C A a 3 IQ V/ S T ' *

COLONIA BOER, AN AFRIKANER SETTLEMENT IN CHUBUT,

Brian M. du Toit

The Edwin Mellen Press Lewiston/Queenston/Lampeter COLONIA BOER AN AFRIKANER SETTLEMENT IN CHUBUT, ARGENTINA

Page List of Figures vii List of Tables ix List of Maps ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi FOREWORD xv I ARGENTINA AND ITS IMMIGRATION POLICY Native Patagonians 1 Democratization 4 Growth by Immigration 7 Recruiting Immigrants 9 The Use of Propaganda Services and Agents 14 II AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES

Why do People Migrate : .... 19 Early Agricultural Settlements \. . . . 23 Colonia Galesa 26 Colonia Baron Hirsch 34 Settling 39 III THE WAR THAT DIVIDED The War .44 The Rebels 45 Other Opposition 46 Lord Kitchener's Policy 49 The Offer of Peace 55 Coming Home 64 Those Who Refused 67 IV BOER EMIGRATION Self Appointed Agents 73 Negotiating the Future 75 The Decision to Emigrate - 1902 80 Government Suspicion 87 Visser Versus Visser 92 Further Emigration - 1903 105 Church Opposition 113 Get Aboard, Everybody - 1905 118 V ARRIVING IN PATAGONIA The Natural Setting 131 The Climate 135 The First Arrivals 135 C.J.N. Visser 146 Continued Propaganda Against Argentina 151 Comodoro Rivadavia 154 Later Arrivals 159 Sarmiento 163 VI THE FIRST YEARS The Emerging Community 167 Land and People . . . 170 The and the Government 177 A Glance at 187 Outside Visitors to Patagonia 188 VII SOCIAL ORGANIZATION Settlement Pattern 202 Marriage 205 Families 209 The Kinship System 212 Naming 215 Social Life 218 The Question of Color 223 Crime and Frontier Justice 230 VIII RELIGION AND THE CHURCHES Churches and Denominations 242 The First Congregation(s)? 244 The Rev. J.A. Jacobs 249 Shepherdless? 260 The Rev. A.C. Sonneveldt 262 The Women Organize 266 Renewed Contact from South Africa 270 IX SCHOOLING AND EDUCATION Speaking Afrikaans 285 Yo No Hablo Espanol 287 Frontier Days 288 Farm Schools 291 The Church and Education 296 Christian National Education 305 Education Wants and Needs 313 X ECONOMIC CONDITIONS Black Gold 320 The Question of Title 323 Sheep and More Sheep 327 Man's Best Friend 337 Mixed Farming 340 Economic Situation of the Boers 348 XI THE WATERSHED YEARS Early Dissatisfaction with Argentina 354 The Church's Involvement 362 South African Government's Involvement 376 The Angola Boers 386 Repatriation-Possibility or Reality? 390 South African Nationalistic Fervor 396 Repatriation 397 Migration Concluded? 406 XII ARGENTINEANS OF BOER EXTRACTION Transition 414 Argentineans of Boer Extraction 417 DENOUEMENT AND OVERVIEW '423 ADDENDA 429 BIBLIOGRAPHY 441 INDEXES Actors 455 Authors 462 Subjects 465