The Struggle for the Eurasian Borderlands: from the Rise of Early Modern Empires to the End of the First World War Alfred J

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04309-1 - The Struggle for the Eurasian Borderlands: From the Rise of Early Modern Empires to the End of the First World War Alfred J. Rieber Index More information

Index

Abba¯s M¯rza¯,ı Crown Prince (Qajar), 31, religious policy, 101 275, 388–89, 400, 401, 461. See also succession, 109 reform Swedish rivalry, 300 Abdülaziz (Ottoman), 134, 259, 261, Ukrainian policy, 112–13 506. See Tanzimat Alexander II (Russia) Abdülhamid I (Ottoman), 255 as reformer, 278 Abdülmecid (Ottoman), 259. See also assassination, 462, 463, 520 Tanzimat Baltic policy, 114, 448 Abdur Rahman, 410 Crimean War (1853–1856), Abu’l Khayr, 396 204, 340–41 Ädälät (Justice), 604–5. See also Bolshevism; death, 347 social democracy legacy, 394 Adshead, S. A. M., 12, 39 Polish policy, 231–33 Aehrenthal, Alois, 445–46 reforms, 211–12, 235, 461 Afghanistan, 31, 398–411, 469, 490–93, religious policy, 103 541–42 Trans Caspian policy, 407 Aga Muhammed Khan, 205, 273, 382–33 Alexander III (Russia), 110 Ag˘aog˘lu (Agaev), Ahmed, 507, 508. See also Bulgaria, 444 nationalism; revolutions; Young Bulgarian policy, 346–47 Turks death, 450 Agency of Convert Affairs, 99–100. See also nationalism, 123, 347 conversion; religion pan-Slavism, 121 Ahmad Shah Durrani, 272, 398 pogroms, 453 Ahmed Resmi, 256 Russiﬁcation, 114, 447–49 Aksakov, Ivan, 120. See also pan-Slavism Siberia, 467 Aksan, Virginia, 27, 255 Alexandra Fedorovna (Russia), 105–6, Albania, 23, 24, 306, 308, 327, 344, 345, 123, 544 539–40, 546–47 Allied Supreme Council, 584–85 Aleksei Mikhailovich (Russia), 97 Amanat, Abbas, 388 Alexander I (Russia), 31, 111, 204, 228–29 Amir Kabir, 275–76, 513. See also army Anglo-Russian rivalry, 401, 402 Anatolia, 12, 21–22, 60, 127, 135, 242, Balkan policy, 57 263, 336, 341–42, 344, 393, 461, Baltic policy, 216–18 499–500, 501–2, 505, 509–11, Bessarabia and the principalities, 536, 599–601 218–20 Andrássy, Count Gyula, 344, 548 Caucasian policy, 384, 385–86 Anglo-Iranian Agreement (1920), 606 Jews, 237 Anglo-Iranian Treaty (1918), 604–5 Napoleonic Wars, 310 Anglo-Russian Treaty (1907), 491–92, 495, Ottoman policy, 332–35 541–42, 604 Polish policy, 156, 221–22, 225–26 Apis, Colonel, 441, 444. See also terrorism; reforms, 211 Young Bosnians

618

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04309-1 - The Struggle for the Eurasian Borderlands: From the Rise of Early Modern Empires to the End of the First World War Alfred J. Rieber Index More information

Index 619

architecture Ottoman Empire, 240–41, 247–48, 252–53 Beijing, 147–48 Bosnia, 250 Belgrade, 46–47 Gazi tradition, 26–28, 55, 60, 130, Breitensee Monument, 95 239–40, 373 Constantinople, 124–25, 127–29 Sekbans, 306 Cracow, 154 Poland, 224, 563–64 Erevan, 593 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Isfahan, 141 174–75 Kirman, 142 Cossacks, 352 Ringstrasse,94 principalities, 316 Safavid Madreseh, 139 Qajar Empire, 272, 273, 608 Sarajevo, 438 Cossack Guard, 517–18 Schönbrunn, 85–86 Qing Empire, 280–81 St. Petersburg, 107–8, 200–1 reforms Tashkent, 412 Finland, 451–52 Vienna, 94 Habsburg Empire, 178–79, 181–82, 183 Warsaw, 155 Iranian empires, 268 Armenia, 21, 29, 31, 377–79, 380–81, 383, Ottoman Empire, 243–45, 254–59, 389–90, 461–65, 502–4, 538, 542– 261–62, 512 43, 589–90, 593–95 Qajar Empire, 274–76, 513–14 1905 Revolution, 479–82 Qing Empire, 287, 520–22, 526, 529 constitutional crisis, 499–502 Russian Empire, 204–5 Russiﬁcation, 461–63 Russian Empire, 201–2, 203–4, 205–6, Turkish–Soviet rivalry, 593–602 336, 365 Armenian Committee of Self-Defense, 479 Armenian units, 543 Armenian Federation of Revolutionaries reforms, 344 (Dashnaks), 464–65 Streltsy, 359 Armenian National Council, 593, 594–95 Safavid Empire, 270, 271 army, 166–67, 290–91 Serbia, 577–78 Bulgaria, 346, 547 Sweden, 298, 299–300 Crimean khanate, 362–63 Ukraine, 569–70 crisis Yugoslavia, 581 Russian Empire, 472, 483 Association of Czechoslovak Societies in Czech Legion, 578, 586. See also Russia, 580 nationalism Atatürk. See Mustapha Kemal Pasha Czechoslovakia, 184–85, 580–81 (Atatürk) decline Auckland, J. E., Lord, 404 Qajar Empire, 278–79 Aufklärung. See Enlightenment disintegration Augustus II (Polish–Lithuanian Habsburg Empire, 551 Commonwealth), 358, 361 Ottoman Empire, 551 Augustus III (Polish–Lithuanian Qajar Empire, 552 Commonwealth), 366 Qing Empire, 551–52 Ausgleich of 1867, 86. See Settlement of Russian Empire, 551 1867 Egypt, 333, 336 Austria (independent), 533 Estonia, 560–61 Austro-Marxism, 165, 430–31, See also Finland, 558–59 Bauer, Otto; Renner, Karl Habsburg Empire, 176–78, 180–85 Austro Slavism, 121 Hayduks (Haiduks), 73 Azerbaijan, 30, 60, 130, 138, 140, 168, 269, Vlachs, 304 270–71, 272, 274, 372, 373, 379, Hungary, 323 385–87, 388–90, 479–82, 492, 507, Honvéd, 181–82 508, 593–94, 602–7 Kingdom of Poland, 230 rebellions, 75–76 Legionnaire tradition, 75 revolution, 514–18, 589 Latvia, 561 Azerbaijani National Council, 596

620 Index

Badeni, Count Kazimierz, 184, 199, 429 Bezak, G. G., 406 Bakunin, Mikhail, 441. See also socialism, Bezborodko, Alexander, 228 populism; terrorism Bibikov, Governor General D. G., Balakirev, Mily, 117. See also Orientalism 230–31. See also bureaucracy; Banat of Temesvár, 25, 46–48, 324, 329, Inventory Laws (1847) 537, 579, 584 Bibó, István, 63 banditry, 72–74 Black Hand. See Apis, Colonel; Young Armatolas, 28, 72–74, 333–34 Bosnians Comitadji, 578 Black, Jeremy, 170 Cossacks, 73 Bobrikov, Nikolai, 451–52. See also Hayduks (Haiduks), 28, 72, 73–74, 248, Russification 316, 321, 333–34, 343, 503–5 Bocskai, István, 73, 320–21. See also Iranian empires, 30 rebellions (revolts); wars Kapitanos, 333–34 Bogd Khan, 613 Klephts, 28, 72–74, 333–34 Bohemia, 83, 91–92,154,168,176,186–87, Kurds, 510 428–31 Macedonia, 503–5 Catholicization, 84 Ottoman Empire, 247–48, 331, 333–34 colonization, 45 Russian Empire, 357 constitutional crisis, 428–31 Safavid Empire, 142 federalism, 435 Sekbans, 306 fiscal reforms, 190–91 Uskoks, 72–74 military, 178, 180 Barany, George, 196 pan-Slavism, 120, 121 Barfield, Thomas J., 15, 34 post-First World War, 539 Bariatinskii, Field Marshal Prince A. I., 103, railroads, 426 115–16, 238, 392–93, 405, Bolshevism, 457 411–12. See also civilizing mission Don, 573 Barkey, Karen, 250 exportation, 585–88 Barrett, Thomas, 375 Hungary, 584 barrière de l’est, 228, 300, 368, 585 Inner Asia, 611–13 Napoleonic revival, 309 Iran, 604–6 Barth, Fredrick, 70 Poland, 459–60 Bartol’d, V. V., 395 Russia, 554, 557–58 Bassin, Mark, 118 Russian Empire, 455–56 Bator, Sukhe, 611–12, 613 south Caucasus, 481–82, 589–90, 595, 599 Batory, Stefan, 174, 315–16 Ukraine, 477 Bauer, Otto, 430–31. See also Austro- Bonaparte, Napoleon, 49, 101, 156, 172, Slavism; Renner, Karl 179–80, 192, 198, 204, 223–24, Beauvois, Daniel, 231, 458 226–28, 300–1, 308–10, 386, Becher, Joseph Joachim, 88–89. See also 401. See also Congress of Vienna cameralism (1815) Beck, Friedrich, 181–82. See also army; borderland (definition), 59 reforms Borodin, Alexander, 117. See also Orientalism Bem, Józef, 181, 224. See also revolutions Bosnia, 181, 255, 302, 307, 308, 326, 327, Berchtold, Count Leopold, 547, 548 342, 343, 345 Bernadotte, Jean Baptiste Jules, 300–1 annexation, 435–46 Bessarabia, 54, 218–19, 331, 341, 344–45, conversion, 24–25 386, 569, 582–83, 585 crisis, 435–46 annexation, 57, 225–26 First World War, 539, 578 colonization, 48 Habsburg occupation (1907), 87, 121 Bestuzhev-Marlinskii, A. A., 116 military, 250 Bethlen, Gábor, 321 missionary activity, 25 Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald, 539, 545 Bowman, Isaiah, 6 Beust, Count Friedrich, 195. See also Bráncoveanu, Constantin Hospodar of Settlement of 1867 Wallachia, 318–19

Index 621

Branting, Hjalmar, 450 caliphate, 129–32 Bra˘tianu, Ion, 583, 584 reinvigoration, 134, 135–36 Brower, Daniel, 411 Cameralism. See also Enlightenment Brünn Congress of Austrian Social Habsburg Empire, 88–90, 186–87 Democrats, 457 Russian Empire, 107, 109, 206, 209–11, Brünn Program of 1899, 429–30, 434 221 Bukovina, 168, 325–26, 369, 549, 565, von Sonnenfels, Joseph, 89–90 570, 583 Camojevic, Arsenije, 322. See also Bulavin, Kondrat, 359 population movements Bulgaria, 60, 121, 242–43, 344, 461, 540 Canning, George, 132 Balkan Wars (1912–1913), 495–97 Canning, Stratford, 132–33 Crimean War, 341–42 Cantemir, Dmitrie, 318–19 expansion, 443–44 Capo d’Istria, Ioan 218, 228, 335. See also First World War, 546–47, 550, 584 Greek Revolution independence, 342–47 Casimir the Great, 154. See also legitimacy Macedonian question, 502–5 Catherine I (Russia), 109, 110 rebellion, 343 Catherine II, “the Great” (Russia), trade, 444 209, 225 Bund, 430, 455–57, 459, 474–75, Baltic littoral, 114, 216 478, 479 colonization, 56–58 bureaucracy, 82, 167, 169, 291 coronation, 110 Baltic littoral, 215–17 Cossacks, 74, 393 composition, 66–67 economy, 365 Finland, 217–18 frontier policy Galicia, 196–97 Caucasian isthmus, 380–83 Georgia, 384–85 Pontic steppe, 54, 366–67, 370 Habsburg Empire, 185–200 imperial ideology, 100, 109 Iranian empires, 266 Jews, 100, 236–37 Poland, 228–29, 234–36 Kalmyks, 361 Qajar Empire, 272–73 Ottoman Empire, 326, 369–70, 540 Qing Empire, 148, 281–85, 286–87 pan-Slavism, 119 reforms, 152–53 Poland, 226, 367–69 reforms reforms, 209–11 Bessarabia, 219–21 religious policy, 100 Bosnia, 440 Catholicization, 84–85 Bulgaria, 346 Caucasian Committee, 238 Caucasian isthmus, 392 Cemal Pas¸a, 512 Habsburg Empire, 186–87 Chaldiran, battle of (1514), 373–74 Hungary, 189–90 Charles IV (Habsburg), 185, 581 Ottoman Empire, 243–45, 259–61, Charles V (Habsburg), 85 497–98, 505 Charles VI (Habsburg), 84 Poland, 230–33 Charles XI (Sweden), 204, 299 principalities, 219–21 Charles XII (Sweden), 298–99, Qajar Empire, 276–77 357–9. See also war Qing Empire, 287–89 Charles XIV (Sweden), 301 Russian Empire, 206–8, 209–12 Charles, Archduke of Austria, 179 south Caucasus, 462 Charles of Lorraine, 84, 178 Russian Empire, 212–15 Charter of the Nobility (1785), Caucasian isthmus, 238–39 209–10. See also Catherine II, “ the Pale of Settlement, 236–38 Great” (Russia) principalities and Bessarabia, Chavchavadze, Alexander, 385. See also 218–21 nationalism Turkestan, 412 Chechnia, 386, 388, 393, 409 Burián, István, 437, 440, Chen Duxiu, 609 445, 548 Cherkasskii, Prince V. A., 234, 462

622 Index

Chernaev, General M. G., 405, 407 Colonization Patent (1763), 47. See also Chernyshevsky, Nikolai, 441. See also colonization socialism; terrorism Commercial Code of 1838, 132, 265 Chiang Kai-shek, 150, 165, 524, 556 Commissariat of Nationalities, 604 Chingghis Khan, 32, 37, 256, 280 Commission of National Education, descendants, 20, 528 226. See education Choibalsang, 611, 612, 613 Commission on Industry and Crafts, Christian socialism, 94 227. See economy civilizing mission complex frontiers (deﬁned), 293 Habsburg Empire, 325 Confederation at Tarnogord (1715), 361 Poland, 156–58, 222–23 Confucianism, 32, 149–53, 610 Russian Empire, 103, 114–19, 401, 407, bureaucracy, 66, 281–83, 291 466 frontier policy, 417 Serbia, 547 imperial decline, 285–87 Cixi (Qing). See Empress Dowager imperial ideology, 79–81, 146, 148–53 colonization Self-Strengthening Movement, 519 Anatolia, 135, 341–42, 501–2 strategic cultures, 32 Astrakhan, 54 Congress of Berlin (1878), 410, 437, 446, Baltic littoral and Poland 499–500 German, 41–44 Congress of Vienna (1815), 1, 222, 226, Bessarabia, 48, 219 228, 309–10, 402 Bohemia, 45 Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus Bosnia, 442 (Byzantine), 127 Bukovina, 325–26 Constitution of 1791 (Poland). See Bulgaria, 242–43 constitutionalism Buryat Mongolia, 529 Constitutional Charter (1815), 222–23, 229 Caucasian isthmus, 387 constitutionalism, 168 Crimean khanate, 363 Bosnia, 440 Danubian Frontier, 45–49 Bulgaria, 346 Dnieper–Dniester Steppe, 55–56 crisis Dobrudja, 48, 345 Habsburg Empire, 446 Galicia, 198 Ottoman Empire, 497–512 Hungary, 44–45, 322 Poland, 457–61 Inner Asia, 38, 40–41, 151 Qajar Empire, 513–18 Khanate of Kazan, 54, 99 Qing Empire, 518–29 Manchuria, 489, 524–25 Russian Empire, 446–97 north Caucasus, 57–58, 391 south Caucasus, 461–65 Pontic steppe, 54–55, 56–57 Croatia, 433 principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia), Finland, 217–18 218 Habsburg Empire, 87, 91 Qing Empire, 35 Hungary Russian Empire, 50–51 crisis, 432–35 Siberia, 51–54 Iranian Empires, 145, 514–18 Silesia, 42–43 Ottoman Empire, 134, 260, 261 Thrace, 505 Poland, 221–23, 227–28 Trans Caspia, 58 Qing Empire, 289 Transylvania, 48 reforms Triplex Conﬁnium, 22, 45–49, 304 Galicia, 199 Turkestan, 413–14 Hungary, 194–96 Ukraine, 371 Russia, 470–72 Voevodina, 48 Russian Empire, 123 Volynia, 48 Convention of Akkerman (1826), 335–36 Xinjiang, 40–41 Convention of Cyprus (1878), 500 Colonization Commission (1766), Convention of St. Petersburg (1826), 336 47. See also colonization conversion, 68–69

Index 623

accommodationism, 65 Denikin, General Anton, 598– 99. See also Astrakhan, 99 revolutions; war Baltic Prus, 41 Devlet Giray, 376 Bosnia, 438 Devs¸irme, 23, 66, 240–41. See also Janissary Caucasian isthmus, 98–104, 380 Corps Habsburg Empire, 84–85 expansion, 242 Iranian empires, 69 reform, 245 Khanate of Kazan, 99 di Borgo, Pozzo, 228 Kholm, 486 Dibich, Field Marshal I. I., 336 Mongol princes, 20 Dimitrijevic´, Dragutin. See Apis, Colonel Ottoman Empire, 124 Disraeli, Benjamin, 344, 410, 500 to Islam, 23–25, 29 Diugamel, General A. F., 406 to Roman Catholicism, 25 Dmitriev, Mikhail, 159 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 158 Dmowski, Roman, 122, 458–59, 476, 484, Russian Empire, 394 543, 564, 571 Trans Caspia, 396, 402 Dobrudja, 48, 342, 344–45, 583, Cossacks, 349–63, 365, 375–76, 391 584, 585 Crete, 499, 502, 504 Dolgorukov, V. A., 234 Crimean khanate, 27, 168, 348–49, 352, Dondukov-Korsakov, Prince A. M., 115, 356, 361, 363, 364–65, 367, 551 414–15, 492 annexation, 130–31, 326, 327, 369–71 Russiﬁcation efforts, 462 Croat Peasant People’s Party. See Radic´, Doroshenko, Peter, 355, 356 Stjepan Dost Mohammed, 403–5 Croatia, 83, 176, 180–81, 196, 302, 309, Dostoevsky, Fedor, 6, 120 320, 433, 578–79 Drahomanov, M. P., 427. See Ukrainophilia Crossley, Pamela Kyle, 39, 151 Drucki-Lubecki, F. S., 227, 230. See also Curzon, Lord George, 490, 491 economy Cvijic´, Jovan, 301–2 Dubrovnik, 306–7 Cyril and Methodius Society, 112 Duma, 98, 122–23, 208, 215, 470–72, 474– Czartoryski, Prince Adam Jerzy, 221–22, 75, 477, 483–87, 591 225–28, 230, 335, 403. See also Dunsterforce, 595–96, 604 Alexander I (Russia); reforms; Dunsterville, Colonel Lionel, 595–96 rebellions (revolts) Dzhungaria, 34, 35–38, 39, 396, 415, Czechoslovak National Council, 580. See 416–17, 418–19, 545 Masaryk, Thomas G. Dzierz˙yn´ski, Felicks, 459–60 Czechoslovakia, 580–82 revolutionary politics, 585–86 economy Czernin, Count Otto, 548–49, 583 agriculture Caucasian isthmus, 115, 375, Daghestan, 31, 385, 387, 393, 409, 598 387, 391 Dalmatia, 25, 302–3, 308–10, 326, 436, Galicia, 427–28 539, 576, 579 Hungary, 190–91 Damad Ibrahim Pasha, 254 Ottoman Empire, 263 Danilevsky, Nikolai, 6. See also pan-Slavism Poland, 43 Danubian Confederation, 434–35. See also Russian Empire, 53 Jászi, Oscar Ukraine, 364, 366 Davies, Norman, 175, 232 banking Davison, Roderic, 131 Manchuria, 489 de Bonneval, Comte Claude Alexandre, Poland, 227 254. See also army Qajar Empire, 276 de Reuter, Baron Paul, 276 Russian Empire, 487 decline, problem of Trans Caspia, 414 Ottoman Empire, 245–54 commerce Qing Empire, 285–88 Caucasian isthmus, 387 Delianov, Count I. V., 447 Trans Caspia, 414

624 Index

economy (cont.) Habsburg Empire, 89, 186–87, 197, communications 425–26 Caucasian isthmus, 115 Hungary, 190–91 Habsburg Empire, 425 Ottoman Empire, 342–43, 511 Iranian empires, 268 Poland, 227–28 Manchuria, 488 Qajar Empire, 276 Ottoman Empire, 23, 506 Russian Empire, 202–3, 204, 212 Qajar Empire, 277–78, 514 Safavid Empire, 268–69 Trans Caspia, 414 Turkestan, 412 crisis serfdom, 89, 191, 294, 365 Iranian empires, 269–70 Baltic littoral, 216, 297 Ottoman Empire, 247 Bosnia, 435 development Poland, 160 Triplex Confinium and Danubian principalities, 328 basin, 47 reform, 187 feudalism Russian Empire, 53, 171, 204, 338, Banat, 48 357, 366 Hungary, 63, 190, 323 Ukraine, 366 Poland, 63 shipping, 193 Trans Caspia, 395 Ottoman Empire, 330–31 land distribution tax farming, 274 Triplex Confinium, 72 Iranian empires, 270 lumber, 294 Ottoman Empire, 250, 257, 264 Bosnia, 436 taxation Sweden, 298 Habsburg Balkan frontiers, 46 manufacturing Hungary, 190, 322–23 Iranian empires, 142 Ottoman Empire, 23, 242, 243, 249, 265 Ottoman Empire, 264–65 Qajar Empire, 274 Poland, 227 Russian Empire, 72 Qajar Empire, 278 Sweden, 46 Ukraine, 364 Triplex Confinium, 72 mining trade, 11–13, 33, 419–20 Bosnia, 436 Baltic littoral, 297 Caucasian isthmus, 115, 387 Caucasian isthmus, 115, 373, 375, 376, Manchuria, 488 378 Poland, 227 Greece, 330–31 Qajar Empire, 276 Hungary, 44 Sweden, 298 Inner Asia, 421 Trans Caspia, 493 Iranian empires, 142, 145, 268–70, railroads 278, 514 Bosnia, 442 Ottoman Empire, 23, 243, 262–65 Caucasian isthmus, 392 principalities, 319, 328 Dobruja, 345 Qing Empire, 418 Habsburg Empire, 425–26 Russian Empire, 51–52 Manchuria, 488 Serbia, 442, 444 Mongolia, 526 Trans Caspia, 395, 404–5, 406 Ottoman Empire, 506–7 Triplex Confinium, 306–7 Poland, 227 Ukraine, 364 Qajar Empire, 276 tributary system Qing Empire, 519–20 China, 33 Trans Caspia, 411, 414–15, education 492–93 Dorpat University, 114, 448 reforms, 291 elementary schools Baltic littoral, 216 Caucasus, 103 Galicia, 197–98 Galician Academy of Sciences, 427

Index 625

Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 193 economic imperial justification Iranian empires, 68 Russian Empire, 117–18 Ottoman Empire, 68 Imperial Lycée, 211 Qing Empire, 68 Jagiellonian University, 199, 427 Russian Empire, 68 Kharkov Collegium, 106 Galicia, 427 Kiev Theological Academy, 106 Habsburg Empire, 176, 187–88 madreseh Kurds, 374 Iranian empires, 139 military mass education, 92 Qing Empire, 280–81 Bulgaria, 547 Russian Empire, 203 Turkestan, 413 Moldavia, 218 Moscow University, 231 Mongolia, 528 Orthodox Church, 106 nobility Polish Academy of Sciences, 199 Baltic, 299 Polytechnic College (Tehran), 276 Baltic littoral, 113–14 press Georgia, 384 Qing Empire, 288 Georgian, 83 principalities, 319 Hungary, 83, 188–90, 191–94, 322, reforms 323–24 Bosnia, 438 Mongol, 83 Caucasian isthmus, 115, 462 Mongolia, 525 Iran, 276 Poland, 83, 348 Ottoman Empire, 260, 507 principalities, 317 Poland, 226–36 Qajar Empire, 145 Qing Empire, 152–53, 520–21, 526 Russian Empire, 209–10, 365 Russian Empire, 107 Ruthenian (Ukrainian), 159–60 Riga Institute of Technology, 114 Swedish, 300 Russification, 112 Ottoman Empire, 242, 246–47, 249–52 St. Vladimir University, 112, 231 imperial expansion, 26–27 Theresianum 89, 187 qizilbashi, 242, 268–69, 270–71, 397 Theresianum Academy, 189 principalities, 220–21 University of Cracow, 154, 235 Phanariotes, 327–28 University of Vienna, 89 Qing Empire, 35 University of Wilno (Vilnius), 226 rebellions, 70–72 Egypt, 250, 308–9, 313, 334, 337, 494 ruling elites (general), 62 Eight Banner System. See army; elites Russian Empire, 208, 215 Elias, Norbert, 167 Baltic nobility, 215–17 elites, 167, 168 Serbia, 312 Baltic littoral, 295, 448–49 szlachta, 113, 154, 155–56, 157, 161, Bessarabia, 215, 220–21 172–75, 224–27, 231–32, 358–59, Bosnia, 307–8, 439 361–62, 366, 367–68, 457–58 Caucasian isthmus, 115 Elizabeth Petrovna, 55, 217, 366 co-option, 66–68 Empress Dowager (Qing), 288, 289, 424 Caucasian isthmus, 115, 387 Ems Decree (1876), 113, 427. See also Habsburg Empire, 66 linguistic policy; Russification Iranian empires, 66 English Muscovy Company, 375, Kabardians, 382 376. See also economy Mongolia, 148 Enlightenment. See also cameralism north Caucasus, 394 Habsburg Empire, 88–90, 325 Ottoman Empire, 66 Poland, 222 Qing, 40 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Qing Empire, 35, 66 156–57 Romanian, 325–26 Russian Empire, 109, 209, 216 Russian Empire, 66 Enver Pasha, 163–64, 511–12, 567

626 Index

Eötvös, József, 435 Franko, Ivan, 426. See also nationalism Eristavi, G., 385 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke (Habsburg), Ermolov, A. P., 228 435, 442 Esherick, Joseph, 522 assassination, 428, 441, 446 Estonia, 448–49, 560–62 Franz Joseph (Habsburg), 84, 278 Ethnographic Exhibition, Moscow (1867), 1848 Revolution, 181 119. See also Orientalism army, 182, 183 Ettehêd-i Islam, 603 Balkans, 339, 436 Eugène of Savoy, 84, 178, 318 Crisis, 87, 424, 432–33 Eurasianism, 7 imperial ideology, 93–95 Evans, Richard, 186 Settlement of 1867, 195–96 Evans, Robert, 91 Frederick II, “the Great” (Prussia), 42, Evlogii, 486–87 178–79, 186, 202, 204, 368, 369 examination system (China), 66, 146, 281–82, French Revolution (1789–1799). See 283, 418. See bureaucracy; elites revolutions reform of, 152–53 frontiers (defined) exarchate, Bulgarian, 133–34, 343, 502–3, Baltic littoral, 294 505. See also religion Caucasian isthmus, 371–72 External Macedonian Revolutionary Danubian Frontier, 314 Organization (Supreme Inner Asia (defined), 415 Committee), 503–5 Pontic steppe, 347–48 Trans Caspia, 395 Fairbank, John K., 285 Triplex Confinium (western Balkans), Fath Ali Shah (Qajar), 145, 275, 383, 301–2 385–86, 388 Frost, Robert I., 155 Fazıl Ahmed Köprülü, 356 Fuad Pasha, 261 February Manifesto (1898), 451–52. See also Fulbright, J. William, 6 Russification Fuller, William C., 205 Febvre, Lucian, 8 Fundamental Law (1906), 123, 134, federalism 470–71. See also Nicholas II (Russia); Caucasian isthmus, 383 revolutions Danubian Confederation, 434–35 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 154, Galdan, 37, 417 158, 160, 174, 295 Galicia, 43, 44, 50, 121, 160, 168, 196–200, post-First World War, 555–56 326, 426–28, 535, 538, 539–40, Ferdinand (Bulgaria), 497, 504 548–50, 563, 565–66, 570–72 Ferdinand I, Archduke (Habsburg), 45–46, Galician Benevolent Society, 121. See also 320 neo-Slavism; pan-Slavism Ferdinand II (Habsburg), 45, 176 Gartvig (Hartwig), Nikolai, 495 Ferdinand III (Habsburg), 177 Gasford, G. K., 405, 406 Ferqeh-ye Ejetma’iyoun Ammiyoun (FEA), Gaspıralı (Gasprinskii), I˙smail, 163, 484, 481–82, 517. See also social 507, 508. See also Jadīdism democracy Gatrell, Peter, 534 Filofei. See imperial ideology gazi. See army Findley, Carter, 246–47 George of Trebizond, 127 Fine, John V. A., 24–25 Georgia, 270 –71, 274, 374, 377–78, Finland, 168, 217–18, 294, 300–1, 379–80, 380–87, 463 450–52, 485–86, 553, 558–60 1905 Revolution, 479–80 Fletcher, Joseph, 34 anti-imperial rebellions, 70 Francis I (Habsburg), 192 religion, 30 Francis II (Habsburg), 192–93 Georgii XII (Georgia), 383 Franciscan Order, 25, 125, 438. See also Geraci, Robert, 104 conversion; religion Germanization, 91–92, 189–90 Frankfurt Assembly (1848), 48. See also Hungary, 44–45 nationalism Germanophobia, 534–35

Index 627

Gerö, András, 196 Hodgson, Marshall G. S., 169 Ginzberg, Asher Zvi (Ahad Ha-Am), Holquist, Peter, 573 453–54. See also Zionism Holy Synod. See Peter I, “the Great” Gladstone, William, 343, 410 (Russia); religion Golden Bull (1222), 70, 189. See also Hong Taiji (Qing), 280 constitutionalism; elites Hong Xiuquan, 418. See rebellions (revolts) Golden Fleece, Order of the, 83, 189 Horthy, Admiral Miklós, 432, 556 Golitsyn, Prince G. S., 387 Hourani, Albert, 245 Golovnin, A. V., 113 Hovannasian, Richard, 590 Gołuchowskli, Agenor, 199 Hu Shi, 609 Gorchakov, Alexander, 234, 406–7 Hundred Days’ Reforms, 152, 288, 528 Grabski, Stanisław, 571 Hungary, 154, 168, 188–96, 252, 320–24, Great Game (Anglo-Russian rivalry), 116, 533, 537, 551 274, 279, 338, 340, 343, 400–11, anti-imperial rebellions, 70–71 468, 490–94, 515–18 colonization of, 44–45 Inner Asia, 119 constitutional crisis, 431–35 Greece, 309, 326, 344, 496, 540, 546 feudalism, 63 anti-imperial resistance, 73–74 missionary activity, 25 banditry, 28 Mongol invasion, 18–19 Greek Revolution (1821–1832), 73 Ottoman Empire, 27 Macedonian question, 502–5 Hunnic myth, 91, 156 population exchange, 509–10 Hunyadi, János (Hungary), 320 revolution, 330–35 Husain (Safavid), 269–70 Greek Project, 326–27. See Catherine II, “ Hüseyin Avni, 261. See also army; reforms the Great” (Russia) Hüseyinzâde Ali, 507, 508 Griboedov, A. S., 389–90 Grotius, Hugo, 107 Ianovskii, Kirill Petrovich, 462. See also Grousset, René, 12, 396 education Guangxu emperor (Qing), 152, 288. See also Ibn Khaldûn, 14 Hundred Days’ Reforms Ibrahim Müteferrika, 254. See also reforms Gülhane, 133, 259–60. See also reforms; Ibrahim Pasha, 258, 333, 336–37 Tanzimat Ignat’ev, Count Nikolai, 120, 133–34, 260– Gungsangnorbu, 528 61, 422, 437. See also pan-Slavism Gustavus Adolphus (Sweden), 170, forward policy, 405–7 298. See also army; reforms Jewish emigration, 454 May Laws of 1882, 453 Halecki, Oscar, 63 Treaty of San Stefano, 344 Halji Selim Giray, 362 Il’minskii, N. I., 103 Haller, General Józef, 185, 564, 570 imperial ideology, 79–82, 161 Hanák, Péter, 87 Habsburg Empire, 83–95, 161 Haugwitz, Count Wilhelm, 186–87. See also Hungary, 92–93 bureacracy; cameralism Iranian empires, 137–46, 161 Haymerlé, Baron Heinrich Karl, 442–43 nationalism, 165 Henry of Valois (Polish–Lithuanian Ottoman Empire, 123–37, 161, 507 Commonwealth), 174 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Herzen, Alexander, 233, 464 154–61 Herzl, Theodore, 454. See also Zionism Qing Empire, 146–53, 161–62 Himmät (Hemmet) Party, 481–82, 589, Russian Empire, 95–123, 161 591, 604 threats Hindenburg, General Paul, 545 nationalism, 82–83 Hitler, Adolph, 92 rational scientiﬁc reasoning, 82 Hnchak (The Bell). See Hnchak Imperial Russian Bible Society, 101 Revolutionary Movement Inalcik, Halil, 244, 246 Hnchak Revolutionary Movement, 463–65, Independence Party (Hungary), 482, 501. See also populism 433. See also Settlement of 1867

628 Index

Ingrao, Charles, 176, 323 Poland, 232, 233, 236, 458–59 Inventory Laws (1847), 230–31. See Bibikov, resettlement to Istanbul, 23 Governor-General D. G.; Romania, 585 bureaucracy Russian Empire, 69 Ippolitov-Ivanov, Mikhail, 117. See also Zionism, 453–54 Orientalism Jogiches, Leo, 456, 459–60 Irakli II (Georgia), 383 John Casimir (Polish–Lithuanian Islam, 419 Commonwealth), 155 Italy, 86, 446 Johnston, A. I., 31–32 First World War, 535, 613 Jones, Robert E., 210–11 Yugoslavia, 579–80 Jones, Stephen F., 479–80 Ivan III (Russia), 350 Joseph I (Habsburg), 188–89, 318 Ivan IV, “the Terrible” (Russia), 267, 376, Joseph II (Habsburg), 84 378 cameralism, 89, 90 conquest of khanates, 54, 95 centralization, 186 conversion, 99 elites, 187 Cossacks, 351 Galicia, 197 in Baltic, 294–95 Germanization, 91 south Caucasus, 375 Hungary, 189–91 Izvol’skii, A. P., 446, 487–88, 490, 491–92, imperial ideology, 86, 88 493–94, 495, 544, 564 military policy, 178–79 Ottoman Empire, 326–27 Jad¯dism,ı 67–68, 163, 465. See also reforms religious toleration, 48, 88 Jagchid, Senchin, 34 Uniat Church, 198 Jamal al-Din Al-Afgani, 262. See also junxian, 609 pan-Islamism Justi, J. H. G., 89–90, 109. See also Jangali Movement, 603–6, 607. See Kuchuk cameralism Khan Janissary Corps, 24, 127, 240–41, 303, 307, Kaiserforum Project. See architecture 329, 373–74. See also bureaucracy Kalmyks, 54–55, 360–61 composition, 23–24, 66–67 Kang Youwei, 152, 288–89. See also reforms decline, 252–53 Kangxi emperor (Qing), 37–38, 147, 150, dissolution, 257–58 416–17 imperial crisis, 247–48 Kann, Robert A., 86, 176 purge, 255 Kappeler, Andreas, 473 reform, 245, 254, 256 Karadjordjevic´, Peter (Serbia), 444 replacement, 259 Karadjordjovic´Petrovic´, 313 revolt, 313 Karamzin, Nikolai, 228 Jászi, Oscar, 431, 434–35. See also federalism Károlyi, Mihály, 435, 581, 584 Jedlicki, A., 236 Károlyi, Sándor, 189 Jeglic´, Anton, 576 Kasaba, Res¸at, 22, 252 Jesuits, 25, 85, 90, 96–97, 157–58, 237, 296, Katkov, Mikhail N., 113, 120, 234, 447, 450 353, 416 Kaunitz, Count Wenzel, 178, 325–26 Jews Kennan, George, 6 1905 Revolution, 473, 474–75 Khmel’nits’ky, Bogdan, 97, 353–54, 356, conversion, 101, 102 358, 364. See also rebellions (revolts) education reforms, 452–53 Khodarkovsky, Michael, 53–54, 72 emigration, 454 Kirby, David, 562 First World War, 534, 537 Kirghiz, 58 Habsburg Empire, 69, 87–88 Kiselev, Count Pavel, 219–21, 228. See also leftist politics, 454–57, 459 bureaucracy massacres, 368 Knorring, General K. F., 384, 386 Ottoman Empire, 69, 124, 242 Kochubei, V. P., 225. See also Unofﬁcial Pale of Settlement, 100–1, 236–38 Committee pogroms, 452–53, 478, 566, 571 Koerber Plan, 425–26. See also economy

Index 629

Kokovtsov, V. N., 490, 492, 496 Lifan Yuan, 284 Kolchak, Admiral Alexander, 556, 612 linguistic policy Konstantin Nikolaevich, 232–33 Bohemia, 429 Konstantin Pavlovich, Grand Duke, 109, Finland, 452 229, 230, 234, 326 Galicia, 427 Köprülü, Mehmet Fuad, 26, 321 Habsburg Empire, 91–93, 193 Kosćiuszko, Tadeusz, 223, 229. See also Hungary, 44–45, 92–93, 189–90, 433 rebellions Poland, 476 Kossuth, Lajos, 180–81, 194, 434–35. See Qing Empire, 148 revolution Russian Empire, 111–14 Krasinski, Zygmunt, 157 Linz Program (1882), 91– 92. See also Krasnov, Ataman P. N., 574 Germanization; nationalism; von Kropotkin, Pyotr, 441 Schönerer; Georg Krysin´ski, Dominik, 222 Lithuania, 229, 236, 537, 562–63, 565, 572 Kryzhanovskii, S. E., 472 Livonia, 296 Kublai Khan, 283 Loris-Melikov, M. T., 447, 461 Kuchuk Khan, 603–7 Ludendorff, General Erich, 545 Kún, Béla, 584, 587 Luxemburg, Rosa, 456, 459–60 Kuomintang, 524, 528. See also Chiang Lytton, Lord Edward, 410 Kai-shek; nationalism; Sun Yat-sen Kurdish League. See nationalism; Sheikh Macedonia, 24, 62, 326, 342, 343, 495, 499, Ubayadallah 502–5, 509, 540, 578 Kuropatkin, General A. N., 58, 414, 451, banditry, 248 468–69, 483, 490 Macedonian Revolutionary Organization Kysil, Adam, 354 (IMRO), 464, 503–5, 509. See also nationalism; terrorism Lambsdorf, N. Z., 468, 490 MacKinder, Sir Halford, 556 Lambsdorf, V. N., 495 Magdeburg Law, 43 Lambton, Anne, 140 Magyarization, 91, 92–93, 431–33, 433–34 land and freedom (Zemlia i Volia). Mahmud I (Ottoman), 254. See also reforms 233. See also rebellions (revolts) Mahmud II (Ottoman), 133, 136, 257–59, Language Decree (1784), 91. See also 308, 313, 331–33, 337, 500. See also Germanization; linguistic policy reforms Language Manifesto (1900). See linguistic Maklakov, Nikolai, 543 policy; Russification Manasein, N. A., 448–49 Lattimore, Owen, 10, 33, 35, Manchuria, 33, 168, 414, 545, 553 39, 415, 528 administration, 284 Latvia, 478–79, 537, 561–62 autonomy, 610 Law Code of 1649, 50, 171, 348, 357 colonization, 524–25 LeDonne, John, 211 Japanese influence, 612 Leibniz, Gottfried, 107 military reform, 529 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 430, 457, 470, Russian influence, 466–69, 487–89, 519 557–58, 562, 573, 595, 601 warlord period, 609–10 Leontiev, Konstantin, 105 Mandate of Heaven, 80, 148–49, Leopold I (Habsburg), 84, 321, 323 417. See also imperial ideology cameralism, 88–89 Manin, Daniel, 310 Catholicization policies, 85 Mannerheim, Baron Karl Gustav, 556, imperial ideology, 85 559–60, 570 military reforms, 177 Maria Alexandrovna (Russia). See Society Leopold II (Habsburg), 191–92, 327 for the Restoration of Orthodox Lermontov, XX, 116–17 Christianity Leszczynski, Stanislaus, 358, 361 Masaryk, Thomas G., 441, 575, 576, Li Hongzhang, 519–20, 521 580–81. See also nationalism Li Yuanhong, 523 Matthias Corvinus (Hungary), 320, 322 Liberum Veto. See constitutionalism Mavrocordatos, Constantine, 328

630 Index

Maximilian (Habsburg), 84 Mughal dynasty, 397–98 May 4 Movement, 609 Muhammed Ali, 258, 265, 276, 309, 311, May Laws of 1882, 453 331–32, 333, 337 Mazepa, Ivan, 317, 358–59 Muhammed Ghazali, 143 Mazzini, Guiseppe, 441 Muhammed Shaibani, 396 McNeill, William H., 171 Münnich, Ferenc, 587 Mehmet IV (Ottoman), 60, 127, 322 Murad I (Ottoman), 239 Meiji reforms, 289, 528 Murad IV (Ottoman), 380 Menshevism, 455–56, 457 Murad V (Ottoman), 134 Georgia, 590–92 Murev’ev, M. N., 234 south Caucasus, 481–82, 589, 601–2 Muslim National Council. See Azerbaizhani Merezhkovskii, Dimitri, 105 National Council Metternich, Count Klemens (von), 44, 180, Mussavat Party. See Azerbaizhani National 192, 193–94, 221, 232, 425 Council Michael “the Brave,” 315–16 Mussorgsky, Modest, 117. See also Mickiewicz, Adam, 157, 224. See also Orientalism nationalism Mustafa III (Ottoman), 255 Midhat Pasha, 260–61, 276, 342–43, Mustafa Res¸it Pas¸a, 259–60. See also 498. See also bureaucracy; Tanzimat reforms; Tanzimat Mihajlovich, Draža, 578 Mustapha Kemal Pasha (Atatürk), 512, 556, Mikhail Nikolaevich, Grand Duke, 115, 600–1 408, 462, 513 military revolutions, 169–72 Nadir Shah, 142–43, 272–73, 379–80, 398 Miliutin, Dmitri, 119, 234–35, 238–39, Namık Kemal, 261 344, 405, 407, 410, 412, 422 Napier, Sir Charles, 405 military reforms, 204–5 Napoleon III, 338. See also war Miliutin, Nikolai, 235 naqshbandi, 12, 74, 103, 135, 380, 392, Miller, Alexei, 113 419–20, 500. See also religion Millward, James A., 39 Narimanov, Nariman, 482 Mirza Abdul-quasim Qa’im-maqam Nasir al-Din Shah (Qajar), 144–46, 275–79, Farahani, 31, 388 424, 513 Mirza Husein Khan, 276 National Democrats (Endecja) Mitteleuropa, 549, 559 (Poland). See Dmowski, Roman Mohács, battle of (1526), 314, 320 National Socialism, 162 Mohammed Ali (Qajar), 517 nationalism, 249, 531, 555 Mohyla, Peter, 106. See also education Albanian, 509 Moldavia. See principalities Armenian, 346, 390, 447, 463–65, 508, Moldavian Democratic Federated Republic, 509, 589–90 582–83 Baltic littoral, 217 Mongol People’s Party. See Bator, Sukhe Bosnian, 438 Mongolia, 12, 168, 545, 553 Bulgarian, 133–34, 260–61, 342–47 administration, 284–85 Chinese, 76 –77, 153, 289 Chinese–Russian rivalry, 527–29 Czech, 87, 94, 428–31, 549 independence, 526–27 Estonian, 448–49 post-imperial struggle, 609–13 Finnish, 553 Qing conquest, 35–41 Georgian, 385 Qing reforms, 523–26 German, 44–45, 48–49, 91–92, 94 Russian inﬂuence, 417, 422, 469, 489 Greek, 346, 502–3 Mongols (conquest), 15–21 Hungarian, 44, 91, 92–93, 94, 180–81, Montecuccoli, Count Raimondo, 84, 193–95, 431–35, 537 178. See also army Kurdish, 500–2, 509 Montenegro, 121, 312, 343, 345, 436, Latvian, 448–49, 537 496–97, 546–47, 578 Lithuanian, 537 Montesquieu, baron de, 89–90 Polish, 156–57, 197–99, 231, 458–59, Mote, F. W., 32 460–61

Index 631

rebellions, 76–77 Occidentalism, 156–57, 222–23. See also Romanian, 328 civilizing mission Russian, 76, 110–19, 120 October Manifesto (1906), 471–72, 474, Serbian, 446 476, 478, 482, 486 supranationalism, 162–64 Old Believers. See religion Triplex Confinium, 76 Old Czech Party, 428–29. See also Turkish, 346, 511–12 nationalism Ukrainian, 57, 74, 112–13, 160, 197–98, Old Finns, 451. See also nationalism 366, 370, 426–28, 487, 553 Orbeliani, Grigol, 385 Nekliudov, A. V., 495–96 Orbeliani, Vakhtang, 385 Neo-Slav Congress (1908). See neo-Slavism Organic Statute (Poland), 230, 232 Neo-Slav Congress (1910), 122. See Organic Statute (principalities). See also neo-Slavism bureaucracy; Kiselev, Count Pavel neo-Slavism, 121–23 Orientalism, 116–17, 118, 119 Nesselrode, Count Karl, 221, 228, 335, Orkhan, 241 389, 404 Orlov, Aleksei, 330 New Administration, 40, 524, 526. See also Orlov, Grigorii, 56, 330 reforms Orlov, Prince A. F., 221, 339 New Life Movement. See Chiang Kai-shek Orlyk, Filip, 358–59 new policy. See bureaucracy Orthodox Palestine Society, 120–21. See also Nicholas I (Russia), 388 pan-Slavism 1848 Revolution, 181 Orzechowski, Stanislaw, 157. See also Anglo-Russian relations, 404 Samartism Balkan policy, 335–40 Osterman-Tolstoi, Count A. I., 228 Caucasian policy, 238 Otto I, “The Great” (Holy Roman death, 231 Emperor), 43 exploration, 117 Ottoman Bank demonstration (1896), 464 imperial ideology, 204 Ottoman Freedom Society. See Young Turk Jews, 102, 237, 454 Movement Polish policy, 197, 229–30, 232 Ottomanism (Osmanlılık), 133, 135, 260, principalities, 219–21 497–99, 509–10, 512 religious policy, 102 Russification policies, 111–12, 114 Paisios, 97 Russo-Ottoman War (1828–1829), 390 Palacký, František, 428–29. See nationalism; Nicholas II (Russia), 109, 414, 424, 468 Old Czech Party 1905 Revolution, 123, 134, 470–71 Palmerston, H. J. T., Lord, 195, 338, bureaucracy, 213–15 340. See also war coronation, 110 pan-Germanism, 91–92, 94, 162. See also Finnish policy, 451–52, 486 von Schönerer; Georg Ritter First World War, 496, 535, 541, 577 First World War aims, 545 imperial ideology, 105–6, 137 legacy, 164, 165 Polish policy, 458, 543–44 Panin, Nikita Ivanovich, 367–69 religious policy, 105 pan-Islamism, 135–36, 162–64, 346, 410, Russo-Japanese relations, 469 465, 482–83, 505–7, 509, 589, 594, Nikita, King (Montenegro), 496 602 Nikolaevich, Nikolai, 543 pan-Orthodoxy, 97–98 Nikon, Patriarch of Novgorod, 97 pan-Serbism, 438, 546 Nolde, Boris, 364–65, 369 pan-Slavism, 6–7, 87, 119–23, 495–97 Novosil’tsev, N. N., 225, 229. See also Poland, 227 Unofficial Committee pan-Turanianism (Turanism), 163–64, Nurhaci, 280. See also army; Eight Banner 551, 598, 604, 606 System pan-Turkism, 346, 551 Paris Peace Conference (1919), 6, 185, 552, Obrenovic´ , Milan (Serbia), 442–44 554, 555, 579, 584 Obrenovic´, Miloš (Serbia), 312, 313 Parker, Geoffrey, 170

632 Index

Pašic´, Nikola, 444, 576, 577. See also Poale Zion (Labor Zion), 474–75. See also Radical Party (Serbia) Zionism Paskevich, Field Marshal I. F., 230, 385, Pobedonostsev, Konstantin, 120–21, 447 389–90 Podmaniczky, József, 190 Paul I (Russia) Poland, 172–75, 221–36, 352–63, 366–69, Baltic littoral, 216 543–44, 548–49, 563–65 death, 384 anti-imperial resistance, 71 imperial ideology, 204 colonization, 41–44 relations with France, 401 feudalism, 63 south Caucasus, 383–84, 385, 600 imperial ideology, 154–61 succession regulations, 80, 109 Kingdom of Poland, 168 Pazvantog˘lu, Osman, 329–30. See also Mongol invasion, 18 rebellions (revolts) Ottoman Empire, 27 Pecánac, Kosta, 578 union with Lithuania, 43–44 People’s Will, 441, 462, 520. See also Polish National Committee, 564 Alexander II (Russia); socialism; Polish Patriotic Society, 229 terrorism Polish Socialist Party, 459, 475 Perdue, Peter, 10–11, 39, 281, 286–87 political theology Perovskaia, Sofia. See People’s Will; definition, 79 terrorism Habsburg Empire, 84–85 Perovskii, V. A., 403, 404–5 Iranian empires, 138–40, 143–45 Pes¸ki, Walenty, 157 Ottoman Empire, 129–37 Peter I, “the Great” (Russia), 89, 532 reinvigoration, 135 army, 200–3, 257–58 Russian Empire, 95–106 Baltic policy, 215–16, 296–97 reformulation. 105–6. See also imperial bureaucracy, 206–8 ideology Cossacks, 364 Polizeiwissenschaft. See cameralism exploration and science, 117 Polonization, 43, 102, 158–60, 232, 237, foreign relations, 298–300 362, 427 frontier policy Polytechnic Exhibition (1874), 119. See also Caucasus, 57, 378–79, 383 Orientalism Inner Asia, 416–17 Poniatowski, Prince Joseph, 224 Pontic steppe, 357–61 Poniatowski, Stanisław, 367–68 imperial ideology, 107–9, 110 population movements Poland, 361 Armenian massacres, 536 principalities, 314, 317–19 Armenians, 75 religious policy, 98, 99 Balkan Wars, 509 Russian–Mongol relations, 529 Caucasian emigration, 135 Peter III (Russia), 209, 376 Circassian settlement in Anatolia, 501 Péter, László, 434 depopulation of Hungary, 322 Petliura, Symon, 569–72 deportation of Poles, 230 Phanariotes, 249–50, 316, 319, emigration of Crimean Tatars, 74 327–28, 331, 332, 333, emigration to Banat, 47 342. See also elites emigration to Dobrudja, 371 Philhellenism, 334 emmigration to Russia, 48 Philike Hetairia (the Society of Friends), 331 ethnic cleansing (general), 75 Philip II (Spain), 83 expulsion from north Caucasus, 394 Pietism. See religion First World War Pig War (1906–1909), 444 evacuation of Italians, 535 Piłsudski, Jósef, 165, 224, 459, 475, 556, Refugees, 534–35 563–65, 571 resettlement of Ruthenians, 535 Pinsker, Leon, 453–54. See also Zionism flight of Oirat Mongols, 74 Pitt, William, 401 flight of serfs, 210, 367 Plehve, Vyacheslav, 454 flight to/from principalities, 328 Plekhanov, Georgii, 457, 464 Inner Asian borderlands, 34

Index 633

Great Serbian migration (1691), Pugachev, Emelian, 376 46, 74, 322 Pushkin, Grigorii, 116–17, 208 Kazakh migration, 74 mass emigration from Bosnia, 439 Qianlong emperor (Qing), 148, 150–51. See migration in Pontic steppe, 49–50 imperial ideology migration of Cossacks, 74 qizilbashi, 138, 373–74. See elites migration to Habsburg Empire, 307 migration to the Don, 356–57 Radetzky (Radecký) Field Marshal Josef Muslim migration to Bosnia, 307 Wenzel, 187 Muslim mountain tribes, 75 Radic´, Stjepan, 576 Muslims from Triplex Conﬁnium, Radical Party (Hungary). See Jászi, Oscar 134–35 Radical Party (Serbia), 443, 444, 576. See also nomadic migrations, 13–14 Pašic´, Nikola, Risticˇ, Jovan Ottoman Empire, 23 Radoslavov, Vasil, 497 Ottoman Empire Raeff, Mark, 203–4, 218 resettlement of nomads, 27–28 Rákóczi, Ferenc, 189, 318. See also wars Ottoman refugees, 250–51 Rákóczi, György I (Transylvania), 321 population exchange, 509–10 Rákóczi, György II (Transylvania), 316–17, post-1863 uprising, 75 321 post-Crimean War, 251, 341–42 Rákosi, Mátyás, 587 refugees from Transylvania, 584 Rakovski, Christian, 587 refugees of Russian Civil War, 611 Ramishvili, Noe, 591. See also Mensheviks repopulation of Hungary, 18–19 Rasputin, Grigorii, 106 resettlement of Anatolia, 242 Rawski, Evelyn, 39 resettlement of Azerbaijan, 389–90 Razin, Stepan, 350, 357. See also rebellions resettlement of Caucasian isthmus, 393 (revolts) resettlement of Ottoman Christians, rebellions (revolts), 69–77 371 1830 uprising (Poland), 70, 71, 77, 111, resettlement of western Rumelia, 242 156–57, 223, 226, 227–28, 230, 337, resettlement to Istanbul, 23 403 Slobodskaia Ukraine, 364 1830–1831 Bosnian rebellion, 308 Turkic migration, 21–22 1863 uprising (Poland), 69, 70, 75, 77, Turkmen migrations, 29 102, 113, 223, 224, 231, 233–34, 403 Potemkin, Prince Grigorii, 56, 367, Andijan Holy War (1898), 465 380–82. See also colonization Balkan Crisis (1875–1878), 342–47 Potiorek, General Oscar, 442 Bashkir uprisings (1662–1774), 72, 77, Potocki, Count Alfred, 199 357, 360–61 Potocki, Count Andrzej, 428 Bocskai rebellion (1605–1606), 70, 73, Potocki, Count Seweryn, 221–22 320–21 Potocki, Count Stanisław, 226. See also Bosnian rebellion (1875–1878), 342 education; reforms Boxer Rebellion (1900), 153, 288, 467, Princip, Gavrilo, 441 469 principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia), 27, Bulavin uprising (1707–1708), 359–60 131, 134, 168, 204, 225, 249, 308, Caucasian isthmus, 393–94 314–20, 325–30, 325–47, 355, Cossack insurgency (1919), 573 369–70, 390, 551, 583 Cossack rebellions (1591–1638), 352–53 administration, 218–21 Cossack uprising (1716), 358 Crimean War (1853–1856), 338–41 Decembrist uprising (1825), 388 Prokopovich, Feofan, 107 Dungan rebellion (1862–1877), 75, 420–23 Prokopovich, Stefan, 106. See also education Great Chechnia Revolt (1825–1826), Pruth, Campaign (1711), 319, 325. See 388, 392 Peter I, “the Great” (Russia); wars Great Rebellion (1864–1865), 420 Przheval’skii, Nikolai, 119. See also Great Rising (1842–1843), 326 Orientalism Haidamak uprisings (1667–1774), 358, Pufendorf, Samuel, 107 362, 365, 366, 368

634 Index

rebellions (cont.) Bosnia, 435–36, 438, 439 Hercegovina uprising (1875–1878), 436–37 Bulgaria, 343 Horea Rebellion, 191 Georgia, 384 Khmel’nits’ky uprising, 97, 353–54, 356, Great Schism, 96–97 364 Greece, 334 Koliyivshchyna uprising (1767–1768), imperial ideology, 95–106 358 nationalism, 69, 83 Kosćiuszko rebellion (1791), 70 Ottoman Empire, 131–32, 338–39 Kosćiuszko uprising, 223 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Muridism, 103, 115, 391–93 158–60 Nian rebellion (1851–1868), 286 Pontic steppe, 353 Ossetian uprising (1888), 385–86 Russian Empire, 214 Pazvantog˘lu rebellion (1790s), 329–30 Serbia, 48, 311–12 Pugachev rebellion (1773–1775), 72, Siberia, 52 209, 350 Triplex Confinium, 125–26, 131, 302 Rákóczi rebellion (1703–1711). See wars Pietism, 216 Razin rebellion (1670–1671), 357 reform S¸eiment revolt (1655), 316–17 Hussites, 45 Serb uprising (1804–1813), 311–14 Ottoman Empire, 133–34 Taiping rebellion (1851–1864), 69, 153, Russian Empire, 107 286–87, 418, 525 Turkestan, 413 Tashkent cholera riots (1892), 465 Reformation, Protestant, 71 Thököly rebellion (1678–1681), 70, Roman Catholic Church 321–22 Pontic steppe, 353 Trans Caspia (1537–1744), 397–98 Triplex Confinium, 125–26, 302 Uighur–Mongol–Han rebellions, 75 Roman Catholicism White Lotus Rebellion (1770s), 285 Bosnia, 438 Regional Congress of Soviets of the Russian Empire, 69 Caucasus, 591 Shamanism, 138, 151 Reitern, Mikhail, 344 Sufism, 129, 139 religion Taoism, 149 Armenian Church, 461 Uniat Church, 102, 121, 125, Babaism, 144–45 229, 231 Bahai, 144 Poland, 69 Bektas¸i, 130 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Buddhism, 12, 149, 525–26 158–60 Counter Reformation, 86, 158–60, 317, Pontic steppe, 353 353 Zealots of Piety, 97 Greek Catholic Church, 198 Renner, Karl, 430–31, 435. See also Islam, 12, 69, 102–3, 136, 137–38, 394, Austro-Marxism; Bauer, Otto; 419–20 federalism Bosnia, 438 Republic of the Seven United Islands, 310 Iranian empires, 30–31, 138–40, 142–44 revolutions Ottoman Empire, 129–31 1848 Revolution, 44, 77, 87, 93, 180–81, Triplex Confinium, 302 188, 194, 198– 99, 224, 310 Lama Buddhism, 525 1905 Revolution, 76, 105, 424, 460–61, Lamaism, 33 466–83 millets, 125–26 Baltic littoral, 478–79 missionary activity Caucasus, 479–82 Ottoman Empire, 136 Pale of Settlement, 474–75 Triplex Confinium, 125 Poland, 475–77 naqshbandi, 135, 419–20 Pontic steppe, 477–78 Old Believers, 56, 96, 105, 208, 257, 356, Trans Caspia, 482–83 359, 371, 449 Bolshevik Revolution (1917), 561, 564, Orthodox Church, 121 592, 603

Index 635

Chinese Revolution (1911), 77, 488–89, hetmanate, 365 522–24 Poland, 235–36 Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911), south Caucasus, 462–63 145, 274, 514–18 Trans Caspia, 482–83 February Revolution (1917), 206, Ukraine, 112–13, 371 354, 551, 558, 560, 564, 566, Russo-Japanese (Izvol’skii-Monoto) 582, 589 Agreement (1910), 488 French Revolution (1789–1799), 191 Russo-Japanese Agreement (1912), 489 Greek Revolution (1821–1832), 73, 330–35 Russo-Japanese Convention (1907), 488, October Revolution (1917), 560 489 Young Turk Revolution (1908), 509 Russophobia, 337, 340, 408 Reynolds, Michael, 536 Russo-Swedish rivalry, 294–301 Reza Shah Pahlevi (Reza Khan) (Pahlevi), 518, 556, 607–8 Sabler, V. K., 543 Iranian military, 552 Samarin, Iuri, 234 Richelieu, Cardinal. See barrière de l’est Sarmatism (Sarmatianism), 71, 155–58, Rieger, František, 428 159, 165, 226, 231 Riezler, Kurt, 545 Sazonov, Sergei, 489, 492–93, 495–97, Ringstrasse. See architecture 538–44, 545, 580 Risticˇ, Jovan, 443 School of Practical Statecraft. See reforms rituals Schwarzenberg, Prince Felix, 187 coronation Scott, James, 69–70 Aga Muhammed Khan, 143 Secret Committee (f. 1903) (Tabriz), Catherine I, 110 516. See also nationalism; reforms Corpus Christi procession, 93 Self-Strengthening Movement, 287–88, court ceremony 467, 519–22 Ottoman Empire, 127, 128–29 Selim I (Ottoman), 73, 129. See also foot-washing ceremony, 93 caliphate; imperial ideology funeral of Peter I (Russia), 110 Selim III (Ottoman), 99, 131, 255–57, 265, imperial ideology, 81 329. See also army imperial inspection tours Semenov, Ataman Grigorii, 612 Habsburg Empire, 94 Semenov, Petr, 118 Qing Empire, 147 September Program, 545 Russian Empire, 110 Serbia, 46, 121, 311–14, 327, 343, 345, jubilee of francis Joseph, 94, 182 442–46, 546–47, 553 Kow Tow, 417 Balkan Wars (1912–1913), 495–97 Order of the Golden Fleece, 83 Settlement of 1867, 60, 86, 87, 193, 194, rites controversy, 146–47 195–96, 287, 539 Roberts, Michael, 170 affect on bureaucracy, 188 Roemer, H. R., 270 crisis and revision, 432–33 Roksandic, Drago, 304 Habsburg military, 184 Romania, 325–26, 345, 433, 446, 546, in Bohemia, 432–33 582–85 in Galician borderland, 199, 426 Rosen, Baron Grigorii, 385 language policy, 92–93 Rozanov, V. V., 105 military, 181 Rudolph I (Habsburg), 83–84 Russian response, 406 Rudolph II (Habsburg), 315 Sevastopol, Siege (1854–1855). See wars Rudynytsky, Ivan, 426 Shaﬁrov, Peter, 107 Rumiantsev, Field Marshal Pyotr, 369 Shah Abbas I (Safavid), 30, 271. See also Russian Liberation Movement, 474 imperial ideology Russiﬁcation, 110–11, 427, 447 centralization, 269 Baltic littoral, 113–14, 447–49 imperial ideology, 140–42 Buryat Mongolia, 529 in south Caucasus, 376–77, 593 Finland, 450–52 in Trans Caspia, 398 Georgia, 385 Shah Abbas II (Safavid), 270

636 Index

Shah Ismail I (Safavid), 30, 130, 138–40, social democracy of the Kingdom of Poland 266, 374 and Lithuania, 456 Shah Tahmasp (Safavid), 379 socialism, 530–31 Shaibanid dynasty, 396–400 Bundism, 454–57 Shakhovskii, Prince S. V., 120 Finland, 452 Shamil, 115–16, 135, 391–94 Poland, 459–60 Shaw, Stanford, 242 populism Shcheglovitov, Ivan, 543 Armenia, 463–64 Sheikh Muhammed Khiabani, 606 Russia, 454 Sheikh Ubayadallah, 500 revolutionary socialism Sheng Shicai, 611 Russia, 455–57 Sheptits’kyi, Andrei, 565–66 Trans Caspia, 604–7 Sher Ali, 410 Yugoslavia, 586–87 Sheridan, James, 610 Russia, 7 Shizong (Ming), 147 south Caucasus, 463–65 Shuster, W. Morgan, 518, 606 Society for the Promotion of Shuvalov, Count Peter, 203 Enlightenment, 474. See also Jews; Siberia, 51–54, 104, 117, 417, 466–67, 554, revolution 611–13 Society for the Restoration of Orthodox Sienkewicz, Henryk, 426 Christianity, 103–4. See also Sievers, Count Jacob, 216 Alexander II; conversion; religion Sigismund I (Polish–Lithuanian Society of Israelite Christians, Commonwealth), 154, 174 101–2. See also Alexander II; Sigismund II Augustus (Polish–Lithuanian reforms; toleration Commonwealth), 174–75 Society of Reformers, 192 Sigismund III (Polish–Lithuanian Solov’ev, Vladimir, 105 Commonwealth), 155 Soviet Foreign Commissariat, 604 Silesia, 42–43, 179, 539, 554 Soviet–Iranian Friendship Treaty (1921), Simonich, Colonel I. O., 403–4 606 Sinicization, 39–41, 524–26, 529, Special Transcaucasian Committee 531. See also colonization (Ozakom), 590. See also revolution resistance toward, 148 Spence, Jonathan, 150 Xinjiang, 524 Speranskii, Mikhail, 53, 217–18 Sinzendorf, Count George-Louis, 89 Spykman, Nicholas, 6 Skalon, General Georgii, 476 Stadion, Count Franz, 197–98 Skarga, Piotr, 158. See also Jesuits; religion Stalin, Josef, 208, 556, 558 Skinner, G. William, 38, 39 as Commissar of Nationalities, 558–59, Skobolev, M. K., 410–11 573 Skoropads’kyi, Hetman Pavlo, 358, Austro-Marxism, 165, 430 567–70 Azerbaijan, 482, 589, 595 Slater, David, 64 Eurasianism, 7, 15, 165 Slavic Benevolent Society, 120–22. See also Finland, 560 pan-Slavism nationalities question, 430, 457 Slavonia, 46 pan-Slavism, 164 Slavophilism, 71, 119 Russian Revolution (1917), 557 Słowacki, Juliusz, 157 Ukraine, 427 Sobieski, Jan, 175, 317, 358 Winter War (1940), 560 social Darwinism, 458–59 Starr, S. Frederick, 209 social democracy Staszic, Stanisław, 227 Georgia, 594 Steengaard, Neils, 263 Habsburg Empire Steinkeller, Peter, 238 Austro-Marxism, 429–31 Stephan the Great, Prince of Moldavia, 315 Hungary, 432 Stolypin, P. A., 484–85 Iran, 604–6 Finland, 485 south Caucasus, 481–82 frontier security, 487–88

Index 637

pan-Islamism, 483 Time of Troubles (Russia), 52, 77, 96–97, Poland, 476–77, 484 297–98, 351–52, 377 reforms, 212 Timur-i-lang, 19, 593 Ukraine, 486 Tisza, Count István, 433, 546–47, 548 Straits Convention (1841), 340 Tito, Josip Broz, 587 Straits Convention (1915), 541 Tiuchev, Fedor, 120. See also pan-Slavism Strel’tsy. See army toleration, religious, 100 Stroganov, P. A., 225. See also Unofficial Bosnia, 438 Committee Caucasian isthmus, 391 Sturdza, Scarlat, 218 Habsburg Empire, 69, 87–88 Stürgkh, Count Karl, 548 Inner Asia, 33 Stürmer, Boris, 544 Mongols, 20 Sufism. See religion Ottoman Empire, 69, 124, 242 Sugar, Peter, 432 Qing Empire, 69 Sukhozanet, N. O., 406 Russian Empire, 69, 98–99, 101, 102–3, Suleiman I (Ottoman), 256 105, 394 Suleiman II, “the Magnificant” (Ottoman), Tolstoi, Dmitri, 447, 462 129–30, 243–44 Tolstoy, Leo, 105, 116 Sun Yat-sen, 150, 165, 289, 524, Tongzhi, 288 528. See also Kuomintang; Transcaucasian Commissariat, 591 nationalism Transcaucasian Federation, 594 Supilo, Frano, 576 Transylvania, 194, 252, 314, 317, 320–21, Supreme Ukrainian Council, 428 324, 537, 540 Suvorov, General Alexander, 327 1848 Revolution, 180–81 Sweden, 294–301 anti-imperial rebellions, 71 Sykes–Picot–Sazonov Agreement (1916), colonization, 44 542 communism, 588 Syr Daria, 58 depopulation, 322 Sysyn, Frank, 354 peasant revolt, 191 Szamuely, Tibor, 587 rivalry, 315–16 Szatmár, Peace of (1711), 188–89. See also Romanian annexation, 584–85 rebellions (revolts) Treaty of Abö (1743), 300. See also Széchenyi, Ferenc, 190 Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) Széchenyi, István, 193–94. See also Treaty of Adrianople (Edirne) (1829), 336 education; nationalism Treaty of Alliance (1799), 310. See also szlachta. See elites, 154 Republic of the Seven United Islands Szücs, Jenö, 63 Treaty of Andrussovo (1667), 356 Treaty of Batumi (1918), 594–95 Talât Pasha, 567 Treaty of Belgrade (1739), 329 Tanzimat, 259–62, 497–98 Treaty of Berlin (1878), 134, 344–47, 439, religious reforms, 133–34 446, 500, 502 Tapper, Richard, 271 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918), 548–50, Taryba, 562–63 553, 557, 559, 566, 572, 578, 594 Ternavtsev, V. A., 105 Treaty of Bucharest (1812), 313, 388 terrorism Treaty of Bucharest (1918), 583 Bosnia, 440–41, 446 Treaty of Constantinople (1724), 379 Galicia, 428 Treaty of Gulistan (1813), 386–88, 403 Russian Empire, 463 Treaty of Haidach (1658), 355 Serbia, 444 Treaty of Ias¸i (1792), 330, 367 Teutonic Knights, 41, 294, 295 Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), 27, 46, 55, 254, Thaden, Edward, 215 301, 303, 325, 329 Thallóczy, Lajos, 437 Treaty of Kiakhta (1727), 417 Tian-shanskii. See Semenov, Petr Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainardji (1774), 58, Tibet, 490–91, 542 130–32, 328, 330, 337–38, 367, Timar. See bureaucracy; elites 370, 389

638 Index

Treaty of London (1916), 579. See also Uskoks, 72–74, 304–6, 441 Treaty of Rapallo (1921) Uvarov, Count Sergei, 102, 112, 120, Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689), 416, 231. See also education; pan-Slavism; 528. See also Jesuits reforms; Russification Treaty of Neuilly (1920), 584 Treaty of Nystad (1721), 300. See also wars Vakhtang (Georgia), 379 Treaty of Paris (1856), 204, 341. See also wars Valuev Circular, 113. See Valuev, P. A. Treaty of Passarowitz (1718), 46, 325 Valuev, P. A., 113. See also Russification Treaty of Peking (1860), 406 Vámbéry, Armenius, 163 Treaty of Pereiaslavl (1654), 97, 354–55, 365 Venetian Republic, 27, 302–3, 309–10 Treaty of Rapallo (1921), 579 Venizelos, Elefthieros, 510. See also Treaty of Riga (1920), 571–72 deportations; population movements Treaty of Rome, 579 Vereshchagin, Vasily, 119. See also Treaty of San Stefano (1878), 344, 406, Orientalism 461, 495, 499, 540. See also Congress Verner, Andrew, 471 of Berlin (1878) Versailles Conference (1919), 555. See Paris Treaty of Sèvres (1920), 600 Peace Conference (1919) Treaty of Tartu (1920), 560 Vienna Note, 338–39. See also toleration, Treaty of Tilsit (1807), 310 religious Treaty of Trianon (1920), 431 Vigel, F. F., 219 Treaty of Turkmanchai (1828), 274, 389, Vitgenshtein, General Peter, 336 390, 403, 593 Vladimirescu, Tudor, 331, 332 Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi (1833), 337, 343, Voevodina, 546, 579, 587 403, 540 Volynskii, Artem, 378 Treaty of Vasvár (1664), 321 von Bismarck, Otto, 344, 444, 445 Treaty of Vienna (1815), 234, 575 von der Goltz, Rüdiger, 561–62 Treaty of Zuhab (1639), 28–29 von Hötzendorf, Franz Conrad, 183, 445, 548 Trotsky, Leon, 457 von Humboldt, Alexander, 117 Trumbic´, Ante, 576. See also Yugoslav von Kállay, Benjamin, 437–39, 440. See also Committee Bosnia; reforms Tsitsianov (Tsitishvili), General Prince von Kaufman, General Konstantin P., 119, Paul, 385, 386 239, 408, 411–14, 422, 465–66, 482 Tulip Era, 254 Orientalism, 119 Twenty-One Demands (1915), 523, 527 von Koerber, Ernst, 426. See Koerber Plan von Kübeck, Carl Friederich, 425 Ukraine, 97, 106, 161, 231, 252, 362, von Schönerer, Georg Ritter, 92, 94, 363–71, 477–78, 549–50, 551, 553, 164. See also anti-Semitism; pan- 554, 565–72 Germanism colonization, 56 von Sternberg, Baron Roman Ungern, 612 Russification, 112–13 Vorontsov, Prince Mikhail S., 102–3, Ukrainophils, 427 114–15, 219, 239, 392, 412. See also unification or death, 441. See Apis, Colonel; civilizing mission Young Bosnians Vorontsov-Dashkov, I. I., 481 Union of Brest (1596), 158–60, 353. See also Vrevskii, A. B., 58 religion Vyborg Manifesto (1910), 485 Union of Florence, 158 Union of Lublin, 160, 174, 295 Wakeman, Fredric Jr., 286 Union of Ottomans (1899), 507. See also Waldron, Arthur, 609 nationalism; revolutions; Young Wallachia, 27. See principalities Turks Wandycz, Piotr, 225 Union of the Russian People, 473 Wang Yang Ming, 149. See also Unofficial Committee, 225. neo-Confucianism; religion See also Alexander I warlord period (China), 524, 551–52, 553, Uratadz, Grigol, 591 556, 609–12 Urquhart, David, 403 warring states period, 14

Index 639

wars Russo-Ottoman War (1769–1774), 255, Anglo-Persian War (1856–1857), 405 365, 368–70 Austro-Ottoman War (1683–1697), 27, Russo-Ottoman War (1787–1792), 130, 254, 322, 329 327, 368–70 Austro-Ottoman War (1716–1718), 307 Russo-Ottoman War (1806–1812), 57, Austro-Ottoman War (1736–1739), 255, 313, 331, 386, 401 307, 325, 327 Russo-Ottoman War (1828–1829), 219, Austro-Ottoman War (1788–1792), 191, 390 313 Russo-Persian War (1804–1811), 386– Austro-Prussian War (1866), 92, 93, 181 87, 401 Balkan Wars (1912–1913), 1, 446, 496– Russo-Persian War (1826–1828), 388–89 97, 505, 506, 509, 546, 550 Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743), 300 Caucasian War (1817–1864), 393–94 Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790), 300 Chinese Civil War (1946–1949), 1 Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), 120, Crimean War (1853–1856), 1, 132, 204, 134, 205, 251, 343–47, 409–10, 412, 337–42, 500 437, 500 Fifteen Years War (1592–1606), 128–29, Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1881), 307, 316, 320–21, 322 410 Finnish Civil War (1918), 486, 558–60 Silesian Wars (1740–1763), 186 Finnish War (1808–1809), 300 Sino-French War (1884–1885), 520 First World War (1914–1918), 77, Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), 1, 152, 183–85, 205–6, 537–52, 613 288, 467, 519 German war aims, 545 Soviet–Finnish conﬂict (1921–1922), Habsburg war aims, 546–50 559–60 Ottoman war aims, 550–51 Soviet–Polish War (1919–1920), 563, Russian war aims, 538–44 570–72 French Revolutionary Wars Thirteen Years War (Polish-Russian War) (1792–1802), 87, 308–11 (1654–1667), 355–56, 358 Great Northern War (1700–1721), 207, Thirty Years War (1618–1648), 45, 84, 298–99, 357, 358 177, 178, 321, 322 Great Ottoman War (1683–1699), 303, 317 War of the Austrian Succession Holy War (1683–1699), 362 (1740–1748), 80 Hussite Wars (1419–1434), 45 War of the Spanish Succession Italian War (1859), 92, 93, 181 (1700–1714), 178 Korean War (1950–1953), 149 Winter War (1940), 560 Kuruc War (1703–1711), 70, 178, 189, Weber, Max, 166 318, 321–22, 323–24 Westphalia, Peace of (1648), 321, 575 Lignica (Liegnitz), battle of, 18 Wielopolski, Count Zygmunt, 543 Livonian War (1558–1582), 294–96, 297 Wielopolski, Marquis Alexander, 232–33. Long War. See also Fifteen Years War See also reforms (1592–1606) Wilson, Woodrow, 539, 555, 575 Nándorfehérvár, battle of (1521), 320 Windischgrätz, Field Marshal Prince Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), 49, Alfred, 187 179–80, 308–11, 401 Witkiewicz, J. V., 403–4 Opium Wars (1839–1842), 286, 287, Witte, Sergius, 414, 467–69, 476, 490, 491 418, 519 Wittek, Paul, 25–26 Pruth, Campaign (1710–1711), 317–19 Wladyslaw IV (Polish–Lithuanian Russian Civil War (1917–1921), 58, 77, Commonwealth), 155 351, 354, 470, 557–75 Wolff, Larry, 428 Inner Asia, 611–13 Wortman, Richard, 107, 110 Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), 205–6, 224, 415, 446, 460, 469, 475, Xinjiang, 12, 62, 69, 168, 262, 281, 284–85, 491, 493, 515, 526, 610 415, 419–20, 489, 518–20, 524, 527, Russo-Ottoman War (1710–1711), 307 553, 609–11 Russo-Ottoman War (1736–1739), 365 colonization, 39–41

640 Index

Xinjiang (cont.) Yugoslav National Council, 579 rebellions, 39–41, 75–76, 411 Yugoslavia, 576–80 Xinzheng reform period, 152. See also reforms revolutionary socialism, 586–87 Xu Shucheng, 611 Yugoslavism, 309, 441

Yalu timbering concession, 469 Zadruga, 311 Yang Zengsin, 610–11 Zaja˛czek, General Jóseph, 228 Ya’qub Beg, 262, 413, 421–23 Zakrevskii, A. A., 228 Yongzheng (Qing), 150 Zamoyski, Andrzej, 233 Young Bosnians, 440–41. See also terrorism Zein, Franz-Albert, 486 Young Czechs, 428–29. See also nationalism Zemam, Z. A. B., 185 Young Finns, 451. See also nationalism Zhang Zuolin, 610–11 Young Ottomans, 134, 260, 261, 498. See also Zheng Guofan, 287 constitutionalism; reform Zhordania, Noe, 591 Young Turk Committee of Union and Zionism Progress, 507–12. See revolution; in Pale of Settlement, 100–1, Young Turk Movement 453–54 Ypsilantis, Alexander, 331–32. See also in Poland, 238, 455 revolutions Poale Zion (Labor Zion), 474–75 Yuan Shikai, 523–24, 528–29 Zongli Yamen, 287, 288 Yudenich, General Nikolai, 562 Zubatov, S. V., 456 Yugoslav Committee, 576, 577, Zubov, V. A., 383 579. See also Yugoslavism Zürcher, Erik-Jan, 507