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Maldives : State of the Environment 2002 Published by the United Nations Environment Programme Maldives : State of the Environment 2002 Published by the United Nations Environment Programme Copyright © 2002, United Nations Environment Programme ISBN: 92-807-2140-2 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. DISCLAIMER The contents of this volume do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP or contributory organizations. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP or contributory organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Cover designed by Purna Chandra Lall Rajbhandari and C.R.C. Mohanty UNEP RRC.AP Distributed by United Nations Environment Programme Regional Resource Centre for Asia and the Pacific (UNEP RRC.AP) Outreach Building, Asian Institute of Technology P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120 Thailand www.rrcap.unep.org FOREWORD Executive Director United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is mandated to assess regularly the major environmental developments and trends at global level. The publication of the Global Environmental Outlook series, GEO-1, followed by GEO-2000, the Millennium Report on the Environment, and the most recent one, GEO-3 - Past, Present and Future Perspectives involved participatory assessment process to review the state of the world's environment and to chart a new process for global environmental policy. The diversity and magnitude of environmental problems are outlined, with a call for more complete and precise analyses of the poorly understood linkages between human actions and environmental outcomes. Although the number of policy responses is growing, low priority continues to be afforded to the environment in national and regional planning. GEO-3 stressed the need for improving policy performance monitoring at the international level and within the civil society; strengthening international environmental legislation and compliance; changing trade patterns to benefit the environment; harnessing technology for the environment; valuing environmental goods and services; and participatory resource management through strategic partnership between governments, communities, the private sector and NGOs. While GEO-3 report provided an opportune brief for the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) recently held in Johannesburg, South Africa, the preparation process for State of the Environment of Maldives-2002 was also timed to facilitate the national input and contribution to the Summit. In 1998, the UNEP Regional Resource Centre for Asia-Pacific (UNEP RRC.AP) collaborated with the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) to carry out a process on Strengthening National Capabilities on Environment Assessment and Monitoring towards enhancing the input for the global assessment, thus linking national to regional and global initiatives. The Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment, which is the national implementing agency, has played a very crucial role in carrying out this participatory assessment process soliciting input from various government sectoral agencies and research institutions. Around 20 agencies and over 40 individuals were involved and contributed in the process. This State of the Environment (SoE) Report of Maldives 2002 is one of the seven national reports prepared under the above process, focusing on two Asia-Pacific subregions, namely South Asia (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka) and the Greater Mekong Subregions (Lao PDR and Vietnam). The report presents the critical challenges that the people of Maldives face in safeguarding their environment and moving towards a sustainable future. The report aims at providing guidelines for environmental action planning, policy setting and resource allocation for the coming decades, based on a sound analysis of the state of, and trends in, the nation's environment. Five priority key issues for the state of environment report for Maldives that have been identified in consultation with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment and analyzed following "pressure-state-impact- response" (PSIR) analytical framework are: (1) climate change, (2) waste disposal, (3) freshwater, (4) air pollution, and (5) biodiversity conservation. Even though the Maldives contributes less than 0.01% to global emission of GHGs, the Maldives is in fact one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change and sea level rise. The seven main areas of vulnerability to climate change observed are land loss and beach erosion, infrastructure damage, damage to coral reefs, impact on the economy, food security, water resources, and human health. Local air pollution in Malé, has become a growing concern, but the air quality of the Maldives is mainly affected by transboundary air pollution. The management of solid waste has been emerged as a critical issue. Inadequate facilities to deal with solid wastes, besides access to safe water and sanitation, have hampered basic societal structure. Where freshwater is already a very scare resource, the superficial hydrogeology of groundwater aquifers have been contaminated by sewage, chemicals, and pathogens. Improper sewage disposal facilities have resulted poor groundwater quality. While marine biodiversity is the most significant and vital resource base for the country, the livelihood has traditionally been marine based putting tremendous pressure on marine resources. The marine resources continue to be the main generator of food, earnings, employment, and shelter. Coral mining for housing construction and high demand in the international market for certain reef species has exerted enormous pressure on the islands biodiversity. Mining of corals have also resulted considerable amount of beach erosion and other adverse environmental impacts such as migration of residential reef fish communities and other living organisms. While natural resource base such as coastal and marine resources and the tourism provide a great opportunity for economic development and prosperity in Maldives, there is a need of considering appropriate policy packages, determined actions, and ecologically sound technologies, to ensure environmental security and sustainability for the present as well as future generations. We hope this assessment will provide a sound basis for the development of action plans, the next stage of the planning process, policy setting and resource allocation for the coming decades to improve the state of the environment of Maldives and the welfare of her people, as we progress in the twenty-first century. UNEP will continue to provide leadership in the region for the preparation of environmental assessment reports at national, sub-regional, and regional level and the capacity building necessary to support these assessment activities. Klaus Töpfer United Nations Under-Secretary General and Executive Director United Nations Environment Programme September 2002 FOREWORD Honourable Ismail Shafeeu Minister of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment This State of the Environment Report explores the environmental conditions in the Maldives now and proposes response measures that will serve the well-being of citizens in the future. There is of course no single indicator by which the health of the environment of Maldives can be assessed. However, there are several indicators of environmental conditions upon which there is universal agreement, which collectively reflect to a high degree of certainty the state of the environment in a locality, a region or a nation. This report presents several such key indicators from which decision makers and the public can derive answers to many of the questions they may have. This report presents data and graphs that make clear the state of our critical environmental assets at this time: the air, land, sea and biodiversity. The evidence presented in this report illustrates how population growth and human activities are impacting on the environment and provide an indication of the causes of both positive and negative changes in the state of the environment. The report also contains policy options and possible responses to changes in the state of the environment and indicates the willingness and effectiveness of the government and society in providing responses. The vulnerability of Maldives to global climate change and related consequences is highlighted in the report as one of the critical issues that need to be urgently addressed. Along with climate change, beach erosion is identified as a priority environment issue and its impacts on the inhabitants of the islands, the infrastructure of the islands as well as on the major economic activities of tourism and fisheries, are highlighted in this report. This State of the Environment Report, in its recommendations, calls for strengthening of integrated planning and administrative practices by developing principles and procedures for sustainable resource use and environmental protection. The State of the Environment
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