Late Roman Forest in the Delta of the River Po (Italy): Remote Sensing and 3D Maps Computation for Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction

heritage

Article Late Roman Forest in the Delta of the River Po (Italy): Remote Sensing and 3D Maps Computation for Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction

Giovanna Bucci 1,2

1 Cultural Heritage Department, University of Padova, PD 35139 Padova, Italy; [email protected] 2 Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques, Federation ITA F07 A.CDCI., BO 40127 Bologna, Italy

Received: 2 June 2020; Accepted: 11 July 2020; Published: 13 July 2020

Abstract: Literary and historical sources provide information about Late Roman forests in the Delta of the River Po, in the district of Ferrara (Italy), between Vicus Aventiae (Voghenza), Sandalo, Gambulaga, Caput Gauri (Codigoro) and Castrum Cumiacli (Comacchio). Toponymy, archaeological excavations and geoarchaeological studies support the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of this land. In this work, after a brief examination of the ancient texts, we are going to introduce some new data concerning archaeobotanical evidence, detected by remote sensing in combination with direct surveys (on land and underwater). On the technical side, we are going to present a geomatic application for underwater measurements of ancient trunks related to discoveries in the palaeo-watercourses of the River Po (geomatic measurements, thanks to remote sensing surveys, allows us to have detailed length and diameters of trunks and trees, which are not always visible and detectable while diving) together with some satellite elevation measurement of the river banks and 3D map supported by geocomputation. Thanks to botanical data, we are able to illustrate the local context of the paleoenvironmental/archaeological sites, oﬀering a reconstruction of the landscape and of the use of the wood.

Keywords: forest; Late Antique; archaeology; palaeoenvironment; remote sensing; geocomputation; palaeowatercourses; Ferrara

1. Introduction and Historical Sources The open land of Pianura Padana, during the Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, was characterized by rivers and watercourses with paludes and piscariae, between forests and woods. The complex hydrographic system was surrounded by a manifold botanical world. Data concerning forests in Late Antiquity in Italy are not abundant [1–3], but thanks to our recent studies we have been able to contribute to the knowledge of this historical phase and reconstruct a detailed panorama of the river banks of the Eridanus (ancient Po) between Voghiera and Portomaggiore, reaching the area of Codigoro and Comacchio (small towns in Ferrara district). The innovative aspect of this research consists of introducing remote sensing technique with indirect measures of landscape and botanical ﬁndings with big dimensions, in order to make a contribution for the reconstruction of ancient forests, combined with satellite image analysis and remote sensing elevation data from Google Earth Pro 7.3.3.7699 (64-bit), in the new perspective of Waterscape Archaeology. The focus of this study is a speciﬁc investigation with thematic analysis about the remains of the Late Antique and Medieval Forest with traditional and innovative methodologies. We are going to explain some details about palaeoenvironmental context of the River Eridanus, going more deeply into some topics and discovers of our project Underwater archaeology of inland waters performed

Heritage 2020, 3, 782–795; doi:10.3390/heritage3030043 www.mdpi.com/journal/heritage Heritage 20202020,, 33 7832 into some topics and discovers of our project Underwater archaeology of inland waters performed at atLago Lago Tramonto, Tramonto, Gambulaga Gambulaga (the (the site site already already published published on on 2018, 2018, within within our our project) project) [4]. [4]. Here we present some comparisons related to other local artiﬁcialartificial lakes in the palaeo-watercourse of the river Po, like LagoLago Campanella,Campanella, near Sandolo and other palaeo-watercourses attested near Voghiera and near Comacchio, adding some brief considerations about wood ﬁndingsfindings in the Codigoro area [[5–8]5–8] (Figure(Figure1 1).).

Figure 1.1. Google Earth satellite image 2018, Ferrara district,district, Italy: the main sites mentioned in this work (accessed(accessed 2727/02/2020)./02/2020).

The above-mentioned project is coordinated byby thethe authors and it is focused on experimentation of the synergy of scientiﬁcscientific disciplinesdisciplines andand combinedcombined methodologiesmethodologies and techniques for underwater cultural heritageheritage of of the the inland inland waters. water. It It is ais collaboration a collaboration between between the scubathe scuba Federation Federation ITA F07-CMAS ITA F07- DivingCMAS CenterDiving Italia, Center Conf Italia,édération Confédératio Mondialen desMondiale Activit édess Subaquatiques Activités Subaquatiques Soprintendenza Soprintendenza Archeologia, BelleArcheologia, Arti e Paesaggio Belle Arti per e Paesaggio la città metropolitana per la città metropolitana di Bologna e le di province Bologna di e Modena,le province Reggio di Modena, Emilia eReggio Ferrara, Emilia Archaeology e Ferrara, sector, Archaeology University sector, of Padova,University Cultural of Padova, Heritage Cultural Department, Heritage Department, Underwater ArchaeologyUnderwater Archaeology Laboratory (LAS). Laboratory (LAS). The forest, from Roman Roman Time Time to to the the Middle Middle Ages, Ages, was was developed developed circumcircum ripa ripa Padi Padi et et litora litora Maris Hadriatici (close (close toto thethe banksbanks ofof thethe RiverRiver PoPo andand thethe coastcoast ofof thethe AdriaticAdriatic Sea),Sea), asas mentioned by Vitruvius (De(De Architectura,Architectura, II, 9, 14) and Cassiodorus (Variae, V, 17,17, 5).5). S.S. PatitucciPatitucci Uggeri,Uggeri, studyingstudying ancient document from Pomposa (Comacchio district) [[9,10],9,10], explains that there were some sylvae attested in oofficialﬃcial mediaeval documents, belonging to diploma and emphyteusis in Pomposa: a a silvasilva (wood,(wood, forest)forest) inin insulainsula queae queae vocatur vocatur Adriana Adriana(in (in the the island island called called Adriana) Adriana) near near Pomposa, Pomposa, a silva a silva que vocaturque vocatur de Montone de Montone(a forest (a called forest of called the Montone) of the Mont nearone) Goro, near a nemusGoro, Capitisgauria nemus Ca(apitisgauri wood of (a Codigoro), wood of aCodigoro),silva vocata a Vaccolinosilva vocata(a forest Vaccolino called Vaccolino),(a forest call neared Vaccolino), the selvosa insulanear the Pomposiana selvosa (Pomposianainsula Pomposiana Island with(Pomposiana dense forest). Island Inwith this dense panorama, forest). actually,In this panorama, we are able actually, to add we another are able silva, to add located another between silva, Voghenzalocated between and Portomaggiore, Voghenza and following Portomaggiore, the Eridanus following, attested the byEridanus, archaeological attested evidences. by archaeological evidences.As underlined in our last publication about Lago Tramonto, the local toponymies give some suggestionsAs underlined about the in old our presence last publication of a local about forest; Lago Runco, Tramonto, for example, the local from thetoponymies verb runcare, give tosome cut (referringsuggestions to about prune the trees, old placepresence already of a local known forest; as Alberolungo Runco, for –longexample, tree), from Rovereto, the verb from runcare,roburetum to cut, wood(referring of oaks to prune [11,12 ].trees, place already known as Alberolungo–long tree), Rovereto, from roburetum, wood of oaks [11,12]. 2. Topographical and Geoarchaeological Context The Southern Palaoeo-watercourse of the River Po, the Eridanus runs across the ancient sites of Vicus Aventiae (Vochiera–Voghenza), Gambulaga, Roburetum (Rovereto), turning to South to Castrum Cumiacli (Comacchio) from the Etruscan Period until the Late Antique Phase. In the sector between Gambulaga

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2. Topographical and Geoarchaeological Context

HeritageThe2020 Southern, 3 Palaoeo-watercourse of the River Po, the Eridanus ran across the ancient sites 784of Vicus Aventiae (Vochiera–Voghenza), Gambulaga, Roburetum (Rovereto), turning to South to Castrum Cumiacli (Comacchio) from the Etruscan Period until the Late Antique Phase. In the sector between Gambulagaand Rovereto and the Rovereto river was the modiﬁed river was by modified the human by presence.the human The presence. riverbed The shows riverbed anthropized shows anthropizedbanks modelling banks the modelling river edges, the arranged river edges, according arranged to a according rectilinear to ﬂow a rectilinear Southwest–Northeast flow Southwest– [4,13] Northeast(Figure2). [4,13] (Figure 2).

Figure 2. GambulagaGambulaga - - Portomaggiore (FE). Main paleoalvei North of Portomaggiore:Portomaggiore: above the Eridanus with ancient straight artificial artiﬁcial rectification, rectiﬁcation, below the course course of of Sandalo Sandalo river river (elaboration (elaboration G. G. Bucci on Google Eart Earthh 2018 satellite image).

The presencepresence of of the thevicus vicus, Voghenza, Voghenza (with houses,(with necropolis,houses, necropolis, and brick furnaces)and brick (http: furnaces)//www. (http://www.archeobologna.beniculturali.it/Ferraarcheobologna.beniculturali.it/Ferrara/area.htm#Necropoli_Romana_di_Voghenzara/area.htm#Necropoli_Romana_di_Voghenza),), and the site of the andnecropolis the of thesiteFadieni inof Gambulagathe (http:necropolis//www.archeobologna.beniculturali.it of the Fadieni /inmostre /Gambulagagambulaga. (http://www.archeobologna.beniculturali.it/mostrhtm), connected by rivers and channels, already demonstratee/gambulaga.htm), the remarkable connected diffusion by ofrivers the Roman and channels,and Late RomanalreadyAnthropic demonstrate Phase the [remarkable14]. The river diffusion was a jointing of the Roman natural and element Late usedRoman for Anthropic transport, Phasecommerce, [14]. The and river every was day a economic jointing natural life. Reading element the used local for stratigraphy, transport, commerce, we see the andEridanus everybank day economicdeveloped life. on aReading multilevel the structure, local stratigraphy, mainly natural, we see with the artificialEridanus devices. bank developed on a multilevel structure,In Voghiera, mainly natural, for example, with artificial we see devices. some layers of sand, coming from overflow of the river (FigureIn 3Voghiera,)[5,8,15]. for example, we see some layers of sand, coming from overflow of the river (Figure 3) [5,8,15].Moving to South, and going to Gambulaga, in Tramonoto Lake (Figure4), after detecting the morphology and direction of the north bank margin, with underwater surveys with a direct draw on site, it is possible to see the stratigraphy in a largely preserved state, despite the dredging works of the old dismissed sand quarry. To define a microstratigraphy for a better comprehension we completed some geoarchaeological drillings (for a detailed description, please see bibliography [4,16]). The sedimentology interpretation describes an upper modern level of silty clay covering a system of palaeosoils and alluvial layers. Three main anthropized levels are attested on site: at 3.15 m − a grey compact clay anthropic stratum (Late Antique), at 5.40 m a thin violet clay layer with − micro-carbonaceous cores and vegetal traces (palaeosoil—Roman Imperial Phase), at 6.10 m a − thick violet silty clay level with micro-carbonaceous cores and vegetal traces (palaeosoil–perhaps belonging to Protohistory). Following the slope of the actual bank, underwater, we see debris and accumulation of wood, trunk and fictile pieces belonging to Roman and Late Roman Period. On the Late Antique–Middle Ages levels there are some big trunks and parts of amphora. Thanks to our geo-archaeological computation, we reconstruct a synthesis of local stratigraphy with metrical references (Figure5). Heritage 2020, 3 4

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Figure 3. Voghiera (FE), Street P 29, West side: overflow levels with sandy deposit (photo G. Bucci).

Moving to South, and going to Gambulaga, in Tramonoto Lake (Figure 4), after detecting the morphology and direction of the north bank margin, with underwater surveys with a direct draw on site, it is possible to see the stratigraphy in a largely preserved state, despite the dredging works of the old dismissed sand quarry. To define a microstratigraphy for a better comprehension we completed some geoarchaeological drillings (for a detailed description, please see bibliography [4,16]).Figure Figure 3. Voghiera 3. Voghiera (FE), (FE), Street Street P P29, 29, West West side: side: overflow overﬂowlevels levels with with sandy sandy deposit deposit (photo (photo G. Bucci). G. Bucci).

FigureFigure 4. Gambulaga–Portomaggiore 4. Gambulaga–Portomaggiore (FE),(FE), Lago Lago Tramonto. Tramonto View. View from Southwestfrom Southwest side (photo side G. Bucci).(photo G. Bucci).

The sedimentology interpretation describes an upper modern level of silty clay covering a system of palaeosoils and alluvial layers. Three main anthropized levels are attested on site: at −3.15

Figure 4. Gambulaga–Portomaggiore (FE), Lago Tramonto. View from Southwest side (photo G. Bucci).

The sedimentology interpretation describes an upper modern level of silty clay covering a system of palaeosoils and alluvial layers. Three main anthropized levels are attested on site: at −3.15

Heritage 2020, 3 5 mHeritage a grey 2020 compact, 3 clay anthropic stratum (Late Antique), at −5.40 m a thin violet clay layer with micro- 5 carbonaceous cores and vegetal traces (palaeosoil – Roman Imperial Phase), at −6.10 m a thick violet m a grey compact clay anthropic stratum (Late Antique), at −5.40 m a thin violet clay layer with micro- silty clay level with micro-carbonaceous cores and vegetal traces (palaeosoil–perhaps belonging to carbonaceous cores and vegetal traces (palaeosoil – Roman Imperial Phase), at −6.10 m a thick violet Protohistory). Following the slope of the actual bank, underwater, we see debris and accumulation silty clay level with micro-carbonaceous cores and vegetal traces (palaeosoil–perhaps belonging to of wood, trunk and fictile pieces belonging to Roman and Late Roman Period. On the Late Antique– Protohistory). Following the slope of the actual bank, underwater, we see debris and accumulation Middle Ages levels there are some big trunks and parts of amphora. Thanks to our geo-archaeological of wood, trunk and fictile pieces belonging to Roman and Late Roman Period. On the Late Antique– computation, we reconstruct a synthesis of local stratigraphy with metrical references (Figure 5). Middle Ages levels there are some big trunks and parts of amphora. Thanks to our geo-archaeological computation, we reconstruct a synthesis of local stratigraphy with metrical references (Figure 5). Heritage 2020, 3 786

Figure 5. Gambulaga – Portomaggiore (FE), Lago Tramonto. Northern side, reconstruction of the stratigraphicFigure 5. sectionGambulaga—Portomaggiore with the current bank (FE), morpholo Lago Tramonto.gy of the Northern lake with side, artificial reconstruction cutting due of the to the Figure 5. Gambulaga – Portomaggiore (FE), Lago Tramonto. Northern side, reconstruction of the excavationstratigraphic of the sectionquarry with (G. Bucci). the current bank morphology of the lake with artificial cutting due to the stratigraphicexcavation section of the quarry with (G.the Bucci). current bank morphology of the lake with artificial cutting due to the excavation of the quarry (G. Bucci). Regarding the discussion of the site we invite you to read our 2018 reportage [4]. Regarding the discussion of the site we invite you to read our 2018 reportage [4]. Our focus now is going on the wood findings. RegardingOur focus the now discussion is going on of the the wood site we findings. invite you to read our 2018 reportage [4]. During the underwater surveys we documented not only the wood structure off the Late Roman OurDuring focus thenow underwater is going on surveys the wood we documented findings. not only the wood structure the Late Roman bank, but also the presence of very big trunks all oriented in the direction of the river current, clear bank,During but the also underwater the presence surveys of very we big documented trunks all oriented not only in the the wood direction structure of the off river thecurrent, Late Roman evidenceclear of evidence a large of flood a large that flood swept that sweptover the over rive ther riveredges. edges. Together Together with with the the botanical botanical findings, findings, we bank, but also the presence of very big trunks all oriented in the direction of the river current, clear havewe found have pottery found potteryfragments fragments belonging belonging to different to different classes classes of objects: of objects: amphorae, amphorae, containers containers for for daily evidence of a large flood that swept over the river edges. Together with the botanical findings, we use, fragmentsdaily use, fragments of bricks, of tiles bricks, and tiles bricks and (Figure bricks (Figures 6 and 6Figure and7)). 7)). have found pottery fragments belonging to different classes of objects: amphorae, containers for daily use, fragments of bricks, tiles and bricks (Figure 6 and Figure 7)).

FigureFigure 6. Gambulaga 6. Gambulaga—Portomaggiore – Portomaggiore (FE), (FE), Lago Lago Tramonto Tramonto.. NorthernNorthern side, side, underwater underwater debris debris ﬂow flow with withtrunks, trunks, wood wood with with traces traces of ofprocessing processing and and binding, binding, RomanRoman bricks, bricks, Late Late Roman Roman pottery, pottery, animal animal Figure 6. Gambulaga – Portomaggiore (FE), Lago Tramonto. Northern side, underwater debris flow bonesbones (photo (photo G. Bucci). G. Bucci). with trunks, wood with traces of processing and binding, Roman bricks, Late Roman pottery, animal bones (photo G. Bucci).

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Figure 7.7. Gambulaga–PortomaggioreGambulaga–Portomaggiore (FE), (FE), Lago Lago Tramonto. Tramonto Northern. Northern side, side, wood wood beam (beamphoto (photo G. Bucci G.). Bucci). 3. Materials and Methods 3. MaterialsOur research and Methods was completed thanks to a great scientific synergy between many disciplines: mainly geology,Our archaeology research was and completed history, and thanks palaeobotany to a great from scientific work in synergy the libraries between and atmany university, disciplines: to the surveymainly activities,geology, witharchaeology the help ofand remote history, sensing and and palaeobotany geomatics (regarding from work remote in the sensing libraries in landscape and at archaeologyuniversity, to and the studyingsurvey activities, relations with between the help natural of remote environment sensing and geomatics archaeology, (regarding see the work remote of Campanasensing in Recording landscape concerning archaeology the integration and studying of new relations and old research between methods natural [17 environment]). Remote sensing and technologyarchaeology, has see been the work applied of Campana through di Recordingfferent instruments. concerning On the the integration land context, of new such and as old river research banks, indirectmethods studies [17]). Remote begun bysensing measuring technology elevation has been levels applied of the riverthrough coastal different zones, instruments. areas of over On flow, the subjectland context, to natural such rising as river up [banks,18,19]. indirect studies begun by measuring elevation levels of the river coastalFrom zones, a technical areas of over point flow, of view, subject once to natural established rising the up topographical[18,19]. points, in Google Earth Pro, openingFrom a technical “ruler”, point after positioningof view, once and established saving a linethe topographical with a name (we points, choose in Google a sector Earth of Km Pro, 1, correspondingopening “ruler”, to theafter section positioning we need), and we saving moved a toline “Modify” with a andname selected (we choose “Show a elevation sector of profile”; Km 1, incorresponding the lower part to ofthe the section video we a monochromaticneed), we moved cross to “Modify” section of and the selected site appears, “Show including elevation a profile”; narrow indicatingin the lower the part check of pointthe video position. a monochromatic This function cros is verys section useful of and the enables site appears, a very easyincluding understanding a narrow ofindicating the local geomorphology.the check point We position. detected theThis height functi of theon riveris very edges: useful a crucial and datum enables for thea occupationvery easy andunderstanding anthropic development of the local geomorphology. of housing and We commercial detected system.the height In of addition, the river the edges: activity a crucial of transport datum withfor the the occupation towpath took andplace anthropic on the development banks. The helciarius of housingwas and walking commercial with quadrupeds system. In addition, on the bank, the holdingactivity aof rope transport with which with the boats towpath are towed took from plac thee on ground the banks. along The a waterway. helciarius was walking with quadrupedsIn our case on wethe realized bank, holding four sections a rope (length with Kmwhich 1,00 boats ca.), individuating are towed from the highest the ground topographical along a areas,waterway. attesting river depositional layers, fluvial islands and main banks. The North margin of the EridanusIn ouris the case key pointwe realized for the comprehension four sections of(l theength ancient Km anthropogenic100 ca.), individuating living/residential the highest system duringtopographical the Roman areas, Period attesting andMiddle river depositional Ages. We detected layers, afluvial height islands above seaand level main between banks. 3The and North 2.5 m (Figuremargin8 ).of the Eridanus is the key point for the comprehension of the ancient anthropogenic living/residentialFor a better comprehensionsystem during the of theRoman ancient Period settlement and Middle system Ages. we We constructed detected a 4height 3D plan-views, above sea correspondinglevel between 3 to and the 2.5 investigated m (Figure areas8). thank to 3D Mapper (Figure9).

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(a) (b)

Figure 8. Google Erath satellite image 2018 with morphologi cal elevation of the highest topographical areas, attesting river depositional layers. Voghiera (a), Lago Campanella in Sandolo (b), Lago (c) (d) Tramonto (c) and Lago della Gattola (d) in Gambulaga. Figure 8. GoogleGoogle Erath Erath satellite satellite image image 2018 2018 with with morphologi morphologicalcal elevation of the highest topographical areas,The red attestingattesting line indicates river river depositional depositional the position layers. layers. of Voghiera the Voghiera cut (asect), Lago ion(a), Campanella(accessedLago Campanella 02/03/2020, in Sandolo in Sandolo ( belaboration), Lago ( Tramontob), LagoG. Bucci). (TramontocFor) and a better Lago (c) dellaand comprehension Lago Gattola della (d Gattola) in of Gambulaga. the (d) ancientin Gambulaga. The settlem red lineent indicatessystem we the constructed position of the 4 cut3D sectionplan-views, corresponding(accessed 02 /to03 /the2020, investigated elaboration G.areas Bucci). thank to 3D Mapper (Figure 9). The red line indicates the position of the cut section (accessed 02/03/2020, elaboration G. Bucci). For a better comprehension of the ancient settlement system we constructed 4 3D plan-views, corresponding to the investigated areas thank to 3D Mapper (Figure 9).

(a) (b)

FigureFigure 9.9. 3D3D maps maps with with sections: sections: Voghiera Voghiera (a (),a ),Lago Lago Campanella, Campanella, Sandalo Sandalo (b), (b Lago), Lago Tramonto Tramonto (c), (cLago), Lago Gattola Gattola ( (dd),), GambulagaGambulaga (elaboration(elaboration G. G. Bucci Bucci with 3Dwith Mapper 3D Mapper online-< aonline href= “https:- ©>© MapTilerMapTiler).). Figure 9. 3D maps with sections: Voghiera (a), Lago Campanella, Sandalo (b), Lago Tramonto (c), Lago Gattola (d), Gambulaga (elaboration G. Bucci with 3D Mapper online - © MapTiler).

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The geocomputation of the morphological sections supported by 3d plan-views show very well the altitude differences between the river edges, raised by the alluvial deposits, the old cut of the Eridanus river bed (actually lakes), and the system of small bumps on which the inhabited area has settled, as well places occupied by forest and sylvae. Because of the strong presence of trunks and roots in the Lakes Campanella and Tramonto, knowing the underwater archaeological situation and the troubles of visibility, after some underwater direct investigations, we proceeded with echo side scan sonar surveys. We used an integrated instrument, echo sound scan sonar Humminbird 1198c SI Combo, reading data with the software HumViewer. The software while displaying the swath, allows us to measure the dimensions of findings and anomalies, thanks to the side image visualization thought utilities measure length/distance (Figure 10). The documentation of the trunks was particularly complex due to the poor visibility on the lake bottom linked to the presence of algae and very fine clay in suspension [20]. For this reason, remote sensing investigations were very useful for the positioning and measurement of artificial and natural findings: it was impossible to work with a buddy system because of safety between divers and incompatibility of visual communication. Heritage 2020, 3 8 The software is free o line (http://humviewer.cm-johansen.dk/) and offers an easy approach to elementaryThe geocomputation geomatic measurements. of the morphological The trunks sections are detectable supported as anomalies by 3d plan-views on the bottom show of very the well lake, thebecause altitude oftheir differences shape andbetween dislocation, the river generating edges, ra shadowsised by the and alluvial showing depo anomaloussits, the old morphology cut of the Eridanuscompared river to the bed sedimentology (actually lakes), on site.and the system of small bumps on which the inhabited area has settled,Thanks as well to places the echo occupied side scan by forest sonar and and sylvae. relative reading software, we were able to detect the lengthsBecause and diameters of the strong of the presence giant trunks of trunks directly an ind roots the studio, in the using Lakes a computer.Campanella and Tramonto, knowingIn Lake the Tramonto, underwater seven archaeological large tree trunks, situation numerous and branchesthe troubles and twigsof visibility, have been after identified. some underwaterSome of them direct bear tracesinvestigations, of binding we and proceeded processing. with echo side scan sonar surveys. We used an integratedThe data instrument, fusion of echo the elements sound scan coming sonar from Humminbird direct and 1198c indirect SI Combo investigations, reading was data completed with the softwareby computer HumViewer. Asus Tuf The with software Intel while COREi7, displaying 8th Gen the (2019),swath, allows withWindows us to measure 10for the adimensions multitask ofelaboration, findings integratingand anomalies, remote thanks sensing technologiesto the side forimage the interpretation visualization of thought landscape utilities and waterscape measure length/distanceecosystems [21 (Figure]). 10).

(a)

Figure 10. Cont.

(b)

Figure 10. Gambulaga – Portomaggiore (FE), Lago Tramonto. Echo side scan sonar side image, red by the software Humviewer: measurements of the length of the trunks nos. 1 (a) and 5 (b).

The documentation of the trunks was particularly complex due to the poor visibility on the lake bottom linked to the presence of algae and very fine clay in suspension [20]. For this reason, remote sensing investigations were very useful for the positioning and measurement of artificial and natural

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The geocomputation of the morphological sections supported by 3d plan-views show very well the altitude differences between the river edges, raised by the alluvial deposits, the old cut of the Eridanus river bed (actually lakes), and the system of small bumps on which the inhabited area has settled, as well places occupied by forest and sylvae. Because of the strong presence of trunks and roots in the Lakes Campanella and Tramonto, knowing the underwater archaeological situation and the troubles of visibility, after some underwater direct investigations, we proceeded with echo side scan sonar surveys. We used an integrated instrument, echo sound scan sonar Humminbird 1198c SI Combo, reading data with the software HumViewer. The software while displaying the swath, allows us to measure the dimensions of findings and anomalies, thanks to the side image visualization thought utilities measure length/distance (Figure 10).

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findings: it was impossible to work with a buddy system because of safety between divers and incompatibility of visual communication. The software is free o line (http://humviewer.cm-johansen.dk/) and offers an easy approach to elementary geomatic measurements. The trunks are detectable as anomalies on the bottom of the lake, because of their shape and dislocation, generating shadows and showing anomalous morphology compared to the sedimentology on site. Thanks to the echo side scan sonar and relative reading software, we were able to detect the lengths and diameters of the giant trunks directly in the studio, using a computer. In Lake Tramonto, seven large tree trunks, numerous branches and twigs have been identified. Some of them bear traces of binding and processing. The data fusion of the elements coming from direct and indirect investigations was completed (b) by computer Asus Tuf with Intel COREi7, 8th Gen (2019), with Windows 10 for a multitask

elaboration,Figure 10. integratingGambulaga—Portomaggiore remote sensing (FE), technologies Lago Tramonto. for Echothe sideinterpretation scan sonar side of image,landscape red by and waterscapeFigurethe software 10. ecosystems Gambulaga Humviewer: [21]). – Portomaggiore measurements (FE), of the Lago length Tramon of theto. trunks Echo nos.side 1scan (a) and sonar 5 ( bside). image, red by the software Humviewer: measurements of the length of the trunks nos. 1 (a) and 5 (b). 4. Discussion The documentation of the trunks was particularly complex due to the poor visibility on the lake Big arboreal ﬁndsfinds were discovereddiscovered inin LagoLago CampanellaCampanella andand inin LagoLago Tramonto.Tramonto. bottom linked to the presence of algae and very fine clay in suspension [20]. For this reason, remote Particular attention should be paid to long oak trunks, which are important for length and sensing investigations were very useful for the positioning and measurement of artificial and natural diameter, attributableattributable as as habitat habitat to to the the local local or or nearby nearby forest, forest, and and from from an archaeological an archaeological point point of view of toview the to raw the material raw material to build to build pirogues. pirogues. Seven trunks of trees have been documented in Lake Tramonto between 2016 and 2019, at an

average depth of between 5.0 and 10.5 m. Trunk Trunk no.1 measures 13.7 m (Figure 11);11); trunk no.2, 8.3 m; trunk no.3, 10.0 m; trunk no.4, 7.9 m, trunk no.5,no.5, 16.516.5 m;m; trunk no.6,no.6, 5.75.7 m; trunk no.7, 8.0 m. They are all dislocated along the North bank of the river. Some of them could be in a primary position, others have been transported by the stream of the flow, ﬂow, chronologically ascendable to the sixth century AD.

Figure 11. GambulagaGambulaga—Portomaggiore – Portomaggiore (FE), Lago Tr Tramonto.amonto. Trunk no.1 (photo G. Bucci).

The big trees were used both to build means of transport (pirogue) for local traffic traﬃc and for sale: perhaps there was a productionproduction centre of smallsmall woodwood boot,boot, betweenbetween Lake Campanella and Lake Tramonto (underwater, we found two bow or stern fragments, some starboards of monoxyle boats, and some partially excavated trunks) [12]. The trunks number 1 and number 5 are compatible with lengths and diameters (about 1.0 m) of the pirogues discovered in the Ferrara area (more than 23 exemplars are already known: Valle Isola, Valle Rillo, Valle Ponti, Valle Pega (all in Comacchio area), Pomposa (Codigoro), Codigoro, Valle Volta (Massafiscaglia), Valle delle Gallare (Ostellato), Iolanda di Savoia. These boats, characterized

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Tramonto (underwater, we found two bow or stern fragments, some starboards of monoxyle boats, and some partially excavated trunks) [12]. The trunks number 1 and number 5 are compatible with lengths and diameters (about 1.0 m) of the pirogues discovered in the Ferrara area (more than 23 exemplars are already known: Valle Isola, Valle Rillo, Valle Ponti, Valle Pega (all in Comacchio area), Pomposa (Codigoro), Codigoro, Valle Volta Heritage 2020, 3 10 (Massaﬁscaglia), Valle delle Gallare (Ostellato), Iolanda di Savoia. These boats, characterized by a common shape, similar measure, and the same kind of wood, can be traced back to the Late Antiquity by a common shape, similar measure, and the same kind of wood, can be traced back to the Late and the Middle Ages [22,23] (Figure 12). Antiquity and the Middle Ages [22,23] (Figure 12).

Figure 12.Figure 3D reconstruction 12. 3D reconstruction of Late Antique of Late Antique—Mediaeval– Mediaeval Piroga by Piroga A. Martire by A. [24]. Martire [24].

The most evident comparison with similar botanical finds, finds, still in the status of tree, quite similar in sizesize andand stratigraphic stratigraphic locations, locations, are are the the woods woods from from the nearbythe nearby Campanella Campanella Lake Lake (an artificial (an artificial basin, basin,born from born quarry from quarry excavation excavation in palaeowatercourse in palaeowatercourse of the River of the Po) River a few Po) Km aWest few ofKm Lake West Tramonto, of Lake Tramonto,located at the located elbow at ofthe the elbow meander of the of meander the ancient of the Po. ancient Po. Very important studies for the Campanella lake were carried out by the University of Bologna during 1995,1995, by by L. ForlaniL. Forlani and and G. Nanni G. Nanni investigating investigating the Sandalo the Sandalo wood fossil wood forest. fossil After forest. a cataloguing After a cataloguingof 1519 wooden of 1519 finds, wooden including finds, 147 trunks, including 2 artefacts, 147 trunks, 3 roots, 2 7artefacts, cork samples, 3 roots, 8 branches. 7 cork samples, There were 8 partsbranches. of trees, There shrubs, were lianas,parts of most trees, of shrubs, all deciduous lianas, broadleaf most of all and deciduous conifer. In broadleaf between and the threeconifer. main In betweenunits identified the three by main the palaeobotanists, units identified the by third the pala samplingeobotanists, conserve the elementsthird sampling dating conserve back to the elements Roman perioddating back or the to early the Roman Middle period Ages [ 25or]. the The early sampling Middle carried Ages out[25]. identifies The samplingPopulus carried(Poplar— out identifiesSalicaceae PFamily),opulus (PoplarUlmus –(Elm— SalicaceaeUlmaceae Family)family),, UlmusSalix (Elm(Willow— – UlmaceaeSalicaceae family), SalixFamily), (WillowQuercus – Salicaceae(Oak— Family)Fagaceae, QuercusFamily), (OakAlnus – glutinosaFagaceae Family)(Alder—, AlnusBetulaceae glutinosaFamily), (AlderJuglans – Betulaceae regia (Walnut—Juglandaceae Family), Juglans regia (Walnut Family), – JuglandaceaeJuniperus communis Family)(Juniper—, JuniperusCupressaceae communis Family),(Juniper Prunus– Cupressaceae(Cherry Family) Laurel—, PrunusRosaceae (CherryFamily). Laurel – RosaceaeThe Family) C14 analysis. are dating back to a chronological span between the fourth and sixth century AD. TheThe sameC14 analysis chronology are isdating attested traces by potteryback to findings,a chronologicalLate Roman span V between amphorae ,the found fourth during and directsixth centuryunderwater AD. surveys. The same chronology is attested by pottery findings, Late Roman V amphorae, found duringIn direct addition, underwater the recent surveys. archaeological excavation in Comacchio (2014) [26], always on the palaeowatercoruseIn addition, the of recent the Eridanus archaeological, provided excavation some information in Comacchio regarding (2014) the [26], panorama always of on wood the palaeowatercoruseuse for nautical means. of the The Eridanus preliminary, provided archaeobotanical some information analysis regarding performed the panorama by M. Marchesini of wood [use27], forsuperintendence nautical means. palaeobotanist, The preliminary on the archaeobotanical planks of the sewn analysis boat and performed on pieces by of theM. monoxylMarchesini pirogue [27], superintendencefound close to the palaeobotanist, local bank, detected on the planks Oak woodof the sewn (Quercus boatcf. androbur on pieces - Fagaceae of the Family)monoxyl and pirogue Elm (foundUlmus close—Ulmaceae to the localfamily), bank, respectively, detected Oak the wood first to(Quercus build the cf. robur monoxyle - Fagaceae pirogue, Family) the and second Elm to (Ulmus build –the Ulmaceae boat. Considering family), respectively, the diffusion thearea first ofto thebuild plants the mo fromnoxyle which pirogue, the wood the wassecond obtained, to build it the could boat. be Consideringassumed that the the diffusion river boat area of Comacchioof the plants 2014 from field which - http: the// woodwww.archeobologna.beniculturali.it was obtained, it could be assumed/fe_ thatcomacchio /imbarcazioni_2014.htmthe river ,boat was built inof the Po area,Comacchio northern than Santa2014 Maria infield Padovetere - (exacthttp://www.archeobologna.benicultur location of the excavations). Elmali.it/fe_comacchio/im trees were found alsobarcazioni_2014.htm, in Voghiera [28]. was built in the Po area, northern than Santa Maria in Padovetere (exact location of the excavations). Elm trees were found also in Voghiera [28]. The monoxyle pirogue, given the construction type and the type of wood used, is likely to have been made in an area not too far from the place of discovery (Comacchio). Was it built in Gambulaga? Perhaps! The site might have been a pirogue factory, before the diluvium mentioned by Paulus Diaconus (Historia Langobardorum III.23). A Mediaeval iconographic support regarding pirogues construction is offered by the Bayeux Tapestry (Figure 13).

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The monoxyle pirogue, given the construction type and the type of wood used, is likely to have been made in an area not too far from the place of discovery (Comacchio). Was it built in Gambulaga? Perhaps! The site might have been a pirogue factory, before the diluvium mentioned by Paulus Diaconus (Historia Langobardorum III.23). A Mediaeval iconographic support regarding pirogues construction is oﬀered by the Bayeux Tapestry (Figure 13). Heritage 2020, 3 11

FigureFigure 13. 13. BayeuxBayeux Tapestry, detaildetail of of trees trees cutting cutting to to build build pirogues pirogues and and canoes canoes (Eleventh (Eleventh Cent. Cent. AD) AD) [29]. [29]. To complete the palaeobotany panorama, we need to add data coming from analysis performed by F.To Facchini, complete University the palaeobotany of Ferrara panorama, working on we the need sedimentological to add data coming characterization from analysis ofthe performed samples bycatalogued F. Facchini, during University 2017 campaignof Ferrara [working30]. In manyon the samples sedimentological we see the characterization presence of seeds of the belonging samples cataloguedto flora palustris during(marsh 2017 campaign flora), typical [30]. of In inland many waters,samples attesting we see the an presence inter-distributive of seeds environmentbelonging to floracomplex palustris surviving (marsh on flora), the northern typical sideof inland of the Eridanuswaters, attestingbank itself an in inter-distributive Gambulaga. The environment documented complexplants are surviving floating on hydrophytes, the northernNymphaea side of the alba Eridanus(White bank Water itself Lily), in SparganiumGambulaga. erectum The documented(Branched plantsBur-reed), are floating helophytes hydrophytes,Apium inondatum Nymphaea(Lesser alba Marshwort), (White Water and Lily),Typha Sparganium latifolia (Bulrush). erectum (Branched Bur-reed), helophytes Apium inondatum (Lesser Marshwort), and Typha latifolia (Bulrush). 5. Conclusions 5. Conclusions The integrations of data coming from direct (surveys on sites, on land and underwater) and indirectThe investigationintegrations (remoteof data sensing,coming from satellite direct data (surveys elaboration, on sites, 3D map on computation),land and underwater) together withand indirectbotanical investigation analysis and (remote ancient sensing, sources satellite studies, data demonstrate elaboration, the 3D remarkable map computation), role of scientific together synergy with botanicalapplied on analysis archaeological and ancient research. sources This studies, chance demo of collaborationnstrate the remarkable demonstrates role of how scientific anthropogenic synergy appliedoccupation on archaeological of this central partresearch. of the This Delta chance can be of traced collaboration back to Roman demonstrates Imperial how and toanthropogenic Late Antique occupationPeriod: forests of this were central not exclusively part of the areasDelta of can woodland. be traced Theyback wereto Roman being Imperial exploited and for to providing Late Antique food, Period:as fuel forforests furnaces were fornot production exclusively of areas bricks, of tileswoodland. (Pansiana They production were being [4, 12exploited,13]) and for glass providing making food,(from as the fuel area for of Tramontofurnaces for Like production there is a pottery of bric lampks, tiles decorated (Pansiana with production the image of[4,12,13]) a local glass and makerglass makingworking (from at his the furnace area [of31 Tramonto]), for manufacturing Like there is wooden a pottery goods, lamp especially decorated boats, with and the aimage means of of a waterlocal glasstransport maker and working carpentry. at his furnace [31]), for manufacturing wooden goods, especially boats, and a meansThe of water actual transport status of and the river,carpentry. surviving only as palaeo-watercourse, partially occupied by ex quarriesThe ofactual sand, status conserves of the useful river, datasurviving for the only reconstruction as palaeo-watercourse, of the Late Antiquepartially phase. occupied Certainly, by ex quarriesthe Eridanus of sand,, as one conserves of the major useful rivers, data for was the serving reconstruction as communication of the Late corridor Antique across phase. the Certainly, Southern theDelta Eridanus reaching, as theone Adriatic of the major Sea; itrivers, was a was commercial serving as route, communication more than a territorialcorridor across dividing the device.Southern DeltaThe reaching evidence the Adriatic attested betweenSea; it was Lago a commercial Campanella route, and more Lago than Tramonto a territorial with a dividing river level device. packed full ofThe timber, evidence testify attested the presence between of Lago the forestCampanella alongside and theLagoEridanus Tramonto. Many with trunks a river come level driftingpacked fulldown of withtimber, the testify river. Therethe presence are also of sequences the forest of alongside uprights whichthe Eridanus mark the. Many bigdestructive trunks come flow drifting of the downsixth century,with the reported river. There by ancientare also sources. sequences The of data uprights fusion which allowed mark us the to reconstructbig destructive a full flow botanical of the sixthlocal century, context. reported by ancient sources. The data fusion allowed us to reconstruct a full botanical local Thecontext. Late Antique—Mediaeval silva was growing along the rivers, with Populus, Ulmus, Salix, Quercus,The AlnusLate Antique glutinosa, – Mediaeval Juglans regia, silva Juniperus was growing communis, along Prunus the rivers,(Poplar, with Elm, Populus, Willow, Ulmus, Oak, Alder,Salix, Quercus,Walnut, Juniper),Alnus glutinosa, Cherry Juglans Laurel). regia, In betweenJuniperus fluvial communis, islands Prunus and (Poplar, meanders, Elm, small Willow, lakes Oak, and Alder, ponds Walnut,housed marshJuniper), flora Cherry with floating Laurel). plants In between and flowers fluvial like islandsNymphaea andalba meanders,, Apium inondatumsmall lakes, Typha and latifoliaponds , housed marsh flora with floating plants and flowers like Nymphaea alba, Apium inondatum, Typha latifolia, Sparganium erectum (White Water Lily, Lesser Marshwort, Bulrush, Branched Bur-reed), giving birth to a locus amoenus (a beautiful place with trees, grass, fruits, flowers and water, Figure 14).

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Sparganium erectum (White Water Lily, Lesser Marshwort, Bulrush, Branched Bur-reed), giving birth to a locus amoenus (a beautiful place with trees, grass, fruits, ﬂowers and water, Figure 14). Heritage 2020, 3 12

FigureFigure 14. Paleoevirnmental 14. Paleoevirnmental and and archaeological archaeological reconstr reconstructionuction of the of theNorth North bank bankof the ofEridanus, the Eridanus, actually corresponding to the North side of Lago Tramonto (draw elements by R. Merlo, elaborated actually corresponding to the North side of Lago Tramonto (draw elements by R. Merlo, elaborated by by G. Bucci). G. Bucci). Funding: This research received no external funding.

Funding:Acknowledgments:This research received A special no thanks external to funding.the Executive Board of Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Acknowledgments:Paesaggio per laA città special metropolitana thanks to thedi Bologna Executive e le prov Boardince of di Soprintendenza Modena; Reggio Archeologia,Emilia e Ferrara Belle with ArtiF. Berti, e Paesaggio per la cittArchaeologist,à metropolitana ex Director di Bologna of the e leNational province Archaeological di Modena; Museum Reggio Emiliaof Ferrara; e Ferrara V. Nizzo with and F. C. Berti, Guarnieri Archaeologist, ex DirectorFunctionaires, of the National Archaeologists, Archaeological A. Rosa, underwater Museum technical of Ferrara; assistant V. of Nizzo Soprinte andndenza, C. GuarnieriA. Slanzi Gamper, Functionaires, Archaeologists,owner of A. Tramonto Rosa, underwater Lake, F. Facchini, technical geological assistant drillin ofgs Soprintendenza, technical assistant A. and Slanzi all the Gamper, Federation owner ITA ofF07 Tramonto Lake, F. Facchini,CMAS Diving geological Center Italia drillings Instructors technical and Divers assistant who and worked all the on Federationthis project especi ITA F07ally R. CMAS Bonora, Diving A. Ferrari, Center Italia InstructorsA. Duccoli and Divers †. To Antonio who worked Duccoli, onpassed this away project unexpectedly especially on R.February Bonora, 2020, A. we Ferrari, would A.like Duccoli to dedicate. this To Antonio Duccoli,work. passed away unexpectedly on February 2020, we would like to dedicate this work. † ConflictsConflicts of Interest: of Interest:The authorsDeclare conflicts declare of no interest conflict or state of interest. “The authors declare no conflict of interest.” Authors must identify and declare any personal circumstances or interest that may be perceived as inappropriately influencing the representation or interpretation of reported research results. Any role of the funders in the design Referencesof the study; in the collection, analyses or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results must be declared in this section. If there is no role, please state “The funders had 1. 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