Up and Down the Andes Free Ebook

FREEUP AND DOWN THE ANDES EBOOK

The ranges of the Andes Mountainsabout 5, miles 8, km long and second only to the Himalayas in average elevation, constitute a formidable and continuous barrier, with many summits exceeding 20, feet 6, metres. The Venezuelan Andes—the northernmost range of the system—run parallel to the Caribbean Sea coast in Venezuela west of Caracasbefore turning to the southwest and entering Colombia. In Colombia the Andes—which trend generally to the north and south—form three distinct ranges: the Cordilleras OrientalCentraland Occidental. The valley of the Magdalena Riverbetween the Oriental and the Central ranges, and the valley of the Cauca Riverbetween the Central and the Occidental ranges, are huge rift valleys formed by faulting rather than by erosion. An aerial view of the Andes in Colombia shows, within relatively short distances, a succession of hot lowlands Up and Down the Andes with high ranges with snowcapped peaks. In Ecuador the Andes form two parallel cordilleras, one facing the Pacific and the other descending abruptly eastward toward the Amazon basin, crowned by towering peaks. Between the ranges lies a series of high basins. South of LimaPeruand extending through western Boliviathe Andes branch into two distinct ranges. Between them lies the Altiplanoa vast complex of high plateaus between about 12, and 15, feet 3, and 4, metres in elevation and as much as miles km wide. The Altiplano forms a maze of depressions, hills, and vast plains without equivalent except in Tibet. Water accumulates in closed basins to form marshes and lakes, the largest of which is Lake Titicaca on the border of Peru and Bolivia. That central region of the Andes has been dissected by several rivers, all of which have cut spectacular gorges down the eastern slopes. In southern Chile part of the cordillera descends beneath the sea, forming innumerable islands with steep Up and Down the Andes. The Andes have been deeply carved by glaciers, particularly in the south. Ice masses still occupy some 1, square miles 4, square kmconstituting a huge ice cap with long terminal tongues running into piedmont lakes Up and Down the Andes into the sea. The Andes are studded with numerous volcanoes that are part of the Circum-Pacific volcanic chain, often called the Ring of Fire. Earthquakes are frequent. Almost every Up and Down the Andes city has been devastated at least once by earthquake, even along the coastal plains, where clear signs of recent vertical movement are visible. To the north and east, the Guiana and Brazilian highlands consist of ancient crystalline rocks greatly worn through prolonged erosion. The Guiana Highlands are mostly below elevations of 1, feet metreswith small rises separated by marshy depressions. Occasional dome-shaped granitic inselbergs steep-sided residual hills —some 2, feet metres Up and Down the Andes elevation—surmount the landscape. The southern edge rises abruptly to a series of mountain chains and high tablelands tepuisin which the highest summit is Mount Roraima 9, feet [2, metres]. Covering an area of aboutsquare miles 1, square km Up and Down the Andes, the Brazilian Highlands also called the Brazilian Plateau rise to an average elevation of about 3, feet metres and are crowned by numerous sierras ranges. Included in that region is Bandeira Peak 9, feet [2, metres]one of the highest points in Brazil. In the north the highlands slope gently to the sea, but in the east they drop abruptly, as much as 2, feet metres within a few miles. Skirting their southern edge, the Serra do Mar has summits of more than 7, feet 2, metres in elevation. The sea has partly invaded the lower sections of the original coastal ranges and formed Guanabara Baywhich includes the harbour of Rio de Janeiro. In the far south, Patagonia constitutes a series of vast tablelands that rise, terracelike, from the Atlantic to the Andes and are covered with rounded pebbles and crumbling sandstones. Geologically recent volcanic eruptions have spread sheets of basaltic lava over large parts of southern Patagonia and have dotted the sedimentary plateaus with volcanic cones. The Orinoco River basin is nearly coextensive with the Llanos. It lies between the Venezuelan Andes and the Guiana Highlands and is covered with alluvia brought down by the Andean torrents. The Amazonian depression, the largest river basin in the world, forms an enormous region, bounded by the Andes to the west, the Guiana Highlands to the north, and the Brazilian Highlands to the south. The ancient platform of Precambrian rock underlying the depression is covered with deep layers of alluvial sand and clay, so that it forms an immense plain of low undulations, the general eastward incline being extremely slight. The river port of IquitosPeru, which is about 2, miles 4, km from the Atlantic Oceanis at an elevation of only feet metreswhile ManausBrazil, far downstream in the heart of the basin, has an elevation of feet 44 metres. The basin of the Paraguay Riverbetween the Bolivian Andes in the west and the Brazilian Highlands in the east, consists of a series of alluvial plains drained by a complex network of rivers interspersed with marshes. To the east, the marshes are called the Pantanal. They are only a few hundred feet above sea level. Annual flooding during the rainy season about November through March causes an immense swamp to form. The extensive plains west of the river, called the Gran Chacogenerally are arid. The Pampas of Argentina, covering almostsquare miles Up and Down the Andes, square kmconsist of a thick accumulation of loose sediments brought down from the Andes. Those deposits, some 1, feet metres deep at Buenos Aires and even deeper in other places, have completely buried the ancient features of the land. The landscape seems perfectly level, Up and Down the Andes it actually rises imperceptibly toward the west—from near Up and Down the Andes level at Buenos Aires to 2, feet metres at Mendoza. Article Contents. Load Previous Page. The Andes Mountains The ranges of the Andes Mountainsabout 5, miles 8, km long and second only to the Himalayas in average elevation, Up and Down the Andes a formidable and continuous barrier, with many summits exceeding 20, feet 6, metres. Britannica Demystified. Not all of South America is Latin America and vice versa. A region of vast swamps and marshes, the Pantanal in south- central Brazil is one of the world's largest freshwater wetlands. Load Next Page. Up and Down the Andes Printables, Classroom Activities, Teacher Resources|

The AndesAndes Mountains or Up and Down the Andes Mountains Spanish : Cordillera de los Andes are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. Along their length, the Andes are split into several ranges, separated by intermediate depressions. The Altiplano plateau is the world's second-highest after the Tibetan plateau. These ranges are in turn grouped into three major divisions based on climate: the Tropical Andesthe Dry Andesand the Wet Andes. The Andes Mountains are the highest mountain range outside Up and Down the Andes. The peak of Chimborazo in the Ecuadorian Andes is farther from the Earth's center than any other location on the Earth's surface, due to the equatorial bulge resulting from the Earth's rotation. The Andes are also part of the American Cordilleraa chain of mountain ranges Up and Down the Andes that consists of an almost continuous sequence of mountain ranges that form the western "backbone" of North America, Central America, South America and Antarctica. The etymology of the word Andes has been debated. The majority consensus is that it derives from the Quechua word antiwhich means "east" [1] as in Antisuyu Quechua for "east region"[1] one of the four regions of the Inca Empire. The term cordillera comes from the Spanish word cordelmeaning "rope", [2] and is used as a descriptive name for several contiguous sections of the Andes, as well as the entire Andean range, and the combined mountain chain along the western part of the North and South American continents. The Andes are a Mesozoic — Tertiary orogenic belt of mountains along the Pacific Ring of Firea zone of volcanic activity that encompasses the Pacific rim of the Americas as well as the Asia-Pacific region. The Andes are the result of tectonic plate processes, caused by the subduction of oceanic crust beneath the South American Plate. It is the result of a convergent plate boundary between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate. The main cause of the rise of the Andes is the compression of the western rim of the South American Plate due to the subduction of the Nazca Plate and the Antarctic Plate. To the east, the Andes range is bounded Up and Down the Andes several sedimentary basinssuch as OrinocoAmazon BasinMadre de Dios and Gran Chacothat separate the Andes from the ancient cratons in eastern South America. In the south, the Andes share a long boundary with the former Patagonia Terrane. To the west, the Andes end at the Pacific Oceanalthough the Peru-Chile trench can be considered their ultimate western limit. From a geographical approach, the Andes are considered to have their western boundaries marked by the appearance of coastal lowlands and a less rugged topography. The Andes Mountains also contain large quantities of iron ore located in many mountains within the range. The Andean orogen has a series of bends or oroclines. The western rim of the South American Plate has been the place of several pre-Andean orogenies since at least the late Proterozoic and early Paleozoicwhen several terranes and microcontinents collided and Up and Down the Andes with the ancient cratons of eastern South America, by then the South American part of Gondwana. The formation of the modern Andes began with the events of the Triassic when Pangaea began the break up that resulted in developing several rifts. The development continued through the Jurassic Period. It was during the Cretaceous Period that the Andes began to take their present form, by the upliftingfaulting and folding of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of the ancient cratons to the east. The rise of the Andes has not been constant, as different regions have had different degrees of tectonic stress, uplift, and erosion. Tectonic forces above the subduction zone along the entire west coast of South America where the Nazca Plate and a part of the Antarctic Plate are sliding beneath the South American Plate continue to produce an ongoing orogenic event resulting in minor to major earthquakes and volcanic eruptions to this day. In the extreme south, a major transform Up and Down the Andes separates Tierra del Fuego from the small Scotia Plate. The regions immediately east of the Andes experience a series of changes resulting from the Andean orogeny. The Andes range has many active volcanoes distributed in four volcanic zones separated by areas of inactivity. The belt is subdivided into four main volcanic zones that are separated from each other by volcanic gaps. The volcanoes of the belt are diverse in terms of activity style, products and morphology. While some differences can be explained by which volcanic zone a volcano belongs to, there are significant differences inside volcanic zones and even between neighbouring volcanoes. Despite being a type location for calc-alkalic and subduction volcanism, the Andean Volcanic Belt has a large range of volcano-tectonic settings, such as rift systems and extensional zones, transpressional faults, subduction of mid-ocean ridges and seamount chains apart from a large range of crustal thicknesses and magma ascent paths, and different amount of crustal assimilations. The Andes Mountains host large ore and salt deposits and some of their eastern fold and thrust belt acts as traps for commercially exploitable amounts of hydrocarbons. In the forelands of the Atacama Desert some of the largest porphyry copper mineralizations occurs making Chile and Peru the first and second largest exporters of copper in the world. Porphyry copper in the western slopes of the Andes has been generated by hydrothermal fluids mostly Up and Down the Andes during the cooling of plutons or volcanic systems. The porphyry mineralization further benefited from the dry climate that let them largely out of the disturbing actions of meteoric water. The dry climate in the central western Andes has also led to the creation of extensive saltpeter Up and Down the Andes which were extensively mined until the invention of Up and Down the Andes nitrates. Yet another result of the dry climate are the salars of Atacama and Uyunithe first one being the largest source of lithium today and the second the world's largest reserve of the element. The climate in the Andes varies greatly depending on latitude, altitude, and proximity to the sea. Temperature, atmospheric pressure and humidity Up and Down the Andes in higher elevations. The southern section is rainy and cool, the central section is dry. The climate is known to change drastically in rather short distances. Rainforests exist just kilometres away from the snow-covered peak Cotopaxi. The mountains have a Up and Down the Andes effect on the temperatures of nearby areas. The snow line depends on the location. Since the Dry Andes extend from the latitudes of Atacama Desert to the area of Maule Riverprecipitation is more sporadic and there are strong temperature oscillations. The line of equilibrium may shift drastically over short periods of time, leaving a whole glacier in the ablation area or in the accumulation area. In the high Andes of central Chile and Mendoza Provincerock glaciers are larger and more common than glaciers; this is due to the high exposure to solar radiation. The valley bottoms have no woods, just dwarf scrub. The largest glaciers, as e. At glacial times, however, c. The Andes' dendritic glacier arms, i. The Up and Down the Andes region cuts across several natural and floristic regions due to its extension from Caribbean Venezuela to cold, windy and wet Cape Horn passing through the hyperarid Atacama Desert. Opposite of the humid Andean slopes are the relatively dry Andean slopes in most of western Peru, Chile and Argentina. Along with several Interandean Vallesthey are typically dominated by deciduous woodland, shrub and xeric vegetation, reaching the extreme in the slopes near the virtually lifeless Atacama Desert. About 30, species of vascular plants live in the Andes, with roughly half being endemic to the region, surpassing the diversity of any other hotspot. Other important crops that originated from the Andes are tobacco and potatoes. It remains unclear if the patchy distribution of these forests and woodlands is natural, or the result of clearing which began during the Incan period. The crepuscular active during dawn and dusk chinchillastwo threatened members of the rodent order, inhabit the Andes' alpine regions. Lake Titicaca hosts several endemics, among them the highly endangered Titicaca flightless grebe [32] and Titicaca Up and Down the Andes frog. Birds of humid Andean Up and Down the Andes include mountain-toucansquetzals and the Andean cock-of-the-rockwhile mixed species flocks dominated by tanagers and furnariids commonly are Up and Down the Andes — in contrast to several vocal but typically cryptic species of wrenstapaculos and antpittas. A number of species such as the royal cinclodes and white-browed tit-spinetail are associated with Polylepisand consequently also threatened. The Andes Mountains form a north—south axis of cultural influences. A long series of cultural development culminated in the expansion of the Inca civilization and Inca Empire in the central Andes during the 15th century. The Incas formed this civilization through imperialistic militarism Up and Down the Andes well as careful and meticulous governmental management. Some of these constructions are still in existence today. Devastated by European diseases to which they had no immunity and civil warsin the Incas were defeated by an alliance composed of tens of thousands of allies from nations they had subjugated e. One of the few Inca sites the Spanish never found in their conquest was Machu Picchuwhich lay hidden on a peak on the eastern edge of the Andes where they descend to the Amazon. The main surviving languages of the Andean peoples are those of the Quechua and Aymara language families. Lima is a coastal city adjacent to the Andes and is the largest city of all Andean countries. It is the seat of the Andean Community of Nations. The cities of CaracasValenciaand Maracay are in the Venezuelan Coastal Rangewhich is a debatable extension of the Andes at the northern extremity of South America. Cities and large towns are connected with asphalt -paved roads, while smaller towns are often connected by dirt roads, which may require a four- wheel-drive vehicle. The rough terrain has historically put the costs of building highways and railroads that cross the Andes out of reach of most neighboring countries, even with modern civil engineering practices. For example, the main crossover of the Andes between Argentina and Chile is still accomplished through the Paso Internacional Los Libertadores. Only recently the ends of some highways that came rather close to one another from the east and the west have been connected. However, there is one railroad that connects Chile with Peru via the Andes, and there are others that make the same connection via southern Bolivia. See railroad maps of that region. There are multiple highways in Bolivia that cross the Andes. Some of these were built during a period of war between Bolivia and Paraguayin order to transport Bolivian troops and their supplies to the war front in the lowlands of southeastern Bolivia and western Paraguay. For decades, Chile claimed ownership of land on the eastern side of the Andes. However, these claims were given up in about during the War of the Pacific between Chile, the allied Bolivia and Peru, in a diplomatic deal to keep Peru out of the war. Bolivia has been a completely landlocked country ever since. It mostly uses seaports in eastern Argentina and Uruguay for international trade because its diplomatic relations with Chile have been suspended since Because of the tortuous terrain in places, villages and towns in the mountains —to which travel via motorized vehicles is of little use—are still located in the high Andes of Chile, Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador. Locally, the relatives of the camelthe llamaand the alpaca continue to carry out important uses as pack Up and Down the Andes, but this use has generally diminished in modern times. Donkeysmulesand horses are also useful. The ancient peoples of the Up and Down the Andes such as the Incas have practiced irrigation techniques for over 6, years. Because of the mountain slopes, terracing has been a common practice. Terracing, however, was only extensively employed after Incan imperial expansions to fuel their expanding Up and Down the Andes. The potato holds a very important role as an internally consumed staple crop. Maize was also an important crop for these people, and was used for the production of chichaimportant to Andean native people. Currently, tobaccocotton and coffee are the main export crops. Cocadespite eradication programmes in some countries, remains an important crop for legal local use in a mildly stimulating herbal teaand, both controversially and illegally, for the production of cocaine. In unirrigated land, pasture is the most common type of land use. In the rainy season summerUp and Down the Andes of the rangeland is used for cropping mainly potatoes, barley, broad beans and wheat. Irrigation is helpful in advancing the sowing data of the summer crops which guarantees an early yield in the period of food shortage. In addition it makes cropping in the dry season winter possible and allows the cultivation of frost resistant vegetable crops like onion and carrot. Guided Climbs in the Andes Including Mount Acongagua

Sign me up to receive your Enewsletter, announcing new adventures and special offers. At Wilderness Travel we never rent or sell our mailing list. See our Privacy Policy for further details. Experience Wilderness Travel's perfectly paced five-day trek, superb camp amenities, and spectacular campsites as you hike the famous Inca Trail to Machu Picchu. Hike a Up and Down the Andes trail Up and Down the Andes Peru's entire Cordillera Huayhuash, one of the world's most spectacular mountain massifs, with continuous panoramas of towering, knife-edged peaks and deep blue lakes. This journey features lodge-based trekking in the stunning Cordillera Vilcabamba, the steep green mountains cradling Machu Picchu. Hike ancient Inca trails by day, enjoy comfortable overnights in cozy mountain lodges by night. This day Private Journey explores the spectacular alpine trails of the snow-capped Cordillera Blanca, the world's highest tropical mountain range, and home to Peru's highest mountains including Huascaran 22,'. Enjoy the mountain majesty of Patagonia on hikes and explorations in Glacier National Park, crowned by the great shark fin of Mt. Overnights are in lovely Up and Down the Andes and mountain lodges. Join your private Up and Down the Andes and camp staff for an amazing trek on the world-renowned Up and Down the Andes Trail to Machu Picchu, lost city of the Incas, and enjoy our famous Wilderness Travel full-service camping support along the way. With your private guide, explore Cusco, ancient heart of the Inca Empire, and the beautiful Urubamba Valley, sacred to the Incas, then head to glorious Machu Picchu, perched on a sheer precipice 1, feet above the Urubamba River. Extend your adventure! The Trip Extensions listed below can be added on to any of our Small Group Adventures or Private Journeys to lengthen and customize your trip. Savor the splendor of Arequipa, set on the edge of the Andes and surrounded by spectacular mountains, and the grandeur of massive Colca Canyon, one of the deepest in the world, flanked by glaciers and volcanoes. Explore Cusco, the former Inca capital, discover the fortress-ruins of the Sacred Valley, then savor legendary Machu Picchu, the breathtaking mountain sanctuary of the Incas, with an overnight stay near the ruins. Delve into an authentic experience of the Ecuadorian highlands at the stunning boutique hotel and working farm, Hacienda Zuleta. Take a scenic drive from Cusco to Lake Titicaca, the ethereal lake of Inca legends, an austerely beautiful setting ringed by dramatic Andean peaks. Our Trip Level system ranks each trip in two ways: a number Up and Down the Andes from 1 to 6 according to the activity, and general travel rigors. The detailed explanation of each trip—below the bar with the number rating—is perhaps more important, specifying activities, altitudes, hiking, and travel conditions. The Detailed Itinerary, available by download or mail, gives further information. Our Area Managers can also answer questions and guide you to the trip that best suits your interests. Pantanal Patagonia Peru. Egypt Israel Jordan Oman Turkey. Sign-up for Emails. Request the Catalog. Find A Trip. Reset Submit. Trips in the Andes. By Destination. By Date. In Patagonia. Quick Glance. Inca Trail to Machu Picchu. Cordillera Huayhuash. Machu Picchu Lodge to Lodge. Private Journeys. Cordillera Blanca Private Journey. Argentina Private Journey. Chile Private Journey. Inca Trail Private Journey. Peru Private Journey. Arequipa and Colca Canyon Extension. Cusco and Machu Picchu Extension. Hacienda Zuleta and Otavalo Extension. Lake Titicaca Extension. Call Us: Email Us. Wilderness Travel.

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