The Trials and Tribulations of Breeding Grapes for the Northern Continental U.S

Developing Cold-Hardy Grapes: The Trials and Tribulations of Breeding Grapes for the Northern Continental U.S.

Harlene Hatterman-Valenti and Matthew Clark • “There is a large field for the plant breeder to work in. We need hardier cherries and better varieties of plums for the market, we need long keeping varieties of apples and many other fruits. How are we going to get these? Only through the patient and hardworking plant breeder.” C. Haralson, 1908

Louis Suelter ‘Beta’ Grape (1881)

• Epidemics in mid 19th century – Powdery mildew – Phylloxera (root louse) – Downy mildew – Black rot

• Introduction of rootstocks Kennelly et al. (2007) Phytopathology, 97(4), 512-522. – V. riparia, V. rupestris

© 2015 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. Distribution of Native Grape Species © 2015 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. Limitations of V. vinifera in Cold Climate Regions

• Cold tolerance: winter • Late spring: frost • Length of season for fruit ripening • Susceptible to diseases commonly occurring in the Midwest

• Elmer Swenson – Established a legacy of coldhardy grape breeding in North America • V. riparia • MN 78 • French hybrids – Developed numerous varieties • Others still being tested and named

© 2015 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. Cold Climate Grape Cultivars • Cultivars by breeder • UMN cold climate Elmer Swenson cultivars – St. Croix – Frontenac (1996) – St. Pepin – Frontenac gris (2003) – Swenson Red – Frontenac blanc – Swenson White – Marquette (2006) – Sabrevois – La Crescent (2002) – Edelweiss (joint UMN)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 15 20 25 30 Year

Year 0 1 2 3 4 5

Cultivar release 15-25 years after the cross was made

Year 0 1 2 3 4 5

• A DNA sequence or gene that can be used to: – identify an individual – represent a gene variant – Be a ‘sign post’ along the DNA strand

Garris et al., JASHS March 2009 vol. 134 no. 2 261-272

0.0 S10_34153 0.9 S10_204720 S10_204716 1.7 S10_402218 S10_592094 2.5 S10_402249 5.8 S0_24528509 6.6 S3_15425817 7.4 S10_1377150 9.9 S10_1472990 S10_1473029 14.9 S10_2868962 S10_2868961 18.8 S10_3085740 20.7 S10_3606712 21.8 S10_3578415 28.4 S0_15860653 29.3 S10_4583458 35.1 S10_5020620 38.9 S10_5682433 42.4 S10_7917640 44.3 S10_6554504 45.1 S10_6575625 S10_6815794 S10_6814559 S10_6502816 S10_6634791 S10_7214836 S10_72 45.9 S10_7251947 49.2 S10_8495568 50.9 S10_8694580 51.7 S10_8485810 S10_8400819 52.5 S10_8495576 54.1 S10_10329269 S10_10306263 S10_10327433 56.6 S10_10801568 57.4 S10_11658068 58.3 S10_12417390 62.4 S10_14811088 S10_14466056 63.2 S10_14508787 S10_15002478 S10_18826089 S10_18926660 S10_18769729 S10 65.6 S10_18926677 S10_18826090 66.4 S10_18806417 68.3 S10_18926705 74.0 S10_21400671 76.4 S10_23071946 76.5 S10_22349967 78.1 S10_21960313

• Use of DNA Markers Tests – Identity and fingerprinting • “Paternity Testing” • Validation of a cultivar

– Select parents for crossing – Cull offspring likely to have undesirable traits

• Gene Mapping – Identify markers linked to traits • Is there a diagnostic DNA test for the trait??

– Identify genes that influence a trait of interest • Can we understand why a mutation or variation exists at the gene level

• Catch-all term – Screen Parents with DNA tests – Screen Seedlings with DNA tests

• Accelerate breeding timeline

• Gain insight and predict

Proposed MAB in Grape Scheme

Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Year 0 1 2 3 4 5

Proposed MAB in Grape Scheme

Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 High-Throughput Phenotyping

• Firmness/Texture • Chemistry (fruit quality) • Metabolite profile Columbiafruit.com • Disease Resistance • Microvinification • Sensory evaluation

© 2015 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. Targeted Fruit Quality Traits • Fruit quality – pH – Acids (<9 g/L) • Malic : Tartaric – Sugars (21-25°Brix) – Flavor/aroma – Phenolics (tannin) – Color

V_riparia Cascade SV14-287 Seibel405 Aramon_du_Gard Landal Villard_blanc

V_riparia_MN89 V_riparia_MN39 Veeblanc Seibel4595 Seibel4199 Rayon_D'Or SV18-283 Landot4511

MN1069 Seibel5656 MN1057 Frontenac

Seyval_Blanc MN1200

MN1264 MN1246

GE1025

Uncinula necator

Daktulosphaira vitifoliae

• Combining favorable gene variants – Gene pyramiding • Identifying off flavors and aromas • Validating that these markers work in broad populations

© 2015 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. Many thanks to • John Thull • Jennifer Thull • Bryan Forbes • Northern Grapes Project • VitisGen • Check out: – enology.umn.edu – grapes.umn.edu • Former project direction – Dr. Jim Luby and Peter Hemstad

DR. HARLENE HATTERMAN- VALENTI

JOHN STENGER, COLLIN AUWARTER, BRITTANY OLSON,

CHRIS ASMUNDSON, TOM PLOCHER, HVC TEAM …………. Goal One red & one white grape for North Dakota. ◦ Hardy: -40°C with no protection

◦ Early to ripen: <1800 GGD base 50°F

◦ Good quality ◦ Total Titratable Acidity: <1% ◦ Sugar: 20-24 Brix ◦ Reds: high tannins ◦ Overall distinct, complex flavor and aroma (not Concord grape-like) 01-02 11-12 05-06 13-14 15-16 03-04 07-08 09-10 01-02 11-12 15-16 05-06 07-08 09-10 13-14 03-04

Direction

Two approaches 1. Short-Term ◦ Quick-hitting crosses between available material ◦ Proven parents and elite materials for our area ◦ Creating releasable material in one generation 2. Long-Term ◦ Series of crosses with selection ◦ Multiple generations prior to releasable material ◦ Building from the ground up Emphasis on stability and quality early

• Continental climate – Dominated by unpredictable conditions. – Large temperature swings – Unpredictable growing season

• What we want out of our vines – Predictable yields – Predictable quality – Predictable incomes Germplasm

• Adapted (V. riparia) – Established parents • SD 62-… • U of M riparia’s – Local material • Red River of the North • Sheyenne river http://www.state-maps.org/nd-map.htm • Missouri river – Bismarck, ND – Culbertson, MT • Many others from several local contributors Year around crossing • Greenhouse offers possibility of year around breeding • Current collection of potted vines at NDSU is over 100 varieties and growing. • Cold room > greenhouse> cold room • Allows 2 pollinations per year for each vine: – 1 month to break bud and bloom – 2 months to ripen fruit – 2 months of vernalization in cold room Year around crossing

• Greenhouse offers possibility of year around breeding • Current collection of vines growing in the ground at NDSU is ? varieties. • Multiple stems at various stages of reproduction on a single plant. • Advantages/Disadvantages: – Growth in the ground vs. pots – Insects and diseases – Plant manipulation

What else can be done to help growers? Recognitions & Thanks

• The research team: • Funding – Collin Auwarter – North Dakota state legislature – John Stenger – North Dakota Dept. of Ag – Tom Plocher – North Dakota Grape and Wine Program – NDSU High Value Crops Project Committee – Chris Asmundson – North Dakota Grape and Wine Association – Volunteers over the years – North Dakota State University Graduate School

• Materials • Those who paved the way for our industry – U of Saskatchewan – Mark Hart – University of Minnesota – Carl Camper – Elmer Swenson – Jacob Ballinger – South Dakota State – Dave Griffin – AND MANY MORE … – Jeff Peterson – So many others Questions?