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Cold Spring, Hot Foundry: an Archaeological Exploration of the West Point Foundry’S Paternal Influence Upon the Village of Cold Spring and Its Residents

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Cold Spring, Hot Foundry: an Archaeological Exploration of the West Point Foundry’S Paternal Influence Upon the Village of Cold Spring and Its Residents University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Open Access Dissertations 9-2009 Cold Spring, Hot Foundry: An Archaeological Exploration of the West Point Foundry’s Paternal Influence Upon the Village of Cold Spring and its Residents Elizabeth M. Norris University of Massachusetts Amherst, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Norris, Elizabeth M., "Cold Spring, Hot Foundry: An Archaeological Exploration of the West Point Foundry’s Paternal Influence Upon the Village of Cold Spring and its Residents" (2009). Open Access Dissertations. 144. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/144 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COLD SPRING, HOT FOUNDRY: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF THE WEST POINT FOUNDRY’S PATERNAL INFLUENCE UPON THE VILLAGE OF COLD SPRING AND ITS RESIDENTS A Dissertation Presented by ELIZABETH M. NORRIS Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY September 2009 ANTHROPOLOGY © Copyright by Elizabeth Norris 2009 All Rights Reserved COLD SPRING, HOT FOUNDRY: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF THE WEST POINT FOUNDRY’S PATERNAL INFLUENCE UPON THE VILLAGE OF COLD SPRING AND ITS RESIDENTS A Dissertation Presented by ELIZABETH M. NORRIS Approved as to style and content by: _________________________________________________ Robert W. Paynter, Chair _________________________________________________ H. Martin Wobst, Member _________________________________________________ Bruce G. Laurie, Member ________________________________________________ Jacqueline Urla, Department Head Anthropology Department ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The journey of my dissertation began long ago and its completion has been aided by hundreds of individuals. I will try to acknowledge as many of those I can with a few words here, and hope that any I may have forgotten will forgive the oversight (this is the last thing I wrote of the 500+ monstrosity that follows). My committee consisted of Dr. Robert Paynter, Dr. Martin Wobst, and Dr. Bruce Laurie, without whose feedback this dissertation would have been unfulfilling. As my advisor for the past seven years, Bob has finally succeeded in changing my focus from the trees to the forest. The gratitude I have for his help during this process I hope to only repay over the course of my career. Martin has provided very constructive criticism and direction for further publications. Despite his retirement, Bruce diligently pointed out where I had taken topics for granted, providing a true interdisciplinary aspect to the dissertation. My committee always treated me as an equal scholar who brought an informed view, if slightly different, to discussions. Their examples as colleges will remain with me for a lifetime. Beyond the official committee at UMass, I was fortunate enough to be supported by another department in Michigan and a non-profit organization in New York. As owners of the West Point Foundry Preserve, Scenic Hudson Land Trust Inc., has financially supported my research investigations as a graduate student. Particularly, Rita Shaheen from Scenic Hudson has engaged with Michigan Technological University to understand and communicate the importance of the Foundry to a wider public. The Social Sciences department at Michigan Tech became my home as I finished the dissertation research and writing. Dr. Patrick Martin, my first Masters advisor, has invested almost a decade in my scholarly development. I am the archaeologist today because of his guidance and advice. iv This dissertation is complete from the support network in the Industrial Archaeology program including faculty and all of the students who worked on the West Point Foundry archaeology field schools, the Masters students who conducted research, and those who allowed me opportunities to analyze artifacts associated with Foundry workers and owners. I would also like to thank the multiple repositories that were hospitable to my inquiries regarding the Foundry. The staff and volunteers of the Putnam County Historical Society have shared their collections over the years and I look forward to working with them in publications. I also owe thanks to Foundry enthusiast Jan Thatcher, the New York Historical Society, the Office of the [Putnam] County Historian, the Butterfield Library, and the interlibrary loan departments of Vassar College and Michigan Tech. Personal thanks should be extended to housemates, neighbors, and friends who tried to lend balance in my life as a student in MA, NY, and/or MI. Two graduate students from Michigan Tech and UMass that have particularly helped my mental state during my dissertating were Cameron Hartnell and Broughton Anderson. I cannot express enough thanks for Broughton’s support including her single-handed ability to make UMass still seem like a place where I belonged, even upon my extended absences. I would also like to extend a special thanks to my Cameron whom I met through the Foundry. Our graduate careers ran parallel, may are lives continue to do the same. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family. Their hands on help sorting ceramics, encouragement during the whole process, and general patience through my graduate experiences in all three states have made it much easier for me to finish. I only hope I have been able to make them proud as the first Dr. Norris. v ABSTRACT COLD SPRING, HOT FOUNDRY: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF THE WEST POINT FOUNDRY’S PATERNAL INFLUENCE UPON THE VILLAGE OF COLD SPRING AND ITS RESIDENTS SEPTEMBER 2009 ELIZABETH NORRIS, B.A., UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA M.S., MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY M.A., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Ph.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Professor Robert Paynter This dissertation explores the nineteenth century paternal relationship between industrialists and their predominantly skilled workers in a small northern community. As an archaeological analysis, artifacts such as houses and ceramics demonstrate the economic and consumption patterns observable throughout the United States during its industrialization. Discussion centers around the West Point Foundry, which operated in the Village of Cold Spring from 1818 to 1911 and originally owned half of the village’s property and employed half of its workers. Privately owned, it manufactured a variety of iron products including heavy ordnance for both the country’s Navy and Army. Methodological analysis paired documentary research, landscape and spatial analysis, and a reanalysis of several related archaeological collections from different social and economic classes of workers and owners. The Foundry and village is placed within a broader context of religious tolerance, paternalistic control, community planning and architecture, market accessibility, and worker turnover. It shows that the industrial paternalism of West vi Point Foundry owners was evident in Cold Spring’s development and generally decreased over the course of the nineteenth century. Among other signs, paternalism was visible in company housing built in half the area and the provision of land for a majority of local churches. Unlike other industrial communities where ceramic patterns can be explained by paternalism, consumption patterns better explain the ceramics archaeologically recovered from several Foundry related households. West Point Foundry worker ceramic assemblages display an abundance of tea wares and predominantly more bowls than plates, suggesting a diet that favored less expensive cuts of meat and investment in limited types of ceramics. An electronically attached Excel file details the original state of assemblages examined (WPFceramicsOriginal.xls) and a second one details the final analysis of assemblages including vessel lists (WPFceramicsEN.xls). Economic indexes and capital consumption patterns in this industrial community as well as others explored were lower than their urban counterparts. Based on existing research by archaeologists, historians, anthropologists, architects, and urban designers, this research suggests different cultural practices within a single manufacturer industrial community from those in rural or urban contexts. vii CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................ iv ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................... xii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER I. A NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITY AND ITS INHABITANTS ....................................................................................................................... 1 I.1. “Neat and Tasty Buildings, With Comfortable Homes and Happy Firesides” ........ 1 I.2. Setting the Scene: Cold
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