrinsic component of the commercial use and viability of the Australian Hotel as a whole. External lighting of buildings can add to their character. However, signage and external lighting, should have no adverse impact on significant heritage fabric and the overall character of the place.

Policy

External signage and lighting should be in harmony with the overall character of the Australian Hotel, and complement the historic character of the building on which it is mounted. Significant historic signage should be retained.

Guidelines

• Signs and external lighting must be consistent with the relevant Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority policies for signage and lighting in The Rocks (The Rocks Signage Policy & The Rocks Lighting Policy).

• Suitably located signs that provide a legible and clear message and contribute to the vitality of the Australian Hotel are encouraged.

• Signs on the individual building components should be discreet and complementary in terms of colour, material, proportion, positioning and font.

• Signs should be harmoniously integrated with the architecture of the Australian Hotel and should not obscure or damage the significant features or fabric.

• It is not necessary to attempt to create or recreate an “historic” character in the signage, but modern standardised “trademark” signage may not be appropriate.

• Fluorescent and iridescent paints are inappropriate. Signs should preferably be illuminated by floodlighting.

• Any external illumination of the Australian Hotel should highlight architectural features rather than floodlighting whole façades. Care should be taken to ensure that over-illumination does not occur.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 147 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

7.6.5 Adaptive Reuse

Background

The heritage significance of the Australian Hotel is directly linked to its historic and ongoing use, relatively high degree of integrity and extant fabric, and distinctive character and layout. It is unlikely that any proposed adaptive reuse of this site will not have a major impact upon the heritage significance of the place.

Policy

Adaptive reuse of the Australian Hotel is not a preferred option as it will impact upon the elements of the building that contribute to the place’s high degree of heritage significance.

Guidelines

• Minor adaptive reuse of the shops at 104 Cumberland Street and 87 Gloucester Street may be acceptable, as long as their heritage significance is maintained, original layout and internal character remains evident and any use is appropriate for their location, context and significance.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 148 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

8.0 Implementing the Plan

8.1 Introduction This Conservation Management Plan has been prepared to provide guidelines for the conservation, re-use, interpretation and management of the Australian Hotel and to ensure that the heritage value of the place is maintained and enhanced.

This section sets out the implementation guidelines for the policies, including a list of management issues.

8.2 Management Issues

• SHFA to review and adopt this Conservation Management Plan (Policy 7.4.2).

• SHFA to refer any development proposals for the Australian Hotel, which fall outside the scope of SHFA’s delegated authority, to the NSW Heritage Office and Department of Planning (Policy 7.4.3).

• SHFA to develop and implement appropriate interpretation of the Australian Hotel and encourage tourist visitation (policy 7.5.8).

• SHFA to ensure funding for recurrent long-term maintenance, and ensure that maintenance is made at the appropriate time (Policy 7.5.5).

• SHFA to monitor condition and management of the Australian Hotel to encourage appropriate conservation and to maintain significance.

• SHFA to ensure long-term security of the Australian Hotel.

8.3 On-going Maintenance The on-going maintenance schedule refers to cyclical maintenance works to fabric that should be implemented by the Authority as part of the process of on-going management of the Australian Hotel. A record of when this work is performed, and any faults discovered, or repairs made, should be recorded and kept separately alongside a copy of this maintenance schedule.

ON-GOING MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE The Australian Hotel

Building or Site Every Year Every 5 years Every 10 years Every 20 years element GENERALLY Check roof, walls & Repaint building Check items for floor structure for externally & possible OVERALL BUILDING stability and good internally. replacement. condition. Maintain EXTERNAL WALLS (including lightwell and footings) BRICK ELEMENTS Check mortar

NSW Government Architect’s Office 149 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

joints and repoint as required. Wash down any Check render water staining & adhesion & for establish cause. cracking. RENDER Repair as required. Repair/refix as required. Repaint render. EXTERNAL ELEMENTS Check timber sills Check windows for cracking. & doors for Reseal & repaint as operability & TIMBER WINDOWS, required. repair as DOORS required. Sand back & repaint timberwork. AWNINGS & Check for rusting & Repaint. BRACKETS treat as required. STORMWATER DISPOSAL Clear gutters, Strip back metal Replace sections rainwater heads & work & repaint. as required. GUTTERS, downpipes. Check RAINWATER HEADS stormwater is & DOWNPIPES expelling adequately. ROOFING Check for rusting or Replace metal METAL SHEETING lifting & treat/refix sheeting as as required. required. Check for rusting or Replace FLASHING lifting & treat/refix flashings as as required. required. Check that Replace CAPPINGS cappings are cappings to (PARAPETS) waterproofing. parapets as Repair as required. required. Check that Investigate stormwater is whether ROOF TERRACES expelling replacement of adequately. the membrane is required. INTERNAL GENERALLY Check for rising Repaint surfaces WALLS damp & repair as previously required. painted. Clear debris from around footings & SANDSTONE check water is FOOTINGS/BEDROCK shedding away FOUNDATIONS from around footing/foundations. Check for water Repaint surfaces staining or previously CEILINGS deterioration & painted. repair as required. Monitor for termite activity or TIMBER FLOOR deterioration & STRUCTURE treat/repair as required. Monitor for termite FLOOR BOARDS activity or deterioration &

NSW Government Architect’s Office 150 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

treat/repair as required. Wipe down Refinish joinery surfaces. to match existing finish. Do not JOINERY paint surfaces not previously painted. Clean. Check for Refinish to TIMBER STAIRS structural stability & match existing repair as required. finish. Clean. Repair any SERVICE AREAS damage as required. SERVICES Service as required AIR-CONDITIONING by manufacturer. Inspect & repair ELECTRICAL faulty electrical issues promptly. Inspect & repair PLUMBING faulty plumbing promptly.

NSW Government Architect’s Office 151 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

9.0 Bibliography

MAPS - MITCHELL LIBRARY

Dove, H Percy, Plans of Sydney, Sydney, 1880

NSW - Dept of Lands, Metropolitan Detail Series

Sections 70 to 75, 1889

Sections 70 to 75, 1890

Sydney Subdivision Plans

City of Sydney Area 811.1714 (no plans)

MAPS – STATE RECORDS

Sydney Detail Survey, 1865

Sydney Town, rough map with buildings, Harper, c 1823, (originally S.268) SR Map SZ434

Plan of the allotments of ground in Sydney, G C Stewart (draughtsman), (originally S.13), 1825, SR Map SZ469

Parish of St Phillip, n. d. [c. 1822], SR Map 6219

MAPS AND PLANS – SYDNEY WATER PLANS ROOM

PWD, Detail Survey, Series 1544

Detail Survey Branch, Fieldbooks

MAPS AND PLANS – SYDNEY CITY COUNCIL ARCHIVES

Building Application Plans

LANDS DEPARTMENT

Certificates of Title, 1863 onwards

Deeds Registers, 1825 onwards

Grants Registers, 1792 onwards

Old Registers, 1802-25

Plans, Plans Room

Real Property Applications, 1863 onwards

NSW Government Architect’s Office 152 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

MANUSCRIPT SOURCES - STATE RECORDS

Surveyor-General, Sketch Books, 1828-90, X751-X778

Court of Claims, Memorials,

Memorial 571 (Lot 13 Sec 75), 2/1791

Memorial 586 (Lot 7 Sec 75), 2/1791

Court of Claims, Cases,

Case 806 (Lot 16 Sec 75), 2/1765

Col Sec, Correspondence re Land, 1825-56

Cooper, James, 2/7831 (no data)

Kelly, William, 2/7897

Lett, William & Stafford John, 2/7906

Williams, William, 2/8007

Lands, Alienation Branch, Correspondence,

Aln 86/3599, (Case 806, Lot 16 Sec 75), 10/35305

Land Titles Office, Real Property Application Packets

RPA 2151, K 260061

Land Titles Office, Documents re Land Titles

RPA 2151, 10/26438

RPA 3308, 10/26463 (none)

Stamp Duties Office, Deceased Estate Files

Johnson, John, duty paid 30/11/88, 20/8

Molloy, John, duty paid 13/5/91, 20/27

Supreme Court, Bankruptcy Files,

Johnson, John, 7 Nov 1884, No 19228, 2/10103

Supreme Court, Probate Packets,

Bray, Nicholas, Series 1 No 2946, 14/3266

Gardner, John, Series 1 No 1683, 14/3225

Marsham, Joseph, Series 1 No 1591, 14/3221

NSW Government Architect’s Office 153 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

MANUSCRIPT SOURCES – SYDNEY CITY COUNCIL ARCHIVES

Rate Assessment Books, Gipps Ward, 1845-1909

Street Cards

VOTES AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF NEW SOUTH WALES

Sydney City and Suburban Sewage and Health Board – Eleventh Progress Report, 1875-6, V, p 535-661

Outbreak of Plague at Sydney, 1900 (Report of the Chief Medical Officer On), 1900, II, 1235-1316

PRIMARY SOURCES - PRINTED BOOKS

Baxter, Carol J, General Muster and Land and Stock Muster of New South Wales: 1822, ABGR, Sydney, 1988

Baxter, Carol J, General Muster of New South Wales: 1814, ABGR, Sydney, 1987

Census of New South Wales - November 1828, edited by Malcolm R Sainty & Keith A Johnson, Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1980

Ford, W & F, Sydney Commercial Directory for 1851, Sydney, 1851

Groom, Barry and Warren Wickman (eds), Sydney – The 1850s: The Lost Collections, University of Sydney, 1982

Kelly, Max & Ruth Crocker, Sydney Takes Shape, Doak, Sydney, 1978

Low, Francis, The City of Sydney Directory for 1844-5, Sydney, 1844

Maclehose, James, Picture of Sydney and Stranger's Guide in New South Wales for 1839, Sydney, 1839

New South Wales and Port Phillip General Post Office Directory for 1839, James Raymond, Sydney

'Old Sydney in the Forties - Recollections of Lower George Street and "The Rocks" - Dictated by Mrs Eliza Walker', JRAHS, 16, 4, 1930, 292-320

Sands, John, Sydney Directories, 1858/9-1932/3

SECONDARY SOURCES

Aplin, Graeme & John Storey, Waterfront Sydney, 1860-1920, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1984

Australian Dictionary of Biography, Melbourne University Press, 1966-2005

Curson, Peter, Times of Crisis - Epidemics in Sydney 1788-1900, Sydney University Press, Sydney, 1985

NSW Government Architect’s Office 154 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Curson, Peter and Kevin McCracken, Plague in Sydney: The anatomy of an epidemic, New South Wales University Press, Sydney

Karskens, Grace, Inside The Rocks: The archaeology of a neighbourhood, Hale and Iremonger, Sydney 1999

Mayne, A J C, Fever, Squalor and Vice - Sanitation and Social Policy in Victorian Sydney, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 1982

UNPUBLISHED REPORTS

Lydon, E C J, Archaeological Monitoring: The Australian Hotel and Adjoining Shops, The Rocks, Sydney, No date, For Sydney Cove Authority

Robertson & Hindmarsh Pty Ltd, The Australian Hotel: An investigation of the significance of the Australian Hotel and adjacent shops and residences, Cumberland and Gloucester Streets, The Rocks, January 1990, For Sydney Cove Authority

NSW Government Architect’s Office 155 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Appendix 1

Detailed History of Occupation of the Site

NSW Government Architect’s Office 156 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Sands Directories 1858-1916

1858-9 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 38)

100 Brown, James, stonemason Casey, James, Rock of Cashel 106 Smithard, Edmund, butcher 108 Howarth, John provision store 114 Berry, Robert, Baker’s Arms Cribb’s Lane

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 56)

39 Smith, James, plasterer 51 Mathews, John, board and lodging house 63 Fenley, Patrick, bootmaker 65 Tiernan, Edward 69 Paskell, Robert Gloucester Lane

1861 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 39)

102 Vale, Mrs 106 Ward, W H, butcher 108 James, James, grocer 110 Barker, William. pawnbroker 112 Horseman, John 114 Berry, John, Baker’s Arms Lane

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 57)

51 Somers, Francis, drayman 53 Fennelly, Patrick, bootmaker 55 Walsh, John 57 Sullivan, Mrs Anne 59 Osborne, William, mariner 61 Whelan, John 63 Woods, Mrs Mary, dressmaker 65 Santiwar, Chinese boarding house 67 Murphy, John, dealer 69 Cassidy, Patrick Gloucester Lane

1863 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 42)

102 Dorothy, King, grocer 106 Uhde, Lewis & Co, butcher 108 Molloy, John, general dealer 110 Barker, William. pawnbrojer 112 Hoseman, John 114 Berry, John, Baker’s Arms

NSW Government Architect’s Office 157 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 60)

39 Summers, Francis, drayman 43 Wright, John, blacksmith 53 Fanalay, Patrick, bootmaker Murphy, John, dealer Gloucester Lane

1864 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 42)

102 Dillon, Charles, grocer 106 Uhde, Louis & Co, butcher 108 Molloy, John, dealer 110 Barker, William. pawnbrojer Robertson, John, shipwright 112 Hoseman, John 114 Berry, John, Baker’s Arms

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 62)

43 Wright, John, blacksmith 53 Fenelay, Patrick, bootmaker

1865 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 48)

102 Gilson, Thomas 104 Molloy, John 106 Uhde, Louis & Co, butcher 108 Murray, Henry, pawnbroker 110 Robertson, John, shipwright 112 Hoseman, John Berry, John, Baker’s Arms Berry’s Lane

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 72)

51 Grisdale, John, cask dealer 53 Willett, John, grocer 55 Digan, Henry 57 Sullivan, Ann 59 Williams, William, mariner 61 Arnot, David 63 Hall, Henry Thomas, waterman 65 Feneley, Patrick, bootmaker

1866 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 49)

102 Gilson, Thomas 104 Molloy, John 106 Uhde, Louis & Co, butcher 108 Murray, Henry, pawnbroker

NSW Government Architect’s Office 158 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

110 Robertson, John, shipwright 112 Hoseman, John Berry, John, Baker’s Arms Berry’s Lane

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 74)

51 Mulharren, John 53 Scott, William 55 Degan, Henry 57 Sullivan, Ann 59 Lemon, William 61 Arnot, David 63 Hall, Henry Thomas, waterman 65 Fenely, Patrick, bootmaker

1867 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 56)

100 Gilson, Thomas, dealer 102 Molloy, John, mariner 106 Uhde, L & Co, butcher 108 Rice, Thomas, butcher 110 Murray, Henry, pawnbroker 112 Robertson, John, shipwright 112 1/2 Hoseman, John, mariner

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 83)

51 Mendiola, Antonio 53 Hickey, Mrs Johanna 55 Gilchrist, William, mason 57 Vacant 59 Lemon, William 61 Arnot, David, mariner 63 Vacant 65 Fennelly, Patrick, bootmaker

1868 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 58)

100 Gilson, Thomas, dealer 102 Molloy, John, mariner 106 Galvin, James, butcher 108 Murray, Henry, butcher 110 Thomas, James 112 Robertson, John, shipwright 112 1/2 Hoseman, John, mariner

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 85)

Vacant land 55 O’Brien, C 57 Sullivan, Mrs 59 Foster. John

NSW Government Architect’s Office 159 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

61 Arnot, David, mariner 63 Carlson, Charles 65 Fennelly, Patrick, bootmaker

1869 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 59)

100 Gilson, Thomas, general dealer 102 Molloy, John 104 and 106 Vacant 108 Murray, Henry, pawnbroker 110 Jenkins, Mrs Margaret, grocer 112 Robertson, John, shipwright 112 1/2 Hoseman, John

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 88)

45 Curran, Manus, grocer 65 Fennelly, Patrick, bootmaker

1870 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 63)

100 Gibson, Thomas, dealer 102 Molloy, John L 104 and 106 Uhde, L & Co, butchers 108 Murray, Henry, pawnbroker 110 Jenkins, Mrs Margaret, grocer 112 Robertson, John, shipwright 112 1/2 Hoseman, John

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 94)

49- Armstrong - 57 Sullivan, Mrs 59 Rouse, Joseph 61 Arnot, David 63 Carlson, Charles 65 Fennelly, Patrick, bootmaker

1871 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 103-4)

100 Gibson, Thomas, dealer 102 Molloy, John, government boatman Vacant land 106 Uhde, L & Co, butchers 108 Vacant 110 Bradshaw, Thomas, dealer 112 Robison, John, shipwright 112 1/2 Hoseman, John

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 161)

Vacant land

NSW Government Architect’s Office 160 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

53 Summers, Francis 55 King, Charles 57 Vacant 59 Sullivan, Mrs Ann 61 Arnot, David 63 Carlson, Charles 65 Fennelly, Patrick, bootmaker

1873 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 93)

100 Gilson, Thomas 102 Molloy, John 106 Uhde, L & Co, butchers 108 Mitchell, Mrs, butcher 110 Jenkins, Mrs, grocer 112 Robertson, John 112 1/2 Hoseman, John

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 149)

51 Lawrence, Henry 53 Marron, John 55 Sullivan, Michael 57 Vacant 59 Hillas, John 61 Stokes, William 63 Horscroft, William 65 Fennelly, Patrick, bootmaker

1875 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 54)

102 Molloy, John 106 Uhde, L & Co, butchers 108 Mitchell, William, butcher 110 Tyler, Albert, pawnbroker 112 Robinson, John, shipwright 112 1/2 Hoseman, John 114 Tarran, William F, Baker’s Arms Hotel

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 85)

51 Rugg, John Pitt 53 White, John 55 Burns, Patrick, bootmaker 57 Sullivan, Mrs Ann 59 Innes, John Joseph 61 Stokes, William 63 Vacant 65 Fennelly, Patrick, bootmaker

1876 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 57)

NSW Government Architect’s Office 161 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

102 Molloy, John 104 Vacant 106-08 Mitchell, William, butcher 110 Tyler, Albert, pawnbroker 112 Robinson, John, shipwright 112 1/2 Hoseman, John 114 Power, James, Hibernian Hotel

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 89)

51 Borton, Richard, engineer 53 Burns, Patrick, bootmaker 55 Thamis, George 57 Sullivan, Mrs Ann 59 Innes, John Joseph 61 Dove, William 63 Vacant 65 Fennelly, Patrick, bootmaker

1877 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 51)

102 Molloy, John 104 Johnson, John 106-08 Mitchell, William, butcher 110 Tyler, Albert 112 Robertson, John 112 1/2 Hoesman, John 114 Power, James, Hibernian Hotel

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 69)

51 Barton, Richard, engineer 53 Burns, Patrick, bootmaker 55 Sullivan, Mrs Ann 57 Sullivan, James 59 Innis, John J 61 Emery, William 63 Charlstrom, Nells 65 Fannelly, Patrick, bootmaker

1879 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 54)

102 Moloy, John, boatman 104 Johnson, John, cooper 106-08 Mitchell, William, butcher 110 Tyler, Albert, pawnbroker 112 Robertson, John, shipwright

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 76)

49 James, George 51 Barton, Richard, engineer 53 Vacant

NSW Government Architect’s Office 162 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

55 Sullivan, James 57 Sullivan, Michael 59 Innis, John J 61 Turner, George 63 Charlstrom, Nells 65 Fannelly, Patrick, bootmaker

1880 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 56)

102 Moloy, John, engine driver 104 Johnson, John, cooper 106-08 Mitchell, William, butcher 110 Tyler, Albert, pawnbroker 112 Robertson, John, shipwright

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 58)

49 Jeannin, M 51 Barton, Richard, engineer 53 Hollis, William, bootmaker 55 Sullivan, John, quarryman 57 Sullivan, Mrs Ann 59 Innis, John Joseph 61 Tow, John 63 Hill, Charles 65 Fennelly, Patrick, bootmaker

1882 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 34)

102 Molloy, John 104 Johnson, John, cooper 106-08 Mitchell, William, butcher 110 Isaacs, Davis, tailor 112 Robertson, John, shipwright

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 58)

67 Cane, Thomas 69 Callanan, Jeremiah F, sailmaker 69A Plowright, John, french polisher 71 Murray, John A Vacant land 79 Whelan, Richard 81 Forth, Joseph, stevedore

1883 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 179)

102 Molloy, John 104 Johnson, John, cooper 108 Matchell, William, butcher 110 Blanch, Arthur 112 Robertson, John, shipwright

NSW Government Architect’s Office 163 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 200)

67 Evans, John 69 Callanan, J, sailmaker 69 1/2 Charles, Thomas 71 McMurray, John A 79 McDermott, Denis, sawyer 81 Brooks, Robert

1884 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 33)

102 Molloy, John 104 Johnson, John, cooper 106 Cooper, Walter, butcher 108 Kirkham, Duggan, butcher 110 Blanch, Arthur 112 Robertson, John, shipwright

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 56)

67 Hions, William 69 Agars, Mrs Emily 69 1/2 Blackmore, Charles 71 Peachley, Charles 79 McDermott, Denis, sawyer 81 Brooks, Robert

1885 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 31)

102 Molloy, John 104 Johnson, John, cooper 106-08 Mitchell, William, butcher 110 McCarthy, Ellen, greengrocer 112 Robertson, Margaret

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 53)

67 Stevenson, Henry 69 King, Mrs 69a Lawson, William 71 Peachley, Charles 79 Elliston, Oscar 81 Beaumin, August

1886 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 32)

102 Molloy, John 104 Johnson, John, cooper 106 Mitchell, William, butcher 108 Lithgow, William, baker 110 McCarthy, Mrs Ellen, greengrocer

NSW Government Architect’s Office 164 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

112 Robertson, Mrs Margaret

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 56)

67 Stevenson, Henry, stevedore 69 King, Mrs 69a Tate, Henry 71 Peachley, Charles 79 Wilhellam, Francis 81 Turner, William

1887 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 34)

102 Molloy, John 104 Johnson, John, cooper 106 Mitchell, William, butcher 110 McCarthy, Mrs Ellen, greengrocer 112 Robertson, Mrs Margaret

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 58)

67 Hanson, Thomas 69 King, Mrs 69a Tate, Henry 71 Peachley, Charles 79 Wilhellam, Francis 81 Turner, William

1888 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 32)

102 Molloy, John 104 Johnson, John, cooper 106 Mitchell, William, butcher 110 McCarthy, Ellen, greengrocer 112 Robertson, William, shipwright

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 56)

67 Hanson, Thomas 69 King, Mrs 69a Sanderson, Peter 71 Peachey, Charles 79 Merchant, Edward 81 Turner, William

1889 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 31)

102 Molloy, John, engraver 104 Johnson, John, cooper 106 Mitchell, William, butcher 112 Robertson, William, shipwright

NSW Government Architect’s Office 165 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 53)

67 Moore, James, bootmaker 69 O’Sullivan, John 71 Bourke, James, drayman 73 Caesar, Julian 81 Turner, William

1890 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 32)

102 Molloy, John, engraver 104 Johnson, John, cooper 106 Mitchell, William, butcher 110 White, Thomas, greengrocer 112 Robertson, William, shipwright

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 55)

67 Avery, John 69 King, Charles 71 Bourke, James, drayman 73 Mitchell, Denis 79 Hannan, John, constable 81 Newman, Auguste

1891 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 31)

102 Molloy, John, engraver 106 Mitchell, William, butcher 108 Wing, Jen & Co, grocers 110 White, Laurence, greengrocer 112 Gallagher, Francis 114 Hoseman, John 116 Australian Hotel, William Moran

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 54)

67 Avery, John 69 King, Charles 71 Bourke, James 73 Mitchell, Denis 75 Hanson, Thomas 81 Newman, Auguste

1892 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 32)

102 Molloy, Mrs 104 Johnson, John, cooper 106 Mitchell, William, butcher 108 Sam Lee & Co, grocers 110 White, Laurence, greengrocer 112 Gallagher, Francis

NSW Government Architect’s Office 166 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

114 Hoseman, John 116 William Moran

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 55)

67 Avery, John 71 Cummins, Richard 73 Ho Son Alick 79 Long, John 81 Towle, John Herbert

1893 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 33)

102 Molloy, Mrs 104 Johnson, John, cooper 108 Sam Lee & Co, grocers 110 Aldrich, William, butcher 112 Gallagher, Francis 114 Hoseman, John 116 Australian Hotel – Arthur Barlow

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 56)

67 Gilmore, Mrs 69 Mills, William 71 Stenberg, Gustave 73 Moody, James, greengrocer 79 Long, John 81 Bernasconi, John

1894 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 31)

102 Molloy, Mrs 104 Johnson, John, cooper 108 Sam Lee & Co, grocers 110 Aldrich, William, butcher 112 Gallagher, Francis 114 Hoseman, John 116 Australian Hotel – John Murray

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 55)

67 Newman, August 69 Griffiths, William 79 Petersen, Fred 81 Towle, John Herbert

1895 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 31)

102 Molloy, Mrs 104 Johnson, John, cooper 110 Aldrich & Co , butchers

NSW Government Architect’s Office 167 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

112 Gallagher, Francis 114 Hoseman, John 116 Australian Hotel – John Murray

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 55)

67 Lester, J W, tailor 71 Carroll, John 73 Eckford, W J 81 Towle, John Herbert

1896 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 32)

102 Molloy, Mrs 104 Johnson, John, cooper 110 Aldrich & Co, butchers 112 Gallagher, Francis 114 Hoseman, John 116 Australian Hotel – John Murray

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 56)

67 Lester, J W, tailor 69 McLoughlin, Michael 71 Graham, Thomas 79 Eckford, Walter J, clerk 81 Downer, James

1897 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 33)

102 Molloy, Mrs 104 Johnson, John, cooper 108 Simpson, John, butcher 110 Barnes, John, bootmaker 112 Gallagher, Francis 114 Hoseman, John 116 Australian Hotel – John Murray

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 57)

67 Thompson, John 69 Carroll, J 71 Elliott, Charles 79 Eckford, Walter J, clerk 81 Downer, James

1898 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 36)

102 Molloy, Mrs 104 Johnson, John, cooper 108 Brown, J P, butcher 110 Barnes, John, bootmaker

NSW Government Architect’s Office 168 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

112 Gallagher, Francis 114 Hoseman, John 116 Australian Hotel – John Murray

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 64)

67 Herbert, George 69 Carroll, John 73 Brudell, Mrs J, storekeeper 79 Eckford, Walter J, clerk 81 Fitz-Gerald, Matthew

1899 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 36)

102 Molloy, Mrs 104 Johnson, Mrs J 108 Brown, J P, butcher 110 Barnes, John, bootmaker 112 Gallagher, Francis 114 Hoseman, John 116 Australian Hotel – John Murray

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 65)

65 Cox, James 67 Eckford, Walter John 71 Burke, James 73 Brudell, Mrs J, storekeeper 79 Towle, I H 81 McCarty, John

1900 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 36)

102 Molloy, Mrs Jane 104 Johnson, Mrs Sarah 106 Brown, J P, butcher 108 Barnes, John, bootmaker 110 Mason, Mrs E, greengrocer 112 Gallagher, Francis 114 Hoseman, John 116 Australian Hotel – John Murray

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 67)

65 Cox, James 67 Gerdes, Frederick 69 Eckford, Walter John 71 Taylor, Charles 73 Bray, William George 79 Towle, I H 81 McCarty, John 83 Avery, William

NSW Government Architect’s Office 169 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

1901 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 37)

102 Molloy, Mrs Jane 104 Johnson, Mrs Sarah 106 Brown, J P, butcher 108 Barnes, John, bootmaker 110 Mason, Mrs E, greengrocer 112 Gallagher, Francis 114 Hoseman, John 116 Australian Hotel – John Murray

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 68)

65 Cox, James 67 Gerdes, Frederick 69 Eckford, Walter John 71 De Paul, L 79 Towle, J H 81 McCarthy, John 83 McConnell, Owen

1902 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 39)

102 Molloy, Mrs Jane 104 Johnson, Mrs Sarah 106 Brown, J P, butcher 108 Barnes, John, bootmaker 110 Kerswell, Mrs Mary, confectioner, etc 112 Gallagher, Francis 114 Hoseman, John 116 Australian Hotel – John Murray

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 70)

65 Cox, James 67 Gerdes, Frederick 69 Eckford, Walter John 71 State, Mrs Sarah Anne 73 Avery, John 81 McCarthy, John 83 McConnell, Owen

1903 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 37)

102 Molloy, Mrs Jane 104 Johnson, Mrs Sarah 106 Brown, J P, butcher 108 Barnes, John, bootmaker 110 Foy, James, confectioner 112 Gallagher, Francis 114 Hoseman, John 116 Australian Hotel – John Murray

NSW Government Architect’s Office 170 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 68)

65 Cox, James 67 Gerdes, Frederick 69 Eckford, Walter John 71 State, Mrs Sarah Anne 73 Avery, John 79 Lea, Frank 81 McCarthy, John 83 McConnell, Owen

1904 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 37)

96 Cahill, Daniel 104 Davis, David Lloyd 106 Brown, J P, butcher 108 Barnes, John, bootmaker 110 Foy, James, confectioner 112 Gallagher, Francis 114 Hybinett, John 116 Australian Hotel – John Murray

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 69)

65 King, Henry 67 Gerdes, Frederick 79 Lea, Frank 81 Tate, Mrs Bridget 87 Towle, John Herbert 89 Di Paulo, Cataldo

1905 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 37)

96 Cahill, Daniel 102 Silva, Charles, laundry 106 Brown, J P, butcher 108 Merriott, William D, bootmaker 110 Foy, James, confectioner 112 Johnson, John 114, Hybinett, John 116 Australian Hotel – John Murray

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 69)

65 King, Henry 67 Gerdes, Frederick 79 Lea, Frank 81 Tate, Mrs Bridget 87 Towle, John Herbert 89 Di Paulo, Cataldo

NSW Government Architect’s Office 171 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

1906 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 38)

96 Cahill, Daniel 102 Silva, Charles, laundry 104 Murphy, Joseph B 106 Brown, J P, butcher 108 Foy, James 112 Johnson, John 114 Hybinett, John 116 Australian Hotel – John Murray

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 68)

67 Fisher, William 79 Lea, Frank 81 Tate, Mrs Bridget 89 Thrussell, Thomas J

1907 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 37)

96 Cahill, Daniel 102 Silva, Charles, laundry 104 Murphy, Joseph B 106 Brown, J P, butcher 108-10 O’Sullivan, Mrs Lenore 112 Brudgam, Christopher 114 Imber, George 116 Australian Hotel – John Murray

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 69)

67 Jones, James 79, Bourke, Ernest 81 Tate, Mrs Bridget 89 Thrussell, Thomas J

1908 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 36)

96 Cahill, Daniel 102 Silva, Charles, laundry 104 Chaplin, Archibald 106 Ray, Alfred 108-10 O’Sullivan, Mrs Lenore 112 Bradgam, Christopher 114 Sykes, John 116 Australian Hotel – John Murray

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 68)

79 Bourke, Mrs May 81 Tate, Mrs Bridget 89 Thrussell, Thomas J

NSW Government Architect’s Office 172 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

1909 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 37)

96 Cahill, Daniel 102 Silva, Charles, laundry 104 Madden, Mrs Mary 106 Ray, Alfred 108 Foy, James 110 O’Sullivan, Mrs Lenore 112 Brudgam, Christopher 114 Sykes, John 116 Australian Hotel – John Murray

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 68)

79 Magner, Thomas 81 Tate, Mrs Bridget 89 Thrussell, Thomas J

1910 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 40)

102 Silva, Charles, laundry 104 Bornouoe, Giavonia 106 Ray, Alfred 108 Foy, James 110 West, Mrs Agnes 112 Brudgam, Christopher 114 Sweeney, Patrick 116 Australian Hotel – John Murray

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 71)

79 Magner, Thomas 81 Tate, Mrs Bridget 89 Thrussell, Thomas J

1911 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 41)

104 Douglas, William 106 Ray, Alfred 108 Foy, James 110 West, Mrs Agnes 112 Hoson, Paul, laundry 114, Bowsher, William 116 Australian Hotel – John Murray

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 72)

79 Magner, Thomas 81 Tate, Mrs Bridget 89 Thrussell, Thomas J

NSW Government Architect’s Office 173 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

1912 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 41)

116 Australian Hotel – John Murray

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 75)

79 Magner, Thomas 81 Tate, Mrs Bridget 89 Thrussell, Thomas J

1913 Cumberland Street (East side) (p 41) Now called York St North

Gloucester Street (West side) (p 72)

79 Magner, Thomas 81 Tate, Mrs Bridget 89 Thrussell, Thomas J

York St North (East side) (p 169) 116 Australian Hotel – John Murray

1914 Gloucester Street (West side) (p 79)

79 Murray, Francis 81 Tate, Mrs Bridget 89 Thrussell, Thomas J

York St North (East side) (p 168c) 116 Australian Hotel – John Murray

1915 Gloucester Street (West side) (p 76)

89 Thrussell, Thomas J

York St North (East side) (p 172b) 116 Australian Hotel – John Murray

1916 Gloucester Street (West side) (p 69) York St North (East side) (p 159) - Argyle St Bridge 102 Australian Hotel – Upjohn, F J 104 Fitzgerald, William P, grocer - Cumberland Place

NSW Government Architect’s Office 174 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Occupiers of the Australian Hotel

Source: Robertson & Hindmarsh, Volume 2, pp 80-1

1 January 1914 Head lease from Housing Board to Resch’s (Card 2)

1915 Resch's Ltd sublet hotel to William Upjohn

30 April 1928 William F Upjohn licensee (Card 2)

1931 Resch's Ltd merged with Tooth & Co c 1936 Owner of property stated as Maritime Services Board (Card 1)

18 May 1936 Upjohn discharged on bond under Sec 556a for persons on premises (Card 2)

30 October 1939 Frank W Parker, licensee (Card 3)

1 April 1940 Parker fined £5/8/0 for failing to close bar - Conviction recorded (Card 3)

9 April 1942 John S Carney, licensee (Card 3)

6 July 1942 Carney fined £2/18/0 for persons on premises - Conviction not recorded (Card 3)

30 Junee 1944 Roy Mitchell, nominal licensee on behalf of company (Card 3)

19 July 1944 N P Cohen, licensee (Card 3)

7 May 1948 Note: "In area likely to be declared Housing Area..." (Card 3)

31 May 1949 Norman Philip Cohen, licensee (Card 4)

31 May 1952 Norman Philip Cohen, licensee (Card 4)

28 June 1956 N P Cohen died

30 July 1956 Mrs Mary Nancy Thom, licensee (Card 4)

NSW Government Architect’s Office 175 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

1 April 1957 Mrs Thom fined £4/0/0 for selling liquor on Sunday - Conviction not recorded

7 August 1957 Francis James Swan, licensee (Card 4)

31 May 1958 Swan granted a lease for 3 years. (Card 4 & Card 5)

20 February 1960 Mrs Alice Elizabeth Swan, licensee (Card 5)

19 September 1960 Mrs Swan fined £3/0/0 for sale of liquor after hours - Conviction not recorded (Card 5)

28 February 1961 Alfred Gallager, licensee (Card 5)

3 May 1961 Mrs Alice Elizabeth Swan, licensee (Card 5)

1963 50-year lease expired and Tooth & Co stayed on as monthly tenant

1 January 1964 Mrs Swan's licence renewed (Card 5)

20 Sept 1965 Percival John Brown, licensee (Card 6)

21 February 1968 Jeffrey Richard Hannon, licensee (Card 6)

23 June 1969 Mrs Dorothy Emily Seidel, licensee (Card 6 & card 7)

12 January 1970 Owner now Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority (Card 7)

5 April 1971 Mrs Joyce Beryl Webster, licensee (Card 7)

17 April 1972 John Heathcote Benson, licensee (Card 7)

19 January 1976 Charles Ernest Hayes, licensee (Card 7)

24 January 1977 Ian Stirling Ross, licensee (Card 7)

31 October 1977 John Cyril Bevan, licensee (Card 7)

NSW Government Architect’s Office 176 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

9 July 1979 Peter Fred Whitaker, licensee (Card 7)

27 October 1980 Ian McConaghy, licensee (Card 7)

Occupiers of 104 Cumberland Street (104 York Street North)

Source: Robertson & Hindmarsh, Volume 2, p 82

1 January 1914 Head lease from Housing Board to Resch's Ltd (Card 2)

1914 W P Fitzgerald, tenant Grocery business. (N60/5659)

1931 Application from Fitzgerald for reduction in rental (N60/5659)

1933 Fitzgerald still tenant (N60/5659)

1934 Removal of licensed premises ("Australian Wine Saloon") (licensee Thomas Hanrahan for Mr Massey, owner of Wine licence) (N60/5660)

1963 Alan Ferguson, tenant (N60/5667) Joseph Coleman, tenant (N60/5667) Tenancy terminated on expiry of Head Lease (N60/5667)

Sources:

(N60/...) File number of Tooth & Co files lodged with Noel Butlin Archives formerly known as the ANU Archives of Business and Labour, Canberra

(Card....) Tooth & Co. "Yellow Card" lodged at the Noel Butlin Archives formerly known as the Archives of Business and Labour

Occupiers of 87 Gloucester Street

Source: Robertson & Hindmarsh, Volume 2, p 83

1 January 1914 Head Lease from Housing Board to Resch's Ltd (N60/5659 & N60/Cards 3-5)

NSW Government Architect’s Office 177 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

1914 R Walton, tenant (N60/5659 & N60/Cards 3-5)

1933 Walton still tenant (N60/5659)

1933 Tooth & Co agreed to waiver half of unpaid rent (N60/5662)

1940 Walton still tenant (N60/5662)

1955 L Peterson, sub-tenant (N60/5667)

1959 John Lonnel given tenancy for dwelling purposes and to store tiles (N60/5666)

1963 John Lonnel, tenant (N60/5667) L Peterson (sub-tenant from 12/1/55) (N60/5667) Tenancy terminated on expiry of Head Lease (N60/5667)

Sources:

(N60/...) File number of Tooth & Co files lodged with Noel Butlin Archives formerly known as the ANU Archives of Business and Labour, Canberra

(Card....) Tooth & Co. "Yellow Card" lodged at the Noel Butlin Archives formerly known as the Archives of Business and Labour

NSW Government Architect’s Office 178 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Appendix 2

Chronology

NSW Government Architect’s Office 179 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Chronology of the Site Before the Australian Hotel

1823 Harper’s survey of Sydney showed much of the site occupied by buildings

1825 Stewart’s plan of Sydney showed much of the site with the same detail though with greater clarity

1 January 1835 Robert Russell completed plan of survey of Section 75

1865 Detail Survey of Sydney showed the subject site

July 1887 Surveyor Stephen Mills completed the measurements for the Detail Survey. His Field Book shows detail of the buildings on the site

1887 Mills’ manuscript plan of the Detail Survey shows detail of the buildings on the site

1889 The first published edition of the Detail Survey gave detail of the site

1890 A slightly later published version also showed the site

1900 The Resumption Survey plan provided details of the buildings and ownerships on the study site

Allotment 6 Section 75

22 September 1820 Transfer, William Blue to William Kelly

November 1828 Census William Kelly, 32, FS, Baring 2, 1819, 7, P, printer, Essex Lane. Also wife, Elizabeth, BC, 38, a daughter, Emmeline, 4, BC

29 May 1834 Memorial of William Kelly, Sydney for deeds to land

1 January 1840 Town Grant, William Kelly, Cumberland St, Sydney of 3 perches

2 December 1843 Release, William Kelly to Edward Smith Hill, of 3 perches, lot 6 Section 75

11 November 1845 Conveyance, Edward Smith Hill to Barney Chaney, Sydney, butcher, of 3 perches, lot 6 Section 75

NSW Government Architect’s Office 180 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

20 March 1851 Conveyance, Barney Chaney, Cumberland, St, Sydney, butcher to James Casey, Sydney, licensed victualler

4 December 1854 Mortgage, James Casey, Cumberland, St, freeholder, to William Nash, Castlereagh St, bullion broker

4 December 1856 Mortgage, James Casey, Cumberland, St, freeholder, to William Nash, Castlereagh St, bullion broker, for £500 for three years at 6%

8 November 1866 Transfer of mortgage to Walter Church, Sydney, merchant and Herbert Shackelford Gibson, Sydney, horse dealer

19 June 1871 Conveyance, Walter Church, Sydney, merchant and Herbert Shackelford Gibson, Sydney, horse dealer to John Molloy, Sydney, freeholder

19 June 1871 Mortgage, John Molloy, Sydney, freeholder to Walter Church, Sydney, merchant and Herbert Shackelford Gibson, Sydney, horse dealer

12 January 1877 Re-conveyance

4 May 1881 Security, John Molloy, Sydney, freeholder to Commercial Banking Co of Sydney Ltd

27 September 1884 Security, John Molloy, Sydney, freeholder to Commercial Banking Co of Sydney Ltd

12 February 1889 Assignment, 1st John Molloy, 102 Cumberland St, Sydney, master mariner 2nd, his wife Jane, 3rd John James Molloy, clerk in General Post Office

27 January 1891 John Molloy, Sydney, master mariner died

24 February 1891 Assignment, Jane Molloy, Sydney, widow to Commercial Banking Co of Sydney Ltd

24 February 1891 Assignment, Jane Molloy, Sydney, widow to Commercial Banking Co of Sydney Ltd

Allotment 7 Section 75

William Cassidy held land

Cassidy passed it to James Condon

James Condon sold to James Doyle

NSW Government Architect’s Office 181 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

James Doyle sold to Simpson

After his death, it passed to his mother who was his only relative

28 March 1827 Conveyance, Judith Simpson, Sydney to James Lucas, Sydney

November 1828 Census James Lucas, 23, BC, lodger with Judith Simpson, Cumberland Street Judith Simpson, 54, CF, Hercules, 1798, householder, Cumberland St

1834 Memorial of James Lucas, boat builder, for 9.5 rods, No 70 Cumberland Street

11 July 1835 Grant, James Lucas, Cumberland St, Sydney of 10 perches

8 January 1846 Settlement, 1st James Lucas, Sydney boat builder, 2nd Ann Lucas, his daughter, 3rd Lucy Lucas, his daughter, 4th Richard Hayes, Sydney, undertaker

5 April 1853 Release, 1st Richard Hayes, Sydney, undertaker, 2nd Edward Terrett Parkyns, Sydney, gentleman 3rd, his wife Ann, formerly Lucas, 4th Montagu Consett Stephens, Sydney, solicitor (releasee for purpose of deed)

4 October 1854 Conveyance, Edward Terrett Parkins [sic – but signed as Parkyns], Sydney, gentleman to William Wells, Sydney, freeholder

15 August 1859 Conveyance, William Wells, Cooks River, freeholder to John Johnson, Cumberland Street, cooper

1 June 1884 Lease, John Johnson, Phillip Street, Sydney, gentleman to William Mitchell, 106 Cumberland Street, butcher

21 November 1884 John Johnson, George St, Sydney, licensed victualler declared bankrupt

3 September 1886 John Johnson, Sydney, gentleman, died

Allotment 8 Section 75

4 June 1838 William Williams of Castlereagh Street, requested deeds for grants for 5 lots including Lot 8 Section 65

19 July 1838 Town Grant, William Williams, Castlereagh Street, Sydney of 11 perches

NSW Government Architect’s Office 182 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

8 & 9 July 1839 Lease and release and grant of annuity, 1st William Williams, 2nd Edward Davies 3rd Adolphus William Young

18 November 1863 Edward Davis died

24 September 1890 Partition, 1st John Thomas Neale, executor of will of Agnes Simmons, Sydney widow, deceased, 2nd Frances Gadsden, Petersham, wife of Roger Gadsden, of Mt Gravatt, Queensland, esquire, 3rd Elizabeth Wangenheim, Sydney widow, 4th William Deane, Sydney, solicitor (trustee)

Allotment 13 Section 75

1809 Sarah Mills reputed to have held this land about this time on west side of Cambridge Street

June 1823 Sarah Mills held this land

25 August 1830 Transfer, Sarah Mills to John Gardner

November 1828 Census John Gardner, 49. FS, Mangles, 1820, 14, P, baker, lodger at Mary Driver, York St

3 May 1834 John Gardner claims this land on basis of title of Sarah Mills title

1834 Report on John Gardner, Market Street, baker, for 2 perches, lot 13 Section 75

6 June 1835 Grant, John Gardner, Market Street, Sydney of 2 perches

8 September 1845 John Gardner drew up will in which he left the land to trustees to sell and the southernmost house to “my trusty and well beloved Housekeeper Elizabeth Byron for her long and arduous services rendered towards me”

28 January 1846 John Gardner died

28 September 1846 Elizabeth Byron admitted to Asylum as patient and was discharged on 30 October 1846. She was readmitted on 19 November 1846 and remained there until her death on 8 January 1847

9 December 1846 Conveyance, 1st James Slade, Sydney, landowner and Thomas Lusty, Sydney carpenter, executors of will of John Gardner, baker, 2nd Eliza Farmelin, of

NSW Government Architect’s Office 183 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Minchampton, Co Gloucester, England, wife of Joseph Farmelin, laborer, 3rd Mary Horlick, Dowering, near Minchampton, Co Gloucester, England, wife of Isaiah Horlick, laborer, 4th Matthew Charlton, Sydney, landowner. Northern part of lot 13 Section 75

24 December 1846 Gift, Elizabeth Byron, currently an inmate of the Benevolent Asylum, single woman to Phillippa Carbis, Sydney, head nurse. In “consideration of esteem and regard” for Carbis and as “a reward for the many kind attentions which the said Phillippa Carbis has shown”, during Byron’s time at the asylum. Land measuring 1 perch Gloucester Street with cottage thereon which was willed to Byron by Gardner, baker deceased

9 March 1847 Conveyance, Phillippa Carbis, Sydney, head nurse at Benevolent Asylum near Sydney, to Matthew Charlton, Sydney landholder. Land measuring 1 perch Gloucester Street with cottage bounded on the north [sic] by cottage of John Gorman, on east by Gloucester Street, on the west by Edward Davis’ land

21 October 1868 Conveyance, Matthew Charlton, senior, Sussex St, Sydney landholder to Davis Dunne, Upper Forbes St, Sydney, storeman

8 January 1869 Matthew Charlton, elder of Sussex St, declared that two weatherboard cottages occupied land

1 May 1869 CT issued to Davis Dunne, Upper Fort St, storeman

16 November 1875 Sydney City and Suburban Sewage and Health Board included reports of these properties

21 July 1875 Transfer to Neils Hansen Cranberg, Sydney, bootmaker

28 March 1881 Transfer to Herman Henry Groth, Sydney, importer

13 May 1882 Transfer to Patrick Fanalay, Sydney, landowner

13 May 1882 Mortgage to Alick Osborne, Moss Vale and Ben Marshal Osborne, Berrima esquires

10 March 1887 Discharged

31 May 1901 Resumption entered on Certificate

Allotment 14 Section 75

5 April 1842

NSW Government Architect’s Office 184 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Town Grant, James Cooper, Sussex Street, Sydney of 4 perches

12 June 1849 Surveyor Lewis Gordon completed survey of Lot 14 Section 75, which had escheated to the Crown

16 November 1875 Sydney City and Suburban Sewage and Health Board included reports of these properties

Allotment 15 Section 75

26 May 1820 Transfer, George Cribb, Sydney, butcher and his wife Sophia, lately Sophia Lett, widow of Stafford Lett, to William Wybrow, Sydney, bricklayer and George Woodford, Sydney, upholster (trustees). Land to be held for the benefit of the children of Stafford Lett

1836 Petition of William and Stafford John Lett, that this land had been left to them by their father for their benefit

1 March 1839 Request by G R Nichols that grant deed be made out to all the children of Lett including the daughters but the deed had already been made out to the two sons.

13 March 1839 Town Grant, William Lett and Stafford John Lett, Sydney of 7 perches

11 & 12 April 1839 Lease and release, William Lett and Stafford John Lett, of “Manera” [sic] to Nicholas Bray

15 April 1841 Mortgage, Nicholas Bray, Sydney, householder to Joseph Marsham, Sydney hair dresser

12 April 1842 Will of Joseph Marsham in which he appointed Hugh O’Donnell and Thomas Tipple Smith as trustees to pay maintenance to his wife Bridget, and daughter Harriett

20 April 1843 Assignment of term, Joseph Marsham to Nicholas Bray

25 April 1843 Release, Nicholas Bray and wife Judith to Joseph Marsham

12 December 1843 Mortgage, Joseph Marsham to John Lewis Spencer

16 August 1844 Joseph Marsham died and debt of £157/13/0 still due on mortgage

8 September 1851

NSW Government Architect’s Office 185 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Property auctioned by Purkis and Lambert

17 September 1851 Conveyance, 1st John Lewis Spencer, Elizabeth Street, Sydney, solicitor, 2nd Hugh Frederick O’Donnell, Market St, licensed victualler and Thomas Tipple Smith, Castlereagh Street, builder 3rd Nicholas Bray, George Street, licensed victualler

23 September 1853 Will of Nicholas Bray, Sydney, freeholder, left to brother John, wife Harriett, father-in- law George Body and friend John Donohue as executors. Included “two large houses in Gloucester Street”, with a life estate to his wife of one-third of rents

2 January 1854 Son Nicholas George Bray born

16 July 1854 Nicholas Bray senior died

29 May 1854 Mortgage, Nicholas Bray, Sydney, freeholder to William Nash, Sydney, bullion broker

10 May 1860 Discharged

20 December 1876 Conveyance, Nicholas George Bray, Sydney, freeholder to George Atkinson, George Street, butcher

5 June 1877 Conveyance, 1st George Atkinson, George Street, butcher, 2nd his wife Mary Catherine Atkinson 3rd John Williamson, Sydney (trustee), for benefit of his wife

24 April 1896 Mortgage, Mary Catherine Atkinson, wife of George Atkinson, Boyce Street, Glebe Point, gent to John Thomas Neale, Potts Point, gent

21 January 1899 Discharged

21 January 1899 Mortgage, Mary Catherine Atkinson, wife of George Atkinson, Boyce Street, Glebe Point, gent to Hannah Maria Neale, Potts Point, gent

Allotment 16 Section 75

1795 Land held by – Kane

13 & 14 May 1828 Lease and release, David Lloyd, Cambridge St to Thomas Cooper, Sydney. Of 4 rods in Cambridge St

17 & 18 September 1828

NSW Government Architect’s Office 186 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Lease and release, Thomas Cooper, Sydney, dealer to William Merritt, Sydney, butcher c. 1834 William Merritt died leaving eldest son also known as William Merritt

10 December 1840 Francis Mitchell stated that by a family arrangement the other children had shared the personal property and that William the eldest son would take the land

23 December 1840 Report on claim of William Merritt, Kissing Point to 6.5 perches, Allotment 16 Section 75

22 January 1841 Town Grant, William Merritt, Kissing Point of 6.5 perches

7 May 1854 William Merritt, Kissing Point died intestate leaving to brother James

27 June 1860 James Merritt, Kissing Point died intestate leaving property to his son James Frederick Merritt

9 June 1871 Conveyance, James Frederick Merritt, Sydney, master mariner to Francis Mitchell, Sydney, esquire

11 December 1872 Real Property Application by Francis Mitchell, Sydney, esquire

29 January 1876 CT issued to Francis Mitchell, Sydney, esquire

30 June 1876 Transfer to Ann Smith, wife of William Smith, Sydney

1 August 1876 New CT issued to Ann Smith, wife of William Smith, Sydney

13 July 1876 Mortgage to George Atherden, Sydney, esquire

26 April 1880 Discharge

18 July 1890 Transmission to Mary Moss, wife of Bernard Moss, Kingston, carpenter, entered on register

30 August 1890 Issue of new CT to Mary Moss, wife of Bernard Moss, Kingston, carpenter

12 September 1890 Transfer to William Henry Flavelle, Sydney, jeweller

NSW Government Architect’s Office 187 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

14 April 1891 Transfer to William Henry Flavelle, Sydney, jeweller, Ruth Eleanor Flavelle, London, spinster, John Mason Flavelle, London, gent and John Roberts, Sydney, jeweller

10 June 1903 Resumption under Public Works Act 1900, Section 40 entered on register

NSW Government Architect’s Office 188 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Chronology of the Australian Hotel and the associated shops

Australian Hotel

29 December 1900 Government resumed the lands within the "Observatory Hill Resumed Area" under the provisions of the Public Works Act, 1900, in conjunction with the Darling Harbour Wharves Resumption Act, 1900

November 1903 An advisory board consisting of R R P Hickson, J Davis and W L Vernon submitted a scheme for the re-planning of the area, which acted as the basis for the re-planning of the area's streets

8 May 1912 Observatory Hill Resumed Area was placed under the management of the Housing Board, which had been set up under the Housing Act, 1912

1912 John Murray was granted a licence from 1 January 1913 on the newly created site at the corner of Cumberland and Gloucester Streets

1913 Fifty-year lease was transferred from John Murray to Resch's Ltd

8 May 1914 Sydney Municipal Council approved the construction of a two-storey hotel plus cellar and two shops adjoining (one in Cumberland Street and one in Gloucester Street)

Late 1914 Letter to the Housing Board indicated that construction of the new "Australian Hotel" was nearly complete

1 January 1914 Resch's Ltd signed Head Lease with the Housing Board for a period of 50 years

1915 Resch's Ltd sublet the hotel to John Upjohn who remained the licensee until October 1939

1924 The Housing Board was abolished and ownership appears to have been vested in the Sydney Harbour Trust from about 1930

1928 Merger of Resch's Ltd and Tooth & Co and the Head Lease was transferred to Tooth & Co in 1929

1936 Ownership was transferred to the Maritime Services Board

December 1937 MSB gave notice to licensee to renovate kitchen, laundry and two bathrooms

NSW Government Architect’s Office 189 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

March 1938 Painting and repair of hotel and the two shops

28 October 1939 Extensive repairs required when licence transferred from Upjohn

27 March 1942 Extensive repairs needed when licence transferred

28 August 1942 Painting of interior and exterior plus many repairs requested by police completed for cost of £260

17 March 1947 Treatment for borers in all buildings

9 June 1947 Extensive repairs to hotel

29 December 1947 Renovation of external details and bar openings for cost of £65

15 March 1949 Hotel has been recently remodelled throughout

5 October 1951 Installation of gas hot water for cost of £215

August 1953 Reappearance of white ants in building

12 October 1954 New compressor unit, four 2-tap instantaneous beer coolers and beer panels and one 4 feet bottle cabinet to be installed at cost of £1,660

23 February 1955 Renewal of main roof iron, valleys, gutters and downpipes for cost of £395

1955 The division between the bars was removed and the bar counters were re-faced, the canopy over the counters was removed and the shelves behind the bar were re-built

19 November 1957 Extensive repairs to hotel at cost of £1,487

3 February 1959 The City Council approved the removal of the wall between the saloon bar and the parlour

30 October 1963 All tenants of the shops and residences were given notice to vacate the premises by 31 December 1963 due to the expiry of Tooth & Co's Head Lease and the desire of the Crown to have immediate possession

1 January 1964

NSW Government Architect’s Office 190 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Ownership of property reverted to Maritime Services Board

Post 1974 First floor converted to private residence for licensee

23 December 1974 SCRA informs that from 22 November 1974, York Street North will be again known as Cumberland Street

Post 1980 Floor of private sitting room collapsed and was replaced

Shop and Residence at 104 Cumberland Street

1914 Shop and residence at 104 Cumberland Street was let to W P Fitzgerald who conducted a grocery business until at least May 1931

9 September 1930 York St shop operated by W P Fitzgerald and requested reduction in rent due to loss of business due to demolition nearby

January 1932 Operating as the "Australian Wine Saloon"

March 1938 Painting and repair of hotel and the two shops

29 December 1947 Renovation of ceiling and woodwork for cost of £37

12 September 1949 Installation of Wunderlich metal ceilings to dining room and two bedrooms for cost of £37

1952 Tenant was Griffiths Etchings

October 1963 Tenants were Mr J Coleman and Mr A Ferguson

1 January 1964 Ownership of property reverted to Maritime Services Board

23 December 1974 SCRA informs that from 22 November 1974, York Street North will be again known as Cumberland Street

Post 1974 Shop became derelict and in poor condition

Shop at 87 Gloucester Street

NSW Government Architect’s Office 191 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

1914 Shop and residence at 87 Gloucester Street was let to R Walton. His wife was still in residence in 1952

9 September 1930 Shop occupied by Mr Walton for 16 years now closed

June 1936 Staircase replaced for total of £37/10/0

March 1938 Painting and repair of hotel and the two shops

31 May 1944 Treatment of floors for borers, which were active in the timber

15 December 1947 Extensive repairs and painting of shop, bathroom, kitchen etc, for cost of £70

29 December 1947 Renovation of ceiling and woodwork for cost of £36

12 January 1955 Mr L Peterson was granted a sub-tenancy on 87 Gloucester St

22 February 1963 White ant treatment on shop and upstairs room

1 January 1964 Ownership of property reverted to Maritime Services Board

NSW Government Architect’s Office 192 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Appendix 3

Rate Assessment Book – Allotment 14 Section 75

NSW Government Architect’s Office 193 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Gloucester St – Allotment 14 Section 75

Year Hous Owner or Occupier Description Gross Remarks e Landlord Value Num ber 1845 James William Br Sh 1F 3R 15 Date of Cooper Landrigan 14’ 6” x 24’ Taking 6” June 1844 Bad repair no outhouse “ Peter Wd Sh 1F 20 Date of Sparkes 4R Taking 28’ 6” x 32’ Jan 1829 Middling repair no outhouse 1848 681 Master in William Br Sh 1F 3R 15 Equity Lonergan 680 “ Thomas Wd Sh 1F 8 King 2R 679 “ Peter Wd Sh 1F 10 Sparkes 2R 1851 Charles Gent Abraham Br Sh 20 Leech 1855 20 Sullivan Hardy Br Sh 1F 2R 26 18 “ Smith Br Sh 1F 2R 26 16 “ Peter Wd Sh 1F 26 Spark 2R 1858 59 Michael Joseph Br Sh 1F 2R 20 Sullivan Lawrence 57 “ Michael Br Sh 1F 2R 26 Sullivan 55 “ John Br Sh 1F 2R 31 Welsh 1861 59 Ann Sullivan Ann Br Sh 2F 3R 24 Sullivan 57 “ Maurice Wd Sh 1F 20 Barry 2R 55 “ John Br Sh 1F 2R 20 Walch 1867 59 “ William Br Sh 2F 3R 20 Lovel 57 “ Ann Wd Sh 1F 17 Sullivan 2R 55 “ Henry Wd Sh 1F 17 Degan 2R 1877 59 Anne John J Wd Sh 1F 15 Sullivan Innis 3R 57 “ Anne Wd Sh 1F 13 Sullivan 2R

NSW Government Architect’s Office 194 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Australian Hotel, Cumberland Street, The Rocks Conservation Management Plan FINAL June 2006

Year Hous Owner or Occupier Description Gross Remarks e Landlord Value Num ber 55 “ “ Wd Sh 1F 13 2R 1883 Ann Sullivan Land 44 feet @ £6 a very small depth to this frontage 1891 J Innis Land 36 feet at £30 foot 1901 Mr J Inness Land 26 44 feet @ £12 1903 J Innes Land 26 44 feet @ £12 1907 NSW Govt Land 59 98 x @ £12

NSW Government Architect’s Office 195 Report prepared for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority