PAPERS. Some Early Mining days at Portage Lake, by Graham Pope, President ...... 12 Steel Construction for Mines, by J. F. Jackson ...... 18 Historical Sketch of Smelting and Refining Lake Copper, by Jas. B. Cooper...... 23 No. 5 Shaft at the Tamarack Mine, by W. E. Parnall, Jr..26 The Crystalization of Mohawkite, Domeykite and Other Similar Arsenides, by Dr. Geo. A. Koenig...... 31 A Cause for Inaccuracy in Colorimetric Copper determinations, by Dr. Geo. A. Koenig ...... 32

The Testing and Control of the Product in a Modern Copper Refinery, by Geo. L. Heath ...... 33 [For brief description see paper by J. F. Jackson on page 39.] Corliss Cross-Compound Pumping Engine in Penobscot PROCEEDINGS Mine, by Jno. A. Redfern ...... 40 OF THE The Invasion of the Water Tube Boiler into the Copper Lake Superior Mining Institute Country, by O. P. Hood...... 42 SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING A New form of Mine Drill Bit, by Walter Fitch...... 44 HOUGHTON, MICH., College View of Mining Graduate, by F. W. McNair, MARCH 5-9, 1901. Pres’t M. C. of Mines...... 47 A Plea for Accurate Maps, by L. L. Hubbard ...... 49

VOL. VII. Tapping the water in the old Minnesota Mine, by S. Howard Brady ...... 54

PUBLISHED BY THE INSTITUTE. OFFICERS OF THE LAKE SUPERIOR MINING PRESS OF IRON ORE, INSTITUTE, 1901. ISHPEMING, MICH.

INDEX

Officers of the Institute ...... 1 List of Members...... 2 List of Papers Published in Preceding Numbers...... 4 Rules of the Institute ...... 5 Minutes of Seventh Annual Meeting ...... 6 Candidates approved for Membership 1901...... 10 Financial Statement ...... 11 Members and Guests in attendance 7th Annual Meeting11

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 1 of 54 HONORARY MEMBERS. Collick, Alfred, Ishpeming, Mich. Mich. Floeter, Albert Henry, Collins, S. J., Milwaukee, Wis. Redridge, Mich. Conover, Abram B., 171 Lake Formis, Andre, Ishpeming, Raphael Pumpelly, Newport, R.I. N. H. Winchell, Minneapolis. St., Chicago, Ill. Mich. T. B. Brooks, Newburg, N. Y. Cooper, James B., So. Lake Frangquist, August, Crystal Linden. Mich. Falls, Mich.

Copeland, F., Vulcan Mich. Coventry, F. L., Garberson, W. R,, Grand Commonwealth, Wis. Pacific, Chicago, Ill. ACTIVE MEMBERS. Cowling, Nicholas, Ely, Minn. Gardner, W. A., Chicago, Ill. Crowell, Benedict, Cleveland, Gay, Joseph E., 11-13 Ohio. William St., New York City. Abeel, G. H., Hurley, Wis. Brewster, Edward E., Iron Cundy, Jas. H., Quinnesec, Gibbs, George, Baltimore Adams, John Q., Negaunee, Mountain, Mich. Mich. Locomotive Works, Mich. Brigham, E. D., Chicago, Ill. Cundy, Joseph J., Quinnesec, Philadelphia, Pa. Ahbe, F. R., Soudan, Minn. Brown, E. F., Iron Mountain, Mich. Gibson, Thoborn, Amasa, Allen, W. J., Humboldt, Mich. Mich. Curry, Geo. A., Houghton, Mich. Alvar, Geo. A., Norway, Mich. Brown, Glenn Charles, Mich. Gilchrist, J. D., Sunrise, Ames, A. F., 5580 Canal St., Eveleth, Minn. Curry, S. S., Ironwood, Mich. Wyoming. Chicago, Ill. Brown, Wm. C, Box 14, Goldsworthy, Martin, Iron Anderson, G. A., Brooklyn, N. Y. Dalton, H. G., Cleveland, Mountain, Mich. Commonwealth, Wis. Browning, Richard C, Iron Ohio. Goodsell, B. W., 33 So. Canal Appleby, Wm. R., Mountain, Mich. Davidson, O. C, St., Chicago, Ill. Minneapolis, Minn. Coggin, F. G., Jr., Redridge, Commonwealth, Wis. Goudie, Jas. H., Ironwood, Mich. Dee, Jas. R., Houghton, Mich. Mich. Baer, Henry L., Hancock, Campbell, Duncan, Dee, John B., Houghton, Grant. U. S., Minneapolis, Mich. Ishpeming, Mich. Mich. Minn. Baker, Fred J., Ishpeming, Carbis, Frank, Iron Mountain, Denton, F. W., Atlantic Mine, Greatsinger, J. L., Brooklyn N. Mich. Mich. Mich. Y. Ball, Edwin, Birmingham, Ala. Carbis, John, Iron Mountain, Dickinson, E. S., Norway, Green, R. B., Two Harbors, Barber, S. S., Bessemer, Mich. Mich. Minn. Mich. Carey. John, 513 Rookery, Drake, Frank, Ironwood, Mich. Green, Howard Jr., Barr, H. A., Escanaba, Mich. Chicago, Ill. Drake, Marcus M., Jr., Marquette, Mich. Bayley, W. S., Waterville, Me. Carmichael, Thos., Beacon, Houghton, Mich. Bayliss, Willard, Ironwood, Mich. Dubois, Howard W., 1527 N. Haire, Norman W., Ironwood, Mich. Carter, R. B., 96 Lake St., 29th St., Philadelphia, Pa. Mich. Beattie, S. T., Florence, Wis. Chicago, Ill. Duncan, John, Calumet, Mich. Hall, C. H., Evanston, Ill. Begole, F. H., Marquette, Chadbourne, T. L., Houghton, Duncan, Murray M., Hanna, L. C, Cleveland, Ohio. Mich. Mich. Ishpeming, Mich. Hardenburgh, L. M., Hurley, Bennett, R. M., Minneapolis, Chamberlain, Morrow, Dunn, Bird W., Greenland, Wis. Minn. New York Building. Chattanooga, Tenn. Mich. Hardly, J. Wheeler, 11-13 Bennett, S. E., Crystal Falls, Channing, J. Parke, 34 Park Dunstan, Thos. B., Hancock, William St., New York City. Mich. Place, New York City. Mich. Harper, Geo. Vance, Bjork, Arvid, Crystal Falls, Chinn, Wm. P., McKinley, Dyer, H. H., Biwabic, Minn. Marquette, Mich. Mich. Minn. Harris, S. B., Hancock, Mich. Blackwell, Frank, Ely, Minn. Chynoweth, James, Calumet, Edwards, A. D., Atlantic Mine, Hartman, Frederick, Bohman, Chas. E., Iron Mich. Mich. Kearsarge P. O., Mich. Mountain, Mich. Clancey, James, Ishpeming, Ellard, H. F., Ironwood, Mich. Haselton, H. S., Cleveland, Botspord, Chas. W., Mich. Elliott, Mark, Palmer, Mich. Ohio. Trimountain, Mich. Clark, Alonzo Webster, Jr., Emmerton, F. A., Cleveland, Hayden, Geo., Ishpeming, Brackenbury, Cyril, Hancock, Eveleth, Minn. Ohio. Mich. Mich. Clarkson, Jas. F., 159 La Esselstyn, John N., Baker Hayden, Joseph M., Bradt, E. F., Iron Mountain, Salle St., Chicago, Ill. City, Oregon. Ishpeming, Mich. Mich. Clergue, Francis H., Sault Elliott, S. R., Ironwood, Mich. Heath, Geo. L., So. Lake Brady, Samuel, Rockland, Ste. Marie, Mich. Linden, Mich. Mich. Coggin, F. G., Jr., Redridge, Fairbairn, C. T., Virginia Minn. Hellberg, Gustuf A., Norway, Brady, S. Howard, Rockland, Cole, T. F., Duluth, Minn. Fesing, Herman W., Calumet, Mich. Mich. Mich. Hendrick, C. E., Ishpeming, Brandecker, Frank, Ironwood, Findley, A. I., 27 Vincet, St, Mich. Mich. Cleveland, Ohio. Hillyer, V. S., Iron Mountain, Breitung, Edward N., Fisher, H. D., Florence, Wis. Mich. Marquette, Mich. Fisher, James Jr., Laurium, Hodge, Chas. J., Houghton, Brett, Henry, Calumet, Mich. Mich. Mich. Fitch, Chas. H., Oak Park, Ill. Holland, James, Iron Cole, W. A., Ironwood, Mich. Flewelling, A. L., Crystal Falls, Fitch, Walter, Beacon, Mich. Mountain, Mich. Cole, Wm. H., 117 E. Third Mich. Honnold, W. L., 310 Pine St. St., Duluth, Minn. Flodine, Nels P., Marquette, San Francisco, Cal. Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 2 of 54 Hood, Ozni Porter, Houghton, Mountain, Mich. Lathrop, J. H., Calumet, Mich. Newett, Geo. A., Ishpeming, Lawrence, Chas. E., Amaso, Mich. Hopkins, E. W., Leopold, Nathan F., 108 Mich. Nicholls, Frederick W., Commonwealth, Wis. Dearborn Chicago. Lawton, C. A., Depere, Wis. Houghton, Mich. Horn, A. R., Milwaukee, Wis. Lewis, Hartwell T., North Lawton, Nathan Oliver, Iron Houghton, Jacob, 51 E. Tamarack, Calumet, Mich. Belt, Wis. Olcott, W. J., Duluth, Minn. Elizabeth St., Detroit, Mich. Linsley, W. B., Escanaba, Lee, Matt, Crystal Falls, Mich. Oliver, H. W., Pittsburgh, Pa. Howe, Geo. C, Duluth, Minn. Mich. O’Neil, F. W., Painesdale, Howe, John A., Duluth, Minn. Longyear, J. M., Marquette, Mich. Hubbard, Lucius L., Mich. Houghton, Mich. Lord, A. W., Hancock, Mich. Orrison, J. Iron Mountain, Sanders, M. S., Crystal Falls, Hughes, C. W., Amasa, Mich. Lord, Edward J., 825 B. St., Mich. Mich. Hulst, Nelson P., Milwaukee, Iron Mountain, Mich. Osborn, O. S., Sault Ste. Savicki, Wm. Vaclav, Wis. Luxmore, T. L., Iron Mountain, Marie, Mich. Houghton, Mich. Hulst, Harry T., Houghton, Mich. Osborne, Nathan Sanford, Scadden, Frank, Crystal Falls, Mich. Lynch, Thomas F., 1510 Old Houghton, Mich. Mich. Hyde, Welcome, Appleton, Colony Bldg. Chicago, Ill. Osgood, S. W., Jr., Copper Scott, Dunbar D., Houghton, Wis. Harbor, Mich. Mich. Maas, Arthur E., Negaunee, Seaman, A. E., Houghton, Jackson, J. F., Houghton, Mich. Palmer, E. V., Mass City, Mich. Mich MacNaughton, Jas., Calumet, Mich. Searles, E. C., Crystal Falls, Johnson, Edward, Virginia, Mich. Parker, Richard A., Boston, Mich. Minn. Manville, H. E., Milwaukee, Mass. Senter, Albert W., So. Lake Johnston, Wm. H., Ishpeming, Wis. Parker, Wm, A., 509 Home Linden, Mich. Mich. Manville, T. F., Milwaukee, Insurance Bldg., Chicago, Shephard, Amos, Iron Belt, Jones, B. W., Vulcan, Mich. Wis. Ill. Wis. Jones, Charles Colcock, Marr, Geo. A., Houghton, Parnall, S. A., Globe, Arizona. Sherlock, Thomas, Escanaba, Marquette, Mich. Mich. Parnall, Wm. E., Jr., Calumet, Mich. Jones, J. T., Iron Mountain, Mars, Wm. P., Duluth, Minn. Mich. Shields, Jas. W., So. Lake Mich. Martin, Thomas H., Paull, H. B., Globe, Arizona. Linden, Mich. Jopling, J. E., Ishpeming, Ishpeming, Mich. Peacock, Dan C, Shields, John C., Hancock, Mich. Mather, Wm. G., Cleveland, Commonwealth, Wis. Mich. Joyce, J. T. J., Eveleth, Minn. Ohio, Pearce, Jas. H., Virginia, Shields, Robert H., Arcadian, Judson, F. A., Trenton, N. J. McCarthy, M., McKinley, Minn. Mich. Minn. Pengilly, John, Ely, Minn. Sjogren, S. A., Hjalmar Karkeet, J. H., Iron Mountain, McComber, F. B., 19 So. Penhallegon, Will J., Calumet, Upsala Sweden. Mich. Canal St., Chicago, Ill. Mich. Smith, Fred, Allouez, Mich. Kaufman, Louis G., McDonald, D. B., Virginia. Peterson, John O., Smith, Philip Sidney, Marquette, Mich. Minn. Winona,Mich, Houghton, Mich. Kellerschon, J., Ironwood, McGee, M. B., Crystal Falls, Peterson, Olaf G., Ishpeming, Smith, Willard Joseph, Mich. Mich. Mich. Kearsarge, Mich. Kelly, Wm., Vulcan, Mich. McKee, W. E., Ishpeming, Smyth, H. L., Cambridge, Kent, Bamlet, Houghton, Mich. Piper, James, Negaunee, Mass. Mich. McKeever, R. T., Houghton, Mich. Sperr, F. W., Houghton, Mich. Keys, Frank, Sparta, Minn. Mich. Pitkin, S. H., Akron, Ohio. Stabler, O. F., Ironwood, Kidwell, Edgar, 207 Front St., McLean, J. H., Ironwood, Platto, Frank, Ishpeming. Mich. San Francisco, Cal. Mich. Mich. Stackhouse, Powell, Kirkpatrick, J. Clark, Palmer, McNair, F. W., Houghton, Pope, Graham, Houghton, Wallingford, Pa. Mich. Mich. Mich. Stanton, F. McM., Atlantic Knight, R. C., McNeil, E. D., Crystal Falls, Prescott, P. M., Oregon, St., Mine, Mich. Commonwealth, Wis. Mich. Milwaukee, Wis. Stanton, John, 11 and 13 Knox, John, Trimountain, Michelson, Axel E., Duluth, Pryor, John C., Houghton, William St., New York City. Mich. Minn. Mich. Stanton, John R., 11 and 13 Koenig, George A., Houghton, Miller, L. B., 39 Wade Pryor, Reginald C., Houghton, William St., New York City. Mich. Building, Cleveland, Ohio. Mich. Stephens, James, Ishpeming, Krause, Chas. H., So. Lake Mills, F. P. Coulterville, Cal. Mich. Linden, Mich. Mitchell, P., Aibbing, Minn. Raht, Chas., 56 Pine St., New Stephens, Horace J., Kruse, Henry J., Beacon, Mixer, Chas. T. Ishpeming, York. Houghton, Mich. Mich. Mich. Rattle, W. J., 807 Western Streeter, Albert T., Calumet, Monroe, W. G., Iron Reserve Bldg., Cleveland, Mich. LaLonde, B. E., Ishpeming, Mountain, Mich. Ohio. Sturtevant, H. B., Flat River, Mich. Moore, Carlton Franklin, Redfern, J. A., Hibbing, Minn. Mo. Lane, Alfred C, Lansing, Mich. Houghton, Mich. Rees, Allen P., Houghton, Sutherland, D. E., Ironwood, Lane, J. S., Akron, Ohio. Morgan, D. T., Republic, Mich. Mich. Larson, E. T., Ironwood, Mich. Mich. Richards, Wm. J., Crystal Sweeney, E. F., Virginia, Larsson, Per, Roros, Norway, Munroe, H. S. School of Falls, Mich. Minn. Lasier, Fred G., Iron Mines, New York City. Roberts, C. T., Crystal Falls, Swift, Geo. D., Duluth, Minn.

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 3 of 54 Mich. Roberts, Enoch, Vulcan, Thompson, A. W., Vulcan, LIST OF PAPERS PUBLISHED IN Mich. Mich. PRECEDING NUMBERS. Roberts, E. S., Iron River, Thompson, Jas. R., Ironwood, Mich. Mich. Roberts, Harvey, Duluth, Trebilcock, John, National, Minn. Mich. Roberts, R., Negaunee, Mich. Tregonning, Joseph, Roscorla, N. B., Ironwood, Ishpeming, Mich. Mich. Trepanier, Henry, Iron Rose, R. S., Cimarron, N. M. Mountain, Mich. Rothwell, H. G., care E. N. Breitung, Marquette, Mich. Rough, Jas. H., Ishpeming, Mich. Rundle, A. J., Iron Mountain, Mich. Ryan, Edwin Patrick, Houghton, Mich. Trestrail, Wm. M., Iron Walker, Elton W., Calumet, Mountain’ Mich. Mich. Truscott, Henry, Loretto, Ward, E. T., 33 So. Canal St., Mich. Chicago, Ill. Tweedy, R. B., Milwaukee, Warren, Oscar P., Hibbing, Wis. Minn. Warriner, S. D., Wilkebarre, Unzicker, Walter, Sparta, Pa. Minn. Wenstrom, Olof, Sulitjelma, Uren, Wm. J., Houghton. Norway, Mich. White, Peter, Marquette, VanDyke, John H., Mich. Milwaukee, Wis. Whiting, S, B., Cambridge, VanDyke, Wm. D., Mass. Milwaukee, Wis. Wilcox, James, Arcadian, VanEvera, John R., Mich. Marquette, Mich. Winchell, Horace V., Butte VanMater, J. A., Elvins, St., City, Mont. Francois Co., Mo. Woodbridge, Dwight, Duluth, VanOrden Frank, Houghton, Minn. Mich. Woodworth, Geo. L., Iron VanOrden, Matthew, River, Mich. Houghton, Mich. Vaughan, S. H., Houghton, Yungbluth, A. J., Ishpeming, Mich. Mich. Vickers, J. M., Coulterville, Cal.

DECEASED MEMBERS.

Albert Conro. Edward Ryan. J. B. Lyons.

NOTE.—Members will please notify secretary of change of address.

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 4 of 54 payment of fifty dollars at one time, and shall not be RULES OF THE INSTITUTE liable thereafter to annual dues. Any member in arrears may, at the discretion of the council, be deprived of the receipt of publications or be stricken from the list of I. members when in arrears six months; PROVIDED, that he OBJECTS. may be restored to membership by the council on the payment of all arrears, or by re-election after an interval The objects of the Lake Superior Mining Institute are to of three years. promote the arts and sciences connected with the economical production of the useful minerals and metals VI. in the Lake Superior region, and the welfare of those OFFICERS. employed in these industries, by means of meetings for social intercourse, by excursions, and by the reading There shall be a president, five vice-presidents, five and discussion of practical and professional papers, and managers, a secretary and a treasurer, and these to circulate, by means of publications among its officers shall constitute the council. members, the information thus obtained. VII. II. TERM OF OFFICE. MEMBERSHIP. The president, secretary and treasurer shall be elected Any person interested in the objects of the Institute is for one year and the vice-presidents and managers for eligible for membership. two years, except that at the first election two vice- presidents and three managers shall be elected for only Honorary members, not exceeding ten in number, may one year. No president, vice-president or manager shall be admitted to all the privileges of regular members be eligible for immediate re-election to the same office at except to vote. They must be persons eminent in mining the expiration of the term for which he was elected. The or science relating thereto. term of office shall continue until the adjournment of the III. meeting at which their successors are elected. ELECTION OF MEMBERS. Vacancies in the council, whether by death, resignation, or the failure for one year to attend the council meetings, Each person desirous of becoming a member shall be or to perform the duties of the office, shall be filled by the proposed by at least three members, approved by the appointment of the council, and any person so appointed council, and elected by ballot at a regular meeting (or by shall hold office for the remainder of the term for which ballot at any time conducted through the mail, as the his predecessor was elected or appointed; PROVIDED, council may prescribe) upon receiving three-fourths of that such appointment shall not reader him ineligible at the votes cast. He shall become a member on the the next election^ payment of his first annual dues, within ninety days of the notification of his election. VIII. Each person proposed as an honorary member shall be DUTIES OF OFFICERS. recommended by at least ten members, approved by the All the affairs of the Institute shall be managed by the council, and elected by ballot at a regular meeting (or by council, except the selection of the place of holding ballot at any time conducted through the mail, as the regular meetings. council may prescribe), on receiving nine-tenths of the votes cast. The duties of all officers shall be such as usually pertain to their offices, or may be delegated to them by the IV. council. WITHDRAWAL FROM MEMBERSHIP. The council may in its discretion require bonds to be Upon the recommendation of the council, any member given by the treasurer, and may allow the secretary such may be stricken from the list and denied the privilege of compensation for his services as they deem proper. membership, by the vote of three-fourths of the At each annual meeting the council shall make a report members present at any regular meeting, due notice of proceedings to the Institute, together with a financial having been mailed in writing by the secretary to him. statement. V. Five members of the council shall constitute a quorum; DUES. but the council may appoint an executive committee, or business may be transacted at a regular called meeting The dues of members shall be five dollars, payable upon of the council, at which less than a quorum is present, their election, and five dollars per annum thereafter, subject to the approval of a majority of the council, payable in advance at or before the annual meeting. subsequently given in writing to the secretary and Honorary members shall not be liable to dues. Any recorded by him with the minutes. member not in arrears may become a life member by the Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 5 of 54 There shall be a meeting of the council at every regular Every question that shall properly come before any meeting of the Institute and at such other times as the/y meeting of the Institute, shall be decided, unless determine. otherwise provided for in these rules, by the votes of a majority of the members then present. IX. Any member may introduce a stranger to any regular ELECTION OF OFFICERS. meeting; but the latter shall not take part in the Any five members, not in arrears, may nominate and proceedings without the consent of the meeting. present to the secretary over their signatures, at least XI. thirty days before the annual meeting, the names of such candidates as they may select for offices falling under PAPERS AND PUBLICATIONS. the rules. The council, or a committee thereof duly Any member may read a paper at any regular meeting of authorized for the purpose, may also make similar the Institute, provided the same shall have been nominations. The assent of the nominees shall have submitted to and approved by the council, or a been secured in all cases. committee duly authorized by it for that purpose prior to Not less than two weeks prior to the annual meeting, the such meeting. All papers shall become the property of secretary shall mail to all members not in arrears a list of the Institute on their acceptance, and with the discussion all nominations made, and the number of officers to be thereon, shall subsequently be published for distribution. voted for in the form of a letter ballot. Each member The number, form and distribution of all publications may vote either by striking from or adding to the names shall be under the control of the council. upon the list, leaving names not exceeding in number The Institute is not, as a body, responsible for the the officers to be elected, or by preparing a new list, statements of facts or opinions advanced in papers or signing the ballot with his name, and either mailing it to discussions at its meetings, and it is understood, that the secretary, or presenting it in person at the annual papers and discussions should not include personalities, meeting. or matters relating to politics, or purely to trade. In case nominations are not made thirty days prior to the XII. date of the annual meeting for all the offices becoming vacant under the rules, nominations for such offices may AMENDMENTS. be made at the said meeting by five members not in These rules may be amended by a two-thirds vote taken arrears, and an election held by written or printed ballot. by letter ballot in the same manner as is provided for the The ballots in either case shall be received and election of officers by letter ballot, PROVIDED, that written examined by three tellers appointed at the annual notice of the proposed amendment shall have been meeting by the presiding officer; and the persons who given at a previous meeting. shall have received the greatest number of votes for the several offices shall be declared elected. The ballots shall be destroyed, and a list of the elected officers, MINUTES OF THE SEVENTH certified by the tellers, shall be preserved by the secretary. ANNUAL MEETING X. HELD IN THE COPPER DISTRICT WITH HEADQUARTERS AT HOUGHTON, MICH., MEETINGS. March 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th, 1901. The annual meeting- of the Institute shall be held on the third Tuesday of August in each year. The Institute may at a regular meeting- select the place for holding the TUESDAY, MARCH 5th. next regular meeting. If no place is selected by the Institute it shall be done by the council. Members of the Institute and their guests began to arrive on the noon train, a number following on the evening Special meetings may be called whenever the council trains. The visitors were met at the depot and taken in may see fit; and the secretary shall call a special charge by a delegation of the copper country members meeting at the written request of twenty or more and escorted to the hotel. The arrangements made by members. No other business shall be transacted at a the local members for the comfort of the visitors during special meeting than that for which it was called. their stay were most perfect in every detail, comfortable Notices of all meetings shall be mailed to all members, rooms having been provided for all. at least thirty days in advance, with a statement of the After dinner the party was taken by street cars to the business to be transacted, papers to be read, topics for Quincy mine, where they were met by S. B. Harris, discussion and excursions proposed. General Superintendent, J. L. Harris, Ass’t No vote shall be taken at any meeting on any question Superintendent, Thomas Whittle, Mining Captain, and not pertaining to the business of conducting the Institute. James Moore, Master Mechanic. Owing to the very severe storm during the afternoon, only a portion of the

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 6 of 54 mine was visited. The first being the compressor and An ore-dressing building is one of a number of small boiler plant at No. 6 of the “North Quincy,” formerly the temporary structures on the grounds. Of the 153 Pewabic. The compressor is of the Allis type, compound graduates of the institution, over 98% are engaged in condensing engine 30”x60” and 54”x60” cylinders with some phase of mining. Such a record testifies to the 30”x60” air cylinders. The boiler plant consists of twelve thorough work done by this institution. horizontal-return tubular boilers of the Roberts pattern EVENING SESSION. and are of 125 H. P. each. Next the party was taken to No. 2. The compressors here are of the Rand type and At 8 p. m. the meeting at the Armory was called to order consist of two cross-compound 2-stage Corliss by President Graham Pope. There was a large condensing engines with cylinders 22”x48” and 40”x48” delegation present, some members being accompanied with air cylinders 39”x48” and 25”x48”, the capacity of by ladies, who manifested much interest in the each being 4320 cu. ft. of free air per minute at the proceedings. The President’s address, “Some Early nominal speed of 65 revolutions. The boiler plant Mining Days at Portage Lake,” was then delivered. This consists of four vertical Wickes water tube boilers of 250 presented some very interesting history heretofore H. P. each carrying 125 lbs. of steam. unpublished. Mr. Pope’s address was followed by a paper on “Steel Construction for Mines,” by Mr. J. P. From here the party visited the spacious shop buildings. Jackson. The last paper for the evening was an These are new, having been built during the past year “Historical Sketch of Smelting and Refining Lake and equipped with modern machinery throughout. The Copper” by Mr. J. B, Cooper. buildings are high, giving the best ventilation possible and are well lighted and cleanly. The machine shop is On motion the President appointed the following built of brick and steel, and the blacksmith shop of stone. committees: Concluding the inspection here, the party proceeded to the “South Quincy” and visited No. 2 Hoist, No. 7 Auditing Committee—Edwin Ball, J. M. Longyear and J. Combined shaft and rock house, and No. 7 Hoist. No. 2 H. McLean. Hoist is of the Allis-Corliss pattern, direct-acting, with Nominating Committee—Geo. B. Abeel, Geo. D. Swift, cylinders 48”x84”, and drum 26 ft. diameter and 13’2” Jas. Clancey, F. W. Denton and Wm. Kelly. Mr. Kelly face. The capacity of the skip is 6 tons. being unable to be present, Walter Fitch was appointed his successor. Meeting then adjourned. No. 7 shaft house went into commission in the fall of 1900. It is built entirely of steel and was erected by the WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6th, Wisconsin Bridge and Iron Co. The rock breakers, steam hammer, etc., are driven by a Bates engine At 9:00 a. m. the party, numbering 175, took a special 14”x36”. No. 7 Hoist is similar to No. 2, though larger, train provided by the Copper Range R. R. Co., for the cylinders being 52”x84”. The drums are 28 ft. in Redridge, where the new dam for the Atlantic-Baltic diameter by 11’9” face with capacity for 8000 ft. of 14” Companies is being built. Work on the dam had been rope. The engine is equipped with steam reverse gear stopped, owing to the winter, so that only a portion of it and speed regulator of the fly ball type, and is at present could be seen above the snow and ice. This dam is adjusted to 3,000 ft. per minute. The brake is of the considered a feature in hydraulic engineering and will be steam gravity type with two bands. carefully watched by engineers throughout the country. The main structure or dam is about 475 ft. long and 74 ft. The delegates were much interested in the visit through high in the central or deepest section, with wings on the the Quincy notwithstanding the severe storm, and after east of 350 ft. and on the west of 200 ft. This from its getting down the hill, the cars were again boarded and form of construction is known as a gravity dam, and is proceeded to Houghton, where the Michigan College of built of concrete and steel. Mines was visited. Owing to the late hour, only a hasty inspection of the several buildings could be made. The From here the party visited the Baltic mill, then in course work of this school is directed solely towards the training of construction. This mill is being built of steel and is of mining engineers, and the equipment is therefore very about 175x200 in size. complete along the lines of geology, chemistry and The Atlantic mill was next visited, where 6 stamps are in engineering. A large main building houses the operation. The party received much information on departments of geology and chemistry, besides class construction work and points of interest from Messrs. rooms, a large technical library, general offices, and Denton, Jackson and Clarkson. physical laboratories. A great deal of laboratory work is done in connection with nearly every subject and Again taking the train, the next stop was at Painsedale, collections are extensive and in some lines unequalled. where lunch was served at a large boarding-house of the A well-equipped assay laboratory is in a separate Champion mine. Dr. Hubbard and his staff receiving the building. The mechanical engineering building contains blessings of 175 of the hungriest men ever assembled shops and testing laboratories for the department of together. It was rumored that more than 1,000 mechanical engineering, and also furnishes quarters for sandwiches were devoured. After lunch the various the mining engineering work. shafts of the Champion mine were visited under the escort of Dr. L. L. Hubbard, Engineer O’Neil and Clerk Harrington. Work on this property was begun in 1899 Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 7 of 54 and tour shafts are now being worked. Considerable The Nominating Committe presented the following list of surface work has already been done in the erection of officers for the ensuing term: substantial buildings and dwellings for the employes. President, W. J. Olcott, of the Lake Superior Contracts have been made for the shaft and rock Consolidated Mining Co. houses. The site for the mill will be opposite that of the Trimountain on Lake Superior. Vice-Presidents, Wm. Kelly, of the Penn Iron Co., Dr. N. P. Hulst, of the Oliver Iron Co. From here the party next visited the Trimountain property, being received by Supt. James Chynoweth. Managers, Jas. Clancey, Lake Superior Iron Co.. Jas. This, like the Champion, is one of the favorites of the MacNaughton, National Steel Co., J. L. Greatsinger, copper district. Work was commenced in the early Duluth & Iron Range R. R. Co. spring of 1899 and while some delay was experienced at the start, owing to the great depth of sand overlying the Treasurer, Geo. H. Abeel, Montreal Mining Co. ledge, yet considerable progress has been made. Secretary, A. J. Yungbluth, The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. Shafts are being sunk. The buildings and machinery so far installed are of ample size and new ones are being The report of the committee wason motion adopted and erected as necessity requires. There were never more the officers chosen were declared elected by the industrious “miners” at work on a rock pile than were the unanimous vote of the meeting. The newly-elected delegates trying to break off pieces of mass copper for president was escorted to the stage and presented with souvenirs. the gavel of authority by Graham Pope in a neat little speech. The gavel was made of copper and iron, Again boarding the train, the party was taken to the representing the two mining branches of which the Baltic mine. This property was known for several years membership of the Institute is composed. Mr. Olcott in a as the “Six Mile Hill,” and attained considerable few well chosen words, thanked the members for the reputation by the explorations conducted by Capt. W. A. honor conferred on him, and said that he felt proud to Dunn. It is now classed among the producers, having represent an Institution, the membership of which was for some time treated its rock at the Atlantic Mill, with composed of so many of the prominent men in the which property it is closely indentified. The Baltic has mining industry, and where such harmony prevailed as the distinction of being the first mine opened on the in this organization, The meeting then adjourned. “South Range.” THURSDAY, MARCH 7th. The Atlantic was next visited, and owing to the late hour, Mr. Frank McM. Stanton provided sleighs that the party At 9:00 o’clock the party left by special train over the might cover the ground before dusk. The new hoisting Mineral Range R. R. for Calumet. Sleighs were provided plant at “B” shaft was, one of the many points visited. and under the escort of Captains W. E. Parnall, John This is the Fraser & Chalmers type with double conical Duncan, Jas. Ramsey and W. E. Parnall, Jr., the various drum, the dimensions being 12 ft. at each end and 24’4” places of interest were visited. The first stop was made in the center, where there is a cylinderical section 18” at the Tamarack No. 5 shaft and steel rock house. The wide. It is operated in counter balance and has a sinking of this shaft was made the subject of the paper capacity for 4,000 ft. depth. The product of the mine is presented by W. E. Parnall, Jr., and much interest was hauled to the mill over its own road which also takes the manifested in inspecting the plant. As the paper so fully product from the Baltic mine. From here the party took explains all points of this shaft, we will not enter upon the train for Houghton. further description here. The steel rock house, the second largest in the district, is nearing completion and EVENING SESSION. will stand foremost in point of equipment. The hoisting At 8 p. m. the second evening session convened at the plant at No. 5 is of the Nordberg pattern, there being four Armory, where the meeting was called to order by high pressure cylinders each 34”x72” connected direct to President Pope. The first paper read was on “No. 5 drum shaft. From No. 5 the party drove to No. 3 or North Shaft at the Tamarack Mine” by Mr. W. E. Parnall, Jr. Tamarack. The hoisting plant at this shaft is of the Allis This was illustrated by a model of the head frame, also pattern and was installed during 1895 and 1896. The drawings of plan of shaft timbering and cross section of drums are conical at each end with a diameter of 13 ft. at the shaft from surface to the Calumet Conglomerate, the ends and 38 ft. in the center. which are published in this volume. This was followed Leaving the Tamarack the next stop was at the Red by two papers from Dr. Geo. A. Koenig of the Michigan Jacket shaft of the Calumet and Hecla. This is the College of Mines. The first “The Cause In the deepest shaft in the world, being nearly 5,000 ft. vertical, Inaccuracy of the Volumetric Copper Determination,” the has six compartments, and required nearly ten years to second “The Crystallization of Mohawkite, Domeykite sink. The hoisting plant is of enormous capacity, made and Other Similar Arsenides.” necessary by the great depth and the large output to be The last paper of the evening was by Geo. L. Heath on handled. This is known as the Whiting system, being two tandem driven pulleys instead of drums and working “The Testing and Control of the Product in Modern Copper Refineries.” The meeting then took up the order in balance. The steel rock house at this shaft is the of business. largest structure of its kind in the world. Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 8 of 54 From here the party went to the Armory, where luncheon The Secretary read a letter from Mr. B. W. Goodsell was served. Being thus refreshed, the tour of inspection regarding the International Mining Congress to convene was again resumed. As there were so many points to be at Boise City, Idaho, on July 21st. Motion made and visited, no time was lost and the arrangements for seconded that the communication be received with covering the ground thoroughly were most complete in thanks to Mr. Goodsell and placed on file. The motion every detail. The first stop was made at No. 5 which is was carried. the northermost shaft of the company. The next stop Mr. Denton:—As this will be the last business meeting of was at the superior engine house. Here the party found the Institute, although not the last session, I would like to much of interest and considerable time was spent in take this opportunity to move that a vote of thanks be looking over the enormous machinery in operation. The tendered the Electric Street Railway Company, the “Superior” engine has a capacity of 4,700 H. P., with the Mineral Range Railway Company, the Hancock & “Baraga” and “Rockland” as auxiliary engines. The giant Calumet Railway Company and the Copper Range engine “Mackinac” of quadruple cylinder type, triple Railway Company, for their kindness in furnishing us expansion, has a capacitv of 7,000 H. P. Two enormous with special transportation free of all expense to the Rand Compressors are also housed in this building. The Institute.” The motion was supported by Mr. Fitch and shops, which are among the most complete in the carried. country, were next visited, also the Hancock and Pewabic engine houses. Mr. Fitch:—“As this seems to be the close of the business exercises of this Institute, it would be quite En route to the train, a visit was made to the library becoming and the duty of this Institute to extend, and I building. This is a monument of the public spirit of the move a resolution that the vote of this Institute be management of the Calumet and Hecla Co. Here are extended to our President, Mr. Graham Pope, for his found the choicest volumes of ancient and modern services as President during the past year and for the literature, containing in all upward of 25,000 books, very excellent work that he has done for it and for the including all modern languages. This library is for the magnificent treatment that he has secured for us on this use of the employes and is well patronized. visit. Also that the thanks of this Institute be extended to This concluded the tour of inspection for the day, and Professor Sperr for his services as Secretary, and also again boarding the sleighs, the party was taken to the that the thanks of the Institute be extended to the train for their return to Houghton. different mine managers and officers who have so ably seconded your efforts in entertaining; us on this splendid EVENING SESSION. trip.” At 7:30 p. m. a meeting of the Council was held to Mr. Denton:—“I know that the President is bashful about dispose of some preliminary matters. At 8 p. m. calling for a second to such a motion; I therefore second President Pope called the regular meeting to order. The it. You have all heard this vote of thanks to our report of the Auditing Committee was then read and on President and to the others who have assisted in the vote accepted and the committee discharged. The arrangements, and I will put the motion before you.” The report of the council on applicants for membership was motion was unanimously carried, to which Mr. Pope read and was unanimously approved by vote of the responded: meeting and the applicants duly elected. Gentlemen,—It would be simply a discourtesy to pass The first paper for the evening was by Mr. John A. over this resolution without notice. I wish to say, what I Redfern on the “Cross Compound Pumping Engine in said to Mr. Fitch today, that I took upon myself with great the Penobscot Mine.” This was followed by a paper by reluctance the duties of President of this Institute, Mr. O. P. Hood on “The Invasion of the Water Tube thinking someone else could render greater service, but Boiler Into the Copper Country,” another by Mr. Walter that it was with equally great reluctance that I should lay Fitch on “A New Form of Mine Drill Bit,” and one by Mr. down my office now. If I have been successful in serving F. W. McNair, president of the Michigan College of you, it is a matter to me of great personal thankfulness. Mines, on “A College View of the Mining Graduate.” The From the members of the Institute I have always concluding paper was by Dr. L. L. Hubbard on “A Plea received the most kindly treatment and therefore I was for Accurate Maps.” glad to have the opportunity to repay in some measure Following the reading of papers the Secretary presented the courtesy and kindness extended to me. I have done invitations from Mayor Rose and the Citizens’ Business my best to make your visit successful, but I could have League of Milwaukee, asking the Institute to hold its next done but little without the earnest interest and help of our annual meeting in that city. Motion made and seconded people and the local members of the Council. When that the Institute tender a vote of thanks and making arrangements for your visits to the different appreciation to Mayor Rose and R. B. Watrous, locations, the managers of the mines not only received Secretary, for their kind invitation to meet in Milwaukee, me courteously and kindly, but with eager willingness, and that the decision of the matter be referred to the and said they would do all that was possible for them to council for such action as in its judgment may be do. The managers of the various railway companies deemed advisable. The motion was carried. received my applications in the same spirit. What you have seen in this district you will not forget. What has Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 9 of 54 been done for you by your mining friends here I know has a capacity of 16,000,000 gallons per 24 hours at a will remain in your memory as something done cheerfully speed of 20 revolutions. for your advantage, pleasure and satisfaction. I thank The last stop was made at the Tamarack-Osceola you, gentlemen.” Copper Manufacturing Co.’s mill, where Mr. J. J. Case This closed the transactions of the seventh annual escorted the party through the works. Here were seen meeting, one of the most successful yet held by the all sizes of copper wire from the largest to the smallest, Institute. in various stages of completion before ready for shipment, also copper plates and bars. The time now FRIDAY, MARCH 8th. being limited but a hasty trip through the works could be At 9 o’clock a. m. the party left on the special provided made. by the Mineral Range railroad to visit the Calumet & Much that was seen on this trip through the mills, Hecla smelting works, the Tamarack and Quincy stamp smelter and factory was new to many of the visitors. mills, and the Tamarack-Osceola copper manufacturing From Dollar Bay the party took the train for Hancock and plants at Dollar Bay. Houghton. The first stop was made at the Calumet & Hecla smelting This concluded the excursion feature of the Institute works at Lake Linden, Mr. James B. Cooper, meeting, delegates returning home on the afternoon Superintendent, taking the party in charge. The various trains, to winch they were escorted by their copper buildings of this plant were visited. After completing the country friends, who were the recipients of many thanks inspection and just before leaving, Mr. Cooper presented for their hospitality. each member with a neat souvenir in the shape of a small copper ingot. From here the party took the train back, stopping at the CANDIDATES APPROVED BY THE new Tamarack mill, which was the next point visited. COUNCIL AND ELECTED TO Here they are working three stamps of the Nordberg pattern with Wilfley tables. ACTIVE MEMBERSHIP.

Ahbe, F. R., Lewis, Hartwell T., Allen, W. J., Linsley, W. H., Ames, A. F., Lord, A. W., Bayer, Henry L., Lord, Edward J., Barber, S. S., Lynch. Thomas F., Begole, F. H., McCarthy, M., Botsford, Charles W., McKeever, R. T., Brackenbury, Cyril, Manville, T. F., Brady, S. Howard, Marr, George A., Brandecker, Frank, Mars, Win. P., Brewster, Edward E., Michelson, Axel E., Brigham, E. D., Monroe, W. G., Brown, Glenn Charles, Moore, Carlton Franklin, Browning, Richard C., Nichols, Frederick W., QUINCY STAMP MILL, ON TORCH LAKE Carmichael, Thomas, O’Neil, F. W., Carter, R. B., Osborn, Nathan Sanford, The pumping plant for supplying water for both Chinn, William P., Osgood, S. W., Jr., Tamarack and Osceola mills is of forty million gallons Chamberlain, Morrow, Parnall, William E., Jr., capacity per day of 24 hours. It is of the triple expansion Chynoweth, James, Penhallegon, Will. J., type and was built by Nordberg Manufacturing Co. Capt. Clark, Alonzo Webster, Jr., Peterson, Oluf G., W. E. Parnall and W. E. Parnoll, Jr., had the party in Clarkson, James F., Petersen, John O., “tow.” Clergue, Francis H., Piper, James, Coggin, Jr., F. G., Platto, Frank, Again taking the train the next stop was made at the Conover, Abram B., Pryor, Reginald C., Quincy stamp mill No. 2, where Mr. S. B. Harris, Agent, Cundy, Joseph J., Pry or, John C., and Mr. J. L. Harris, Assistant Superintendent, took the Curry, George A., Raht, Charles, party in charge. This mill is equipped with three Allis Dee, John B., Rees, Allen F., Drake, Frank, Richards, William J., heads 20”x24” and Wilfley tables, which have taken the Drake, Marcus M., Jr., Roberts, Enoch, place of the old style round tables in all modern mills, Dunn, Bird W., Roberts, O. T., there being eight for each head. The boiler plant Dunstan, Thomas B., Roberts, Harry, furnishing power for the mills consists of four vertical Fesing, Herman W., Ryan, Edwin Patrick, type Wickes boilers, being a duplicate of the No. 2 plant Flodine, Nels, P., Sanders, M. S., at the mine. The pumping plant was erected in 1900 by Floeter, Albert Henry, Savicki, William Vaclay, the E. P. Allis Co. and is of the yertical type triple Formis, Andie, Searles, E. C., expansion, the cylinders being 24” and 60”x42” stroke. It Garberson, W. R., Seuter, Albert W., Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 10 of 54 Gardner, W. A., Sherlock, Thomas, Carbis, Frank, Moore, C. F., Gay, Joseph E., Shields, James W., Carmichael, Thos., Morgan, D. T., Hardly, J. Wheeler, Shields, John C., Chamberlain, M., Neal, A. C, Harper, George Vance, Shields, Robert H., Chynoweth, James, Neal, O. S., Hartmann, Frederick, Smith, Willard Joseph, Clancy, James, Newett, Geo. A., Hayden, Jos. M., Smith, Fred, Clark, A. W., Olcott, W. J., Hanse, George C, Smith, Philip Sidney, Clarkson, J. F., Osborne, N. S., Hulst, Harry T., Stevens, Horace J., Cole, W. A., O’Neil, F. W., Jackson, J. F., Trebilcock, John, Collick, Alfred, Parnall, W. E., Johnson, Edward, Uren, Wm. J., Collin, H. A., Parnall, W. E., Jr., Jones, Charles Colcock, Unzicker, Walter, Conlin, Thos., Peacock, Dan, Joyce, James Thomas Joseph, Vaughan, S. H., Cooper, J. B., Pearce, L. O., Kent, Bamlet, VanEvera, John R., Copeland, F., Penhallegon, W. J., Keys, Frank, VanOrden, Frank, Cundy, J. J., Perkins, Samuel, Knox, John, VanOrden, Mathew, Curry, S. S., Peterson, John, Krause, Charles H., Walker, Elton W., Deane, E. G., Peterson, O. G., Kruse, Henry J., Ward, E. T., Dee, J. B., Phitzinger, G. W., Larson, E. T., Warren, Oscar P., Dengler, Theo., Platto, Frank, Lathrop, J. H., Warriner, S. D., Denton, F. W., Poindexter, C. L., Lawton, Nathan Oliver, Wilcox, James, Dickinson, E. S., Powers, M. A., Lee, Matt, Woodbridge, Dwight Drake, Frank, Prescott, F. M., Drake, M. M., Jr., Pope, Graham, Duncan, John, Redfern, John A., Dunn, B. W., Reeder, E. O., Edwards, A. D., Richards, W. J., FINANCIAL STATEMENT Elliott, Mark, Richardson, H. H., Elliott, S. B., Roberts, O. T., Fesing, H. W., Roberts, E., Fisher, H. D., Roberts, H., Fisher, James, Roberts, J., Fitch, H., Roberts, R., Fitch, W., Rough, James H., Flewelling, A. L., Rundle, A. J., Flodine, Nels, Russell, James, Floeter, A. H., Ryan, E. P., Formis, A., Saricki, W. B., Garberson, W. R., Scott, D. D., Glanville. J. G., Seaman, A. E., Goodell, H. S., Senter, A. W., Goodsell, B. W., Sheldon, Geo. R., Goudie, J. H., Sherlock, Thos., Greer, Howard, Jr., Shields, J. O., Hall, Josiah, Shields, Robt., Harper, Geo. V., Shields. J. W., Hartmann, W. F., Smith, Fred, Harris, H. R., Smith, K. B., REGISTRY OF MEMBERS AND Harris. J. L., Smith, T. W., GUESTS IN ATTENDANCE AT THE Harris. S. B., Smith, W. B., Hayden, J. M., Smith, W. J., 7th, ANNUAL MEETING. Heath, Geo. L., Sperr, F. W., Helmar, O. E., Stanton, F. McM.. Abeel, G. H., Linslev, Wm. B., Herbert, O. A., Stephens, James Ahbe, F. R., Lord, Edward J., Hood, O. P., Stevens, H. J., Allen, W. J., Longyear, J. M., Hopkins, E. W., Sutherland, D. E., Ames, A. F., Luxmore, John, Hosking, J. D., Swift, Geo. D., Bailey, F. M., Lynch, T. F., Howe, J. A., Taylor, E. O., Ball, Fdwin, Manville, T. F., Howe, Geo. C., Thompson, J. R., Barber, G. S., Marr, Geo. A., Hubbard, L. L., Thoney, James, Barr, H. A., Mars, W. P., Hulst, H. T., Trebilcock, John, Beattie, S. T., McCarthy, M., Jackson, Geo. R., Trepanier, John, Bjork, A., McGee, M. B., Jackson. J. F., Trestrail, W. O., Blodgett, C. W., McKee, W. E., Jeffs, W. B., Unzicker, Walter, Bohman, O. E., McLean, J. H., Johnson, A., Van Evera, J. R., Bohrer, A. D., McNair, F. W., Johnson, M., Van Orden, Frank, Brady, S. H., McNeil, E. D., Jones, O. O., Van Orden, Mathew, Brewster, E. E., Michelson, A. E., Kent, B., Van Orden, W. O., Brown, G. C., Miller, Mixer, C. T., Keese, F. E., Vaughn, S. H., Browning, R. C., Monroe, W. G., Kelly, Wm., Venney, F. A., Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 11 of 54 Knox, John, Jr., Walker, E. W., He found them vastly superior to any he could make Krause. G. H., Ward, E. T., from copper which he could obtain only in the form of Kukham, Geo. D., Warren, O. B., float, or of small pieces broken from the rough edges of Koenig, Geo. A., Watrous, Paul, J., masses. He therefore had no longer the need of hidden Lamb, E. E., Weber, Wm. L., copper which was only obtainable by means of hard Larson, E. T., Wessinger, H. J., Easier, F. G., Woodbridge, D. E. labor, always distasteful to him, and and so his mining Lathrop, J. H., Woodworth, Frank, operations were abandoned forever. Lawton, O. A., Woodworth, G. L., Two hundred and fifty years and more had passed after Lawton, N. O., Young, R. C., Lee, M., Yungbluth A. J., the red man had discontinued his work before the white Lerch, Fred, man took it upon himself. There was then ample time for Lewis, H. T., these pits and trenches to assume the appearance and condition in which they were found in 1845. There was no sign of any work done in the past other than that which could have been done by our modern Indian. We have no record of any winter work in this district during the three years mentioned, except that a party of four men camped during the winter of 1846-7 near Whealkate mountain, and another party of perhaps fifteen men were engaged in actual mining in the neighborhood of Trap Rock river during the same winter, neither party knowing of the presence of the other. Three of the members of the larger party became famous in connection with this district, John R. Grout, Columbus C. Douglass, and John H. Forster. The latter HOUGHTON, PORTAGE LAKE, IN 1859. gentleman has left on record an expression of his feelings of desolation during that dreary winter. It was no doubt emphasized because of his failure to find SOME EARLY MINING DAYS AT copper in paying quantity. For seven months this party lived without communication with the outside world. PORTAGE LAKE They drifted an adit under Douglass Houghton Falls, and BY GRAHAM POPE, PRESIDENT. opened the surface of the rocks in many places on Sections 19 and 20, Township 56, Range 32, without In the year 1845, the lands of the Portage Lake District satisfactory results. Though considerable copper was of Lake Superior, having been surveyed, were made found on these sections, the conditions were so subject to purchase, and for three years, during the disheartening that the enterprise was abandoned on the season of navigation, men of all sorts and conditions opening of navigation. were to be found within its boundaries hopefully prospecting for copper-bearing fissure veins, returning to In 1847, Ransom Shelden established a store business their homes on the approach of winter. These eager at Portage Entry, and the steamers Napoleon and explorers, having soon found that an extraordinary Independence occasionally anchored off the mouth of amount of digging had been carried on from one end of the river, there not being sufficient water to allow them to the county to the other, and finding that the pits and pass over the bar at the entrance. Before this season trenches were comparatively modern, containing too, a people bound for Portage Lake landed at Eagle River or vast number of stone hammers and occasional pieces of Copper Harbor, thence coasted the shore of Lake float copper with fragments of barrel work, were at a loss Superior in Mackinaw boats until they reached the to know by whom the work was done, and why it was Portage some twenty miles west of Eagle River. A abandoned. tramp of a mile and a half over the sand dunes brought them to Lily pond which emptied into Portage lake, eight, To us the explanation is simple enough if we dismiss miles above the camps of the explorers. from our minds the troublesome old theory of an ancient race coming from a far-distant southern land and Previous to this time there had been a large Indian spending only the season of navigation here. village at Pilgrim river, and another at Portage Entry. These Indians, with the great number of coming and When the Europeans made their appearance on this going explorers enabled Mr. Shelden to do a thriving continent, they brought with them cooking utensils made business. A great deal of his time, however, was spent of copper, hatchets, knives and axes made of steel, and in studying the geological features of the district, and as all kinds of attractive ornaments for the person. The fast as he acquired money and credit they were used to native Indian found it easy to obtain all these things in buy lands which afterwards became very valuable. exchange for the skins of wild animals then so plentiful. During these three years mentioned, the Mineral Range for twenty miles each way from Portage Lake was pretty

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 12 of 54 well explored, so far as it could be done by individual They sunk a vertical shaft in the rock to a depth of 40 effort, but as no copper had been found the approach of feet, drifted south 20 feet, sunk at the head of the drift an the winter of 1848-49 saw the district nearly deserted, incline shaft to a depth of 50 feet. From the bottom of and many of these people found their way to the gold this shaft they drove a crosscut west 100 feet, where fields of California. Those who remained worked on in they found a seam of laumonite. They drifted south on hopes that the discovery of a rich deposit of copper this seam 50 feet, and from the head of this they sunk a would result in the organization of large capital, from winze to a depth of 40 feet. Windlasses and buckets which they would reap a rich reward. were used for hoisting and they must have filled and dumped the rock four times, wheeling it twice, a total of A small party was at work on the hillside back of the 170 feet, before it reached the surface dump. present village of Hancock during the summers of 1847 and 1848, on Section 26, Township 55, Range 34, From 1848 to 1852 with the exception of the men at the owned by James A. Hicks. In October, 1848, the Quincy Quincy and Whealkate, the district was practically Mining company having been chartered by special act of depopulated although there were always a few men the legislature, and having bought Section 26, began, digging here and there, hoping to happen on to a under the superintendence of C. C. Douglass, regular valuable deposit. and systematic mining work by means of shafts and Owing to the exertions of Sheldon and Douglass, who by drifts, which was continued for many years without any the way, were then and always afterwards partners in satisfactory results. During this time indications of business, and who had come to have great confidence copper in quantity were sometimes found, filling the in the lodes of the district, having lost faith in the fissure hearts of the people with hope, and in the year 1851 the veins, notwithstanding the theories of imported miners prospects were so encouraging that Mr. Shelden moved and geologists the attention of capitalists was attracted his store business from Portage Entry to the Quincy to this place in 1852, when the Isle Royale amygdaloid mine. These prospects ceased to be encouraging, and lode was discovered. the store was again moved in 1853, this time to Houghton where it found an abiding place. The Isle Royale Mining company acquired the N. ½ of Section 1, Township, 54, Range 34, for the purpose of In the autumn of 1851, Walter W. Palmer, beginning at a mining this lode, and the work was vigorously point about two miles west of where Houghton village is prosecuted with great success in finding heavy copper. now, cut a road four miles long through the forest to This mine was in charge of Mr. Douglass, who had Whealkate mountain, and on the S. E. ¼ of Section 17, become by this time one of the best posted men in the Township 54, Range 34, established the Whealkate peninsula, having given much attention to the mining Mining company, the stockholders being New York work at Keweenaw and Ontonagon which had by this people who were then interested in the Albion mine in time become important. He was at last successful in what is now Keweenaw county. Mr. Palmer’s first work finding native copper in quantity in a lode or bed, and was sinking a sand shaft which he was forced to immediately began regular operations by sinking two abandon because of the abundance of water. He shafts. When winter closed in he found himself short of afterwards sunk a shaft in the rock and hoped by drifting miners, and he was obliged to go to Ontonagon and to strike a fissure vein. Eagle River on snowshoes to procure them. The provisions and supplies for this party were landed at In this year the Cacique Mining company was organized Portage Entry, brought to Whealkate landing in to explore the S. E. ¼ of Section 36, Township 55, Mackinaw boats, and thence packed through to the Range 34. location. During the winter, Mr. Palmer having run short of some kinds of supplies, sent a man named McGee to In the spring of 1853 the fame of the Isle Royale lode the Quincy mine to get what was needed. McGee broke was spread abroad, not only in the United States, but through the ice while crossing Portage lake and was also in Europe, and a great boom was on. The Portage drowned. This being the first death among the white lode was found 200 feet west of the Isle Royale lode, people, the event caused much excitement and sorrow. and the Portage Mining company was organized to work In December, 1852, Mr. Palmer was succeeded by Capt. both lodes at the S. W. ¼ of Section 36 Township 55, Joseph Pryor who continued the work until May, 1853, Range 34, under charge of Mr. Douglass. Three shafts when it was permanently closed, after eighteen months were sunk and the hoisting was done with horse whims hard labor during which no copper was found. In the and whips. The lodes opened were well charged with absence of a banking system Capt. Pryor paid his men copper. At the Isle Royale mine a two-flue boiler with a with orders on Capt. Edwards, who in turn, paid them horizontal engine of 12-horse power was installed, being with orders on John Senter then engaged in business in the first steam power used in the district. When the Eagle River. When a workman wanted money he could whistle was blown during the forenoon for the first time easily get it from Mr. Senter after walking twenty-five all the men quit work for the clay and indulged in a festal miles through the forest with his order. Mr. Senter never observance of the occasion. told these men to come some other day. At this mine a large dining room with a kitchen was built Capt. Pryor at one time gave the writer a statement of of logs, in which the men were never allowed, except for the work done at this mine by Mr. Palmer and himself. meals. Two log houses were built for sleeping and living Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 13 of 54 rooms, one being occupied by the Americans and The Dodge Mining company was organized in 1854 to Englishmen, and the other by French-Canadians and mine the Isle Royale lode on the N. W. ¼ of Section 11, Irishmen. Bunks in tiers were built around the walls, and Township 54, Range 34. Two shafts were sunk on a each bunk was supplied with three heavy Mackinaw hungry looking amygdaloid lode without mineral. They blankets. This became the practice at all the mines until never found the Isle Royale or Portage lodes. They are many families came in. probably 1,000 feet further west. From the Huron mine on the south to the Ripley mine on the north, everywhere During the year 1853, operations were begun by the on the line of these lodes were-found the Indian pits Montezuma Mining company on the E. ½ of Section 35, referred to, being particularly numerous on the Ripley Township 55, Range 34. Capt. Edwards was in charge location, where great quantities of stone hammers were of this mine, and opened an epidote-amygdaloid lode in stored, brought from the shores of the lake outside of which copper was found, but not in paying quantity. In Portage river. At the Portage mine on the Isle Royale May, 1853, the Albion Mining company, taking its name lode a large pit was found where the Indians had worked from the then idle mine at Gratiot River, was organized down on the hanging side of the lode 10 feet below the to mine the Portage lode on the S. E. ¼ of Section 36, surface of the rock. At the bottom of this pit was a floor Township 55, Range 34, which land was purchased from of mass copper into which they could not penetrate. The the Cacique Mining company, before referred to. Capt. pit marks showed that the work was done with the help Edwards was the agent and opened with an adit and of fire. three shafts one of which was rich in copper; carrying a good deal of nugget silver, because of which it was During the summer of 1853 the Pewabic Mining called the silver shaft. The hoisting was done at one company was organized and bought the W. ½ of Section shaft with a whip and at the others with horse whims. 25, Township 55, Range 34. Following the example of the Quincy company their work was confined for a long Late in the same season the Sheldon Mining company time to the sidehills and ravines facing the lake. was organized to mine the Portage lode, on Lots 3 and 4, Section 36, Township 55, Range 34, and was owned The success of the mines on the south side of the lake and worked by Sheldon and Douglass. Two shafts were promised a permanent future for this industry and during sunk and an adit was driven under the sidehill. The the year 1853 a great many miners from Cornwall, hoisting was done with horse whims. In one of the Ireland and Germany came into the place, many of them shafts considerable copper was found. bringing families. Because of this the village of Houghton was platted and lots were sold on easy terms In the autumn of 1853 the Huron Mining company was to builders. organized with Boston capital to work the Isle Royale lode on the E. ½ of Section 2, Township 54, Range 34. The whole of the present county of Houghton was The lode was not found until February, 1854. Three organized into the one township of Portage, and on shafts were then started and all showed rich ground. October 10, 1853, a special first election was held when This was a cause of great rejoicing because it was the C. C. Douglass was elected supervisor, the whole first large investment of Boston capital in copper mining number of votes cast being 28. There being no here. From one shaft, 6x8 feet in size, there was taken opposition, but little interest was taken in the voting. out in the first 10 feet, three tons of mass and barrel In April, 1854, the regular spring election was held, two work, and all the rock hoisted was very rich in stamp tickets were put in the field and there was a most copper. J. B. Bennett was the agent of the mine, and he exciting contest for the officers. All mining work was was also agent of the Ripley Mining company, which stopped on election day, and so greatly had the owned Lots 1, 2 and 3 of Section 31, and the S. ½ of S. population increased that 135 votes were cast, of which W. ¼ of Section 30, Township 55, Range 33, on the Richard Edwards received 63 and C. C. Douglass 72, north side of the lake, where it was supposed the Isle the latter being elected supervisor. The voters from the Royale and Portage lodes would be found, but nothing of north side of the lake spent the day in Houghton, and value was discovered. considerable friction was manifest among the different During the winter of 1853-54 the first dancing party was nation-nalities, growing out of the fact that a great many given in the double log house of Capt. Bennett at the men were prevented from voting by the challengers who Ripley mine. Some of the guests came from Ontonagon required proof of citizenship. This was sometimes and Eagle River on snow shoes. While the dancing was referred to as the “Nose Bleed” election. going on those of the guests not so engaged stood In the spring of 1854 the Huron Mining company, outdoors in the snow where there was plenty room. decided to use steam power at one shaft and a purchase There was great feasting and fun, and exchange of was made of a locomotive boiler with engine and drum mining experience. A collection was taken up for the attached. Capt. Bennett made up his mind that that band. Each contributor seemed to think the others plant should go up the hill by means of its own power. would not give much, for on counting it out of the hat So with an equipment of rollers, blocks and tackle, with they found $62. The band was one violin worked by the steam up and a lad of fourteen years, C. D. Sheldon at Webster mine blacksmith. They kept $5 for the cook, the throttle, a start was made with Capt. Bennett in and gave him the rest of it. charge of the blocks. The people assembled in great

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 14 of 54 numbers to see the work, and voted it better than a had 16 heads of Cornish stamps and a capacity of 24 circus. During one performance Bennett rushed down tons per day when in good order. the hill at great speed using language carrying a high In both the Portage and Isle Royale mills only selected percentage of profanity. When Sheldon got block and rock was stamped and the cost of stamping was from block he found a number of Bennett’s fingers on the $2.50 to $3.00 per ton. A great deal of copper was lost ground, and then he knew what was the matter with owing to the crude form of washing then in vogue. Bennett. They got the plant up to the mine, a mile and a half, in ten clays. Daring the season of 1854a great many people came into the country but there was not work for all of them. In the spring of 1854 the Isle Royale company began At this time the Albion mine was closed and its building a stamp mill, and in October the mill was discharged employes increased the force of idle men. In pounding rock. In November, 1854, this company made January 1855 orders came to all the companies to the first shipment of Portage Lake copper. It was loaded reduce expenses and a panic was on. The boarding on a scow which was poled along the shore and reached house people could not afford to board idle men until Portage Entry after a toilsome voyage of 24 hours. The spring without payment, and so some 400 men started copper was there transferred to the steamer Napoleon through the forest for Green Bay which was at that time for shipment to Pittsburg for smelting. the nearest large settlement. The weather was very The rock for this mill was roasted in kilns and when the cold, the snow was very deep, and the travelers were wood was all burned water was thrown on to crack the without snowshoes. The sufferings of these men were rock which was then broken small enough for the stamps terrible. With frozen hands and feet and faces, they with hand hammers, then hauled to the mill in wagons. made their weary way with insufficient food. Five The stamping machinery consisted of 16 heads of persons were known to have died on the way and some Cornish stamps with a large cast iron axle into which were never heard of again. were driven wooden cams. The number of stamps was In the spring a more hopeful feeling prevailed. An soon increased to 24 heads, and the capacity of the mill assessment was called by the Isle Royale company, and raised to a maximum of 36 tons in 24 hours. Owing to W. E. Dickenson became agent. A tramroad was built breakdowns so much time was lost that the best month’s from the mine to the mill, one and three-quarters miles record in its history was 800 tons in 26 days. T. A. long including sidings. The loaded cars, holding two Trevathan who worked in the first stope in the mine was tons each, were hauled to the head of the incline by put in charge of the mill. horses. This incline was so flat that a yoke of cattle was During the year 1854 the Albion Mining company built a used to start the descending train, after which it stamp mill with 16 heads before they had much ground managed to run to the mill taking up the empty cars. opened. The result was the stopping of the mine, the The train would, however, often perversely stop half way failure of the company and the forced sale of the mill down when the cattle were sent after it to give it a fresh machinery. start. It was said that the new method was cheaper than the old one of wagon haulage. The boilers for this mill were hauled around the rapids at the “Soo” and loaded on a steamer for Portage Entry. During the year the work at the Quincy and Pewabic was No lighters were to be had and the boilers made two or pushed forward with shafts, adits and pits without three voyages. Finally under the charge of J. B. Lyon, success. Explorations on the shore lands west of late a member of this institute, all the openings being Houghton by Pittsburg and Boston people were plugged, the boilers were launched overboard. One of continued until winter, and a number of prospectors were them came back at the steamer and knocked a big hole at work on the Highlands south of Houghton. in her side, but fortunately, above the water line. The In 1856 after three years effort at the Pewabic location boilers were well roped together, the dooms being kept and eight years continuous effort at the Quincy location, upright by means of heavy planks bolted across them. A the great, Pewabic amygdaloid lode was uncovered by large sail was hoisted and the boiler catamaran sailed the Pewabic company, when both companies had into the river. A large Mackinaw sail boat was then become almost disheartened and with the treasuries chartered to go ahead with a long cable and the whole empty. The lode was immediately located by the Quincy outfit sailed up Portage river and Portage lake 15 miles company and from that time forward the work never to Houghton, where the boilers were pulled ashore by halted. Samuel W. Hill was put in charge of the Quincy cattle power. mine and Charles H. Palmer of the Pewabic mine. The engine in the Albion mill was thought to be near During the season of 1856 a great many Irishmen came perfection. It was a beam engine 32 inches diameter of in and found plenty of work at these new mines. In the cylinder with 72 inches stroke. It was used for 20 years autumn of this year there was a great row at the afterwards by the Isle Royale company, when it was Minnesota mine where a number of Cornishmen and destroyed by fire. Irishmen were injured and one Cornishman killed with an In 1855 the Portage Mining company built a stamp mill in axe. On receipt of the news at Portage Lake all the Houghton village, hauling the rock to the mill in wagons mines stopped work, and some 400 Irishmen gathered after it had been prepared as above mentioned. The mill on the Quincy dock prepared to march to Ontonagon Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 15 of 54 through the forest for the mad purpose of killing every of mining companies were organized to work that lode to Cornishman. After many hours of hot discussion wiser the north, namely the Mesnard, Dorchester, St. Mary counsels prevailed and the proposed massacre was and Albany and Boston. The two latter companies do abandoned. Messages had been sent to Ontonagon not seem to have found the lode, but spent much money warning the people of the threatened invasion, and the on an amygdaloid-epidote lode which proved worthless. steamer Illinois left that port well loaded with passengers Both these companies opened the Albany and Boston seeking a less strenuous people. conglomerate, now known as the Allouez conglomerate, Soon after this the general election was held when out of which often looked well in the drifts and stopes, but a total of 180 votes in the present limits of Houghton under the test of stamping failed to be profitable because county John C. Fremont electors received 36, and of the necessity of breaking out many tons to get one ton James Buchanan electors 144. for the mill. In 1857 the Franklin Mining company was organized to The wages paid previous to 1860 were about as follows: work the Pewabic lode on the S. W. ¼ of Section 24, Mining captain, $75.00; second captain, $60.00; Township 55, Range 34, under the same management timbermen, $50.00; helpers, $35.00 to $40.00; landers, as the Pewabic company. $31.00; wheelers and fillers, $29.00; teamsters, wood choppers and surface men, $28.00 to $29.00. The success of these companies was so great that each blacksmiths, $35,00 to $50.00; engineers, $32.00; decided to build a stamp mill. The Pewabic company carpenters, $31.00 to $40.00; boss carpenter, $51.00; built their mill in 1858, and the Franklin company in company account miners, $37.00; contract miners, 1859. These two companies were the first to use the $45.00 to $50.00. Board was $11.00 to $12.00 per Ball stamp in this place. The stamp shaft was 6 inches month. in diameter, the cylinder was 9 inches with 24 inch stroke. The capacity was from 80 to 100 tons per head The success of the mines on the Pewabic lode being per day. The cost of stamping was from $2.00 to $2.25 assured, the Quincy company laid out the village of per ton. Hancock which immediately took rank with others of the peninsula. The broad and high plateau of sand and When Mr. Ball was asked why he used spring timbers gravel had great natural advantages over the rocky hill under the heads, he said, “I am building these stamps.” side on which Houghton was built. Being of an impetuous temper that was not all he said. The number of heads was soon increased to 4 in each During the time of this growth of the copper industry, all mill, and gave great satisfaction. merchandise and machinery was brought to Portage Entry by steam or sail vessels, where it was transferred The Quincy mill was begun in 1859 and completed in the to lighters and towed to the docks of the mines and spring of 1860. It was a Gates drop stamp, but so villages at a cost of $4.00 per ton. In 1859 the producing improved over the Cornish stamps in use in Houghton mining companies with Sheldon and Douglass, that each head crushed three tons per day thus giving organized the Portage River Improvement company and the mill with 60 heads a capacity of 180 tons per 24 dredged out the bar and other shoal places so that in hours. November, 1860, the steamer Illinois drawing 10½ feet The mill was always slopped four weeks every winter for of water came to Houghton with 400 tons of freight general repairs. onboard. The work was continued the following year so that any boat able to pass the “Soo” locks could enter The washing machinery at the Quincy was an Portage lake. Previous to the opening of the river, all improvement of that in use at the Houghton mills, but at passengers, mail, express and baggage were the Pewabic and Franklin mills, Mr. Ball introduced his transported from Portage Entry by light draft tugs and rotary washers, which were a great improvement over steamers. There were, as is usually the case, two rival any other methods, in the way of saving labor, but were lines, but which never reduced the rates. exceedingly wasteful of the copper, which was a matter of great satisfaction to the men who had the tailings on A ferry was early established by an old salt water sailor tribute. named Sam Eales, who took passengers across in a yawl boat when he felt inclined to go. In 1857 or 1858 In 1859 the Quincy sold to the Hancock Mining company John Martin bought out the good will of Capt. Sam and part of the S. W. ¼ of Section 26, Township 55, Range replaced the yawl with a swift moving little tug. The 34, reserving, however, the right to mine thereon the contract with Eales, required Martin to furnish him board, Pewabic lode. The Hancock company opened a lode to lodging and clothing so long as he should live. Martin the west which gave them considerable copper. In this thought from Eales mode of life that the contract would same year the Columbian Mining company fought the soon terminate, and often abused the old man for being Albion mine which had stopped in 1854 as above stated so healthy. Capt. Sam, however, lived some twenty and began again the development of the Portage lode. years or more in blissful ease and comfort at Martin’s The great success of the Pewabic lode, which continued cost. to be rich in copper in all the openings, attracted still The arrival of the first boat in the spring was an event further the attention of Boston capitalists, and a number which will never be forgotten by those who lived here in Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 16 of 54 early days. A lookout was kept on the Pewabic bluff and welcome if he was a manly man. This generation is to when the boat passed the Huron islands notice was them greatly indebted. given and the whole population, men and women, made This little story closes with the year 1860, but it may be for the water side. As soon as the steamer reached the well for the writer to refer to a few things of later dock it was taken possession of, and no freight could be happenings which led to the great changes in mining landed so long as the trader had any remaining eggs, methods in the copper region, and which otherwise may fruit, vegetables, or any articles which the people had never be told. been deprived of so many winter months. The demand for newspapers was extraordinary because for a month In 1864 John Mabbs became the agent of the Isle before navigation opened no overland mail could be Royale mine. He was without previous experience in brought through. The steamboats of those days made mining, being a machinist by trade. His mine was poor, the voyage in much less time than is done now, when there was no money in the treasury, and the frequent passengers travel only for pleasure. assessments took care only of the floating debt, and yet his record stands out as a singular one in the At that time there was no railroad nearer than Green introduction of saving methods. He introduced the large Bay, and all mail and express matter, as well as drum for deep hoisting by installing one of 16 feet passengers came by boat. The tables were always well diameter at No. 5 shaft. He also put in a flat band hoist supplied, and the officers never wearied in making the at No 8 shaft, with a 16 foot sheave thus increasing the people comfortable. Every boat had a saloon. In the speed of the rising skip. This flat band idea was taken day time there was much card playing and in the from the band Mr. Dickenson used on the gravity evening always music and dancing. In the winter the tramway before referred to. It was made of sections of mail was brought in by dog trains and was always flat steel 4 inches wide, ¼ inch thick and 30 feet long, uncertain. Your expected letter might come or it might which were butted together, and over this joint a piece of be in one of the bags hung in a tree, or in one used to the same steel, six feet long was carefully riveted. help out the carrier’s camp fire. Whenever a break occurred the blacksmith riveted All the copper produced was sent to Pittsburg or another plate on so that it was very lasting. The depth of Cleveland for smelting until the close of 1860, when the this shaft was 800 feet. Mr. Rand having introduced a local smelter was established. heavy drill for tunnelling, was persuaded by Mr. Mabbs to make a light and portable one for mine use. He then The product of Lake Superior for 1860 was about 5,000 made a compressor out of some old engines at the tons, and the president of one company objected to mine. Having also a lot of cast iron pipes of different calling an assessment because he feared the over- sizes, he made them tight together by driving in wooden production would make the business unprofitable before wedges at the joints, and thus successfully introduced he could get his mine in shape. the power drill with compressed air sending it 2,000 feet. Up to this time and for many years afterwards, all He found in Chicago an incomplete and unworkable underground work was done with hammer and drill and diamond drill which he bought and took to M. C. Bullock black powder, pick and shovel and wheelbarrow. The who perfected it. It was used here for some time and hoisting was done with kibbles and buckets, with hemp afterwards sold to the Quincy company, and it is well rope or with chains. No mining engineer was required known what it did for them. and the manager who could not work out any problem The story of the introduction of high explosives is so was not fit for his job. No company had any money in its interesting that I venture to give it at length. In 1870, I treasury, and while supplies for mining work were always think it was, but possibly in 1869, Mr. Mabbs bought in scarce, none at all were to be had during the long winter. New York 4,000 pounds of the pure nitro-glycerine oil All sorts of expedients were resorted to to get things which was contained in 100 tin cans. The oil was going again when breakdowns occurred, and it is a thirteen times stronger than the black powder then in wonder that so much was done, and done so well. use. About this time a number of terrible accidents Before the years which are included in this paper, there occurred from the use of this oil, and a great outcry rose were no technical schools in America, except the against it, but after much trouble he persuaded one of institute in Troy, New York, which in those days taught the Pennsylvania coal carrying roads to take it. nothing in mining engineering. Nevertheless, there were Unfortunately news of its shipment was sent forward many men of liberal education, of fine culture, and of when a mob assembled and stopped its passage. It was great natural ability, who sought the opportunity to take then sent back 100 miles, transferred to another road up their life work in this place. As is always the case in and finally reached Cleveland. Mr. Mabbs, fearing arrest any pioneer district; so it was here, that men of for violating the city ordinances, was anxious enough to enterprising minds, of unwearied zeal, of unflinching get away, but could get no steamboat to take it, and as courage, were among the first to penetrate the few sailing vessels were bound for Portage lake it was wilderness. They were full of resource and only after great trouble he was able to persuade a accomplished great things. They were full of human master to take it to a powder magazine above Hancock. kindness and never failed their neighbors in distress. The Hancock authorities having heard of its presence They were hospitable and the stranger was ever promptly ordered it out of the place and it was removed

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 17 of 54 at night to an old stope in the mine. A few days after this orders came from the east to close the mine, and he had STEEL CONSTRUCTION FOR time only for a few blasts. Nothing disheartened he MINES. persuaded the Huron mine agent to allow its use there BY J. F. JACKSON. with the understanding that he was to do the blasting. He put up a little magazine back of the burrows and It is quite in line with the doctrine of contraries that a under cover of darkness put there one can only of oil, resident of a section of the upper peninsula, where containing 40 pounds. The miners became so excited copper is the chief product, should be called upon to talk and furious that they stopped the mine. A great mob to an audience composed largely of iron country poeple gathered and preparations were made to ride the on the general subject of steel construction for mines. enterprising agent out of the place on a rail, but they did It is a fact that the copper mines of this district and of the not get him. That night the mob blew up the magazine west have gone into steel construction more extensively thinking all the stock was there. It having leaked out that than have the mines whose product is the ore from there was more of it, searching parties were formed to which steel is manufactured. There are, of course, many get it. It was moved half a dozen times just in time to reasons why this should be so, chief among which, is save it, and finally it was hidden in the woods just east of perhaps the fact that the shafts, machinery and where the Mining school now stands. Mr. Mabbs and his equipment, about the iron mines are not generally of brother had in each case handled the oil themselves. such an extensive or permanent character, nor do they They finally loaded it into a yawl boat, and started with it have to meet such exacting requirements as the various for Marquette, which place they reached in safety after a mining plants in copper production. narrow escape from being lost in a storm on the lake. They got permission to try it on some of the hard heads Our iron country friends are, however, gradually in the iron mines, and were so successful they had no beginning to appreciate the usefulness of their own trouble in closing out their stock and the use of this product. On the other hand, the iron counties have been material was continued there to a limited extent until the much in advance of ourselves in the matter of electric present method of making it was adopted, when its use street railways, electric mine hoists and pumps, and became immediately general. electric underground tramming, in which construction copper enters so largely. DISCUSSION. These examples are only new illustrations of the old saying about the shoemaker’s wife having no shoes. MR. COOPER: On account of the paper which I will read, I shall certainly question your statement as to the copper The nineteenth century has been called the Iron Age. It being shipped to Pittsburg until 1860. The Detroit works should be called the Age of Steel and Sir Henry were opened in the fall of 1850, and I think copper was Bessemer*s epoch-making invention has been ranked shipped there. next in importance to that of the steam engine itself. These two great inventions have been the foundation of MR. POPE: That is correct as to opening of Detroit the iron mining industry. Whether the new century, works. but was there any Portage Lake copper shipped whose coming greatness defies the imagination, shall be to Detroit? distinctively the age of electricity, greatly increasing the use of copper, remains to be seen. Possibly there may MR. COOPER: I think to the Detroit works, yes, sir. be developed in the near future some 16 to 1 ratio MR. POPE: The copper that was smelted there was between the black and red metals, which shall form a copper from Ontonagon County and Keweenaw County, sound basis for continued prosperity in the upper or possibly the small quantity of Portage Lake copper peninsula, because we have both precious metals, and found by explorers. in great abundance.

MR. COOPER: I may be wrong in thinking that it went to There being but two practical forms of building for most Detroit, but I believe not. I am not positive and cannot mining purposes, the present paper will be largely state absolutely that that was the fact, but I think some of devoted to comparing the merits and advantages of the copper went to the Cleveland works (to Hussey & wood and steel. This task is undertaken with the idea of Company) the same people who were interested in the making comparisons as fair as may possibly be made by Pittsburg Works. a man in my particular business.

MR. POPE: That will leave the question open still, but I As the representative of a prominent manufacturing will make my paper to read Pittsburg or elsewhere. company it has been my function to assist somewhat in adapting steel construction to the various classes of buildings and other structures erected for iron and copper mining, and auxiliary uses. It is the purpose of this paper to point out some of the advantages and disadvantages of so-called steel buildings. In the large cities and manufacturing districts, experience has developed for shops a type of construction in almost

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 18 of 54 universal use, viz: a steel frame structure to carry all called practical people, and that is the fact that they are roofs, machinery, and loads from traveling cranes; which not so readily overhauled, patched up or strengthened frame work is encased by light brick or terracotta walls, as are wooden buildings when they prove to be poorly or occasionally a covering of corrugated iron. The steel designed or too weak for the purpose for which they skeleton sky scrapers of the great cities are generally of were built. It is argued very gravely that buildings of analogous construction. That is, all exterior and interior timber can much more easily be repaired, columns and walls, floors, etc., are carried on the steel frame work. beams strengthened and bracing put in when found Such buildings, although with wooden floors, doors and necessary. My reply to this h that this may be a strong window frames, and containing furniture and point against the steel building if designed entirely by combustible merchandise, are generally called fire proof guess, but it is well to bear in mind that the days when buildings—at any rate the fire risk is reduced as far as is bridges of wood and steel were built by guess have long commercially practicable. gone by; guess work has been superseded by mathematical analysis, and the days of the man who designs large structures of any sort by guess with the comforting thought that he can find the weak places and strengthen them afterwards, when necessary, are also numbered, and he must give way to the man who can design a machine, a tool or a building to meet certain specific requirements in a practical and economical way with reasonable assurance that the thing will work successfully when completed. Coming now to the advantages of the steel bridge, gallows frame, stamp mill, shaft house, etc., we believe that there has been developed a style of construction which contains a minimum amount of wood; is practically safe against ordinary fire risks and meets all climate requirements. I do not call this type of structure a fire proof building, because such a thing has literally never been built, but have generally referred to it as a steel frame building; even steel and brick are not strictly fire proof. The advantages of this practical building may be classified as follows: Decreased fire risk; durability; rigidity; decreased cost of maintenance; adaptability; better light and moderate cost. On the subject of decreased fire risks in the type of construction now in use for stamp mills, I think an unprejudiced and capable observer would agree that, taking into account the character of the contents in both cases, we have practically as little danger from fire as the merchant or warehouse man with his expensive fire NO. 5 TAMARACK STEEL ROCK AND SHAFT HOUSE. proof structure. In designing structures for particular In the Quincy machine shop and Quincy pump house at purposes, this matter of fire resistance should, of course, the stamp mills, we have two fine examples of steel be given careful consideration and sound judgment will frame and brick construction. This type of construction generally determine the happy medium of low cost and is, however, obviously not well adapted to shaft and rock practical safety from fire. In the four boiler houses houses and stamp mills where there is a great deal of constructed for the Isle Royale Consolidated Mining straining and jarring. In this region of severe winter company during the last two years, may be seen a weather we must necessarily make some extra provision happy combination of stone and steel structure, very to keep out the cold. To accomplish that purpose we reasonable in first cost, and worthy of imitation. These have sometimes used considerable wood sheathing in buildings are about 45x70 feet in plan. Each end and a addition to the corrugated iron covering. This is a great portion of each side of the building up to the level of the disadvantage and you have made a valid criticism when eaves is built of common rubble. The roof trusses, gable you state that many steel buildings contain entirely too ends and a large portion of each side are of steel frame much wood. I am, however, prepared to show that in construction. Pump houses and compressor houses are most steel frame buildings, where wood is used for now generally made with stone walls or with steel sheathing of sides and roof, it is used in such away that frames, so arranged that corrugated iron and wood there can be but little chance for fire to spread. sheathing may be replaced at some future time with brick walls, should the price of brick get down to a There is, however, one disadvantage in steel structures, reasonable figure. A pump or compressor that costs which has been dwelt upon by some theoretical and so-

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 19 of 54 from $20,000 to $30,000 should be entitled to the equipment of the Isle Royale mine, lying just south of protection of a first class building. Houghton, will mean a greater economy in the operation and maintenance of its plant than has elsewhere been This is probably the right place to call attention to the effected in the copper country. The usually very large overwhelming importance of having an equipment of item of surface work should in this case be reduced to a machinery, buildings, etc., of such a reliable character minimum. that the mine may be kept in operation night and day the year around. A very considerable increase in first cost is Right in line with this statement comes the observation warranted by this consideration alone, because running that with the introduction of steel buildings and high expenses go on just the same. The eastern director or grade machinery has come a larger appreciation of the stockholder thinks of decreased earnings and has bad value and importance of labor saving appliances, in dreams as soon as a fire or serious breakdown occurs at which matter we must confess that mining people are the mine. It is no longer possible to go to the woods and generally much behind their brethren in the get out timber to replace a burned rock house or stamp manufacturing field. In this matter Carnegie has also mill in a few weeks. This scarcity and increasing cost of been foremost. The development of labor saving wood as well as the loss of production, loss of property machinery in the manufacture of steel and, indeed, in all and lives, which have occurred in the past, are valid American manufacturing enterprises, is the wonder of arguments which make the construction of a wooden the world, and has enabled the United States to compete rock house no longer defensible. The business of successfully in every manufacturing center of Europe, producing copper from an established and successful while paying larger wages to workmen than are paid by mine is of such a regular and permanent character that their foreign competitors. With the introduction of the good business policy demands the installation of the steel buildings has come the possibility of overhead best machinery and the best buildings. traveling cranes, trolleys, air hoists, and various other contrivances. A larger appreciation of the possibilities in Andrew Carnegie’s great wealth and his supremacy in the way of labor saving and fuel saving machinery and the iron and steel business were largely due to the fact devices is a hopeful sign of the times. that only the best was ever good enough for him. He has been called the greatest ‘scrapper’ on earth. As an It used to cost 20 to 30 cents per pound to make copper. instance we may mention that the immense 150-ton By the introduction of power drills, high explosives, ball steam hammer costing $250,000, a model of which was stamps, first motion hoists, etc., and the carrying on of shown at the World’s fair, was thrown into the scrap operations on a large scale the cost has been brought heap after three years’ service, because hydraulic down from 7 to 10 cents per pound. Does any one deny presses were found to be more successful for heavy that there are still greater economies to be obtained? forging than steam hammers. As a successful manager It will continue to be my purpose to advocate in season of large industrial enterprises Carnegie stands without a and out of season more careful consideration of peer. He has taught the lesson that we must all keep problems in labor saving, especially. A natural personal abreast of twentieth century progress if we would be aversion to muscular labor may be at the bottom of this successful in a large way—in our case always contention. My English father used to intimate as much presuming, of course, that there is iron ore or copper in when I was a boy on the farm. True, it always makes the ground willing and anxious to be taken out and sold me feel sad to see good human muscle in the shape of at good figures. main strength and awkwardness doing work which could Under the head of durability of steel for mining be done much more economically by steam or by structures, I think it may be fairly said that the conditions electricity. There are more lazy boys now than formerly. are no more trying about a mine than in railroad and Let us no longer emulate the hard-working mule. When I highway bridges and manufacturing buildings. To be proposed an easier way of accomplishing a piece of sure there are destructive gases arising from upcast work, I was called lazy, and was comforted by the shafts, but their effect on steel work is no worse than the reflection that a lazy boy in Stephenson’s time made the effect of locomotive gases on trusses of train sheds and steam engine work automatically, because he was too overhead crossings. Their corroding effect may be lazy to turn the valves; he was an early apostle of the provided against by covering, painting or by protective new industrial gospel of labor saving. sheathing of asbestos papers or other effective means. Another advantage of the steel building, especially for Many of the earliest metal bridges are still in use after a stamp mill work, is the possibility of obtaining a much half century of service and no particular care. Where better lighted structure than with the old style building. they have had to be replaced it has been more often on Columns may be placed at any convenient point, roofs account of the necessity of providing for heavier loads may be made high with beams or truss spans of any than for any other reason. I think it is without doubt a fair convenient length. It is no longer necessary to fill the air contention that a well designed steel building will outlast with a net-work of heavy wooden posts, beams, girders, and require a much less annual expenditure for etc., to shut out the light of day. Good light and good maintenance than a building of wood. Any unprejudiced paint are conducive to cleanliness and good order. observer can hardly fail to be convinced on investigation Workmen are in better spirits, do better work, and keep that the high grade and permanent character of the their machinery in better order where their surroundings Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 20 of 54 are cheerful and attractive. Let us have well lighted or rock house engines up in a building 30 or 40 feet from buildings. the ground if these principles are borne in mind. This often enables us to dispense with the services of a Probably the most important advantage of the steel special engineer to look after the engine. Besides, there building for mining purposes is the possibility of making it may be many indirect savings in belting and shafting and rigid. Many wooden rock houses especially are afflicted other advantages to be obtained by locating the engine with nervous vibrations from the jerking of ropes on head well up inside of the building and close to the work. In sheaves and from the unbalanced reciprocating parts of general, I think we may assume that the steel building steam engine and rock crushers. Wood has the natural for mining purposes will soon come into universal use, quality of absorbing shocks and vibrations to a greater and be found as readily adaptable to special extent for a given strength of beam or column than steel. requirements as has been found the case in This natural quality is, however, much more than offset manufacturing plants. The advantages in the line of by the practical impossibility of obtaining rigid and lessened fire risk, durability, maintenance, light, stiffness effective connections between the component parts of a and adaptability are so plain that no observing or building. In the old mortise and tenon system of framing progressive mining man can afford to be behind the timbers, now happily a relic of the past, it was possible to times in this matter of steel construction. obtain in the connection of a beam to a column perhaps one-quarter to one-third of the full strength of the timber. In the iron country, particularly on the Gogebic and Under that system knee braces could only be connected Mesaba ranges, quite a start has been made in the way at each end by tenon and small pin, so that they were of building steel gallows or head frames. More of them practically of no effect except to take compression. are sure to follow. Splices in long columns or beams were both clumsy and While in many cases the first cost of the steel building inefficient. Of late years some progressive builders have will slightly exceed the cost of a similar structure in taken to using cast iron angle brackets and iron bolts for wood, it is maintained by parties who have put in connecting the heavy timbers in a building. With good equipment in both cases that there is little difference in timber fairly good work can be done in this manner and the total final cost. Any excess of first cost is offset there is a possibility of tightening up loose joints as the many times by the other advantages which we have timber shrinks or joints work loose. But good timber enumerated. suitable for heavy framing is now getting to be a scarce and expensive article; besides, as intimated earlier in In the last two or three years many more or less new this paper, too little figuring has been done and too much uses of steel have been found. In the copper country dependence has been placed on the mass of timber put many large self-supporting brick-lined smoke stacks into a structure. The thorough bracing of a modern rock hare been built. Steel frame slime tables with concrete house to take up strains from vibrating machinery or tops have been introduced and found to work from head sheaves has seldom or never been successfully. Large steel cylinder drop shafts have been accomplished in wood. To brace such a structure in as sunk through 75 feet of sand to solid rock and filled with thorough and effective a manner as is done in the concrete to form a solid foundation for stamp heads. A modern steel rock house will usually cost practically as large underground pump chamber is being lined with much money as it does in the steel building. sets of I beams, lagged with corrugated iron arches and concrete. Extensive steel coal handling machinery has In contrast with the inefficiency of ordinary wood bracing been put in. Perhaps the most notable of all new we have in steel construction a very great advantage in departures is the new steel and concrete dam now under the line of efficient bracing. In the first place the construction for the Atlantic and Baltic mining companies connections and ends of girders and beams and the at Redridge. This is about the second or third and by far splices in columns, if required, can be readily made to the largest steel dam ever constructed. It is absolutely develop the entire strength of the girder, beam or novel, in that it has a concrete base with inverted V column. The rigid riveted connections add tremendously shaped superstructure of steel bents covered with boiler to the stiffness of the structure. Again the stiff bracing plates so designed that it acts as a gravity structure to generally employed to transmit vibrating of static strains resist overturning movements due to hydrostatic is capable of acting in either tension or compression and pressure. Besides having all the elements of stability there are no loose joints to work still looser from the necessary in a well designed masonry dam, it has many continual shaking, which the building has to undergo. elements of safety not possible in the masonry dam, The success or failure of a steel structure carrying chief among which is the fact that the entire steel moving machinery is largely due to the skill or lack of it structure 472 feet long and from 30 to 74 feet high, may which the designer displays in providing efficient and be conceived to act as one long girder from end to end. direct systems of bracing to take up the vibrations set up A masonry darn consists of many thousands of separate by reciprocating or unbalanced parts. There is pieces, more or less perfectly cemented together with something more than the mere static loads to be mortar. On the contrary the steel dam will be riveted provided for and experience has taught that high factors together so as to form practically one huge million-pound of safety must be used as well as stiff bracing and rigid mass of steel anchored into a concrete base, making it connections. We have found that there is no particular one unified and inseparable structure. Many of you have difficulty in putting machines, shafts, large mill engines Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 21 of 54 had an opportunity to visit the site today. A detailed MR. OLCOTT: The contract was let in September, 1897. description of this dam will appear in the technical MR. OLCOTT: There is one thing Mr. Jackson has not journals some time next summer. spoken of, and that is the use of steel for timbering It would be a pity to pass by such a glorious opportunity shafts. Have you given any thought to the question of for giving advice as is afforded at this time and place. I timbering the shafts with steel? will cut it short. Experience is a good guide but a slow MR. JACKSON: I am not aware that that has been done master. The great achievements of the nineteenth here. It has been done in the coal countries and has century will be eclipsed by those of the twentieth been proposed in various places, but I do not think that century. Let us not continue to make martyrs of every this is the proper thing to do here in the iron country or man with a new idea. Iron and copper, the king and copper country. I may be wrong. I think the shafts are queen of the new industrial world, are monarchs of timbered here. I know I figured various schemes for progress and enlightenment. doing away with stull timbers and couldn’t strike anything to be as economical as timber. I do not think the time MR. JACKSON’S PAPER OPEN FOR has come when steel will be used for framing shafts DISCUSSION. here. It is used in the coal countries.

MR. KELLY: The explanation of the fact that the iron MR. OLCOTT: I suggest that the Oliver Mining Company districts are behind the copper country in the has a shaft that is down four hundred feet, timbered with permanence of buildings may properly be amplified. The steel, and I think they adopt that as being stronger. Mr. chief reason given for this in the exceedingly interesting Drake, the chief engineer, is here, and can explain it. paper we have listened to is that “the shafts, machinery MR. DRAKE: We haven’t adopted the steel frame as a and equipment about the iron mines are not generally of standard, but are using it in two shafts, one at the such extensive or permanent character” as in the copper Pioneer Mine and the other at the Norrie Mine. The region. But the first cause is both figuratively and Pioneer shaft is a three compartment shaft, and the shaft literally deeper seated and is to be found in the character at the Norrie is a four compartment shaft. They are lined of the ore deposits themselves. Where the measures with frames or sets formed of steel rails, thirty pound are highly tilted it is usually impracticable to prove the rails being used for wall plates, and twenty-five pound deposits far in advance of mine openings, and the rails for end pieces. Three or four-inch I-beams are majority of the iron ore deposits are so irregular in shape used for dividing pieces. The end and dividing pieces and direction, to say nothing of their purity and are connected to the wall plates by steel angles and commercial value, that a continuance of operations riveting. The sets are placed four feet between centers, tributary to a shaft is far from being assured. In many and have stuttles between them the same as timber cases it may be even said that exploitation is largely sets. The stuttles are not riveted to the sets, but have a experimental. An interesting paper might be made on slot in their ends which holds them in place, the sets the life of shafts in the iron country; and I have thought being blocked in with wooden blocking the same as that if the history of operating shafts was collated it may timber. The steel sets are built complete on surface, and be found that the average life is less than ten years. then are lowered into the shaft and wedged in place. However that may be, the character of the surface The skip rails are afterwards bolted or riveted directly to equipment and structures is necessarily largely the footwall plates. The Pioneer shaft is lagged with old dependent on the expected life of the underground wire ropes stretched longitudinally, five or six inches operations about each shaft. apart, between the steel frame and the rock. In the MR. OLCOTT: I would like to know if a steel shaft house Norrie shaft the ordinary wooden lath are used. was not erected on Gogebic Range before such MR. JACKSON: I refer to drop shafts. At the Isle Royale structure was completed in the copper country? they sunk through the sand with steel caissons and MR. JACKSON: I think in my paper I stated that one of the afterward filled them with concrete and made chief reasons why the iron country had never used steel foundations for the stamp heads. I would like to inquire structures was the fact that their equipment was of a less whether the Pioneer shaft was in sand or rock. expensive character. I am not posted on the matter of MR. DRAKE: It is in rock. Rather hard rock. They are not the question and cannot answer on that point. intended to be used in very soft material.

MR. POPE: The construction of the steel shaft house in DR. KOENIG: I should like to make a suggestion in this country is a new proposition to us. Mr. Denton may employing iron or steel. It is largely dependent upon the know something of the date referred to. Of course the nature of the material that a great many mines produce, Calumet shaft house was not in commission until after not only coal mines but other mines, they carry the Aurora shaft house. I don’t know whether it was sulphides. I should not think iron would be anything like begun before or not. It was a long time under safe or permanent under such circumstances. construction. MR. KELLY: The remarks of Mr. Drake are very MR. JACKSON: Mr. Olcott has the date of that Aurora interesting and it would be very desirable to have the mine structure. Do you remember it? structure detailed a little more. I think we all hope that Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 22 of 54 Mr. Drake will find it convenient to make detailed drawings and illustrate his remarks in the published HISTORICAL SKETCH OF proceedings. SMELTING AND REFINING LAKE

MR. DENTON: Perhaps Mr. Drake will now give us a little COPPER. more information with regard to the method of lining the BY JAMES B. COOPER. shaft. I should like to hear the reason for using this steel lining. Of the first two attempts to smelt (not refine) copper in the Lake district, I have found no published record. MR. DRAKE: The considerations that determined its use These were both made in Keweenaw county and Mr. were that it would be practically fire proof, and it would John Senter has given me the following data regarding be durable, and could be removed in case the shaft was them: In 1846, the year Mr. Senter came to Eagle River, abandoned. These were the principal reasons. a furnace was built on the Gratiot river, a short distance MR. DENTON. How about the cost? west of the present main road. Prof. Jas. T. Hodge built and ran this furnace two very short campaigns. The MR. DRAKE: It is about the same as timber, taking into selected rock, estimated to contain at least 20 per cent, account the less material to be removed on account of copper, was the material smelted and the net result of the steel members being narrow, and the total area the second run of this furnace was 6 per cent, copper. occupied being considerably less than with timber. We No further smelting was attempted after this estimate that the cost is about the same. disappointing result. MR. MCLEAN: I assume from the remarks that Mr. The second furnace was built (probably in 1847) by the Jackson made that he is of the opinion that steel sets Suffolk Mining Co. to smelt gray ore copper. This are more expensive than the timber, and I would like to furnace was located about seven miles southeast of have him tell us how he arrived at the conclusion. Eagle River. This ore was said to be so high in iron, and MR. JACKSON, That is a matter that I really haven’t I surmise so low in copper, that it was impossible to investigated very carefully. It may be one of the smelt it in this furnace. Mr. Senter fixes the date of this conclusions I jumped at without much figuring. I haven’t furnace by his having attended its sale in November, made any comparative estimate sufficient to argue the 1848. point at all. In 1849, the Ohio and Isle Royale Mining company built MR. POPE: I presume the objections made by Dr. Koenig a furnace on Isle Royale, which was never put in blast. is in regard to the early decay of the steel structure. But The product of the Lake copper mines had to be shipped would the repairs be more than the required repairs of a to smelting works already established in eastern states. wood structure under the same conditions? We can Until late in 1848 probably all of this copper was smelted replace the decayed timber of a wood lined shaft without by two works—the Revere Copper works, of Boston, and much trouble or expense. the Baltimore, Md., works. During these years MR. KOENIG: My suggestion has no reference to the cost practically all the product of these mines consisted of of repairing. It was merely a chemical suggestion. It mass and “kiln” copper as the calcined barrel work was would be hard to see to what extent a piece of iron or called. The mass was an entirely new proposition to the steel brace or beam has been weakening. A stick of smelters as the entire world’s product of copper, with wood shows it more plainly and I should consider it was small exceptions, had previously been made from the more dangerous. The same as in an iron bridge. It is ores of copper. All refining furnaces had the small sicle- more dangerous than a wooden bridge. A leaking out of door openings only for charging the ores or pigs of the dissolving iron. I know iron and steel has been used copper. in Europe for many years past, but only for very At the Baltimore works a large side-door opening was temporary supports, and being taken out quickly. Not made and the masses were dragged into the furnace by anything permanent. chains passed across it and through a door on the MR. DRAKE: I would say with reference to that opposite side to a windlass. The larger door was bricked suggestion, that in some of our mines on the Menominee up after the charging of the furnace. Range, there is a considerable quantity of pyrite in the The inevitable result of this method of charging the mass rock, and the action of the water on the rock brings copper was serious damage to the furnace hearths sulphuric acid into the mines. We wouldn’t consider at though they were protected as much as possible with all putting in steel linings in this locality. ore and wooden skids. In 1848 Dr. C. G. Hussey, of Pittsburg, one of the directors of the Cliff Mining company, went to the Revere works to make arrangements for the smelting of their product. It is said the price asked was $80 per ton for masses. This rate was so high that Hussey and Howe, of Pittsburg, Pa., decided to build a smelting works.

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 23 of 54 and elasticity were demanded. Their principal object in starting the works was to secure a brand of copper on which they could always depend. This smelting company was called the Waterbury and Detroit Copper Co. The Detroit works was completed and a small quantity (about 150 tons) of copper was refined in the fall of 1850. Here, on May 10, 1851, my father, James R. Cooper, began work and is now closing his 50th year of continuous refining of copper. In 1860 the Portage Lake Smelting works was built directly opposite Houghton under the supervision of the Messrs. Williams. At this works they began refining copper early in 1861. It was well patronized by the local CALUMET & HECLA SMELTING WORKS, LAKE LINDEN. producers. The product of the Calumet & Hecla mines Their first experiment seems to have been made with the was sent to this works. They built one stack on the hill object of reducing masses to sizes small enough to side back of the works and four of the refining furnaces charge easily into an ordinary side door refining furnace. were connected to this by an underground flue. They placed the mass in an ordinary “cannon” furnace of In July, 1867, the Portage Lake Works, with its better the Fort Pitt foundry of Pittsburg, having first removed central location in the mining district, and the Detroit the arch or roof. This arch was then rebuilt and the works, with its prestige as to brand of copper, were mass finally melted and the copper tapped into sand consolidated as the Detroit and Lake Superior Copper beds. Company, with Mr. Grout as general manager. My father came to Houghton at this time as superintendent, The slow heating and melting of this mass evidently and remained one year, returning to the Houghton works made an excessive quantity of slag high in copper. It is in October, 1873, and at the death of Mr. Grout in 1881, also said they suspended a mass by chains in a blast succeeded him as general manager. furnace and attempted to melt it. Result, broken chain and a demolished furnace. Between 1860-67 two small works were built. One at Lac-La-Belle, Keweenaw county, by one of the Messrs. However, in 1848, Hussey and Howe built a Williams in 1865. This was in commission only a few reverberatory refining furnace with a movable roof or months of the year 1866. The second works of this cover; this cover being a little larger than the charging- period was built by Major Pont Alba at Ontonagon, and hole in the arch of the furnace. This became the from about 1863 to 1867 was in commission. universal method at all works smelting Lake copper. From 1867 to 1877 the Detroit and Lake Superior In 1850 J. G. Hussey & Co. built a copper smelting Copper Company refined the entire product of lake works at Cleveland, O.; they evidently expected to smelt copper except a small amount smelted by the Houghton all the copper they could secure, but in competition with rolling mills (the Lake Superior Native Copper Works), the Detroit and Portage Lake works were not successful. whose one refining furnace and cupola were put in Up to the time of closing this works in 1867 they had commission in 1882. The mineral smelted at this works smelted very little except the product of the Cliff and was almost entirely from small mines controlled by the National mines in which Hussey, Howe & Co. were owners of the rolling mills. heavily interested. In 1886 the Calumet and Hecla Smelting Works at South John R. Grout, the originator of the Detroit works, who Lake Linden, owned jointly by the Detroit and Lake had been in the Lake copper district, as stated in Mr. Superior Copper Company and the Calumet and Hecla Pope’s paper, decided that Detroit was the proper Mining Company, were built and smelting began June 1, location for a smelting works for Lake copper. Like the 1887. The Detroit works were closed finally in January, others he tried the experiment of smelting rich rock direct 1887. in a cupola. This trial was made in the small iron cupola of the Smith foundry at Birmingham, Oakland county, In 1888 the Dollar Bay Smelting Works were built by the Mich., where the old inhabitants still remember the Tamarack-Osceola Manufacturing Company, and characteristic red color of the slag from amygdaloid rock. smelted copper of the Tamarack, Osceola and other mines controlled by the same management. These were Mr. Grout went to Waterbury, Conn., which was then, as consolidated with the Houghton works of the Detroit and now, one of the great copper consuming cities of the Lake Superior Copper Company in August, 1890, as the United States. Four of the largest brass manufacturing Lake Superior Smelting Company. companies furnished the capital necessary to build a works consisting of one refining furnace. These brass In 1891 the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company built companies had had serious trouble in buying copper that the Buffalo Smelting Works where, since early in 1892, a was even in quality and equal to their requirements in large part of their product has been smelted. alloys or in sheet copper where great tensile strength Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 24 of 54 In May, 1898, the Tamarack and Osceola Mining A claim was submitted to the writer while in charge of the Companies bought the Lake Superior Smelting Bridgeport, Conn., refinery for a roll damaged by a Company’s works, thus, like the Calumet and Hecla perfectly bright wire nail with one side of the head and Mining Company, acquiring their own smelting works but the same side of the wire portion of the nail flattened. continuing to do custom smelting for other mines of the This nail had been found sticking in a rolled copper rod district. about ⅜ of an inch in diameter. In this same month, May, 1898, the Quincy Mining A careful investigation of this case developed the Company began the erection of their own smelting works following points: on the stamp sands of the old Pewabic mill. J. R. Point No. 1.—This nail could not have been in the Cooper supervised the construction of the Quincy works molten copper or it would have shown evidence of and continues in charge. Smelting was begun contact with the copper. December 1, 1898. Point No. 2.—The nail could not have been clinging to This completes a hasty sketch of the various works to the outside of the copper bar in the heating furnace or date. The continuation of the control of the refining of the red heat attained would have oxidized its surface. Lake copper by the management of the old Waterbury and Detroit Company is truly the survival of the fittest, Then it must have been on the floor of the rolling mill and and the reputation of the ‘Lake” brand was made by become stuck in the copper between the passes through them. the rolls. There is no doubt that the Lake copper properly refined At another time a piece of copper cut from the edge of a is the only “Best” copper. The peculiarly tough quality 30-inch circle, ⅜ of an inch thick, was returned to the which is characteristic of the native copper is retained to smelting works as showing conclusively that it had been a great degree in the refined copper product. From the badly refined. This piece was approximately 3 inches very beginning at the Detroit works to the present time wide in the center. On breaking it a distinct difference in this copper has been refined by the best known methods fracture was shown at different points. to retain in it all the good qualities possible. This was analyzed for sulphur, and three analyses, each In comparatively recent years the increasing use of representing about one inch, commencing at copper for electrical purposes has added a new and circumference of the circle, contained approximately two, most severe requirement, as the metal must now be three and four times respectively the amount of sulphur refined so as to get the highest conductivity possible. in the original samples of the invoice retained at the The progress toward better and more even refining has smelting works. been continuous, the variations in “set” now allowed being very much less than formerly. On visiting the rolling mill an oil furnace was found in use for heating. This furnace had worked too slowly to suit The position of the smelting works in having to always the heater who had been running it, so he removed a stand for the quality of the “Lake” copper has not, I think, section of wall built purposely to prevent the oil-flame been fully appreciated by the mining companies. The from striking direct upon the copper. The oil used was smelting companies have always had to make good any the crude Ohio article, high in sulphur, and with the losses caused the manufacturing company by a poor flame striking the sheets direct, the copper had absorbed quality of copper. the sulphur. This is an interesting proof that copper will quickly absorb sulphur at a temperature far below its Brief mention of a few of the claims made by melting point. manufacturers may be of interest: One railroad casting shop sent in a claim for a 5 per One rolling mill, having a refining furnace of its own for cent. loss on ingot copper. They said the copper must the refining of scrap copper, made a claim that one large be very impure, as a great quantity of slag formed in cake out of a number sent them had gone wrong. On their crucibles. This was ignorance, pure and simple, as inspection a difference in general appearance of copper the copper was found to have been melted without sheet made from this cake and the other sheets known charcoal in the crucible and without even a cover to to be Lake copper led to the making of an analysis and a protect the copper from the oxygen of the air and the generous percentage of tin was found, this being direct sulphur of the poor coal used. proof that it was one of their own cakes made from tinned copper scrap. During this 50 years the refining of copper has passed from an imperfect process to an exact science. For At another time a piece of trolley wire was submitted to many purposes the Lake copper cannot be successfully the writer, claim being made that the copper was not replaced by the electrolytic, its nearest competitor. For homogeneous. On examination a thin but heavily example, cartridge metal, which demands a brass of oxidized film of copper was found entirely covering the great tenacity and elasticity. I doubt if this brass can be surface of the wire. On bending the wire, this film would made from any other brand than Lake and always be separate and could be easily peeled off. This copper equal to the present government requirements; but for had been badly oxidized in heating or annealing through this very reason, better and more even refining will some fault of the furnace or the furnace man. Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 25 of 54 always be demanded of the Lake copper, as it has been out of 2 inch plank and faced on their periphery with two in the past, for the manufacturer will use Lake for his by four spiked to the rings, so as to make sections about best work where the tests demanded are universally seven feet long which could be bolted together one on high. top of another, as the sinking progressed. These curbs were light, easily handled and answered the purpose admirably. Their form made them very rigid although NO. 5 SHAFT AT THE TAMARACK composed of small pieces of lumber, and for the ordinary depths where timber sets are generally used, these MINE. curbs are a cheap and convenient substitute, which do BY W. E. PARNALL, JR. away with the necessity of framing large pieces of timber and fitting them together under the usual severe On the 7th of August, 1895, the work of preparing the conditions. The “drainage well” was located a few feet ground, which had been selected as the site for No. 5 away, so that it did not interfere with the removal of dirt shaft, was begun. We cannot say that ground was or placing of timber in the shaft. When the water was “broken” as the nature of the soil was such that the term drained out of the peat deposit it was not difficult to would not be applicable. The fact is, the site was in a excavate, as the workmen could cut it into convenient swamp, which at that time compelled the men who pieces with their shovels, and then handle it either with entered it, to jump from hummock to hummock, to avoid the shovels or their hands as most convenient. The peat a bath of mixed mud and water which they were sure to was underlaid by about five feet of good gravelly obtain if they by any chance stepped into the intervening hardpan which lay directly upon the bedrock. It was spaces. therefore unnecessary to do any timbering until after the Long ditches were dug to carry the water away and a rock was exposed for the full size of the shaft. The over- large area cleared of its growth of brush, allowing the burden was taken out to allow room for a timber cribbing sun to do its part in evaporating the moisture that could outside of the main shaft cribbing, and a space of 18” be exposed to its action, so that, in a few days, work between. This space was floored with clay and cement could be done by men and horses with comparative forming a guttering that carried all the water from ease and the actual work of sinking the shaft was begun. seepage through the overburden and some small The first fifteen feet of sinking was through black streams that were found running on the surface of the vegetable mould which when dried was found to be bedrock, into a tunnel connecting the shaft with the excellent fuel for stoves or grates, and a considerable drainage well already mentioned, where the pumps quantity of it was saved for that use. The drainage could take it and force it to surface. ditches which are mentioned above could only be dug After levelling the surface of the rock to form a good bed deep enough to carry off the water from near the surface for the timber, the double cribs were put in after the of this peaty deposit, so that the flow of water into the usual plan, and sinking in the rock begun. The men shaft was so great that it was deemed advisable to put employed at this shaft needed but little instruction as to down an auxiliary shaft or well, to drain the ground that the best way to proceed with their work as they had the main shaft must go through, and handle all the water already learned by experience at other shafts sunk at by pumps located in this well, thereby avoiding the Tamarack how to break the ground, handle the dirt, set troubles usually encountered in handling dirt and timbers the timber, etc., to the best advantage. in the openings partly occupied by pumps, pipes, etc. They were capable of making good progress from the start if supplied with the proper equipment, but as is usually the case, a temporary plant of the portable type had to be used for some time, until the larger engines could be installed. We find, therefore, that on Jan. 1, 1896, or nearly five months after work was begun, the shaft had reached a depth of only 140 feet. Still those who have been through the experience of sinking shafts and at the same time equipping for doing the work, can readily appreciate these figures and will agree that it was a pretty good record. Experience with other deep shafts at Tamarack had taught, that it was poor economy to limit the shafts to small dimensions, because of the unsatisfactory apparatus that could be used in them, when it came to a question of operating. No. 5 was, therefore, laid out on a The “drop shaft” principle was applied in getting the more liberal scale than any of the others. It contains five drainage well opened to bed rock, except that, instead of compartments, four of which are for two pairs of timber “sets,” a circular curb was used. It was balanced cages to operate in, while the other is for constructed of rings formed by building up segments cut ladders, pipes, etc. The cage compartments measure

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 26 of 54 seven feet, two inches by five feet two inches, inside of timbers, except the one on the eastern side, which is seven feet two by five feet, two. The pipe and ladder compartment measures seven feet, two, by three feet. The idea of making the eastern compartment two inches larger in one dimension than any other compartment having the same work to do, is explained as follows: The long axis of the shaft is approximately at right angles to the strike of the formation. The angle of dip of all the strata through which the shaft is sunk, is approximately 38 degrees. It is but natural, therefore, that the timbers which have the most pressure exerted against them because of these conditions, are the end timbers in the eastern end of the shaft. Some of the rock strata when freshly broken seem solid and homogeneous enough, but, after exposure to the air for a considerable time, develop a tendency to swell and blister off in large blocks which slide away from their An engine which had already done service in another beds and exert considerable pressure on the shaft capacity was fitted with two drums, each having a timbers. It becomes necessary to replace or strengthen capacity of 3,000 feet of 1⅛ inch rope, and went into the timbers sometimes because of this action, and the commission about the last of December, 1895. two inches of additional width in this compartment will This improved the conditions so that in the month of allow this to be done to much better advantage than it January, 1896, the amount snuk was 52 feet. During the could be in a compartments limited in size to actual year 1896 the total amount sunk was 846 feet, or an requirements for operating. average of 70.5 feet per month. Two pump stations and The timbers used have the following dimensions: sumps were cut and the necessary pumps installed. Wall plates, 10 inches by 14 inches by 20 feet 2 inches. The total cost of sinking and timbering the 846 feet was $70,324.06, or an average of $83.13 per foot. In the Dividings and end timbers, 10 inches by 12 inches by 7 year 1897 the total sinking was 1,029 feet, or an average feet 4 inches. of 85.75 feet Per month. Three sumps and pump Studdles, 8 inches by 10 inches by 4 feet 10 inches. stations were cut during the year. The total cost was $88,635.07 or an average of $86.14 per foot. In 1898 Runners, 5 inches by 7 inches by 16 feet to 22 feet, the the total number of feet sunk was 985 or an average grooved as shown in cut 2 inches wide by 1½ inches of 82.08 feet per month. The total cost for the year was deep. $83,530.38 or an average of $84.80 per foot. In 1899 The object of the grooved runners is to prevent a the total number of feet sunk was 918, or an average of loosened or broken lag screw from binding between the 76.5 feet per month. The total cost was $97,147.55, or cage and the runner. This occurrence, in shafts where an average of $105.83 per foot. In 1900 the total the runners are merely counterbored to allow the lag number of feet sunk was 762, or an average of 76.5 feet screw head to set below the surface of the runner, per month. The total cost was $101,545.10 or an usually proves disastrous to either the cage or a average of $132.17 per foot. During the year 1900 five considerable length of runners, sometimes both. With stations or plats 25 feet long, 18 feet wide, and the grooved runner the lag scraw has a chance to drop averaging 11 feet high, were cut. out of the way when struck by the cage. Details of the In preparing these figures no allowances have been method of framing the shaft timbers are shown in the made for time consumed in cutting pump stations, cut. The plan shows no radical departures from the sumps or plats and the cost of these items has been usual methods of shaft timbering except the grooved charged directly against the number of feet the shaft was runners mentioned above. sunk during each year. The outside dimensions of the timber sets are 29 feet 2 The items which appear on the cost sheets from which inches by 8 feet 10 inches, so that the smallest opening the figures of cost as given are derived are as follows: in the rock which would allow this size set to be put in Captain and assistant, timbermen, machinemen, bucket would contain 261 cubic feet per foot of depth. In trap fillers, engineers and firemen, landers, smith, carpenter, rock this would amount to 20 tons of broken material. It machinists, team, etc., powder, fuse and caps, oil, was estimated that an average of about 85 feet per candles and wick, wire rope, hardware and iron, pipe month could be sunk. The hoisting equipment must fittings and machine parts, lag screws, nails and spikes, therefore be capable of handling a daily output of about lumber, timber and lagging, engine house supplies, and 70 tons of rock, besides the timber, men, supplies and fuel. All these charges are made directly against the tools. shaft, and a separate account of equipment and construction of all kinds has been kept.

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 27 of 54 Four Rand machines of the “slugger” type were used to sinking. He had an experienced timber boss and two do the drilling which usually amounted to 44 holes from shift bosses under him, who gave their attention to the four to six feet deep, in 24 hours. These holes would timbering, drilling and blasting operations. All work was usually “draw” and “square’’ a five foot “cut” or “sink.” It done on the company account system which, with good has been customary to take out a wedge shaped “sink” supervision has been found to be productive of the best as the Cornish miners usually call it, across the center of results in this branch of mining under the conditions the shaft and then stope out the ground from the “sink” existing at the Tamarack. to the ends of the shaft in two separate underhand Great care was always exercised to have the conditions stopes. The details of the method were as follows: for the comfort and safety of the men as perfect as Suppose the bottom of the shaft had been “squared up” possible. In this the management was guided by the or levelled. The first shift of miners would set up their experience already gained at the other shafts and the machines and drill the holes which, when blasted, would record of accidents has been an extremely small one. break out the ground in a wedge shaped “sink” across Only two fatalities occurred, both of them being caused the short axis of the shaft. When these holes were by rock falling out from the ends of the shaft after having drilled, they would drill as many as possible of the “stope been examined and considered safe. Considering the holes” which would be arranged for taking out the number of men employed and the variety of strata sunk ground from the center to one end of the shaft. They through this is a good record. In fact we know of none would blast both the sinking and the stoping holes at the better. No serious accidents have occurred which can end of their shift. This blasting would break all the be traced to faulty apparatus or methods. This has been ground in one end of the shaft and leave a bench or largely due to the fact that safeguards had been “slope” in the other end which of course would now be provided to prevent such accidents as had been met covered more or less with the broken dirt. The fillers with in sinking the other shafts, and the apparatus would then go down and begin the next shift’s work by employed seemed to meet all requirements. An cleaning up from the end of the shaft that had not been inspection of the cuts will show the provision for keeping drilled or blasted. As soon as they had exposed the the shaft covered at all times so that nothing could solid ground there, the miners would rig up their accidentally fall into it from the surface, which has machines and begin drilling so that, when the fillers had heretofore been one of the great points of danger. This cleaned up all the broken rock in the shaft, which was piece of apparatus was devised at the Tamarack and usually done in 7½ hours, the miners would have more has been used for several years giving entire than half of their shift’s drilling done. The fillers were satisfaction. No description seems necessary as all its then allowed to leave the shaft and go home. The features may be understood and appreciated by simple miners would continue drilling until within an hour of the inspection which will not only show how the shaft is end of their shift, when they would take down their covered during nearly the entire time but also illustrates machines and blast and all would be ready for the fillers the method of landing the buckets and handling the to begin cleaning out the dirt again. This program would waste rock on surface. (See fig. 1, 2, 3 and 4.) indicate that five feet of sinking would be done every 24 hours. This of course was not the case because it The buckets used hold 1⅝ tons of broken rock and the frequently happened that the work of timbering the shaft, ropes used to hoist them were 1⅛ inch crucible steel trimming off protruding masses of rock or securing bad sinking: topes with steel core. This size was used until a ground by temporary timbering, would interfere and depth of 3,500 feet was reached. After that 1¼ inch delay, any, or all of the operations mentioned. After ropes of the same type have been used. blasting had been done, a timberman of experience always examined the shaft and passed judgment upon its condition before any work could proceed. If he found any indications of the place being unsafe to work in, he would have it made secure by trimming, timbering or whatever he deemed necessary before the fillers or miners were allowed to begin their work. A full complement of men for the work in the shaft consisted of 22 miners, 14 fillers, 10 timbermen, and two pump tenders. These were divided into two crews for night and day shifts so that 24 men were at work on each shift. The surface force consisted of landers, laborers, hoist engineers, compressor engineers, firemen, blacksmiths, etc. The number of men on surface varied from time to time to suit requirements. Usually there were more employed in winter than in summer.

A competent mining captain or foreman had supervision over all labor which was directly chargeable to the shaft Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 28 of 54 The space between the permanent shaft timbers and the bottom of the shaft varies from day to day. It is seldom less than 20 feet and often more. The bottom of the guides upon which the cage runs is frequently 40 or 50 feet from the bottom of the shaft and, of course, the cage cannot be allowed to go below its guides so that the bucket and rope travel through this space without the cage. The workmen take advantage of this condition by swinging the slowly descending bucket and causing it to land on the bottom in a place that is convenient for filling. Two buckets for each hoisting rope are used so that one maybe filling while the other is in transit. When the men have disconnected the rope from the empty bucket and attached it to the full one the signal is given to the engineer who hoists only far enough to suspend the loaded bucket above the bottom. The fillers then steady it until there is but little swaying motion and a new signal is given the engineer, who then hoists it to surface. The various strata pierced by this shaft are shown in cut During the early days of sinking deep vertical shafts it “C” which is a cross section at right angles to the strike was customary to use buckets similar to those now of the formation. The strata may be classified under used, but suspended a few feet under an iron or wooden three headings, viz.: Traps, amygdaloids and crosshead which ran on guides in the shaft and which conglomerates. The various belts of trap differ but little was intended to keep the bucket from swinging and in appearance or characteristics, except that some show striking the timbers or sides of the shaft. Such an the jointed formation to a greater extent than others. occurance would of course be a source of great danger. The amygdaloid belts were usually firm and hard. They This combination worked well enough for moderate stand exposure to the air without much tendency to depths or within a limit of about three thousand feet and blister and require usually a minimum amount of timber. was the plan used entirely in sinking shafts Nos. 1 and 2 at the Tamarack. In sinking Nos. 3 and 4, however, which went below the limiting point it was found that when the shaft went deeper the cross head was entirely unsuitable. In fact further progress would have been impossible. A new problem arose. As is well known by men who have had experience with wire rope, a rope traveling over sheaves and hanging with one end free, will twist more or less every time it makes a trip through the shaft. Ropes made with a steel core which is twisted in the opposite direction to the strands on the outside The conglomerates encountered possessed the well and commonly called sinking ropes, are much less liable known characteristics of Keweenaw conglomerates and to this twisting action than ropes of the ordinary type, but no copper, or at best only traces, except the belt that is even they are subject to enough to compel means to be responsible fox this great undertaking about which I adopted for neutralizing the effect when three thousand have written, viz.: The Calumet conglomerate, which or more feet of rope is suspended in a shaft. It seems was reached by this shaft on December 20th last at a that at this point the twisting becomes great enough to depth of 4,662 feet and which was found at this point set up a gyroscopic action and in No. 3 shaft, when this mineralized to a degree which, if maintained throughout action was not restrained, it was sufficient to cause the the openings that will be tributary to this shaft, will bucket to assume a position so nearly at right angles to undoubtedly return the money invested. the rope as to dump its contents. This actually occurred and was the reason for devising the cage as shown in the cut, to replace the crosshead. The cage has been found to be a satisfactory apparatus and has been used at No. 5 ever since the shaft started from surface. The cage is held up from the bottom of the shaft by blocks fitted against the runners and as the rope merely passes through the cage without being attached to it the bucket and rope can continue their descent after the cage has come to rest on the blocks in the same way as formerly when a crosshead was used.

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 29 of 54 DISCUSSION OF MR. PARNALL’s PAPER.

MR. THOMPSON: I understand from the description of the shaft, that it was covered most of the time. I would like to ask if they had any difficulty in ventilating the shaft.

MR. PARNALL: I neglected to add to the paper anything on that subject. In fact I hadn’t thought of it before. I will do my best to try to explain now the method used. This model only represents one compartment. On one side was a close board casing in the shaft house. Of course the air was free to enter the shaft at the level of this floor wherever the opening was made for it to go in, and of course there were openings purposely kept. On the other side a close casing would run up to a height of about one hundred feet which made a difference in the two air columns and caused the only ventilating drafts used at any time. There were none other than the natural means. The opening and closing of this door did not interfere with the ventilation in any way, and the opening to supply the fresh air was through this door.

MR. FITCH: I would like to ask whether the men suffered from bad air. Was there any delay on that account?

MR. PARNALL: No, sir, no delays on that account in this shaft.

MR. POPE: I would like to ask how soon after the fillers left the blasting was done.

MR. PARNALL: At the end of the miners shift, so that one hour intervened between the time of filling and blasting.

MR. FITCH: I have always found that the gases from the powder would settle in the shaft, so that even if the shaft was left for a month those gases would be found at the extreme bottom and would remain so. It might be explained, then, that the air discharged from the drilling machines or the rapid hoisting was sufficient to relieve the shaft of the gases.

MR. PARNALL: I might say that the miners usually turn on a little fresh air to blow out the smoke a little quicker than it might go of its own accord. There was enough natural air, however, to start them up without. The powder used was an ammonia powder, and while the fumes are disagreeable, we found that after one hour’s interval, men could go down and work without any difficulty whatever.

MR. FITCH: We find that our muckers in working up the dirt release a good deal of this gas and we are troubled with it. Any ventilating plan would be insufficient to beat the gas out of the dirt. It must be that it is more on account of this peculiar powder that you use that the character of the gases are modified. I have never heard of that powder and I suppose it is specially made for that work.

MR. PARNALL: I don’t know for shaft sinking purposes but in poor ventilation it is excellent.

MR. FITCH: Made by what Company?

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 30 of 54 MR. PARNELL: That we have used is made by the these gases part way and pass through that and find Hancock Chemical Company of Dollar Bay. good air beyond.

MR. FITCH: We have found a great deal of trouble from CAPTAIN PARNALL: With ordinary black powder, there is bad air, even after the mucking has been completed, in not a miner that has worked in a drift that does not know rigging up their machines the miners would at times be a wet drift always modifies the gases. As a boy I worked overcome. under ground using only black powder, but where we had plenty of water in a drift there was never any danger MR. PARNALL: The stirring up of the gases that you have going in for fear of the gases, so evidently the water mentioned has been noticed in Tamarack, but not neutralized the gases even when we had to use black enough to prevent the men from continuing the work. A powder. small percentage of the men were interferred with by the gases and compelled to leave their work. It must have MR. FITCH: I was going to say we use 65% powder, and been due to the gases. The only natural assistance in that we generate a large amount of gas. was, however, the operation of the drills. MR. POPE: Do you generally use 65% powder? CAPTAIN PARNALL: I would say that in sinking a vertical MR. FITCH: In all our shafts and drifts; but not in stoping. shaft through water, the water itself would modify the gases to a very large extent, and I think that has helped very largely to eliminate the difficulties Mr. Fitch speaks of. We certainly feel the advantage of the powder THE CRYSTALIZATION OF described by Mr. Parnall over the ordinary glycerine MOHAWKITE, DOMEYKITE AND powder. But having the fresh powder made and the OTHER SIMILAR ARSENIDES. difference in the balance of the air columns that he has also explained, by which we always had a good current, BY DR. GEO. A. KOENIG. added with the amount of water dropping constantly, I venture to call attention to a matter of purely scientific killing the gases, rendered it possible to let the men work interest and beg to ask your indulgence. In order to at all times. obtain a thorough scientific knowledge of the very MR. FITCH: This explanation probably covers the ground interesting mineral which I described a year ago under and would make it clear why in our mine we are troubled the name of Mohawkite, it was necessary to prove its more than in some of the others; as in our case the relation to the mineral domeykite. The latter substance shafts and drifts are perfectly dry. has been known for many years from several localities in Houghton county, and lately its occurrence has been MR. PARNALL: I might say for Mr. Fitch’s information, that noted in great quantity at the Mohawk mine in the water that occurred below the 1200 foot point was a Keweenaw county. In none of these occurrences, nominal amount. We sometimes sent water down for however, have any crystals been observed, just as the killing the gases. It was a small amount. This water was face characterizes the individual man, so the crystalized taken up with the rock and hoisted as so much waste form characterizes the mineralogical individual, the material. The amount of water was extremely small. mineral species. Until this crystal form is known, it MR. POPE: You stated that they turned on some air. Did cannot be said that a mineral species is well established. they do that before the blasting? From the analysis I deduced the composition of MR. PARNALL. They suited their own convenience. Mokawkite as being a domeykite in its molecular mass of Usually afterward. three atoms of copper to one of arsenic but so that of those three copper atoms a part is replaced by nickel MR. POPE: In the great crosscut 2400 feet long in the and cobalt. Dr. Ledoux, of New York, on the strength of Franklin Junior, we had satisfactory results by using the his analysis, made out the formula for Mohawkite as same kind of powder described by Mr. Parnall. I don’t being four copper atoms to one of arsenic, with part of think it is as strong as the Marquette powder. I don’t the four of copper replaced by nickel and cobalt. Being think the 45% is as strong and doesn’t keep quite as thus placed upon the defensive, as it were, it became long. necessary that I should prove the correctness of my MR. PARNALL: We use the 50% grade. deduction against that of Dr. Ledoux. I argued that the best means of proving my position would be to make MR. POPE: In the great crosscut there was a three-inch crystals of both domeykite and Mohawkite, and if these pipe carried along the top of the drift and the miners crystals showed identical forms together with an identical connected that to the drill with the ordinary hose. They molecular structure, then the correctness of my position opened the valve just before blasting and got as much would be proved. air as needed, and sometimes they turned on a little more than was needed. There was a constant flow of I have here on this table for your inspection a number of water and it was always leaking out through the heading. preparations which are the result of the experiments That three-inch pipe gave them perfect air always, instituted in pursuance of the above argument. These except when they returned to their shift they would meet experiments show that it is possible to grow exceptionally fine crystals of the two mineral species by Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 31 of 54 acting, at the proper temperature, with the vapours of You see here on the table the simple contrivance by arsenic upon either pure copper or upon alloys of means of which these results have been obtained. It copper, nickel and cobalt. The crystals appear mostly as consists of two glass tubes, around each being coiled a six-sided plates with beveled edges, bright, smooth thin platinum wire. In the apex of the hard fusible glass faces, of dark grey color, and bright metallic lustre. But tube is contained the arsenic. This is held in place by an we also find crystals of prismatic and of pyramidal build; asbestos plug. In the space before the plug the either of those forms being merely the super-impositions fragments of copper or other metal or alloy are placed; of the six-sided plates mentioned. When the plates are then comes a second asbestos plug; the open end of the of the same diameter the prism results; if they are of tube is furnished with a mercury trap to prevent an air decreasingly small diameter, pyramids result. current from entering the tube. The second coil around a larger glass tube acts as a resistance; by simply I have submitted some of these crystals to Prof. Grouth, shifting a piece of stout platinum wire to various parts of of Munich, a recognized authority on crystallography. the two coils, I am enabled to maintain in the acting tube He pronounced them pseudo hexagonal, i. e., having the a very even temperature for any length of time, provided angles of the hexagon but not the symmetry of the that the electric current remains constant. It is also hexagonal system. The crystals are probably possible to change the rate of temperature within very orthorhombic triplets, as revealed by the etching of their narrow limits, as well as wide limits, which is quite faces with nitric acid. The isomorphic nature of the impossible with any other system of heating. In my first domeykite, the pure copper arsenide, and the experiments I heated the converting tube in a gas stove, Mohawkite, the arsenide in which part of the copper has an Erlmeyer combustion furnace, with very poor and, in been substituted, is established beyond doubt. fact disheartening results. The device, as you see it I have, furthermore, replaced part of the copper by silver, here before you I call the crystal incubator, because the from two to fifteen per cent, of the latter, without change range of its adaptability is much wider than the present of either form or molecular structure. I have also series of experiments. I trust, in fact, that I shall prepare substituted part of the arsenic by antimony, up to 10 per tellurides, selenides, antimonides and sulphides by its cent, of the latter, without change of either structure or means. form, except that in this case the crystals have a strong tendency to build up in acute pyramids rather than in plates. It is always the molecule with three atoms of A CAUSE FOR INACCURACY IN metal to one atom of non-metal. In no case has any COLORIMETRIC COPPER combination of four atoms of metal with one atom of non-metal been observed. DETERMINATIONS. The series of experiments are as yet incomplete, BY DR. GEO. A. KOENIG. although I have experimented with pure silver, pure lead, The colorimetric has fallen into disuse to a large extent, pure nickel, pure cobalt and pure zinc. The behavior of owing to the substitution of electrolytic processes. In the silver in the presence of vapours of arsenic is part, the cause may have been uncertainty in the values especially noticeable. The arsenide forms rapidly, but it obtained. The usual execution of the colorimetric melts at once at a temperature below dull red heat, the method is, shortly, as follows: A gram sample of the temperature of formation seems to be near melting point tailings, or other poor copper rock, is finely ground and under ordinary pressure. It remains to be seen whether digested or boiled with nitric acid for 15 minutes. Water under increased or decreased pressure crystallization is then added, say 25 cc. The solution is made can be produced. ammoniacal; the precipitate filtered off, and the filtrate Another interesting feature was the observing of a diluted in a suitable test tube to the standard volume. selective action on the part of the arsenic. If the arsenic The intensity of the blue color of this liquid is then acts upon the alloy of copper and silver or copper and compared with another test tube containing a known nickel, the two metals do not enter into the crystals in the quantity of copper. The clear solution in its purest form same ratio as contained in the alloy; the copper always is purplish blue. predominates. Thus it has been seen that, given the Now it happens every once in a while, and it so choice, the arsenic first takes copper, then silver, then happened to some of my old pupils, that two samples nickel. taken of the same stuff do not at all agree. The one in I have a notion at present that with more extended fact is pale, the other may even show a greenish shade experiments it will be possible to establish an exact of color. It would at once seem reasonable that one numerical ratio for the rate of motion by which the force could not compare satisfactorily with the purplish blue. of crystallization compels the molecules to move. Much Now, what is the cause of this? I must confess that time and labor are needed for this kind of work, but it is although I knew of the difficulty, I have let it slide and this work only which can throw light upon those when pressed by the students for a reason, I explained it questions which alone it seems worth while to unravel; by the fact that probably a basic iron compound must be that is, which throws any clear light upon the inside of at the bottom of it. This I did, without giving any things. concentrated thought to the matter, until the present Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 32 of 54 season when the colorimetric copper test came once MR. HEATH: We do not always like to tell the story on more before the class. It did not take long then to ourselves, but I stumbled upon a similar experiment to explode the notion of the iron salt, because one of our the effect of organic matter making a green color. Most local tailings yielding the green solution would not show of you know that drugs of various kinds are sealed with any trace of iron. Then the idea occurred to me that paraffine, and this was carried into the analysis and the possibly the coloring matter of the wood had something organic matter of the paraffine gave the same color. to do with this. The tailings must necessarily contain minute fragments of wood from the operation of the launders and other wooden parts of the machinery with THE TESTING AND CONTROL OF which they came in contact. If this hypothesis be true, a thorough destruction of wood particles by oxidizing heat THE PRODUCT IN A MODERN must afford a remedy, and it did remedy the difficulty at COPPER REFINERY. once. Then in pursuance of this idea it occurred to me BY GEORGE L. HEATH. to combine the solution of copper with the destruction of the wood fibre by fusing the sample with potassium Our members of the Institute here present will recognize, hydrogen sulphate. This fusion does not take more time on bringing it to your attention, an important difference in than the digestion with nitrate acid, in fact it is shorter. the treatment of the mineral products of the iron districts On the other hand, this fusion decomposes the silicates and those of the copper regions of Michigan or Montana. of the gangue more thoroughly than nitric acid, hence The raw iron ore is sent towards the fuel supply, near ammonia causes a heavier precipitate. This precipitate which are the iron furnaces, but the copper companies always retains a certain amount of copper. By numerous not only mine, but melt and refine, most of their mineral trials with tailings in which the copper had been product into finished merchantable forms. This radical absolutely determined, I have found that for our average difference in the two industries renders it necessary that gangue rock, and within the limits in which the copper the copper smelters, either in Michigan or the Rocky Mt. percentage of tailings run, the precipitate retains very districts, shall not only assay their raw supplies of native nearly one-fifth of that copper which is indicated by the copper or ores, and fuel, but shall test the finished metal colorimetric test. by a variety of accurate chemical and physical tests, It is therefore only necessary to add 20 per cent, to the such as in the iron business are only necessary at the copper which has been found colorimetrically, in order to Eastern smelters. At the same time a control must be obtain an absolutely accurate result in far less time than kept of the small, but unavoidable, metallurgical losses any other method could possibly furnish it. that they may never exceed certain limits which have been set by long experience as “good practice.” The pale color of the ammoniacal copper extract derived from the nitric acid solution I have experimentally proved A special factor, unimportant to the iron worker, enters to be due to the presence of a certain amount of that into copper metallurgy which renders the elimination of yellow coloring material contained in the wood and which all traces of deleterious foreign substances from the becomes more yellow in presence of ammonia; because copper, a problem of highest importance both to smelter this yellow produces with the blue a certain amount of and consumer. I refer to its property of high electrical green and the green is complementary to the red or the conductivity. As the great carrier of unseen energy purple, and hence it follows that upon the addition of this around the world, the copper used for any electrical work yellow to a fine purple blue color the latter assumes a must be exceedingly pure, for very slight traces (even pale sky-blue appearance, and if now more yellow is 0.002 per cent.) of some foreign elements (such as iron, added the solution turns into a greenish hue. Compared sulphur, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, selenium and with the standard copper solution it must show very tellurium), markedly lesson the ability of copper wire to much less copper, in fact, sometimes less than 50 per conduct the electric current. A metal should be cent, of the correct amount of copper. produced also which can be made of uniform quality, on which the consumer may depend for the same results With the precautions and modification that I have above from the same mechanical work done upon it. proposed, I do not hesitate to commend the colorimetric method as the very best thing to control the tailings of a As the copper in the lodes of the principal mines in the mill, or, for that matter, the copper contents of a slag. Lake region occurs as filaments, grains, or masses of native metal free from sulphur, the methods of assaying DR. KOENIG’S SECOND PAPER OPEN FOR are different in some respects from those adapted to the ores of the “Far West,” where the metal is generally DISCUSSION. concealed from the eye in a combination with pyrite and MR. HEATH: I would like to ask Dr. Koenig if he tested other minerals. slags from any of our furnaces. Such raw ores have to be mined, milled, smelted into DR. KOENIG: Yes. The slags can be decomposed in the matte, bessemerized, more or less refined, and the same way, only it is not necessary. There is nothing in resulting copper cast into anode plates and put through the slag which will produce the same greenish effect. an electrolytic treatment to purify the copper enough to You can decompose the slag with any method. fit it for electrical work. That the recovery of the gold and Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 33 of 54 silver then pays frequently a considerable profit above 2d.—The concentrates produced by our stamp mills are, the cost of the electrolysis is only an additional benefit however, very easily and correctly assayed by the Lake from a necessary operation. Superior Fire Assay, described first in print by Mr. M. B. Patch (1) and later by the (2) writer in improved form. Lake smelters, however, have the much simpler problem This method is the rule at all refineries of Lake copper. of refining mill concentrates of native copper with a little self-fluxing ferruginous gangue, but with no more than a After mineral has been weighed and dumped at the trace of sulphur. These concentrates yield, by one furnace ready for charging, it is shoveled over and small fusion in reverberatories, the greater portion of their samples taken with a little cup and put in a tightly copper contents, ready for direct refining and casting covered copper can. After all furnaces are charged, the and a balance of rich slag which is re-melted in a cupola assayer’s assistant makes the rounds with a set of large with limestone flux. The molten copper is refined by the cans. The different grades of mineral are collected and two well-known operations; 1st, Rabbling, by which the taken to the laboratory for assay. copper is made to take up oxygen from the air to remove This process can only be used for native copper traces of impurities. 2nd, Poling with green wood, by containing no more than a trace of sulphur. which the oxygen is burned out again, and the metal rendered tough and fitted for casting. Hand rabbling has Even the cream of tartar, bi-carbonate of sodium, and been superseded by the use of compressed air at borax glass, used as fluxes, must be quite free from any several refineries with beneficial results. compounds of sulphur. The majority of the mines in the far West start, on the This fire-assay is made on 1000 Troy grains of mineral other hand, with a more or less impure assortment of which secures a far better sample on this coarse ores, and work up by the series of treatments material, than would be possible in wet methods of mentioned, to the high grade refined metal. Any slip in analysis. this series of operations must result in leaving in the finished product an undue amount of the impurities By some, the method has been criticised as inexact but such criticism is due to insufficient practice and present in the original ore. experiment with the assay. That the commercial product from ore is so good as it is today, speaks highly for the progress of modern In the hands of any good assistant, who has had at least a month’s practice on different grades of material, it metallurgy. gives results which check from month to month the The various methods of control on copper and its ores weighed output of the large refining furnaces and cupola, may be divided into two groups: adding the slight loss of copper in the waste slag from the latter furnace. A.—Assaying (or determination of special metals) in ores, mineral concentrates, slags and mill tailing’s. The assayer mixes the weighed mineral with appropriate fluxes in proportions which have been ascertained by B.—Chemical, mechanical, and electrical tests on the experience for each grade of material. metallic copper resulting from the melting and refining of the raw material. Under A we have (1) Peter’s Modern Copper Smelting. (2) Engineering and Mining Journal, April 20,1895, page 389, 387. We run rich concentrates (over 40% Cu) with such an amount of cream of tartar as reducing agent, that the loss of copper in the slag formed (about 25%) shall be balanced by 25% of metallic iron reduced into the copper button. Low grades are run with a little less reduction, A. I.—The low grade vein rock of Lake Superior mines is yielding a pure button, and a slag containing about 0.35 well understood to carry the native metal in particles of to 0.4 per cent copper, the exact amount being such uneven size, so unevenly disseminated in the lode determined by a quick color test, and added to the and widely scattered that any valuation of a mine, or weight of button to get the total copper contents. even a stope, on anything short of a mill test of 100 to Mill tailings are too low for very accurate fire assay and 500 tons, is of no real value. Even if the copper were are tested by dissolving the copper from the weighed evenly disseminated, a sufficiently large sample could sample of 1.0 to 10.00 grams with dilute nitric acid (1 not be tested very accurately in a laboratory, as it is so part of acid 1.42 sp. gr. and 1 part water by volume). low grade, and the particles of copper flatten without Sulphuric acid is then added (as indicated in another grinding up. paper just referred to (2)), and the copper deposited on a By grinding several pounds with repeated siftings, weighed platinum plate by the electric current. picking out and weighing up the shot left on each grade 3.—REVERBERATORY SLAGS.—The copper, in rich slags, of sieve and then fusing ¼ to 1 pound of the last siftings which sometimes contain a little shot copper, is best in large crucibles, an approximate test may be made. determined by crushing the samples fine enough to pass a sieve of 20 meshes to the linear inch and then using Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 34 of 54 the fire assay with about one-third more flux than would sulphur and soda is added, and iron nails used to be required by unmelted mineral of the same percentage combine with the sulphur and assist in carrying the of the red metal. copper into the slag, an operation that requires considerable time to complete, twenty minutes or more If a complete analysis of the slag is desired, we grind at quiet fusion. down a small sample to pass a 100 mesh sieve, separating and weighing any shots, and place 1 gram of Different methods of assaying for gold and silver are the fine powder in a 3-inch (7.5 cm.) porcelain casserole. preferred in different localities. (See reference 7 and 8). Mechanical sampling by special machines is the rule, The slag is decomposed as far as possible by heating rather than the exception. The value of the lead, zinc with 10 c. c. of strong nitric acid, which is then removed and other associated metals is often required as well as by boiling down with 5 c. c. of sulphuric acid. Add a few the copper—(Western slags are tested for copper drops of nitric acid and 50 c. c. of water, boil and filter. volumetrically and by “Blue Test.” (See Furman’s Fuse washed residue with 5 grams Na CO and a small 2 3 Manual of Assaying.) fragment of KNO3, dissolve in water, acidify with hydrochloric acid, evaporate to dryness, take up with [3] Journal American Chemical Society, January 1897, page 24. dilute acid, filter off, wash, ignite and weigh silica. Purify [4] Peter’s Modern Copper Smelting edition 1897. it by treatment with hydrofluoric acid and add any residue to the main solution. If it is desired to determine [5] Journal American Chemical Society XVIII, May 1896, pape 458. the copper in the solution of the first fusion by [6] Journal American Chemical Society [1898] Vol. XX, page 610. electrolysis, it may be precipitated with hydrogen [6b] Aaron’s Assaying Part I. sulphide, or the solution evaporated with a slight excess of sulphuric acid. [7] Trans. A. I. M. E. 1834, page 250. [8] Engineering and Mining Journal, February 1898, pages 189, 223 Another method would be to read the color of the and 250. solution of the fusion by the Blue Test. The first solution of the slag contains most of the copper which is DIVISION B.—METALIC COPPER.—The following are made determined by electrolysis. Lime and magnesia, iron at Smelting Works upon the metal from the refining and alumina, are estimated by usual methods. These furnaces:— slags are sometimes very refractory. 1. Mechanical tests. 4.—WASTE CUPOLA SLAGS—As a working test, Lake 2. Chemical tests. refineries ascertain the amount of the slight loss of copper by the quick Blue Test, the details of which will 3. Electrical tests. be found in another paper by the writer, (3) on 1. MECHANICAL TESTS.—At the works of the C. & H. Co., “Improvements in the Colorimetric Test.” Complete tests bars 2”x2”x12” are cast from each charge of molten analyses are made, as with richer slags, but much more copper, as soon as it is judged by small test buttons, to quickly, as the slag is vitrified and easy to dissolve. be fully refined. The bar is taken to the machine shop, I.—ASSAYING OF COPPER ORES OUTSIDE OF THE LAKE where a nick, exactly ⅛ inch deep, is made across the DISTRICT.—Most all true ores can be ground to a fine bottom at the middle point of the length. powder from which a very small sample of one gram can The bar is placed in a specially designed testing be taken and yet represent a large weight of material. machine which supports it at each end, while a plunger Hence, quick wet methods, (the so-called volumetric is fed down by gearing upon the center of the bar till it titrations) are the rule in the far West, where a fire assay parts. A pointer on a dial registers automatically the would be inapplicable on account of the presence of highest pressure attained, and the pointer is allowed to sulphur. The red metal may be also determined by go back to a fixed point (at about 2-5 of the maximum) electrolytic deposition when the ores do not contain before removing the bar. By means of a straight edge much arsenic, antimony, etc. and a rule at right angles to it, the amount of bend or The wet methods generally used are known as the deflection of the sample in inches, is obtained. “cyanide” (4) and (5) “iodide” respectively. According to Other Lake refineries use a Riehle machine, adapted to the writer’s experience, the latter is the better of the two. the same work. If this test of strength went below the A new promising process has been brought out known limit, the copper would be further refined to maintain as a “modified (6) sulphocyanide,” to which reference is uniformly that peculiar strength and toughness of fibre also given. and wearing quality, which make Lake Copper famous For the determination of gold and silver in copper ores for special work, where the metal must undergo severe the reader is referred to the text books of Furman or strains. It is understood that most electrolytic refineries Brown. We have found that, with oxidized ores a large do not apply this mechanical test to their finished metal. excess of litharge is desirable. On sulphuretted ores, a The furnace man tests the steps of the refining process good mixture of ore and fluxes (which permits a direct by taking out small samples with a ladle and observing assay in the crucible without preliminary roasting) is that the appearance of the surface while cooling, and the known as Aaron’s formula, (6b) in which an excess of

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 35 of 54 appearance of the fractured surface after nicking and breaking the button. In the laboratory, the only physical tests made would be an occasional determination of the weight of the metal as compared with water (i. e. its Specific Gravity) and the estimation of the electrical conductivity of any copper which is cast into wire-bar for electrical purposes. There is another new field of investigation, which has been applied to iron and steel, also to many alloys with interesting and important results. I refer to the examination of the fibrous, or crystalline structure with a powerful microscope, which has often explained physical differences resulting from variations in heating, annealing and other mechanical treatment, which are not revealed by chemical analysis at all. If a small fragment or section of the sample to be tested, is placed on a stick in a bed of wax, or cement, and given a fine polish with rouge, or other abrasives, and then etched with acids, the granular structure of the metal is brought out in bold relief for examination and for the taking of micro- photographs. B. .—SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF METALLIC COPPER.— A Hardly anything has been done with refined copper in little oxygen in refined copper is not to be reckoned as the way of microscopic analysis, partly owing to the fact an impurity, since the poling must be stopped while a that the metal is so soft, it is almost impossible to polish trace yet remains, to insure a proper surface set and and etch it in such a way as to avoid destroying its fibrous structure in the casting. original structure. Generally speaking, the best refined lake, or electrolytic should contain at least 99.90 per cent of pure copper, NOTES ON THE ‘SPECIFIC GRAVITY’ OF (including the traces of silver present.) This leaves only COPPER. 0.1 per cent for oxygen and traces of any other impurities. Practical superintendents and manufacturers frequently object, and in some cases I admit, with reason, that the It is evident that the exact determination and tests of an invention or of a process in a laboratory, are identification of the traces of foreign metals in the not to be fully depended upon until thoroughly tried in product of copper refineries is a matter of difficulty and commercial practice, because laboratory experiments requires some of the most delicate manipulations, and are necessarily conducted on a very small scale. A exact methods on the part of the chemist of any work similar objection may be made with truth to some of the with which he has to deal. Especially is this true, figures obtained for the specific electrical resistance or because traces, (even 0.002 per cent) of some foreign the specific gravity of copper. Not having access to metals, exert a noticeably injurious influence on the metal direct from refineries of high grade material, some electrical properties of the metal, though not affecting experiments recorded as standard in text books, have other qualites to any degree (10). been made with copper melted m the laboratory in small Dr. H. F. Keller, stated in a short paper, in 1894, “That crucibles. De-oxidized copper can be made this way, the exact manner in which these impurities affect the but copper melted in crucibles can not be given the physical properties of copper is not better understood, is same physical structure as that refined on the large undoubtedly owing to the lack of rapid, and at the same scale, the metal of commerce. time accurate, methods of ascertaining their relative A few personal determinations are, however, ventured of amounts.” This is not so much the case to-day, since the specific gravity of native copper, of the refined papers by several authors have given not only the product direct from the furnaces, and of de-oxidized details of the standard methods, but also several new copper produced in crucibles. methods for accurate work. The excellent physical qualities of this last product have As in this country, the technical analysis of refined been but little recognized. A cast slab of de-oxidized copper is confined to comparatively few hands, a few copper, about 2” thick, 6” wide, has been bent double details will be given, in this paper, of such improvements upon itself without tearing and it does not become brittle as have proved to be of advantage, up to date. and crystalline in practical use. It is an ideal metal, when [10] Journal American Chemical Society, Vol. XVI [Nov. 1894] page properly prepared, for locomotive stay bolts and for 784. pump rods. It can be rolled down cold.

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 36 of 54 SAMPLING OF COPPER (AND MATTE.)—Matte can be For a full description of the necessary precautions, refer crushed so its sampling is not so difficult as that of to another paper (13) on the Electrolytic Assay as copper pigs, bars or ingots, which are chipped or drilled. applied to refined copper. A fixed proportion of pigs, bars, or ingots are taken from OXYGEN IN METALLIC COPPER.—Some chemists have a lot or invoice, and holes bored part way through, but in attempted to ascertain the amount of the traces of a different place on each one, following a regular rule, in oxygen (existing as sub-oxide of copper) in refined metal order to avoid or correct for, the effect of unequal by treating with a solution of nitrate of silver. segregation of the impurities in the copper (notably gold and silver) on cooling from the molten state after casting. This is a rather uncertain reaction. The scientifically exact method is that devised by the German chemist, The interior of any thick casting of copper, (similarly to Hampe. (14) iron and steel) retains more of some impurities (and less of others) than the outside half which solidifies first. One or two American chemists have improved the original and rendered it more rapid and easy of (11) Edward Keller, of the Baltimore Works, concluded execution. as the result of the most careful investigation of this subject ever published, that to sample gold and silver- The writer cleans the copper quickly with pure petroleum bearing copper correctly and avoid segregation, the ether (completely volatile below 60° C) instead of by sample should not be taken from large bars, or pigs, but Hampe’s treatment with caustic potash, and absorbs any cast direct from the thoroughly mixed molten charge in evolved sulphur by alkaline cadmium solution. the furnace, in the form of a thin flat plate, which will solidify quickly and evenly throughout, except for a The principle of the method is the determination of the distance from the outside edges, not over twice the loss of weight suffered by a sample of clean fillings of the copper when heated in contact with a current of thickness of the plate. perfectly pure hydrogen gas. This loss of weight is Very small buttons taken direct from the furnace give a called oxygen, but must be corrected also for any slight good sample also and these methods are followed by trace of sulphur or arsenic which may be driven out with Lake smelters in sampling copper, the size of test plate the oxygen on heating the copper. being 6”x6”x½” for silver assay. THE SULPHUR IN COPPER.—The complete removal of this If a box or ingot must be sampled, the surface rust is harmful element depends on the care with which the removed, and a dry drill, or plainer, employed to take final refining in the reverberatory furnace is conducted. borings, or sections, from the test piece, testing the Much lake copper contains hardly a trace. piece afterwards with a magnet. Hot copper absorbs both oxygen and sulphurous gases ASSAY FOR SILVER AND GOLD—The standard methods are with great rapidity so that trouble sometimes results in fully discussed in a symposium of assayer’s prepared by rolling mills in re-heating the metal, from too high heat in the Secretary of the American Institute of Mining contact with the flame of crude oil used as fuel. Engineers after the plans of Dr. Ledoux of New York. A more recent account of assays at the mint is published The only rapid and exact chemical method, known to the writer, for the estimation of even minute traces of sulphur by Whitehead and Ulke. (See references 7 and 8. in metallic copper, is one published by him in 1895, (15) The so-called “combination,” or wet and dry assay of which depends on the removal of the copper from its gold and silver in copper has generally given rather nitric acid solution by electrolytic deposition on a lower results on gold than an “all-fire” assay, owing to platinum plate, leaving the sulphur compounds in the the slight solubility of the precious metal in the acid used liquid. This solution is evaporated to dryness with a little to dissolve and separate the copper. soda as described in the Journal referred to, and the sulphur exactly estimated. (12) Recently, L. D. Godshall claims to obtain the rest of the gold by throwing out a very little copper from solution [13] Trans. A. I. M. E., July, 1897. with hydrogen sulphide, carrying down the gold also. [14] Fresenius Quant. Analysis, Book II, page 519. Post Ch. Tech. Analyze, Vol. Ill, page 526, (German.) [11] Trans. A. I. M. E. 1897, Vol. XXVII, page 106. Zeit. Fur. Anal. Chemistry, Vol. XIII, page 202. [12] Trans. A. I. M. E., Feb., 1900; also Eng. and M. Journal, Feb. 24, [15] (a) Journal American Chem. Society Vol. XVII., Oct. 1895, page 1900, page 228; April 21, 1900, page 470. 814. (b) Abstract in Eng. and Min. Journal Feb. 29, 1896, page 204. THE ESTIMATION OF PURE METALLIC COPPER IN COMMERCIAL COPPER.—In matte, the precentage of FOREIGN METALS IN COPPER.—Dr. H. F. Kellar gave a copper is determined generally by volumetric processes good outline of Hampe’s directions for the complete already referred to or by electrolytic assay. separation and analyses of foreign metals and When we come to metallic copper, so close to 100% metalloids in refined copper as practiced by him at that pure, the electrolytic assay must be employed. time. The pure rose-red copper is deposited from an acid Very little has been translated from the German except solution upon a platinum plate. the above account, and a direct abstract of the original Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 37 of 54 method in the Journal of the English Society of Chemical Formulas for calculation which depend on the weight of Industry. (16) See also, Fresenius’ Quantative Analysis the wire, rather than its average diameter (and cross- Book II, (complete edition). section), are much more accurate, as wires are hardly ever perfectly round, and when pear-shaped, the exact For a thorough analysis, we make use of modifications determination of the average diameter is almost of the above mentioned process, taking one 50 gram impossible even with spring calipers, which apply steady sample for the determination of gold, silver, selenium, pressure. tellurium, arsenic, antimony, and tin, by the “sulpho- cyanate method,” and sometimes a second sample of 25 The works with which the writer is connected, possess a to 50 grams for the separation of lead, bismuth, iron, small but complete model mill outfit for rolling and zinc, cobalt and nickel by the “electrolytic method:” drawing test-bars (7”x½”x½”) which are cast from the Estimations of single constituents can be performed molten furnace charge as soon as it is thoroughly more quickly by some special process. refined. What copper and its analysis was before the If the copper does not give a test above a fixed limit, it development of modern metallurgy is illustrated by some should be re-melted. analyses found in Foster (17) and Whitney’s Geological Manager Klepetko reported (in the Trans: A. I. M. E. for Report of the Lake district for 1850. 1897, page 967), that similar tests were made by the After stating that “the native copper from Lake Superior Boston and Montana on their refined metal, as is also mines may be considered to be chemically pure,” they done at other smelters. quote the following analyses of Europeon refined METHODS OF MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE.—Many coppers of the day, which were copied as a matter of years ago the resistance of copper wire (and its relative curiosity: No. 1. Swedish copper. 2. Mansfield conductivity therefrom) was tested on the original forms (analyzed by V. Kobell). 3. Swiss copper. of Wheatstone’s bridge system, involving large extra resistances in boxess plugs, and lead wires which must be allowed for. Twenty-five to fifty feet of the wire had to be carefully straightened, measured as to length (and diameter if not weighed) and its temperature taken aside from that of the bridge coils—an operation so slow as to leave much to be desired for practical use. [16] Journal Soc. of Chem. Industry [London] April 30, 1894, page 421 Owing to the great growth of the industries handling [17] Ex. Doc. 69, U. S. House of Representatives, 1850, page 177. copper, and the higher grade of specifications for the metal, there grew up a demand for a standard I have not yet discussed the important test of the conductivity bridge, specially adapted to wire testing, electrical resistance, (or conversely the electrical that should fulfill the following conditions. As the result conductivity) of the metal, as compared with the of long experience the writer believes the following to be standard values established by the European requisites for a test which is adapted to commercial investigator, Matthiesen, for the purest copper known in work, and yet accurate: his day. This standard is still adhered to by the scientific world for convenience, though refined copper (from 1st. Extra and variable factors, such as all resistances some sources) will test, in the form of annealed wire, of plugs, contacts and connecting wires, must be over 100 per cent pure. neutralized, or eliminated, so as to have no effect upon the observed resistance (or fall in potential) in the The conductivity test is now the criterion of the metal to sample under test, at ordinary working temperature. the manufacturer, the large rolling mills, and even the brass foundry. 2nd. The method must be rapid enough for commercial use and yet accurate; the instrument not likely to get out What is really measured, is the resistance offered, by a of order, and most carefully checked against the piece of hard-drawn, or annealed wire to an electrical Cavendish standards of England. current. The length of the test piece (to 1-10 millimeter) the weight (or average diameter) and the exact A set of copper wires, whose resistance has been temperature of the instrument (and wire) are recorded at carefully determined against recognized standards the time of the observation of electrical resistance. should be provided by the maker of the Bridge, so that it may be checked from time to time and any alteration Although rolling mills make their working tests on hard- detected. drawn wire, the true comparison of coppers can only be made on the annealed wire, which gives the maximum 3rd. The test should be made on samples of wire not conductivity of which a copper of given percentage of over one meter in length, so they may be laid out straight impurities is capable, while the hard-drawn tests 2.5 to upon the instrument. The preparation of long samples 3.0 percent lower. The exact difference, evidently, will (seven to ten meters) is too slow, and the temperature of vary with the mechanical treatment given in each mill. the coil is necessarily different from the bridge. Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 38 of 54 If a very accurate test is occasionally required, and short Co., Bridgeport Brass Co., Michigan College of Mines, pieces are being tested, let several samples be tried, Pittsburg Reduction Co., Boston and Montana Copper and the results averaged. Co., Seymour Manufacturing Co., Lake Superior Smelting Co., etc. It is a great advantage that short pieces (of less than one meter) may be placed upon the instrument, and in ten This test depends on the Carey-Foster method, the use minutes or more will acquire its exact temperature. At of which eliminates errors due to contacts, etc., and least ten minutes is required after handling (and thereby measurements on samples of copper do not have to be heating) the wire with the bare hands. This is a point in corrected for temperature, since the standard wires in manipulation that is sometimes, to my knowledge, rather the machine are also of copper, and at the same overlooked and neglected by electricians doing this temperature as the test, if enough time is allowed. work. In spite of these comparatively accurate instruments Even a foot or two in distance from the observer’s body (among other designs to the same purpose, which are (or in height on table or shelf) will oftentimes make a already in the field), there is room for improvement difference of two or three degrees Fahrenheit, and it is somewhere, as different instruments, even from same remembered that every degree means a difference, makers, when checked against the same samples of either up or down, of over 0.2 per cent in conductivity. wire, do not always agree quite as closely as they should, or as they are claimed to do. INSTRUMENTAL METHODS FILLING SPECIFICATIONS.—One is the design of Prof. Puffer, I think, in use at the In conclusion, I trust that I have succeeded in explaining, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston. by the foregoing outlines, the many means now employed in examination of the output, and the control of Observed results are independent of the existence of the losses, in a modern smelting works; and in indicating contacts and connectors, but a 20-foot sample is tested, the fact that scientific investigation has been the “eye- so it is rather too slow for rolling mills, and out of the opener” which (as in other industries) has replaced the question for most copper refineries. old “rule-of-thumb” methods, by an intelligent knowledge The sample to be tested is stretched in a long box, of the reactions involved in the smelting of the new “king beside two or three copper wires of known resistance, of metals.” and by means of a traveling weighted knife edge contact, carried on a little wheeled truck, the length of MR. HEATH’S PAPER OPEN FOR the test sample is found (on scale behind or below it) which has exactly the same electrical resistance as the DISCUSSION. total length of the standard. DR. KOENIG: I wish to ask Mr. Heath a question, only in The next two pieces of apparatus described are more regard to his reference to the fire assay, he says it has adapted to mills and smelters. been somewhat ill-spoken of elsewhere. I will give my own testimony that it is a very good assay, perfectly The first is the bridge by Siemen’s Bros., London, which reliable. is a modified form of Thomson’s double bridge, and is possessed by the Calumet and Hecla refineries. It is MR, HEATH: I will say I think that it is mentioned in an used considerably in Europe. It is designed to give original account by Mr. Patch, a copper smelter, that it measurements of low resistance entirely independent of has been objected to outside of Lake Superior as an the resistance of the pinctions between the wire to be inaccurate process, because they do not regard the fact measured and the knife edge contacts. About 600 mm. that our copper does not produce any sulphur. I think of copper wire are cut off for a test. we can rob the slag of nearly all the copper because the metal contains no sulphur. By allowing time for all samples to acquire exact temperature of bridge, using accurate thermometer MR. COOPER: I think one objection which is often raised reading to 0.2 degree F., measuring length within 1-5 to the Lake Superior fire assay by a number of persons mm., and reading resistance scale with a hand-glass to who have tried to make their assay by taking their 1-10 of marked divisions, check observations may be sample from the dried mineral. I do not think that will do made within one-tenth per cent. of each other. unless the mineral is composed of particles absolutely of the same size, which we know is not possible in minerals A possible objection to this instrument is that one has to of this district. In taking the assay sample from the dried depend on the care with which the maker has tested the mineral, the coarser, heavier grains of copper are more standard wire, of alloy, for every part of its entire length. easily retained on the spatula. Thus a larger portion of An instrument in more general use in America is the the smaller grains of copper and the gangue drop off, Standard Conductivity Bridge, made by Willyoung, thus leaving the sample too high in copper. Philadelphia, U. S. A. I have in mind an example. A dried sample of mineral Rolling mills have installed this apparatus until the passed to and fro between two chemists. Each time the following American concerns, among others, possess dried sample was assayed, the percentage of copper them: Roebling Sons Co., Waclark Wire Co., Coe Brass found was lower than the previous assay showed. Therefore, to get a correct sample, it is necessary to Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 39 of 54 moisten the sample enough to make the particles compound pumps, without regard to the efficiency of our adhere. boiler plant, or steam that was being used elsewhere. From tests then made, it was found that our compounds were giving us, not to exceed, a duty of forty-four million, and that we were evaporating 8½ pounds of water from and at 212° per pound of coal. At the existing price of coal and with this evaporation the cost of handling such a large volume of water was too high. We investigated in turn the Cornish, triple expansion, direct acting, and crank and fly wheel types of pumps, in an effort to determine which would give the greatest returns consistent with their installed cost. The Cornish system was quickly abandoned because of its tremendously excessive first cost, its inadaptability to varying conditions and generally obsolete character, so that it resolved itself into a choice between the triple expansion, direct acting, and the crank and fly wheel form. Both of these were recommended, the first because of its lower original cost and general simplicity PUMPING ENGINE IN PENOBSCOT MINE of construction, while its economy approached the crank and fly wheel type so closely that some doubt remained as to whether this would not make up for the increased CORLISS CROSS-COMPOUND cost and higher efficiency of the latter. PUMPING ENGINES IN PENOBSCOT In making estimates of the probable fuel cost of the two types we took the duty of the triple expansion at 80 MINE. million and the crank and fly wheel at no million, both of BY JOHN A. REDFERN. which assumptions were corroborated and guaranteed by the manufacturers. When sinking our shaft in 1896, we encountered some difficulty with water, but not more than our neighbors, so The volume being so great and the chances that the that when the time came for the installation of station conditions would remain unchanged, it was concluded to pumps, we had no reason to expect a greater flow of install the higher priced and higher type pumping water than other mines in our vicinity were getting at a engines, which guaranteed a saving, to be conservative, like depth. of at least 50% of fuel cost, in operation. Early in 1897 we therefore put in a tandem duplex, On arriving at this dicision, a contract was placed with compound condensing, Prescott pump, of 800 gallons the Fred. M. Prescott Steam Pump Co., of Milwaukee, normal capacity and another Prescott simple pump of Wis., for two corliss cross-compound condensing the same capacity, for a relief in case of an emergency. pumping engines, each having a normal capacity to As we began to open new ground, however, we were deliver 2,500 gallons per minute, against a static head of surprised to find the water increased with almost every 290 feet, at a steam pressure of 125 pounds, at the foot opened and in such volume that we were compelled engines. These pumps were installed last fall and both to order new pumps with such rapidity that within a few are now in continuous and successful operation. The months we had 5 of these compounds, and a simple; in engines are cross-connected compounds with 19” h. p. all a normal capacity of about 4,000 gallons per minute. steam cylinders and 35” 1. p. steam cylinders. We then ran along pumping a quantity varying from Both the high pressure and the low pressure cylinders 3,500 to 4,000 gallons per minute, without any marked and their respective heads are steam jacketed, and in decrease. In fact it was impossible to open ground as addition the bodies of the cylinders are covered with fast as desired for fear the inflow of water would exceed non-conducting matenal and then lagged with planished our pumping capacity. steel. The engines are provided with receivers of the Last year it became evident that our pumping was going “re-heater” type and every precaution is taken to guard to be a continuous problem, and the quicker we put in a against losses due to condensation or external central plant, sufficiently large and of a type to do the influences. The valve gear is of the Corliss type, work at a minimum cost, the better. We therefore began automatically controlling the point of cut-off and with investigations as to the relative efficiency of the different regulators having special attachments so that the speed classes of pumps, their comparative costs and the of the engines can be adjusted to suit the varying probable saving in fuel that could be effected over our conditions of speed required. The pumps are placed present method of handling water. The first step in this tandem to the respective steam cylinders, the piston direction was the necessity of getting definite knowledge rods extending through the back of cylinder heads and as to the economical performance of our direct acting connecting direct to the pump plungers. Engines and

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 40 of 54 pumps being rigidly tied together by means of steel stretcher rods. The water ends are Cylindrical in form and have a large air chamber over each quarter of the pump.

PUMP IN PENOBSCOT MINE.

On the inboard end of the pump are two suction chambers, cross-connected, but with a gate valve between. In each discharge before entering the header, It will be seen from this that the results exceed our most is placed a special check valve. sanguine expectations and that of the builders. The With this arrangement, by closing the gate in the cross guaranteed duty was 110 million per 1,000 pounds dry suction and the required check valve in the discharge, steam, without making any allowance for leakage we are able to cut out either side of the pump and run between boilers and engines, this was exceeded by 7 one half of it. This is an emergency precaution and a million. valuable one. The water valves are peculiar in that there Inasmuch, however, as this high point of efficiency was are only three suction and a like number of discharge reached when everything was finely adjusted and the valves in each quarter. They are of the annular ring type plant very skillfully handled, it is not expected to equal it which permits enormous openings without the high lift under continuous operation, but if we can maintain the common to valves of ordinary construction. High 110 million mark the fuel cost should not be more than plunger speed being desirable on account of resulting one half of what it was with the old compounds, which is economy of the steam end, all the valve and water very gratifying and well worth the expenditure. While the passage areas were made extremely large and are rated capacity of each of these two pumps is 2,500 something over 200% of the plunger area. So that when gallons per minute, a speed test was made in order to these pumps are running at normal speed, 306 feet per ascertain what could be done in case of emergency. On minute, the velocity of water traveling through the valve this test we ran quietly 79 revolutions per minute, a openings is less than 150 feet per minute, or less than in plunger speed of 474 feet, or a delivery of 3,860 gallons ordinary pumps when running at their customary plunger per minute for each pump, or a total of 7,720. I do not speed of 100 feet. The plungers are 10” in diameter and know how much faster we could have run, but thought all of 36” length of stroke. The condensers are of the jet the test satisfactory and slowed down again. So far as I type mechanically connected to the main pump on the know this is the highest plunger speed at which an low pressure side. There is an attached auxiliary pump underground pump of this capacity has ever been for boiler feed purposes, having no nearer supply of feed successfully and quietly run, and the economical results water. This small pump receives its supply direct from as measured in foot pounds of work for a given quantity the condenser and discharges through a heater located of steam, I believe is the highest ever reached by any in the engine exhaust, between the low pressure cylinder underground plant. To operate these pumps we and the condenser. By this method we are enabled to installed a battery of 3-250 H. P. Wickes, vertical, water utilize the heat in the water for our boiler feed. tube boilers, one of which will operate both pumps at On the 20th of last December a duty test of 10 hours their maximum capacity. The pumps are connected to duration was made, the results being as follows: the boilers by a 6” steam line covered with 1½” of 85% magnesia covering.

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 41 of 54 THE INVASION OF THE WATER in this particular. It is not proven that the local type is evaporating less per pound of coal than the new types TUBE BOILER INTO THE COPPER installed. Tests of the firebox type so far made show in COUNTRY. each case an evaporation per pound of coal of over 10 pounds of water from and at 212 degrees. The BY O. P. HOOD. proposition as to relative evaporation is an assumption The firebox type has been so universally used as to be as yet and should not be given undue weight. characteristic of the boiler practice of this locality. While It is claimed that the flue temperature in the local type is the rest of the country was using brick-set, return, higher than it should be. Figures from plants in good tubular boilers the copper country had relatively few order show no great difference as yet in this respect. examples of that type. In but one large mine did they Flue temperatures of 427, 477, 544, found with the become the standard. The features of semi-portability, firebox type are quite comparable with temperatures absence of brick work and rapid steaming, together with found with water tube boilers. The steam quality as low price, made the firebox type a favorite for mining shown by the calorimeter appears equally good in each operations from the prospect shaft to the permanent type also. Since both types are very easily forced and equipment stage. The Belpaire form of this type used by run much above their normal rating it is a common thing one company was also designed for high evaporative to find, particularly the older boilers, very much performance. overloaded giving high rates of combustion, high flue The boilers have had a gradual evolution within the temperatures and wet steam. This is done in many copper country. The crown sheet was replaced by cases where it is not realized how much the boiler is crown tubes for greater safety and ease of repair. The being overloaded and gives rise to the belief in abnormal length has undergone several changes. Arch tubes flue wastes and wet steam. In point of safety the water have been introduced running from the back water leg tube type enjoys distinct advantages at very high above the fire surface to the front water leg just below pressures. It is a significant fact, however, that with the crown tubes. This improves circulation, and by pressures heretofore carried this locality does not record bricking a baffle plate up the arch tubes a few feet, it is a single boiler explosion of the crown tube type with all expected to better the furnace conditions. The boiler of its flat, stay-bolted surfaces and frequent overloading. design has developed to meet the increasing pressures The new types of boilers are represented by gentlemen up to 150 pounds and increased size of units up to 84 who are above all things expert salesmen. The old type inches in diameter of shell are made. enjoys none of that delightful commercial exploitation The many new boiler plants in the district have attracted which makes it a pleasure to buy something one knows all the new claimants for favor in the boiler field and the very little about and really does not want. conditions attending the introduction of new types is of The first water tube boiler in the district was installed at interest. the College of mines in 1894. A small Stirling boiler The agent representing a new boiler here, finds the field there was followed by plants at eight other points. I have occupied with a type with which he has but little visited most of these and find among those in immediate familiarity. I believe no other section of the country control some preferring the new type, others the old. employs the firebox type so exclusively. This fact is Three plants have figures with which to illustrate their used as an argument for a change. In trying to discover opinion. In thus comparing the two types the points so the influences used in bringing a change in boiler far mentioned may appear to be unfavorable to the water practice, I find the fear of being called “old foggy” and tube type of boiler. I wish to emphasize the fact that this “not up to modern practice,” having more weight than it appearance is defective. There are great advantages of should. It must not be lost sight of that this remark is the water tube type not mentioned. If the proportion was usually made by those having a special interest in some reversed and it was asserted that the firebox type of other type. boiler along the lines mentioned was always superior to the performance of the other type I should be obliged to Beside this assumption can be put that other assumption take a conservative view opposing this. I wish to that a boiler developed under local conditions is likely to discover and to champion the facts in the case and not a fit those conditions and that the new type must yet prove particular type of boiler. So far I do not find an evident itself. Among many advantages the agent of a new type superiority along the lines of evaporation, flue claims a much higher evaporation per pound of coal. It temperature and steam quality as has been claimed. is a little surprising to find that the old type has The attitude which appears to me the fairest in this case possessed no figures with which to make a comparison. is illustrated by one manager who said: “The new type In order to show that the old type can be bettered in this impressed me favorably and I was willing to pay the particular it is certainly necessary to have something difference to try the experiment. more definite than general impressions as to what that type has been doing. The points which I wish to make in this paper are: First, that the many excellent boilers being presented for Several tests of each type recently made in this vicinity adoption into the copper country are not necessarily do not uphold the claims of the new type for superiority better than the type developed in the locality; second, Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 42 of 54 that in so far as miscellaneous tests can show anything, PROF. HOOD: In figuring on a plant to-day, the question superiority of the new type along the line of economic of fuel is looked upon as the most important thing, and evaporation, steam quality and flue temperature has not as plants are apt to be concentrated, they generally run yet been shown here; third, that in weighing the merits of up pretty high in horse power. Probably four or five or the firebox type as used here, there is a serious lack of six boilers. Of course the safety becomes of the first figures from tests as definite as those presented by the importance, and I think is given a great deal of weight. newer types from other localities. Next, in regard to operation, From all the figures I have been told about, I should judge there wasn’t much As new boilers of either type are put in it is hoped that difference as far as the fuel question goes, but there was careful tests will be made to discover whether a as to the safety of the boiler and one of great reasonable guarantee is fulfilled and thus supplement importance. Secondly, I think that in the long run the our present knowledge. water tube type of boiler can be kept up to the originally designed pressure as with the fire-box type. MR. HOOD’S PAPER OPEN FOR MR. MCKEE: I would like to inquire whether there was an DISCUSSION. effort made to introduce the mechanical stoker on these DR. LANE: I would like to ask if the Wicks water tube boilers. boiler has been tested. MR. HOOD: There has been put in one mechanical MR. HOOD: In answer to that I would say I find no figures stoker in the Wolverine under two Sterling boilers, each at all. They have been here but a short time, and I of 200 horse power. That is the only one to my understand no tests have been made as yet. knowledge.

MR. DENTON: I think there are a good many here tonight MR. MCKEE: Has there been any under the fire-box? who have some opinions to express with regard to MR. HOOD: None to my knowledge. boilers, and in order to bring out remarks from some of these gentlemen, who would like to state the other side MR. POPE: There are mechanical stokers in the Quincy of the question in one or two directions. I think Professor mill. Hood’s remarks in regard to local developments being MR. THOMPSON: I would like to suggest that there are usually best suited to each locality, are good. On the water tube boilers and water tube boilers and the other hand, as one travels around the manufacturing variation between them may be as much as the variation centers of the country, I do not think that one new between the water tube type and the fire-box boiler and installation of the boilers of the locomotive type will be the horizontal tubular boiler. found for perhaps ten of the other type. Of course these figures are simply guess work. However, there are MR. HOOD: I have a test by a noted expert which shows certainly more new permanent boiler plants of the water- a difference of fourteen per cent in effeciency in two tube type being installed than of the locomotive type, if boilers of apparently the same design, and it is difficult to one considers a large area, and I offer this fact as an class a boiler of a single design against another boiler argument, to offset the one drawn from the local which admits very many different designs. Personally I tendency, at least in the past, towards the locomotive am in favor of the water tube boiler. At the same time type. there has been in some cases a very heavy bill of costs for repairs, and that is a question which perhaps should As Professor Hood says, there is probably not much be considered quite as much as the fuel question. difference in evaporative powers when both types are under normal conditions. The fact of the greater safety DR. HUBBARD: The argument is brought forward in favor of the water-tube type, which Professor Hood has also of the water tube boiler or rather against the tubular referred to, is alone sufficient in my opinion to give this boiler, and in the course of ten or fifteen or maybe type the preference in any permanent plant upon which twenty years the boiler is so far gone that although it still a great deal is dependent. may be good for low pressures, the insurance people will not allow it to be used at as high a pressure as it was Furthermore, I think that by ordinary repairs and originally designed for, and hence it has to be thrown out renewals of parts of water-tube boilers, the pressure or used at a loss of economy. The tubular boiler can be may be maintained continuously at that for which the installed for $8.00 or $10.00 per horse power, several plant was designed. The maintenance of the steam dollars less than the cost of the water tube type. By pressure which is gradually becoming higher is at most making it 1-16 or ⅛ of an inch thicker, why couldn’t the plants a more important item then formerly. manager of a plant that required a pressure of 125 With locomotive boilers the custom has been, as the pounds, buy a boiler that could stand a pressure of, say, plants grow old, to reduce the pressure as there are 160 pounds. That boiler would surely last indifinitely usually uncertainties in regard to the condition of the without having the insurance men cut down the pressure shell. Assuming a high steam pressure to be below the required limit. I make this suggestion in order continuously maintained, I think the cost question will to ask if there is any different rate at which the boiler also favor the water-tube boiler. It is assumed of course insurance people do cut down the pressure. When we that the feed water is good. can install a boiler for $8.00 a horse power, we can Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 43 of 54 figure, even if we may have to throw it out at the end of A NEW FORM OF MINE DRILL BIT. twenty years, a saving in that time over the cost of a water tube boiler at $13.00 per horse power, that will be BY WALTER FITCH. sufficient to replace the former. In response to a request of the President of the Institute MR. JACKSON: I rise for the purpose of stating that I do that I should prepare a paper for this meeting I not know anything about boilers, but would like to acquiesced, with an idea of presenting some tests that I commend the attitude of Professor Hood’s decision in had made some years since, of two forms of rock drill this matter, I think that a very much more important bits; one of which was new, and was invented by matter than the mere efficiency of the boiler is to be Richard Simmons, the head blacksmith at the Champion considered. The amount of water it evaporates to the mine, and the other was the old form of cross-bit. In pound of coal is the matter alluded to by Dr. Hubbard. It order that these tests might be confirmed under present is a fact that some people allow it to scale, and those conditions of higher air pressure and larger drilling things will knock out a boiler very quickly. The main machines we have recently made additional tests with consideration strikes me that the people who are going different machines, these being of three sizes, viz: Two to look after these boilers, should see that they be kept and seven-eighths inches, three and one-fourth inches, in good working condition. That is a very important and three and one-half inches diameter of cylinders. point. After a boiler is once installed, it is not in every The results of these tests have shown that with increase place it gets the best possible attention, and I should of power there is an increase of efficiency in the ordinary select one which would be most likely to be kept in order form of cross-bit, but that with the machines now in use without too much trouble. in the mines the Simmons bit is very much more MR. HOOD: I fear that it may be taken that this is a plea efficient. for the firebox boiler. It is not. Perhaps I can present as In treating of the subject I sent to the patent office at many facts on the other side. What I tried to point out is Washington for diagrams of rock drill bits that had been this: That among a good many conditions there are two granted patents, and received over thirty different or three I propose to consider. With the new type of descriptions, none of which I had before seen illustrated boiler (and I use that term instead of saying Stirling or in use. None of these appeared to present any boiler) we expected and had a right to expect from the marked features that would commend them for use in claims of the agents, that a very noticeable increase in our mines. Some of them were designed, undoubtedly, steam could be had per pound of coal. We couldn’t say to overcome difficulties that occur to all of us, but these “no,” for the reason that there were no figures available would have to be rejected because of the labor and from the firebox type. And when it was claimed that the expense of preparation and repairing. It is singular, that Stirling would evaporate 11 or 12 or 12½ per pound of of the numerous forms that have been patented, none, coal, we could not say that the firebox was doing as well, to my knowledge, are in general use. I was informed for I don’t think we knew. In making tests, those that that those sent me represented only a small part of the have been made so far, show that neither are number remaining in the patent office. evaporating 11 or 12. If we take the figures so far, the Stirling shows less than the firebox type. Going no The cross-bit it will not be necessary for me to describe, further than the evidence I say that the claim has not as I believe it is used practically in all of the mines of the been substantiated. As far as I studied the subject, I find Lake Superior district. that if you look for 11½ per pound of coal, you can find it The bit used in competition with this, which I mentioned with any type of boiler. in my introduction as being novel, is described as MR. MCKEE: My company has very few boilers less than possessing for its cutting surface the single bit common twenty years old all built for from 80 to 90 pounds and to the ordinary hand drill, with the addition of two insurance people still take them as high as that, with one shoulders or reamers set at right angles to, and back or two exceptions. These are boilers that were made in from the cutting edge five-eighths of an inch and the days when iron was all there was to be had and it approximately five-eighths of an inch wide, and having wasn’t good at that. We have some steel boilers that the same radius as the cutting bit. have been in service almost twenty-one years, a battery of six. Five of these boilers are taken today at 80 pounds, and the other one would have been so taken if it wasn’t burned by firemen and improperly patched. I think you can say that a tubular boiler will run twenty years, and perhaps with good care, thirty years, and in my opinion with pressures usually carried for mining work will give as good or better economy than water tube boilers.

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 44 of 54 great, resulting from the lessened number of strokes required to do the same work as formerly. The test made several years ago with a 2⅞” Rand drill with sixty pounds air pressure as recorded at the air compressor was as follows:

TEST NO. 1. In this test the holes drilled were in jaspar, the hardest ground found at the time at the Champion Mine.

TEST NO. 2. In this test the holes drilled were in a mixture of Chloritic Schist and Magnetite, this being the easiest drilling ground known at this time at the mine:

The above tests made by drilling holes three inches apart, and otherwise under as nearly as possible equal conditions. The time shown was the actual time while The first competitive test proved that two of the radiating drill was running, all stoppages, whether for changing cutting edges of the old cross-bit acted to retard the drills or other causes being deducted. progress of the drill, and much greater speed could be gained by dispensing with them. The reamers were The following tests were made with an air pressure of added in order to maintain as far as possible the gauge, seventy pounds as recorded at the air compressor. and to preserve the cylindrical form in drilling the hole. It was argued that adding to the cutting edge of the drill, without adding to the power behind it, could not increase its cutting ability. This contention, I believe, has been demonstrated by subsequent tests, for these prove that with increased air pressure and more powerful drilling machines, the advantage of the new drilling bit was less marked, and the cross-bit more nearly approached it in speed. One other feature apparent with the faster boring with the increased power, was that the loss of gauge was not as

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 45 of 54

From the results of these tests I have drawn the conclusion that the Simmons or Reaming bit is the superior of the Cross, or any other bits for hard drilling ground, up to a certain point, that is, up to a point where the application of sufficient power is put behind the MR. FITCH’S PAPER OPEN FOR Cross-bit to admit of its doing full and effective service DISCUSSION. with its very large cutting surfaces. Based on the data arrived at, I assume that this point would be reached MR. BALL: I would like to ask Mr. Fitch if this test was with a drilling machine whose diameter of cylinder would made on dry or wet ground, or if any test was made on be four inches. As increased power is used the Cross- dry ground. bit shows increasing efficiency, but under the conditions MR. FITCH: All these holes were downright holes or now prevailing, with machines of like power, and where nearly so. We tried no dry holes at all. I should think the the ground is hard, the new Simmons bit will be found to reamer bit might be expected to do even better service be, I believe, very much superior to any other bit yet in this latter case because we all know that a dry hole is constructed. We know of no objections to it on the score much more destructive on the guage of the drill than any of preparation or re-sharpening, as both of these are just other form, and I believe that with this large reaming as easy of accomplishment as with the ordinary Cross- surface the new drill will give better results with dry than bit. with water holes.

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 46 of 54 MR. THOMPSON: I would like to ask Mr. Fitch as to the economy. Once convinced that he is dealing with a end of the reaming portion of the bit. Is that formed to technical graduate this man will trustfully confide to his be a cutting edge? care the most difficult problems of geology, mining or ore treatment. In consequence when this over credulous MR. FITCH: Only as a reamer. The reaming part of the person finds out that the idol he worships is but clay after bit sets back from the cutting edge five-eighths of an all, he is apt to go at once to the opposite extreme and inch, and therefore relieves the cutting bit of almost all assert that technical graduates are frauds for he has the necessary reaming work. The edges of the cutting tried one and proved them so. bit necessarily present insufficient surface to withstand the excessive wear or to perform the office of reaming, This institute is made up of men who can at once and in this respect we claim the new bit excels, because appreciate how absurd is the extreme credulity I have of the broad surface presented in the two reaming described, and, lest you should think I draw too much on shoulders. my imagination for the picture, I desire to quote from a letter received within a twelve month from one of our MR. POPE: Have they gone into general use in the graduates. This graduate had been employed by a Mr. Champion Mine? S. to assist him in developing a small property of which MR. FITCH: I think we have used them thirteen years, he is chief owner. At the end of some six weeks of work although I called them novel. the graduate wrote me as follows: “——— Mr. S. supposes, or at least supposed, me to be a compendium of all useful knowledge both theoretrical and practical COLLEGE VIEW OF MINING relating to mines, mining and metallurgy. He had the notion that he ‘didn’t know anything about mining,’ hence GRADUATE. his engaging me. Except for the knowledge of rocks and BY PRESIDENT F. W. MCNAIR OF THE MICHIGAN minerals, little of which is necessary for this proposition, COLLEGE OF MINES. Mr. S. is fully as capable and even more so than I to develop the property. He can break ground better than I For many years the world of technical training left quite can, and he is an adept at all kinds of rough engineering out of account mining and its related industries. There * * * I discovered the first week of my work that I was were technical courses for the civil, mechanical and not needed here and told him so, but he would not see it military engineer, but the man who would mine was that way then, nor has he yet.” In this particular case it supposed to dig his skill along with the product which he seems that Mr. S. is likely to reach a just estimate of the was mining. usefulness of the technical graduate without at any time In the years since the Columbia School of Mines began losing entire faith in him. its pioneer work in this field a great deal has been Even the manager who is not credulous often finds fault accomplished. Today the Mining college has a with the graduate or the school which produced him recognized place and the boy with mining engineering because there is discovered some detail of craft which inclinations usually tries to secure a technical training has not been learned at college. He seems to think that suited to his purpose. since the school has failed to teach the particular details This would seem to imply that it is fairly settled that the in question its product cannot be of much account. mining graduate has an assured standing with the world On the other extreme from the over credulous man, but in which he expects to make his way and in which he like him without training from the schools, is the manager hopes to rise to a position of usefulnes if not of honor. who thinks success is reached only by the road he On close inquiry, however, there does not appear to be himself has traveled. His notion is that the technical that accord of opinion concerning him and his usefulness graduate assumes to know all that the credulous man which is thus implied and which one might think could believes he does, but that in reality he knows nothing, reasonably be expected to exist. And it further appears indeed less than nothing, of practical use. Such a that this lack of accord may exert considerable influence manager said in substance to a member of the College on the relations between the managers of mining of Mines staff: “Your college man comes into my office operations and those who hope to get employment with to seek employment with an air which announces that he them. With reference to their attitude towards technical is conferring a favor on the company by offering his graduates, mine managers exhibit two extremes. services. He assumes that he can give me pointers on On the one hand is the man who without school training how to run this mine. No, I dont’ want him, I prefer a himself has an exaggerated estimate of its advantages man who has never been in college. He is easier to train and results. He thinks the mining engineering graduate for he can he made to see that he doesn’t know it all.” should know everything to be known about mining, and This man had undoubtedly encountered some poor should have the ability to do everything there is to be unfortunate fellow whose ideas with reference to himself done in the best possible way, and off-hand at that. By needed revision. I do not think the percentage of them glancing over the geology of a region he should be able among technical graduates is large, but this complaint of to tell what it contains of value, how to get it out and how over estimation of their attainments is one frequently to prepare it for market, all with the greatest degree of uttered against them.

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 47 of 54 Between these extreme positions there is almost every course if successful has laid the foundation, but that the shade of opinion of the usefulness of the mining structure which may be reared thereon depends entirely engineering graduate, Naturally the colleges prefer that upon himself and what he may accomplish after he a middle ground should be occupied as inasmuch as a leaves the college. just estimate of graduates on the part of their employers The college expects its graduate not to go to the will contribute not a little to their success, and therefore opposite extreme of lacking self-confidence. It expects to the success of the institution which trained them. him to be able to do certain things when he graduates. Because of this diversity of opinion I deem it to the The amount of experience in actual work, practice work, advantage of the interests of both the colleges and the as it is termed, which he is given during his course, mines that there come about between them a clear ought to fit him to make himself practically useful to his understanding with refer-rence to the needs on the one employer from the start. It is expected that having been hand and the purposes on the other. On the part of the through this work, having done it with his own hands, he college there should be a clear understanding of the will not be afraid to attempt to do it or its like when asked character of the work which the mining graduate is by his employer. It is expected that this practical training needed to do, whether at the mine, at the mill, or at the will develop in him a certain amount of judgment of smelter. Obviously unless the college clearly things, that which is commonly meant by the term appreciates the actual situation on the ground, and the “gumption.” requirements its graduates must meet, the development The college expects him not to be “lily fingered.” It is of a course of training which will fit a man to even expected that the fact that a job is greasy or dirty, or approximately meet the conditions is impossible. On the otherwise uninviting because of its surroundings will not part of the mining interests it seems to me there should cause him to hesitate at undertaking it if it is the next be a clear understanding of what the college is thing to be done. My attention was recently called to a attempting to do in the way of supplying these demands picture of some students conducting milling operations at and to some extent at least of how it expects to a well-known school in this country. It was pointed out accomplish its ends. Certainly such knowledge would that these students were in street dress with the avoid annoyance if not positive money loss. A mutual exception that an apron had been assumed to protect understanding such as that here contemplated can come shirt-fronts and trousers from being soiled. The visitor to about only by an exchange of views and opinions one of the practical laboratories at the College of Mines between the parties concerned. would meet a very different sight, so far as dress and It is with considerable satisfaction, therefore, that I attitude on the part of the student are concerned. He is improve this opportunity to present something of the taught to attack a dirty job in the garb proper for it and to aspect of this relation as seen from the position of the avoid the interference of unsuitable clothing with good Michigan College of Mines. It is presented in the hope of work. Any hesitancy to go at a piece of work because it provoking discussion and criticism that will give us a will result in soiled hands or clothing not only brings the better knowledge of the way things look from the censure of the instructor but the ridicule of his fellows. opposite side. I improve the opportunity all the more There remains a tradition among our students of a man gladly since this paper must be addressed directly to a who dressed himself in street attire to go underground body of men who represent those mining interests which on one of the mining trips, putting on gloves to protect are at present using, and if we can meet properly their his hands. The tradition says he never went again. An demands, must continue to use, the larger portion of our effort is made to have the students realize that dirty output of technical graduates. Companies represented hands and soiled jeans are, in their place, as proper as by members of this body now employ nearly half of all the immaculate evening dress and white kid gloves. the men ever graduated from the Colleges of Mines. I The college expects its graduate to show reasonable think I can best present the college side of the matter by industry. He should not be afraid of long hours or hard outlining what we ourselves expect of the graduate who work if the situation demands them. That he gets some leaves us to begin to make his way in the mining world. training in this respect is shown by the fact that the Of course within the limits of a short paper this can be average student works somewhere near 70 hours per done only in the most general terms. week during his course. When I say that no stated We expect him to know that he does not know it all. I number of hours is required by the college rules, and believe our institution has been in the past fairly that this load is assumed as a result of the atmosphere successful in this particular. From the time a student in which the student works—as a result of his desire to comes to us until he leaves, this point receives attention. get the most out of his opportunities—I think I have The attention to it is given not so much in the way of made it clear that the college has some foundation for its direct instruction or preaching about it, but rather in the expectation of industry in its graduates. way of pointing out incidentally to the main features of The graduate is expected to display a reasonable his course, the real position in which he will stand when amount of conservatism. It is explained to him in his he begins service with some corporation. The effort is to course that when he finds in some region or district a teach him in the most effective manner possible that certain practice different from that which he has learned when he graduates he is but ready to begin, that his is best somewhere else, he will most likely find that Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 48 of 54 circumstances have altered the case and that the a number of times. He returned to the mine and a questionable practice which has been developed in the remark made by Mr. West shortly afterward will perhaps new district is, under its conditions, the most desirable be remembered by others here. He says Mr. Cooper, one. Further, that only after he has made a careful what do you think of this gentleman? He reminds me of investigation and is certain that he is in possession of all the planter down south who employed monkeys to pick the facts, and then only after he has pondered over the cotton. This planter went to a fair where they had matter until certain that no other conclusion can be justly monkeys to pick cotton and they were doing it nicely and reached he is warranted in departing in his own work he thought it would be well to get some. He had men from the practice of the district. train the monkeys and when the feat was accomplished and the monkeys were ready to pick the cotton, he had It is expected that he will devote himself to the interests to have a man to go with each of them to get a day’s of the company employing him, understanding that in so work out of them. It is the same with this man. doing he is in the broadest sense devoting himself to his own permanent advancement. The college tries to impress on him that his best interests cannot be different from those of his employers, that the man who “works for A PLEA FOR ACCURATE MAPS. quitting time and pay day” can never hope to rise much BY L. L. HUBBARD. above his first position. On the other hand that man who devotes the best there is in him to furthering the interests Some years ago I promised to prepare for this Institute a with which he is connected is certain sooner or later to paper on the need of accurate maps as a preliminary to receive recognition and due reward. successful geological correlation. The following remarks, with a somewhat different title, are meant to It must not be thought that I am claiming for the College fulfill that promise: of Mines success with every man graduated on all of the points above outlined. So far as I am aware colleges One of the first steps that is or should be taken by the have found no means of supplying missing elements in a explorer of new and unknown territory, especially by him student’s character and this institution is no exception to who intends to leave to the world a published record of the rule. Nor can a college make sure that no student his explorations and to give to his readers a means of whose character is defective in some important following him intelligently, is to make a map, accurate or particular shall graduate from it. It can only set up its crude according to his ability and to the nature of his standards and do its best that every man graduated shall journey. measure up to them as nearly as possible. It must ever be a matter of surprise that early voyagers I have but presented in a brief and general way some of traversing lakes and rivers, shut in from the sight of the standards we expect to apply to our graduates, and anything beyond their immediate shores and banks, by which we expect to judge them. This has been done were able with the aid only of a common compass, in the hope that it may contribute to that mutual perhaps, to make such truthful outline maps as they understanding which I conceive would be to the have left us of the regions visited by them. The map of advantage of all parties concerned. I hope it may Lake Superior ascribed to the Jesuit Fathers, Allouez contribute by showing forth something of the position of and Marquette, is probably one of the most familiar this particular institution and also by drawing out from examples of the kind that you will call to mind. We may the members of the institution discussion and criticism well wonder at its accuracy, when we consider the time that will help the college to a better knowledge of what is at which, and the circumstances under which, it was expected of it by the mining interests with which it is made, and the probable absence of those instruments of most closely related. precision that are familiar to the surveyor of to-day. No less striking to the lay mind at least, is the great approach to accuracy with which an intelligent PROF. MCNAIR’s PAPER OPEN FOR woodsman in modern days can map lakes, water DISCUSSION. courses, and other topographic features, even in places where the U. S. Government has not gone before him MR. JACKSON: I think Prof. McNair didn’t treat us exactly with its surveys. In areas where the land has been laid right. He covered the subject so thoroughly there off into townships and subdivided into sections, there remains nothing to be said. need be no difficulty for such a man rapidly to examine MR. COOPER: I wish to speak of a graduate of a each section and draw a map that in its broad features university, and I think in speaking of this particular will be very accurate, and in many of its minor details, graduate there may be one or two who will recognize hardly less so. If in addition to his pocket compass he him. I speak of a man from one of the Eastern uses a pocket barometer in connection with a recording Universities who came to Calumet. He was supposed to barometer left in camp, he can even trace contours on take up a little later that portion of the work of assaying his map that will be accurate to within about five feet— the mineral. From the mine he came to the smelting sufficiently accurate for preliminary railroad surveys and works. I think he had assumed the character of a man useful in hydrographic work. Of course it must be who knew it all. At least within a week he had suggested understood that the chief value of work of this kind lies in a number of economies that would have paid my salary the cheapness and rapidity with which it can be done, Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 49 of 54 and that the smaller the area to be covered, other things the west side of the township was reached, when the being equal, the less in magnitude are the errors likely to total error east and west was aggregated in this tier. be. Where a considerable area is to be mapped, unless Here also the acreage marked on the map shows the there be permanent land marks in or near it, either overplus or shortage. No details within the sections natural or artificial, on which the work can be checked as were supposed to be given by the surveyors, except it proceeds, the minor details may even in this case be perhaps where the section lines crossed ponds, when as accurate and the broad topographic features be made these were meandered. The surveyor was obliged to equally as plain, as in a smaller area, but the axis of a make oath to the correctness of his work, as shown by mountain range, or the strike of particular rock beds, his notes. In the notes of this district we rarely find might be just wrongly enough laid down as to cause recorded more than a trivial deviation from 40 chains for confusion—not to the public in general— but to the the distance from corner to quarter-post, or 80 chains specialist. from corner to corner, and yet one instance is known to the writer where a section line is only 70 chains long—i. The most useful land marks to the map maker in a e., 660 ft. short. In another instance, going north from a forest-covered area are those left by the U. S. Linear section corner, the first half mile led over a very difficult Survey, the bearing-trees or witness-trees that mark the country, where deep ravines and sharp ridges alternated positions of the section corners and quarterposts. I say in quick succession. The position of the quarter-post “that are most useful” without mental reservation, was nearly, if not absolutely, correct, but from the although I mean presently to make some qualifications, quarter-post north to the next corner, where the land was not of the system, but of the way in which it has been almost flat, the distance was about 562 feet short. carried out in some places. I show herewith a diagram (Fig. 1) of several section It is probably known to many of you that in laying out the lines in T. 52, R. 36, with corners and quarter-posts lands of the State, the Linear Survey had the township arranged in such disorder as to make one wonder how lines run very carefully by picked parties of surveyors by they could have been located; the dotted lines indicate aid of the solar compass, east and west correction lines the positions those lines and corners would occupy, if being run every 60 miles north of the base line which each section were exactly one mile square, as they are runs from Lake St. Clair to Lake Michigan along the usually represented on township and other maps, even north side of Wayne and Van Buren counties. The on those issued by the Land Office. Indeed without a principal meridian runs on the east side of Hillsdale finished and accurate survey, that is the only way they county and through the east part of Cheboygan county. can be represented. Almost all townships and ranges m the Upper Peninsula are therefore referred to as north and west. These By means of these section lines and corners, and aided parties also established section corners a mile apart on by the field notes, a man accustomed to the woods can these lines. always locate himself approximately without great loss of time, and if he may rely upon the accuracy of the section The subdivision of the townships was let out on contract, lines and corners he will be able to make a map of the often to the lowest bidder without reference to his interior of the section that will be accurate for all practical qualifications, or apparently, to his honesty. He was purposes. If he has faith in his own pacing, he can apply supposed to begin at the south side of a township, at the the necessary correction to his “runs” when he finds that first section corner already set, next west of the N. and they are not more than 20 paces long or short between S. township line, thence run one mile north setting section corners, i. e., his error will not exceed one quarter post and corner, thence east on a random line to percent. But not every man that essays to map a the east side of the section—in this case, the township section of forest land is a good woodsman, and not line—where he would correct his run on the corner every good woodsman will be willing without more ado, previously established here, and run back from this to assume, when figures do not tally, that his figures are corner, blazing the line and establishing his quarter post, right, and all others wrong. Indeed the tendency is to the northwest corner of the section. Blazed trees are generally the other way and a conscientious man will supposed to have been within reach of the axeman want to pace the ground over at least once more to walking along the line of sight. Where this line actually satisfy himself that he has not inadvertently “dropped” a touched trees they were blazed and notches cut above hundred or more paces, or that, from being in a hurry, he and below the blaze. They were called sight trees and has paced long, or because of fatigue near the end of were generally so few as to be of no service to a the day, his paces have been short. To retraverse the compassman trying to check the direction of the line. ground in this way is often impossible, seldom pays, and This process was repeated until the last or north tier of is never agreeable. It means three miles for one. In a sections was reached, when the line was run straight to region where the work of the U. S. Linear Survey is the corresponding section corner on the next township known to have been accurate, the topographer can at line. Any overplus or shortage in the total northing and once discard that most perplexing factor, want of southing was noted in the length of the west line of the confidence in the section corners, and ascribe to northernmost section and expressed in the acreage of personal equation any apparent discrepancies in his the most northerly “forty” as marked on the map. This work, and make his corrections accordingly, or repeat process was repeated for each north and south tier until his run, if he prefers. It is, however, to work in new and Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 50 of 54 untested areas that I wish to call your attention, between the parts may be considerable. Where such a especially from the standpoint of the explorer or bed is now the repository of copper, the explorer wishes geologist, and I shall still further restrict my observations to trace it, and the geologist seeks to aid him. How shall to-night to the copper district on the south shore of Lake it be done? The surface of the rocks is hidden by thick Superior. I couple explorer and geologist together here, accumulations of drift or “overburden”; only here and because, in order to attain success more rapidly, the there do the rocks reach the surface. Perhaps the bed attempt to locate certain copper-bearing horizons should in question is interrupted not far from where it was last be accompanied by a certain amount of geological opened up. Shall shafts be sunk at intervals through the knowledge. A great deal of money and energy may be heavy drift in search of the coveted bed? No, this is too wasted by a good miner, by digging in the wrong place. expensive. It is cheaper to use the diamond drill, but perhaps this is not yet necessary. I think we are ready to admit (First) that without some preliminary subdivisions of the land into definite units, no We know that the intervals even between conglomerate accurate detailed mapping is possible in a forest- horizons are not always constant for long distances. covered area, unless with the outlay of much time and The forces of erosion that produced our conglomerates money. The work to be economical should properly be may be said to have been fairly continuous along the done by specialists in advance of geological entire sea coast of ancient geological ages. Their record investigation. (Second) Where an area to be was simply interrupted and temporarily obliterated by the investigated by the geologist has been subdivided into more violent forces of eruption, sometimes at one point, sections by the U. S. Linear Survey, the record of that sometimes at another. Near the end of Keweenaw Point survey may be correct or incorrect. If it be found to be three conglomerate beds, separated at their widest parts incorrect at any one point, some other section corners or by lava flows, merge into each other towards the west. quarter-posts not far away must also be wrong. I shall Here, at least two flows of lava at different times were try to show that not only must these be checked, but that poured flown the lower part of a trough, over the geologist, once put on his guard, must be ready to conglomeratic material, leaving the latter uncovered on check all other important points. In fact he cannot be the highest parts of the sloping sides of the trough. We sure of his ground, until he has established the amount must be on our guard then, in correlating conglomerates, of error in the setting of all the section corners and not to insist upon a rigid parallelism of beds, i. e., a quarter-posts, and the consequent courses of the constant width of the intervals that separate them. It is section lines, in the area under investigation. only by feeling our way, as it were, over the ground, that we can best avoid mistakes. Again, in one part of our I need not go into a description of local geology any area there may be known only a certain number of further than to say that our copper deposits are conglomerate horizons. Others may be there but may contained largely in beds of direct volcanic origin that be hidden. Or, these may have been interrupted, just as extend along Lake Superior nearly parallel with the the trap beds are interrupted. You will find on our lake shore line and with each other, dipping towards the lake shores to-day sand and pebble beaches interrupted by at different angles. These beds consist of old lava flows ledges of trap. If, then, we find in adjacent areas, and interbedded and sedimentary rocks. The conglomerate or sandstone beds where they are not sedimentary rocks—conglomerate and sandstone—vary expected, their presence does not necessarily vitiate the in thickness from small seams up to beds 2500 feet thick accepted correlation. They must simply be interpolated (the Great Conglomerate). The lava flows—traps with in our series as it is known elsewhere, and may be amygdaloid margins—are seldom individually of great designed provisionally by fractional numbers if we will. thickness, but successive sheets may aggregate a considerable thickness—much greater than is common Where investigation proceeds from known areas, where to the conglomerates. The great majority of trap beds not only the beds that carry copper in paying quantities, are to the naked eye indistinguishable from each other, but the individual conglomerates are pretty well known and being in zones usually much wider than the and located, if the intervals between the latter are not too conglomerates that occur on each side of them, and not small, we can seek to follow any particular conglomerate being, as a rule, as continuous as the conglomerates, it or conglomerates, and if their outcrops can be traced is in general more difficult to trace any one trap or from point to point, we thus know approximately how far amygdaloid bed in the field, than it is a conglomerate. to the right or left is the horizon of the particular The lava flows that now constitute our trap beds, if amygdaloid bed we are seeking. At the risk of being considered as running down a slope, were limited in personal, I may explain that this method was followed in lateral extent. Those of Hawaii are about a mile wide, locating the extension of the Baltic lode on copper range and sometimes as much as forty-five miles long. Those lands. This bed, where opened by the Baltic company, of Keweenaw point may have been much wider, when is about 114 feet horizontally northwesterly from a thin they reached and spread out over flat ground. Several bed of sandstone and conglomerate, that dips outbursts from the same source may have run towards northwesterly about 70 degrees or more. This lower ground through several shallow channels. Hence, conglomerate, for good reasons not necessary to repeat these flows, taking place at about the same time and here, is supposed to correspond to conglomerate No. 3, composed of similar material, really constitute the same of Marvine (Geol. Sur. of Mich., Vol. 1.) bed, but the bed is discontinuous. The intervals Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 51 of 54 Where exposed near Houghton this bed, No. 3, is steps were taken to uncover the ledge towards the west, probably at least 1400 feet from the nearest and at about 190 feet horizontally from the conglomerate conglomerate on either side of it—thus leaving intervals the bed was opened that is now worked by the of trap rock wide enough to avoid any confusion in the Champion and Trimountain Mines, as the Baltic lode. correlation, always supposing, of course, that no new The distance from the conglomerate is about 75 feet conglomerate beds, unknown at Houghton, would greater than at the Baltic mine, and the bed where appear within the series at points further southwest, and opened on the Champion location more than a mile from thus destroy the supposed sequence. Between where it would be if it maintained a uniform strike for 2½ Houghton and the Baltic mine the strike changes from miles southwesterly from the Baltic. about S. 35° W. to S. 60° 30’ W. If the Baltic lode were In the face of conditions like these, it might very to continue with the same strike from the Baltic mine for pointedly be asked, of what service to the explorer will two and a half miles further to the southwest, its course be even the most accurate of maps. The reply would be would take it nearly through the center of Sec. 25, T. 54, that the case under discussion is exceptional both in the R. 35. Beyond the Baltic mine only two isolated abruptness of the change of strike, and in the want of outcrops of trap were mapped in Sec. 30 and one in outcrops. In general in the Portage Lake area, there are Sec. 31, so that the course of the formation there was long distances over which the strike of the beds varies unknown. On the strength of the supposed course of the but little, and in other areas like that of Allouez Gap, Baltic lode the Board of Supervisors in 1899 assessed outcrops of several characteristic beds betray the Sec. 25 at $194,000 and the W. ½ of Sec. 31 at $32,000 change of strike, and in the Rockland area the and Sec. 36 at $64,000, although just on what grounds topography furnishes the key to the geology. the last two parcels were considered worth $100 an acre is difficult to see, if the Baltic lode was thought to pass Where Nature has laid bare her secrets in these or in through Sec. 25, to the west of them. other equally readable ways, the explorer has little immediate need of a map of any kind. It is for use in On the melting of the snow in 1899, the writer, with a those areas of a mineral district where no mineral view to find, if possible, a conglomerate, examined Sec. deposits have as yet been uncovered, and where 31, and found not only a series of trap outcrops, but a outcrops have never been correlated with beds known at bed of conglomerate a few feet wide in the northwest other points, that an accurate map may be of great quarter of the northeast quarter of that section. Enough service. of this bed was exposed to give an approximate strike of N. 26° E. and a dip of about 700. In thickness, character Now, referring again to our diagram, supposing a and dip, this bed corresponded fairly well with the copper-bearing bed has been opened near either of the conglomerate on the Baltic location. No other quarter-posts on the east side, and its strike there is conglomerate could be found within 1200 feet west of it, known to be S. 45 °W. Suppose also a lake or series of and from the rapid falling off of the rock surface to the lakes and swamps lie along the line of that strike, ending east, the general character of the topography resembled with high drift-covered hills like Wheal Kate back of the that of the other parts of the series near the junction with Atlantic Mine. We wish to use a diamond drill from one the Eastern sandstone, i. e., to the east of the Baltic to two miles further southwest for the purpose of locating conglomerate. Moreover, it was known that in T. 52, R. the extension of our copper bed. Inasmuch as drilling 36, to the southwest, the strike of the series was almost costs from $2 to $4 per foot, or more, we wish to locate northeast—southwest and that from the position of our drill as nearly on the line of strike as possible, so as certain beds there, the series must curve to the east, not to have to drill through any ground unnecessarily. coming north, in order to get into line again, but just Two ways are open to us, (1) to run a transit line from where this curve—or these curves if there were more the point where the bed is being worked, going around than one—would occur, was not known, because of the the lakes and cutting through the swamps, or, (2) to plat heavy mantle of overburden that covered the intervening on our map, with reference to the nearest section corner, area. two points of the bed where it is being worked, prolong on the map the strike line to the other section where we By platting the course of the conglomerate in Sec. 31 wish to begin operations, and by scaling from the map towards the northeast, it was immediately evident that to determine the coordinates of two points in this line with get into parallelism with other beds of the series further reference to the nearest section corner or quarter-post, north, this bed must, within less than two miles, curve and then stake off the line by pacing or taping from the more to the east, and the least violent assumption was corner or quarter-post. The second method seems to curve it into the Baltic conglomerate, rather than to much the more direct and the less expensive, but unless carry it 1200 feet or more to either side of that bed. To our corners and quarter-posts are correctly located and carry it to the east of the Baltic bed would require a our elevations known, we may be so far away from the greater curve over the intervening 2½ miles, while to true line of strike that we shall put down at least one drill carry it to the west would in the end require even a hole to no purpose, and at considerable expense. We greater change of course—within a much shorter have already noted an error of this kind of 660 feet in distance. On the assumption then that the two one section, and if we have to cross several sections conglomerate outcrops, that on the Baltic and that on the with our line, the error may be much greater. In the case Copper Range, were parts of one and the same bed, Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 52 of 54 before us the error might be as high as 1280 feet. If, With a view to assist in the work of correlation along the however, the section corners and quarter-posts were copper range south of Houghton, and to correct some of originally correctly located, or if their actual position with the faults of the earlier land survey in that area, the reference to each other has been subsequently Geological Survey of this State, some years ago, made determined, we can proceed with our work with every a traverse survey along the Ontonagon road between confidence that so far as known or knowable facts are Houghton and Rockland, and leveled over the road, concerned we are exactly where we should begin to drill. establishing bench marks near every section line. It also tied on to the nearest section corners and quarter-posts You will thus see that exploratory work would be made by an accurate transit survey. By referring to any of the much less expensive were the public in possession of a above bench marks, the elevation of any adjacent point map that simply showed the section lines and corners can easily be determined, and the co-ordinates of any correctly. I am now prepared to go one step further and section corner can be established with reference to any say that maps giving these data as well as contours known point along the road. The cost of this work ran up should be made at public expense. This statement, in into the hundreds of dollars. The cost of estimating order to carry general conviction with it, need be standing timber is, I believe about five cents an acre reinforced only by repeating that the interiors of the which is certainly less than it would cost a mining sections carelessly outlined by the Linear surveyors company to make a contour map of its property. The were not examined by them and are hopelessly wrong United States Geological Survey has mapped large on the Land Office maps. By the mine manager, areas, in fact entire states, at a cost of one cent an acre, however, I am sure a contour map will be appreciated, and then this cost was divided between the United after he has found his mineral, and is preparing to locate States Government and the respective states. So much his shafts and bring a railroad into them, to lay out for system. building lots with an ample and convenient sewer system, to carry roads through his location with easy grades, to lay water pipe or launders, to locate a stamp mill, coal pockets, etc. To do all these things harmoniously, to plan the whole system at one time, is, I venture to say, absolutely impossible without a contour map, but with it the engineer can sit in his office and lay out a good preliminary plan of the entire plant, without a single visit to the location. Of course, for detailed work of this kind a map is needed on rather a large scale with contour lines more frequent than they are usually placed on maps published, for example, by the United States Geological Survey, i. e., 20 feet vertical distance, and the subsequent construction of such a detailed map must fall upon the individual or company. But even on the smaller scale such maps may be useful to the public at large; in laying out railroads, steam and electric, water MAP SECTION. ways, highways, dams and reservoirs, drainage and sewer systems and other public works, and if made by a trained corps of engineers, can be made with a fraction DR. HUBBARD’S PAPER OPEN FOR of the expense, and in a short part of the time that would DISCUSSION. be required by individual and intermittent effort. Besides, they would form symmetrical parts of one DR. LANE: I will remark that a bill is now before the system, instead of being disjointed, disconnected and legislature to have such a map as Dr. Hubbard fragmentary parts of as many different systems. mentioned, made at the joint expense of the United States and the state. In this work of course the co- Individuals or companies, when they do make maps of operation of all individual surveys will be desired and their properties, are apt to start from independent data welcomed if the map is put through. It is not competent that are afterwards found not to be reconcilable. Their for the Institute as a body to pass on the matter but the maps are not published. The few copies made are individuals should express themselves to their exposed to loss by fire, and other causes, sometimes by representatives. One point which Dr. Hubbard raised is the failure and dissolution of the companies. The copper of importance, that is, the getting together and showing district of Michigan is closely dotted with old mining new results collected. Explorations on one property, locations. Where are the maps of the old companies? which may be entirely without value may have a very About every change of ownership of land on the copper important geological bearing upon the value of some range is apt to call for a new survey and a new map. other piece of property. One systematic survey of the state would put an end to this recurrent expense, and would give us once and for Each explorer or exploring company should have all, a correct, harmonious and useful map. accurate maps of their own work, and the State

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 53 of 54 Geological Survey furnish a base line upon which they the Michigan Copper Mining Company at Rockland, can all be framed together and correlated. Michigan. No especial originality is claimed. A casing, consisting of a piece of 2½” wrought iron pipe, was set in a hole 3½ feet deep drilled in the foot wall at right angles with the dip of the vein which is about 46 degrees with the horizon. The hole was drilled with a No. 3 Little Giant Rand Drill with 3½” bit; the hole was then run full of neat Portland cement, a thin wooden plug was placed in the lower end of the casing, and the casing pushed in the hole and firmly wedged with iron wedges. Two small holes were drilled on either side of the drill hole, anchor bolts driven in them, and a clamp put around the casing and fastened to the bolts for extra security against the water pressure forcing the casing from its place. The cement was allowed to set until thoroughly hard. We then drilled a 2” hole until striking the water, which was easily told by the increased flow of water from the waste pipe in the Tee shown in drawing. The valve on the waste pipe was then partly closed and the rods allowed to come up which they did very nicely, being assisted by the water pressure to such an extent that it was necessary for two men to handle them with tongs, allowing the tongs to strike against the chuck of the drilling machine, each man letting go and taking a new hold alternately. After the water swivel was disconnected, the valve situated in the connection between drill rods and core barrel kept the water from corning through the rods. They were then drawn up until the shoulder of the core barrel connection came in contact with the stuffing box. The top nuts on the stuffing box were loosened and the small stuffing box removed, leaving space for the core barrel to pass through the larger stuffing box. The last rod was then disconnected; and the core barrel drawn up until the bit passed the gate valve, which was then closed. The core barrel and bit were removed and the operation ended. Up to date we have drilled two holes without the escape of any quantity of water and without the wetting of a man, the water pressure being 57 pounds to the inch at the time the water was tapped. The operation is a very simple one and worked in every way to our entire satisfaction.

ERRATA. TAPPING THE WATER IN THE OLD Page. 44,10th line, “6” per cent should read .6. MINNESOTA MINE. “ 46,1st “ 5th paragraph, “1877” should read 1887. “ 52, 5th “ first word, “two” should read four. BY S. HOWARD BRADY. “ 53, 26th “ “20” feet should read 29 feet. This is a description of the method used in tapping the water in the old Minnesota Mine by a series of diamond drill holes, bored from each level on the Calico vein of

Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute – Vol. VII. - March, 5-9, 1901 – Page 54 of 54