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Isotopic Tracing of Origin and Evolution of Magmas in the Continental

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Isotopic Tracing of Origin and Evolution of Magmas in the Continental UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL ISOTOPIC TRACING OF ORlGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MAGMAS IN THE CONTINENTAL CONTEXT: RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF MANTLE SOURCES AND CONTINENTAL CRUST THESIS PRESENTED Tû UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À CHICOUTIMI AS A PARTIAL REQUIREMENT Of THE DOCTORAT EN RESSOURCES MINÉRALES AT THE UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL ACCORDING TO THE AGREEMENT WITH THE UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À CHICOUTIMI PAR ÉMILIE ROULLEAU NOVEMBER 2010 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de cette thèse se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.01-2006). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL TRACAGES ISOTOPIQUES DE L'ORIGINE ET DE L'ÉVOLUTION DES MAGMAS EN MILIEU CONTINENTAL : CONTRIBUTIONS RELATIVES DES SOURCES MANTELLIQUES ET DE LA CROÛTE CONTINENTALE THÉSE PRESENTÉE À L'UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À CHICOUTIMI COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DU DOCTORAT EN RESSOURCES MINÉRALES OFFERT À L'UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL EN VERTU D'UN PROTOCOLE D'ENTENTE AVEC L'UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À CHICOUTIMI PAR ÉMILIE ROULLEAU NOVEMBRE 2010 REMERCIEMENTS Cryptogramme rédigé en caractère runique, signifiant: « Descends dans le cratère du Yocul de Sneffels que l'ombre du Scartaris vient caresser avant les calendes de Juillet, voyageur audacieux, et tu parviendras au centre de la terre. Ce que j'ai fait. Arne Saknussenun. » Extrait de Voyage au centre de la Terre Jules Verne Tout d'abord, je tiens particulièrement à remercier mon directeur Ross Stevenson pour m'avoir fait confiance dans ce projet et m'avoir fait découvrir le monde obscur des isotopes radiogéniques. Je tiens également à lui exprimer toute ma reconnaissance pour sa patience et ses conseils afin que ce projet aboutisse, sans pour autant m'imposer ses idées. Je voudrais également remercier mon co-directeur Daniele Pinti pour m'avoir initié au monde des gaz rares (aussi obscur que les isotopes radiogéniques) et m'avoir permis de me diversifier dans mon travail de thèse. Il a toujours su m'aider dans les moments les plus importants. Je souhaiterais le remercier pour m'avoir permis de participer au Programme JSPS à l'été 2009. Ce voyage au Japon a été une vraie chance pour moi, par le fait de travailler dans un laboratoire étranger d'une part, et pour la magnifique expérience personnelle et humaine d'autre part. Je souhaiterais remercier Jean David pour ses discussions scientifiques très enrichissantes, son enseignement de la chimie du plomb, et pour m'avoir soutenu quand le moral était au plus bas. IV Yairnerais remercier Yuji Sano, ORl, Tokyo, ainsi que toute son équipe pour m'avoir accueilli pendant 3 mois dans son laboratoire et m'avoir permis de travailler avec lui. « Arigato Gozaimasu. » Un gros merci à Raynald Lapointe pour son aide précieuse pour tous les problèmes au TIMS. Et il y en a eu . Je ne peux oublier ici toutes les personnes du GEOTOP qui m'ont accompagnées tout au long de ma thèse et principalement: Jenny, Jean Baptiste, Quentin, Olivia, Olivier, Laurence, Christelle, Benoit, Chantal, Josée, Brice et tous les autres. Encore un merci à mon « office­ mate» de fin de thèse, Quentin, pour m'avoir supporté à la fin, même quand le téléphone sonnait toutes les 2 minutes.. J'ai une pensée particulière pour la « PS DREAM TEAM » que j'ai rencontrée sur les pentes du Vésuve durant fété 2003, et avec qui j'ai partagé ma passion pour les volcans en gravissant autant que possible les volcans italiens. Merci pour avoir supporté mes joies et mes peines durant ces 4 années. Un merci particulier à Mika qui m'a rejoint dans ce grand pays du pôle nord et que je porte dans mon cœur ; ainsi qu'à Snef pour nos éternelles conversations à distance. Je ne veux surtout pas oublier ma famille pour leur soutien continuel même à distance. Merci aussi à mes amies Nadège et Céline, ainsi que Coralie et Céline qui, même de fautre coté de fAtlantique, ont su me rassurer. Et le meilleur pour la fin!!!! Un énorme merci à Nicolas pour sa patience, son soutien perpétuel et sa sagesse même lorsque J~étais devenue un petit démon. TABLE DES MATIÈRES TABLE DES MATIÉRES v LISTE DES FIGURES vii LISTE DES TABLEAUX xiv RÉSUMÉ xv ABSTRACT xvii INTRODUCTION 1 Problématique 1 Rappel sommaire sur les systèmes isotopiques utilisés dans cette étude Il Plan de thèse 14 Références '" '" 15 AVANT-PROPOS DU CHAPITRE 1 18 CHAPITRE 1 19 Tephro-chronostratigraphy of the lacustrine interglacial record of Piànico, Italian Southem Alps: identifying the volcanic sources using radiogenic isotopes and trace elements 1.1. Abstract 20 1.2. Introduction 20 1.3. The Piànico Formation: a brief stratigraphie guide and description of the tephra 23 1.4. Methods 24 1.5. Results 26 1.6. Discussion 29 1.6.1. Alteration of the Piànico tephra and their"databilitY' 29 1.6.2 Origin of t21 d: anorogenic volcanism at the Brunhes-Matuyama reversai 31 1.6.3. Origin oft32: the northern Roman Magmatic Province 32 1.7. Conclusion 36 Acknowledgements 37 References 38 Tables 47 Figures 50 TRANSITION 62 CHAPITRE 2 63 Geochemical and isotopie (Nd-Sr-Hf-Pb) evidence for lithospheric mantle source in the formation of the alkaline Monteregian Province (Québec) 2.1. Abstract 64 2.2. Introduction 65 2.3. Geology 66 2.4. Samples and analytical methods 68 2.5. Results 71 VI 2.5.1. Major oxides 71 2.5.2. Trace and rare earth e1ements 72 2.5.3. Nd, Sr, Pb and Bf isotopes 74 2.6. Discussion 75 2.6.1. Alteration effect 75 2.6.2. Fractiona1 crystallization and accumulation 76 2.6.3. Crusta1 contamination by wall rocks 76 2.6.4. AfC Model 78 2.6.5. Evidence for an amphibole-bearing mantle source: Metasomatism event? 79 2.6.6. Depth and degree of partial me1ting of Monteregian magmas 81 2.6.7. Monteregian mantle source(s) 82 2.6.7.1. Isotopie signature of SCLM 82 2.6.7.2. Particular signature of Pb isotopes: Archean mantle or lower crust 83 2.7. Conclusions 85 Acknowledgements 86 References 87 Tables 94 Figures 106 AVANT-PROPOS DU CHAPITRE 3 125 CHAPITRE 3 126 Nitrogen, helium and argon isotopes in minerais from alkaline intrusions of the Monteregian Bills, Québec: Evidence for an upper mantle origin 3.1. Abstract 127 3.2. Introduction 127 3.3. Geo1ogical setting 129 3.4. Samp1es and analytical methods 130 3.5. Resu1ts 132 3.6. Discussion 133 3.6.1. Elementa1 and isotopie fractionation: degassing or source effects? 133 3.6.2. N and Ar isotopie signatures of the Monteregian Bills 136 3.6.3. Correlation between nitrogen lead isotopes and trace elements: an upper mantle signature 137 3.7. Conclusion 140 Acknowledgements 140 References........................................................................................ 141 Tables 146 Figures 147 CONCLUSIONS 159 Références 162 LISTE DES FIGURES INTRODUCTION Figure 1 : Les rapports isotopiques du Sr et Pb montrent les signatures typiques des OŒs et des MOREs. La ligne nommée "LoNd array" connecte le pôle HIMU au pôle EMI, principaux réservoirs des OIBs (Modifié à partir de Hart, 1988) 3 Figure 2: Variations des isotopes radiogéniques dans les laves du Rift Africain. a) Corrélation 143Nd/144Nd vs. 87Sr/8GSr. b) Variation 208pbp04Pb vs. 20G pbP04Pb (Furman, 2007) .. .................................................................................................................................................. 4 Figure 3 : a) 143Nd/'44Nd(j) vs. 87Sr/86Sr(i), b) 208Pbp04Pb vs. 20GpbP04Pb et c) 207Pbp04Pb vs. 206Pbp04Pb des laves du sud de l'Éthiopie comparées aux MOREs de la Mer Rouge, aux points chauds de l'Afar et du Kenya (George, 2002) 5 Figure 4 : Carte simplifiée de l'Europe et de la péninsule italienne avec la localisation de Piàn.ico et des volcans italiens. En encart, la carte de localisation des volcans du Massif Central, Complexe Sancy - Mont Dore (modifié à partir de Brauer, 2007) 8 Figure 5 : Photo illustrant la séquence des varves de Piànico, Italie 9 Figure 6 : Carte de la Province des Montérégiennes montrant la distribution des intrusions crétacées, accompagnée cfune carte simplifiée de lEst de l'Amérique du Nord avec la localisation de la Province des Montérégiennes. GD: Groenland ; NES: New England Seamounts ; WM : White Mountains; SLRS : St Lawrence Rift System; OBP : Paleo-rift Ottawa-Bonnechere ; MP : Province des Montérégiennes 10 CHAPITRE 1 Figure 1: Simplified map of Europe and the Italian Peninsula with the location of Piànico, tephra layers (Pitagora Ash and Bag tephra) and volcanic centers discussed in the text. A detail of the Massif Central volcanic complex in Auvergne with position of the Puy de Sancy and Mont Dore volcanoes is also reported (redrawn and modified
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