SRI RAMACHANDRA INSTITUTE OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH (Deemed to be University) Porur, Chennai – 600 116

Name of the program M.D.

Program code M05 Year of revision 2019

Course code Name of the Course PH101 General Pharmacology PH102 Clinical Pharmacology PH103 Systemic Pharmacology PH104 Recent Advances in Pharmacology PH105 Practical / Clinical and Viva voce PH106 Thesis / Research work PH107 Soft Skills, Attitude, Ethics and Communication

COMPETENCY BASED POSTGRADUATE TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR MD PHARMACOLOGY.

Aims of the program: PROGRAM OBJECTIVES:

Program outcomes

At the end of the MD training programme in Pharmacology, the student will:  Explain clearly concepts and principles of Pharmacology and therapeutics

 Explain the drug development processes

 Explain Drugs and Cosmetics Act, in addition to clinical trial procedures.

 Effectively teach undergraduate students in medicine (MBBS) and allied health science courses (Dentistry and Nursing) so they become competent healthcare professionals and able to contribute to training of postgraduate trainees.  Carry out a research project (both basic and clinical) from planning to publication and be able to pursue academic interests and continue life-long learning to become more experienced in all the above areas and to eventually be able to guide postgraduates in their thesis work.  Administer drugs by various routes (subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal) in experimental animals  Collect blood samples and oral gavage in experimental animals

 Prepare and administer a drug solution in appropriate strength and volume

 Show dose response curve of (in the presence of an antagonist) on various biological tissues like o Isolated rabbit//guinea-pig intestine o Isolated rat uterus 1

 Demonstrate the experiments using organ bath, analgesiometer, physiograph/polygraph, convulsiometer, plethysmograph, models for learning and memory, models for affective disorders.

 Determine EC50, ED50, pD2 and pA2 values of drugs  Perform in vivo experiments to study effect of mydriatics and miotics on rabbit eye

 Perform in vivo experiments to study effect of antiepileptic drugs using animal models of epilepsy  Perform in vivo experiments to study effect of analgesics using animal models of analgesia

 Perform in vivo experiments to study effects of drugs on learning, memory and motor coordination

 Estimate toxic drug levels using chemical and biological tests (alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, barbiturates, salicylates) by commonly used methods)  Clinical pharmacology i) Prepare protocol for a clinical trial ii) Prepare Informed consent form and participant information sheet for research involving human participants iii) Report Serious Adverse Effect (SAE) iv) Evaluate promotional drug literature v) Prepare “Drug Information Sheet” (WHO criteria) vi) Interpret parameters with the help of given data vii) Perform causality assessment and report ADR as per PharmacovigilanceProgramme of India (PvPI)

COURSE CONTENT – KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS

Course Outcomes

Competencies Competency Mapping to Course Code Describe and apply pharmacological principles to explain the mechanism/s of the PH101, PH102 effects of drugs used in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases of all PH103; PH104 Systems of human body. PH105 Explain and pharmacokinetics of drugs PH101; PH103 PH105 Describe mechanisms of drug-drug interactions and their clinical importance. PH101, PH102 Apply and integrate knowledge of pathophysiology of diseases and its modulation by PH103 drugs. Acquire knowledge on pharmacogenetics and PH101; PH102 Acquire knowledge on principles of Pharmacoeconomics PH101; PH102 Acquire knowledge on pharmacoepidemiology, including drug utilization studies. PH102; PH106 Acquire knowledge and understanding of principles of Good clinical practice (GCP) and PH102;PH104 Good laboratory practice (GLP) guidelines Acquire knowledge on essential medicines PH101; PH102 PH106 Acquire knowledge on pharmacovigilance PH101; PH102 PH104, PH105 PH106, PH107 Acquire knowledge and apply the principle of biostatistics in the evaluation and PH102; interpretation of drug safety and studies PH105 PH106

2

Describe how to evaluate, analyze and monitor preclinical and clinical data in drug PH101; PH102; discovery PH106 Human Behavioral pharmacology models and evaluation of drugs affecting learning and PH102, PH105 memory, Central integration, pharmacodynamic evaluation methods in human PH106, PH107 volunteers.

Able to integrate principles of immunology in biochemistry. PH102; PH103 PH105 Demonstrate knowledge of basics of research methodology, develop a research PH101, PH102 protocol, conduct the study, record experimental observations, analyse data using PH105, PH106 currently available statistical software, interpret results and disseminate these results PH107 and to have the potential ability to pursue further specializations and eventually be competent to guide students. Describe the principles of teaching - learning technology towards application and take PH102, PH107 interactive classroom lectures, modules for problem based learning (PBL), case PH105 discussions, small group discussions, seminars, Journal club and research presentations PH106 PH101 Demonstrate knowledge about computer assisted learning (CAL) softwares and ability to PH101 use them efficiently to promote learning of pharmacology. PH106 Demonstrate knowledge of principles of Instrumentation PH101 PH105 PH106 Demonstrate knowledge about recent advances and trends in research in the field of PH102, PH104 pharmacology and clinical pharmacology. PH105, PH106 PH107 Acquire knowledge on generic drugs and generic prescription. PH101; PH102 Acquire knowledge on rational use of drugs and prescription auditing PH101; PH102 Acquire knowledge about antimicrobial stewardship programs and strategies for PH102; containment of antibiotic resistance PH104 Acquire knowledge on animal studies PH101; PH102; PH103,PH105; PH106 Acquire knowledge on common poisoning PH101; PH102 Acquire knowledge on the legal and ethical issues involved in drug development and PH101; PH102 research. PH105; PH106 PH107 Acquire knowledge in Biostatistics including use of statistical softwares : PH102, PH105; • Estimation of Sample size for a clinical trial PH106 • Scales of measurement, data display, measures of central tendency (mean, median,mode) • Dispersion of data (variance, standard deviation) • Selection of tests (of significance) and their applicability • Correlation and regression analysis • Basics of systematic reviews and meta-analysis Explain Effectively to patients, the effects and side effects of drugs, including the need PH101; PH102 for medication adherence. PH103; PH106 PH107 Communicate effectively with pharmacological reasoning with students, peers, staff and PH101; PH102 faculty, and other members of the health care team on rational use of drugs and PH105; PH106 improving spontaneous reporting of adverse events. PH106; Demonstrate respect in interactions with peers, and other healthcare PH105; professionals PH107 Demonstrate ethical behavior and integrity in one‟s work PH106

3

PH107 Demonstrate ability to generate awareness about the use of generic drugs in patients. PH101;PH102; PH105;PH106 PH107 Acquire skills for self-directed learning to keep up with developments in the PH106; field and to continuously build to improve on skills, expertise and perpetual professional PH107 development. Able to predict efficacy and adverse effects associated with use of drugs, along with PH101;PH102; causality assessment. PH103;PH104 PH106;PH107 Demonstrate skills for prescription writing. PH104,PH105; PH106;PH107 Perform major in vivo and in vitro animal experiments PH101;PH105; PH106,PH107 Observe and understand basic principles of working of important advanced techniques, PH101;PH102; like High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). PH105;PH106 PH107 Demonstrate standard operating procedures of various methods and techniques used in PH102;PH103 clinical trials and research. PH105; PH106 PH107 Determine levels of common poisons in blood PH101;PH102; PH103;PH105 PH106 Demonstrate presentation skills at academic meetings, publications and writing PH106,PH107 research projects for funding agencies. Be able to analyze and evaluate a research paper PH102;PH105; PH106;

4

TRAINING PROGRAM:

Block Duration 1st Year Orientation 2 weeks Experimental pharmacology (including animal 3 months & experiments) 2 weeks Clinical pharmacology 3 months Pharmacovigilance 3 months Chemical pharmacology & 1 month Equipment handling 1 month 2nd Year Clinical pharmacology 3 months Equipment handling 3 months Experimental pharmacology (including animal 3 months experiments) Pharmacovigilance 1 month Chemical pharmacology & Toxicology 1 month Elective 1 month 3rd Year Experimental pharmacology (including animal 5 months experiments) Clinical pharmacology 3 months Equipment handling 2 months Pharmacovigilance 1 month Chemical pharmacology & Toxicology 1 month

Experimental pharmacology: 12 months Clinical pharmacology: 9 months Pharmacovigilance: 5 months Equipment handling: 6 months Chemical pharmacology & Toxicology: 3 months Elective: 1 month

Total: 36 months

Other Postings DEPARTMENT DURATION COMPETENCY ASSESMENT TOOLS General 10 days Drug utilization , pharmacoeconomics, Case report form – 10 Medicine drug dosage calculation, prescription cases Psychiatry 10 days audits, drug interaction, ADR, Pharmacoeconomic contraindications in specific organ problems Dermatology 10 days diseases Drug dosage calculation Cardiology 10 days Pharmacoepidemiology OSCE OSPE on prescription Paediatrics 10 days audits & drug interactions Obstetrics 10 days OSCE on ADR reporting &Gynaecology and causality assessments Oncology 10 days Nephrology 10 days

5

Microbiology 1 week Antibiotic susceptibility test, MIC, PCR, Documentation of cases antibiotic stewardship programme, Disc diffusion culture Biochemistry 1 week Basic principles and applications of Documentation of cases simple analytical methods -HPLC, Log book spectrophotometer, calorimeter, ELISA, flame photometer Hormonal assay LFT RFT Genetics 1 week Genotoxicity Documentation of the procedures of tests Clinical 1 month Preparation of formulary, antibiotic Case report form – 10 Pharmacy policy, monitoring of cytotoxic, cases narcotic, newer and investigational drugs Animal House 20 days Animal toxicity studies, techniques of Documentation of work feeding & blood collection, Drug done evaluation techniques Industry / 15 days Pharmacokinetic studies, clinical trials Documentation of work Clinical ( May) done Research Organization

6

Teaching and learning methods

Didactic lectures, Short topic presentations, Practical demonstrations, equipment handling, seminars, Journal club, Case based learning, Group discussion, Guest lectures, Electronic & computer simulators, Web based learning, Teaching of undergraduate, medical and paramedical students, microteaching, Maintaining a log book , Rotatory clinical and nonclinical posting, posting in Pharmacovigilance, visit to animal house, observatory/hands on experimental postings in animal house, industry/clinical research organization and analytical laboratory preparing research manuscripts, Research presentation in conferences, publishing in journals, quiz, interdepartmental and interdisciplinary symposia.

Teaching methodology Learning in a PG program is primarily self-directed and consists of laboratory and academic work. The formal sessions are merely meant to supplement this core effort. Acquisition of practical competencies thus becomes the cornerstone of postgraduate medical education in Pharmacology.

 Attend accredited scientific meetings (CME, symposia, and conferences).  A postgraduate student of a postgraduate degree course in broad specialties/super specialties would be required to present one poster presentation, to read one paper at a national/state conference and to present one research paper which will be published/accepted for publication/sent for publication during the period of his postgraduate studies so as to make him eligible to appear at the postgraduate degree examination.  Additional sessions on basic sciences, biostatistics, and research methodology, teaching methodology, hospital waste management, health economics, medical ethics and legal issues related to experimentation are suggested.  There will be a training program on Research methodology for existing faculty to build capacity to guide research and for keeping abreast with rapidly evolving methods and techniques in related disciplines.  The postgraduate students will be required to participate in the teaching and training programme of undergraduate students and interns.  Log book: During the training period, the post graduate student will maintain a Log Book giving details of experimentation done and skills acquired. The log book will be used to aid the internal evaluation of the student. The Log books will be checked and assessed periodically by the faculty members imparting the training.

7

 Department will encourage e-learning activities.

Teaching sessions as per MCI Guidelines Hours Theory Classes for 12 months 40

Clinical Seminars for 12 40 months Journal Clubs for 12 40 months Case presentations for 12 60 to 80 months Group discussions for 12 Once in a month months Guest lecture for 12 10 to 12 months

Recommended Reading Books (latest edition) /REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Goodman & Gilman„s The Pharmacological basis of therapeutics. Ed. Hardman JG, Limbird LE (12th edn/ latest edition) McGraw Hill press New York (2005 / latest). 2. Practical Manual of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology – BikashMethi – January 2010. 3. Fundamentals of experimental pharmacology. Ed. Ghosh MN. (3rd edition/latest) Scientific book agency, Calcutta (2005 / latest). 4. and evaluation – Pharmacological assays. Ed. Vogel HG & Vogel WH. Springer – New York (2002 / 3rd edition). 5. Harrison„s Principles of Internal Medicine. (19th edition/latest) McGraw Hill press New York volume I & II (2005 / latest). 6. Drug Screening Methods- Preclinical evaluation of new drugs. SK Gupta 2nd edition 7. Textbook of Therapeutics Drugs and Disease Management. (7th edition/latest) Ed. Herfindal ET &Gourley DR. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2000 / latest). 8. Basic Principles of Clinical Methodology – SK Gupta 1st edition 9. Clarke„s Analysis of Drugs and Poisons. (4th edition/latest) volume 1 & 2. Eds. Maffat AC, Osselton MD &Widdop B. (2004 / latest) 10. Clinical Toxicology. Ford MD. Saunders.(2001 / latest) 11. Oxford Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. (3rd edition/latest).Smith G & Aronson JK. (2002 / latest) 12. Pharmacotherapy – A pathophysiological approach. (9th edition / latest) DiPiro JT. McGraw Hill press New York (2005 / latest). 13. Text book of receptor pharmacology. 3rd edition Eds. Forman JC & Johansen TJ.CRC press, New York 1996. 14. Applied therapeutics - The Clinical Use of Drugs. (8th edition / latest) Kimble MA. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 15. Clinical Pharmacokinetics Concepts & Applications. (4th edition / latest) Rowland M &TozerTN(1996 / latest). 16. A textbook of Pharmacognosy. Trease GE and Evans WC.(16th edition/latest) 17. Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology. AshutoshKar. New Age International Publishers – 2003. 18. Avery„s Drug Treatment. (4th edition / latest) Eds. Speight TM &HolfordNHG.Adis International Ltd (1997 / latest) 19. Design and analysis of clinical trials – concepts & methodologies. Chow SC & Liu JP. (2nd edition / latest) Wiley. 85 20. 9 Steps guide on how to write a clinical trial protocol Dr K.AshishGauravGoel O2 Publicatio 21. Clinical Research from Discovery to Development – Dr. K.AshishGauravGoel O2 Publication 8

22. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology by KD Tripathi 23. Clinical Pharmacology by Lawrence, Bennet and Brown. 24. Basic and clinical pharmacology, by Bertram G.Katzung and Anthony J Trevor 25. Rang & Dale‟s Pharmacology by H.P.Rang

Journals 1. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2. Indian Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology 3. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 4. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 5. Pharmacological Reviews 6. Drugs Adis journal 7. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 8. British Journal of Pharmacology 9. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 10. Fundamental and Clinical pharmacology 11. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 12. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 13. Pharmacogenomics Journal 14. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics 15. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 16. Nature 17. Science 18. Pharmacovigilance 19. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 20. Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics

9

ASSESSMENT

Formative assessment i.e., during the training Formative assessment will be continual and will assess medical knowledge, patient care, procedural & academic skills, interpersonal skills, professionalism, self-directed learning and ability to practice in the system. PH106 Thesis / Research work PH107 Attitude, Ethics and Communication

Internal Assessment will cover all domains of learning and will be used to provide feedback to improve learning; it will also cover professionalism and communication skills. The Internal Assessment will be conducted in theory and clinical examination. Quarterly Assessment during the MD training programme will be based on: 1. Journal based Critical appraisal / recent advances learning 2. Patient based /Laboratory or Skill based learning 3. Self-directed learning and teaching 4. Departmental and interdepartmental learning activity 5. External and Outreach Activities /CMEs The student will be assessed periodically as per categories listed in postgraduate student appraisal form Postgraduate Students Appraisal Form Pre / Para /Clinical Disciplines Name of the Department/Unit : Name of the PG Student : Period of Training :FROM…………………TO…………… S.No PARTICULARS Not Satisfactory More Than Remarks Satisfactory Satisfactory 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1. Journal based/recent advances learning

2. Patient based /Laboratory or Skill based learning 3. Self-directed learning and teaching 4. Departmental and interdepartmental learning activity 5. External and Outreach Activities / CMEs 6. Thesis/Research work

7. Log Book Maintenance

Publications Yes/No Remarks* : ______*REMARKS: Any significant positive or negative attributes of a postgraduate student to be mentioned. For score less than 4 in any category, remediation must be suggested. Individual feedback to postgraduate student is strongly recommended.

SIGNATURE OF ASSESSEE SIGNATURE OF CONSULTANT SIGNATURE OF HOD

10

Summative Assessment SCHEME OF EXAMINATIONS Final Theory Examination at the end of THIRD YEAR Course Courses Theory Practical / code marks Clinical marks PH101 General Pharmacology 100 -

PH102 Clinical Pharmacology 100 -

PH103 Systemic Pharmacology 100 -

PH104 Recent Advances in Pharmacology 100 - PH105 Practical / Clinical and Viva voce examination - 200 Total 400 200 Grand total 600

Paper QUESTION PAPER PATTERN FOR THEORY EXAMINATIONS MARKS PH101 10 Short Essays 10x10 = 100 marks 100 PH102 10 Short Essays 10x10 = 100 marks 100 PH103 10 Short Essays 10x10 = 100 marks 100 PH104 10 Short Essays 10x10 = 100 marks 100

TOTAL 400

11

PRACTICAL/CLINICAL EXAMINATIONS (No. of days for practical examination: 2 days)

Experimental Clinical Pharmacology Chemical Pharmacology/ Analytical Pedagogy Viva Grand Pharmacology/spotters Instruments Pharmacology Total Long Short Long Short Long Short (2x10) Long Short Pedagogy Viva 1 X 20 (2x10) (1 X 20) (2x10) 1 X 20 1 X 30 1 X 10

20 20 marks 20 marks 20 marks 20 marks 20 marks 30 marks 10 20 200 20 marks marks marks marks marks

Passing Minimum 40% of marks in each theory paper in University Examinations and not less than 50% of marks cumulatively in all the four papers in the University Theory examinations in the aggregate ➟ 200/400 50% of marks in the University Practical / Clinical and Viva voce and Pedagogy Examinations ➟ 100/200 50% aggregate in Theory, Practical, Viva Examinations ➟ 300/600 Thesis (Precondition to appear for the final University Examination - Accepted / Not Accepted

12

CONTENT FOR EACH THEORY PAPER

PAPER – I General Pharmacology 1. Basic and molecular pharmacology 2. Drug receptors and Pharmacodynamics 3. Pharmacokinetics (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and ) 4. Biotransformation 5. Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacogenetics 6. Drug delivery systems 7. General screening and evaluation of: Analgesics, antipyretics, anticonvulsants, anti-inflammatory drugs, antidepressants, antianxiety and antipsychotics, sedatives, muscle relaxants, antihypertensives, hypocholesterolaemic agents, antiarrhythmics, diuretics, adrenergic blocking drugs. Drugs used in peptic ulcer diseases/Prokinetic agents/ antiemetics Antitussives, /anti- asthma agents, Local Anaesthetics, Oxytocics, antifertility agents, Antidiabetics 8. Bioassays  Bioassay methods Animal experiments: Ethical considerations, ethical approval, applicable  Regulatory Guidelines (CPCSEA), humane animal research (principles of 3Rs) and alternatives to animal experimentation. General and statistical considerations Anesthetics used in laboratory animals  Principles of EC50, ED50, pD2 and pA2 values of drugs  Describe methods of bioassay for estimation of : , skeletal neuromuscular junction blockers, adrenaline, noradrenaline, histamine, 5 HT, hormones, insulin, vasopressin/oxytocin, estrogen, progestins, ACTH  Competitive antagonism - pA2 values  Immunoassays: Concept, types of bioassays and their applications  Animal experiments: Ethical consideration, ethical approval  Regulatory Guidelines (CPCSEA) and alternatives to animal Experimentation  Toxicity tests Biochemical Pharmacology  Basic principles and applications of simple analytical methods Principles of quantitative estimation of drugs, endogenous compounds andpoisons using Colorimetry, Spectrophotometry, flame photometry, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA).

13

 Chemical Pharmacology: Identification of drug/toxin by using chemical, biological and analytical tests. Quantitative estimation - Use of colorimeter, spectrophotometer and/or other advanced analytical equipments

PAPER – II Clinical Pharmacology  Human Behavioral pharmacology models and evaluation of drugs affecting learning and memory, Central integration, pharmacodynamic evaluation methods in human volunteers.  Research methodology, develop a research protocol, conduct the study, record experimental observations, analysis of data using softwares and dissemination of results and further specializations.  Literature search.  Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacovigilance (ADR reporting), pharmacoeconomics (cost-effectiveness study) and pharmacoepidemiology  Drug development and Regulations  Therapeutic drug monitoring  Management of Poisoning`  Good clinical practice (GCP) and Good laboratory practice (GLP) guidelines  Drug utilization studies  Mechanisms of drug interactions and their clinical applications  Describe and apply pharmacological principles to explain the clinical applications and effects of drugs used in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases of all systems of human body.  Essential medicines  Biostatistics in the evaluation and interpretation of drug safety and efficacy studies, BA/BE studies  Data analysis in drug discovery  Immunology in Biochemistry  Principles of instruments used in human clinical research  Generic drugs and generic prescriptions  Rational use of drugs and prescription auditing  Antibacterial stewardship programme and strategies to contain antibiotic resistance  Legal and ethical issues involved in drug  Systematic reviews and Meta-analysis  Medication adherence  Bioavailability and studies and interpretation of data  Preparation of drug information sheet  Evaluation of drug promotional literature  Reporting serious adverse event, preparing of SOP for various committee activities like ethics committee  Preparation of informed consent and participation information sheet for research involving human participants  Protocol writing for a clinical trial  Pharmacotherapy and management of all systemic diseases as given by MCI  Evaluation of drugs in healthy volunteers as well as patients  Critical evaluation of drug literature/Research paper

Paper-III: Systemic Pharmacology  Autonomic Pharmacology  Drugs/Biologicals acting on Smooth muscles

14

 Heavy metal poisoning , Principles of Toxicology (Toxicokinetics/Toxicodynamics, Risk assessment)  Non-metallic toxicants - air pollutants, pesticides etc.  Drugs/Biologicals acting on Synaptic and NeuroeffectorJunctional sites  Drugs/Biologicals acting on Central Nervous System (Sedative, Hypnotics, Antiepileptics, General Anesthetics, Local Anesthetics,  Skeletal Muscle Relaxants, Antipsychotic, Antidepressants, Drugs/Biologicals used in Parkinson‟s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, opioid agonists and antagonists, Drugs of abuse)  Drugs/Biologicals modifying renal function  Drugs/Biologicals acting on cardiovascular system and haemostatic mechanisms (Antihypertensives, Antianginal, Antiarrhythmics, Drugs used in heart failure, Drugs used in Dyslipidemias, Fibrionolytics, Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets  Reproductive Pharmacology  Drugs/Agents/Biologicals effecting calcification and bone turnover  Autacoids and related pharmacological agents (NSAIDs) and drugs/Biologicals used in Rheumatoid arthritis and Gout  Gastrointestinal drugs/Biologicals  Pharmacology of drugs/Biologicals affecting the respiratory system (drugs/Biologicals used in Bronchial Asthma and COPD)  Antimicrobials, antiparasitics, disinfectants, antiseptics  Chemotherapy of neoplastic diseases  Antiviral drug/Biologicals  Drugs/Biologicals used in Autoimmune disorder and Graft versus Host Disease)  Dermatological pharmacology  Ocular pharmacology  Immunomodulators - immunosuppressants and immunostimulants  Pharmacology of drugs used in endocrine disorders (drugs used in diabetes mellitus, hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, thyroid and antithyroid drugs, adrenocorticoid hormones and their antagonists, gonadal hormones and their inhibitors)  Describe and apply pharmacological principles to explain the clinical applications and effects of drugs used in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases of all systems of human body

Paper-IV: Recent Advances in Pharmacology 1. Recent advances in the Pharmacology of newly approved drugs and drugs in trials,Treatment guidelines of various disorders, drug/molecular targets in diseases, agents and biologicals used in diagnosis, prevention and treatment ofvarious diseases, in all the systems in the human body. 2. Regulatory and therapeutic programmes and committees in drug use, safety, small molecules, toxins, biologicals used in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases of all systems of human body. 3. Computer assisted learning in pharmacology, Medical education, Training in undergraduate teaching, techniques, Journal impact factor, citation index, indexing bodies etc. 4. Computer training in teaching, research and medical resources.

Note: The paper wise division of syllabus is only a broad based guideline. There may be overlap of topics considering the nature of the subject and higher level of understanding is expected from a postgraduate student. *** 15