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Tree Identification Tree Identification Todd P. West, Ph.D. North Dakota State University ISA Arborists’ Certification Study Guide – Chapter 2 TREE IDENTIFICATION Objectives 1. Describe how all plants are classified and how scientific names are based on the classification system. 2. Explain what a scientific name is, why scientific names are used and how they are written. 3. Explain how plant characteristics such as growth habit, texture and color can be used in tree identification. 4. Describe how leaf arrangement and morphology are used to help identify trees. 5. Compare various leaf shapes and types of leaf margins, bases and apices. 6. Identify trees without leaves by using bud and twig characteristics. Why is tree identification important? • First step before prescribing tree care. • Plant species identification is a requirement in order to apply pesticides legally. – Species: a taxonomic group of organisms composed of individuals of the same genus that can reproduce among themselves and have similar offspring. • Knowing the different species and how they naturally respond at different times of the year give insights on care of the given species. Identification Assists in Proper Tree Care • Disease, pests and cultural requirements vary among species, arborists should be able to identify a tree before attempting a diagnosis or treatment recommendations. • When should I prune? • What pests (disease and insects) do I need to be concerned with? • How strong is the wood? Liabilities? • When does it leaf out? • Will it drop its leaves? • What is normal for this tree? • Identification helps with proper tree selection as well. – “Right plant, right place” Plant Classification • Deciduous - A plant that loses its leaves annually at the end of its growing season. • Evergreen - A plant which has foliage throughout the year. An evergreen plant does drop its older leaves each year, though this often occurs over a long period of time and at any season. – Foliage may have: needles, scales, or broad leaves. Woody plants may be classified as: • Tree – woody plant that usually has a dominant vertical trunk and reaches heights of 15’ or more. • Shrub – woody plant that is usually smaller than a tree and generally has multiple branches originating at or near the ground. • Vine – woody plant with flexible stems and may be classified by growth habit as either: – Climbing – require support (a trellis or wall for example). Tendrils may be produced which aid in attachment to structures. – Ground cover – similar to climbers with the exception of a prostrate growing habit. Woody plants may be classified as: • Angiosperm – Plants having seeds borne within a pericarp (fruit) • Gymnosperm – Plants that are cone bearing or have naked seed often displaying different leaf types than those associated with angiosperms. Plant Nomenclature • Scientific naming system for living organisms; scientific names are (sometimes in) Latin and written in italics, the genus is followed by the specific epithet. • Each plant has a unique scientific name that is the same throughout the world. • Scientific names are based on a species classification system – binomial nomenclature. – Two parts Binomial Nomenclature • Carolus Linnaeus – 1707-1778 – Developed the current Latin-based system – Classification based on the number of sexual parts. – Two Latin names to identify species = genus + specific epithet. • International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) provides guidelines for standardizing plant naming and rules are revised as new scientific evidence becomes available. Classifications • Family – An assemblage of genera (can be a single genus) that rather closely or uniformly resemble each other in general appearance and technical characters. – Always ends in “aceae”. • Genus – A more or less closely related and definable group of plants comprising one or more species. – Always underlined or italicized. • Specific Epithet – A group of individuals that adhere to the essential identification characteristics but display variation so as not to be categorized as replicas of one another. – Always underlined or italicized. Classifications – Variety, Subspecies and Forma • Subdivision of a species having a distinct difference and breeding true to that difference. • Variety is abbreviated var.; the plural is varieties. – Gleditsia triacanthos – Common Honeylocust – Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis – Thornless Common Honeylocust • Subspecies is abbreviated subsp. or spp.; the plural is subspecies. – Syringa reticulata – Japanese Tree Lilac – Syringa reticulata ssp. pekinensis – Pekin Lilac • Syringa pekinensis – Pekin Lilac • Forma is similar to spp. but less obvious differences. – Cornus florida f. rubra – Red Flowering Dogwood. Classifications – Hybrid • Results of crossbreeding between two different species, usually from the same genus. • Hybrid names are written with an “x” between the genus and specific epithet. • “x” should not be underlined or italicized. • Example: – Acer xfreemanii ‘JeffersRed’ Autumn Blaze® Maple Classifications - Cultivar • Horticulturally the most important unit of classification • An assemblage of cultivated plants which is clearly distinguished by any characters and which when reproduced (sexually or asexually) retains its distinguishing characteristic(s) • Most woody plant cultivars are considered to be ‘clones’ – Cone: asexually produced organisms that are genetically identical. – Exceptions: • Acer saccharum 'Jefselk’ – Lord Selkirk Sugar Maple (Seed Strain) • Cultivar names are never underlined or italicized, they are put into single quotation marks. Example of Scientific Classification Example of Scientific Classification of Plants Taxon Example Common Name Kingdom Plantae Plant Division Magnoliophyta (angiosperm) Flowering Plant Class Eudicots Dicot Order Sapindales Family Sapindaceae (Aceraceae) Soapberry Family Genus Acer Maple Specific Epithet Acer saccharinum L. Silver Maple Cultivar Acer saccharinum ‘Skinner’ Skinner’s Silver Maple Species = Genus + Specific Epithet (Binomial Nomenclature) Silver Maple Skinner’s Silver Maple Common Names Common Names Common Names • Ironwood Ostrya virginiana, American Hophornbeam Ostrya virginiana, American Hophornbeam Choricarpia subargentea, Giant ironwood Native to Australian rainforest Classifications – Trademark • Plant nomenclature of cultivated plants is further complicated by the use of trademark and patented cultivar names. • River Birch – Betula nigra • Heritage® River Birch – Betula nigra ‘Cully’ – Betula nigra ‘Heritage’ is incorrect • Acer xfreemanii ‘JeffersRed’ – Autumn Blaze® Maple – ‘Autumn Blaze’ is incorrect Basic ID Principles • Many trees can be identified at a distance. – American Elm (Ulmus americana) - Vase-shaped growth habit with overarching limbs – Still need to verify identification before any care can be performed. • Woody plant ID is based on morphology – Size, shape and appearance of plant parts. – Fundamental knowledge of woody plant anatomy is essential. • Classification is based on reproductive structures (flower and fruit). • Identification by arborists is often based on other anatomical features such as form, bark, twigs, leaves, buds, leaves, scent as well as flowers and fruit. – It is essential to be able to identify trees by multiple features to not limit identification based on seasonal cues such as just leaves. First Step in Tree ID • Determining type of leaf. Gymnosperms – often evergreen Juniper Angiosperms – often deciduous Arborvitae Juniper Pine Spruce Fir Simple Compound Yew Compound Leaves Bud (Leaf) Arrangement on Stem Maple (Acer) Birch (Betula) Catalpa (Catalpa) Buckeye (Aesculus) Hackberry (Celtis) Dogwood (Most)(Cornus) Pagoda Dogwood (Cornus) Ash (Fraxinus) Honeylocust (Gleditsia) Corktree (Phellodendron) Oak (Quercus) Elm (Ulmus) MAD Horse – maple, ash, dogwood and horsechestnut Figure 2.8 Leaf Shapes entire serrate dentate crenate serrulate double serrate undulate lobed Leaf Bases and Apices What are they? Prairie Vision® Asian White Birch - Betula platyphylla ‘Verdale’ • leaf base acute to more truncate Prairie Dream® Paper Birch – Betula papyrifera ‘Varen’ • leaf base acute to more rounded Prairie Vision® Asian White Birch - Betula platyphylla ‘Verdale’ • leaf base acute to more truncate Prairie Dream® Paper Birch – Betula papyrifera ‘Varen’ • leaf base acute to more rounded Is it a Pine, a Spruce or a Fir? White Fir Abies concolor Key to Pinus spp. (Pines) 1a. Needles in 2’s……………………………………………………………… ………………………….….2 2a. Needles 3” or less long ………………………………………… …………………………….…..5 5a. Current year stems reddish purple with light colored bloom (glaucous) …………Pinus virginiana (Virginia Pine), **cold hardy to zone 5 – not hardy** 5b. Current year stems not purple, not glaucous …………………………...…………6 6a. Sharp pointed bluish green needles with 360 degree twist; bark of upper branches and trunk orange; usually a tree with single trunk; grey brown cones 3” long ……………………………….Pinus sylvestris (Scotch Pine) 6b. Bright green needles with slight curve, bark not orange; often compact, bushy and multistemmed; dark grey ovoid cones 2’ long with dark ring around tip ………………………………………..Pinus mugo (Mugo Pine) 2b. Needles greater than 3” long …………………………………………………………………… 7 7a. Young stems green with whitish bloom (glaucous); buds pubescent and not resinous; bark reddish to orange on upper branches and trunk …..…………..Pinus densiflora (Japanese Red Pine), **cold hardy to zone 4 – not hardy here** 7b. Young stems not glaucous; bark of upper trunk and branches not orange ……….8 8a. Buds not resinous,
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