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Klasifikasi Terkini Amphipoda

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Klasifikasi Terkini Amphipoda Oseana, Volume XXXIX, Nomor 1,Tahun 2014: 11- 24 ISSN 0216-1877 KLASIFIKASI TERKINI AMPHIPODA Oleh ABSTRACT RECENT CLASSIFICATION FOR AMPHIPODS. Classification of organisms is dynamic and always changed though time, including in Amphipods. This paper provide changes in higher-taxon oj amphipods followed Lowry & Myers (2013) which Senticaudata introduced as a new subordo. This new classification no longer recognize Caprellidae as a subordo. All the changes based on phylogenetic analysis using 41 characters of Amphipods. ftN>ABULUAN memaparkan perubaban kJasifikasi pada ampbipoda menurut Lowry & Myers (2013), Klasifikasi suatu organisme ke dalam yang merupakan klasifikasi terbaru dari kelompok dikenal dengan Taksonomi Biologis. ampbipoda. Klasifikasi mengelompokkan bewan ke dalam takson tertentu berdasarkan persamaan dan perbedaan. Manfaat dari adanya sistem KLASIFIKASI TERKINI ORDO klasifikasi adalah membantu kita untuk AMPBIPODA mengenali dan mempelajari bubungan suatu Ampbipoda merupakan salah satu ordo organisme dengan lebih mudah (Zbang, 2011). yang ada eli kerajaan anirnalia. Menurut Lincoln DaJam kerajaan hewan, ampbipoda berada pada (1979) ordo amphipoda mempunyai empat tingkat ordo, dengan superordo Peracarida, subordo yaitu: subclass Eumalacostraca, class Malacostraca, subphylum Crustacea dan phylum Arthropoda. Ordo Amphipoda KJasifikasi suatu organisme tidak statis dan Subordo : 1. Gammaridea sering berubah. Hal tersebut seiring dengan 2. Hyperiidea berkembangnya berbagai bidang ilmu dan 3. Caprellidea pemahaman akan hubungan evolusi diantara 4. Ingolfiellidia organisme. Informasi dan metode baru untuk Sedangkan menurut Myers & Lowry merekonstruksi sejarah evolusi berdampak (2003) Ampbipoda mempunyai 5 subordo pada perubahan klasifikasinya. Tulisan ini dengan klasifikasi sebagai berikut I) Bidang 5mberdaya Laut, Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi-LIPl. Jakarta 11 Ordo : Amphipoda 4. Ingolfiellidea Subordo : 1.Gammaridea 5. Senticaudata 2. Hyperiidea Subordo Amphipoda incertae sedis 3. Caprellidea terdiri dari enam family yaitu: family Iciliidae, 4. IngolfieIlidia Pseudingolfiellidae, Regaliidae, Saochoidae, 5. Corophiidea Seborgiidae dan Sinurothoidae. Family Berdasarkan data WoRMS (World Pseudingolfiellidae merupakan family terbaru Register of Marine Species) tabun 2013, yang dibentuk pada tabun 2012 (Lowry & ampbipoda mempunyai lima subordo dengan Myers, 2012a). Subordo Gammaridea terdiri dari perubahan status taksonomi pada dua subordo 66fami/ydan limasuperfami/y yaitusuperfami/y yaitu subordo Caprellidea dan Coropbiidea. Eusiroidea, Liljeborgioidea, Lysianassoidea, Lowry & Myers (2013) melaJrukan Pontoporeioidea, dan Iphimedioidea. Family perubahan pada status taksonomi subordo terbaru dari subordo Gammaridea adalah Caprellidea. Caprellidea bukan lagi dianggap Podosiridae (Lowry & Myers, 2012b). sebagai subordo melainkan berada pada status Subordo Hyperiidea mempunyai superfamily yang diberi nama superfamily klasifikasi yang sederhana, sampai saat ini Caprelloidea. Superfamily ini kemudian hanya terdapat dua infraordo yaitu dimasukkan ke dalam subordo baru yaitu Physocepbalata dan Physosomata. Subordo subordo Senticaudata. Perubahan status juga Ingolfiellidea terdiri dati duafamily yaitufamily dilakukan pada subordo Coropbiidea yang Ingolfiellidae dan family Metaingolfiellidae. berubah kedudukan taksonominya menjadi Subordo terbaru yakni Senticaudata mempunyai infraordo Corophiida dan termasuk ke dalam enam infraordo yaitu: Bogidiellida, subordo Senticaudata. Setelab perubahan oleh Carangoliopsida, Coropiida, Gammarida, Lowry & Myers (2013), berikut merupakan Hadziida dan Talitrida. subordo Amphipoda: Klasifikasi lengkap subordo baru yaitu Ordo :Amphipoda subordo Senticaudata dapat dilihat pada Subordo: 1.Amphipoda incertae sedis Lampiran 1.Secara ringkas sejarah perubahao 2. Gammaridea status klasifikasi OrdoAmphipoda dapat dilihat 3. Hyperiidea pada Tabel Iberikut: Tabel I.Perubahan subordo pada ampbipoda No Lincoln (1979) Myers&Lowry (2003) Lowry&Myers (2013) Gammaridea Gammaridea Gammaridea 2 Hyperiidea Hyperiidea Hyperiidea Ampbipoda incenae sedis 3 Caprellidea CapreIlidea 4 Ingolfiellidia Ingolfiellidia lngolfieIlidia 5 Corophiidea Seoticaudata 12 SISfEMATIKADAN PERUBAHAN pada perjalanan evolusi karakter atau ciri dari STATUSSUBOR/)() AMPHIPODA OLEH setiap anggota kelompok yang sedang LOWRY & MYERS (2013) dipelajari. Dalam ulogenetika, suatu kelompok organisme yang memiliki banyak kesamaan Sistematika merupakan pengetahuan karakter dianggap merniliki bubungan yang yang penting untuk memahami dan sangat dekat dan diperkirakan diturunkan dari mendeskripsikan keanekaragaman suatu satu nenek moyang (Christoffersen, 1995). organisme. Sistematikajuga berperan membantu Telah dipaparkan di atas babwa pada kita untuk merekonstruksi hubungan awalnya amphipoda hanya terdiri dari em pat kekerabatan suatu organisme terhadap subordo. Subordo Caprellid, Hyperiid dan organisme lainnya. Dengan sistematika kita Ingofiellid selaiu dikenali karena mempuoyai dapat mengkarakterisasi dan mengenali suatu satu atau lebih karakter apomorfik yaitu karakter organisme. Selain itu sistematikajuga berperan yang berubah dan diturunkan dan terdapat pada dalam mendokumentasikan perubahan yang ingroup, sedangkan subordo Garnmarid tidak terjadi selama evolusi dan merubahnya ke dalam mempunyai sinapomorfik yaitu karakter yang sebuah sistem klasiukasi (Christoffersen, 1995). diturunkan dan terdapat pada kelompok Terdapat dua pendekatan untuk monoUletik.Biasanya Gammarid dibedakan dari merekonstruksi hubungan evolusi dari suatu CapreUid dengan melihat abdomennya yang organisme, yaitu fenetik dan kladistik berkembang sempurna dan dibedakan dari (filogenetika). Pendekatan fenetik Hyperiid dengan melihat maxiliped yang memperkirakan bubungan evolusi berdasarkan berkembang sempuma. Kondisi inilah yang kepemilikan karakter atau ciri yang sarna dari membuat subordo Gammarid terlihat seperti anggota suatu kelompok, sedangkan kumpulan family yang tidak masuk dalam pendekatan kladistik atau yang biasa disebut subordo lainnya. sebagai filogenetika mendasari suatu hubungan Gambar 1. Perbedaan bentuk secara umum pada Gammarid, Hyperiid dan Caprellid (Lincoln, 1979) Keterangan: a. Garnmarid, b.Hyperiid, c. Caprellid 13 • Berdasarkan fakta babwa klasifikasi dan Gammarida berkerabat dekat dengan tingkat tinggi pada ampbipoda bukan BogidielLida. CorophiidafHadziida berkerabat berdasarkan filogenetik, Lowry dan Myers dekat dengan Gammarida/Bogidiellida, berpendapat bahwa diperlukan sebuah revisi. selanjutnya berkerabat dekat dengan Talitrida Pada taboo 2013, Lowry dan Myers mengajukan dan juga Carangoliopsida. Hal tersebut yang revisi dan menghasilkan sebuah klasifikasi mendasari Lowry & Myers (2013) untuk filogenetik. Lowry dan Myers menggunakan 41 membuat subordo baru yaitu Senticaudata dan karakter dalam analisisnya (Lampiran 2). Setelah melakukan revisi pada klasifikasi tingkat tinggi dilakukan anal isis filogenetik diketahui bahwa Amphipoda. HasiJ analisis di atas dapat dilihat Corophiida berkerabat dekat dengan Hadziida pada kJadogram berikut: 0 CellngOlopAjh c..,Ppeode l" f':'" • Talllridila Taltr1de NJ:<I •..;:.... CclcpI'oild" CorOl)llida !' au } '" ",.. Caple.ldola " I:U~ HldZllcInI HIdDodII ,JI". IIogideiIidr.I Ac9'h'o1e 1·:_I4:.·J1~ 02 Garrrnaridtra .4 n·'_"T_ GMvnen:Ia GP·_~3-4 ) ~·_,,,,,--_31000 ~" Ctw,ooh'l)'eliclir • •I!!t .... Gambar 2. Kladogram kekerabatan parvorder dalam Senticaudata (Lowry & Myers, 2013) untuk memberi nama suatu organisme baik pada Informasi terkini mengenai status tingkat marga maupun spesies. Pengetahuan taksonomi suatu organisme sangatlab penting yang baik akan nama dari suatu organisme dan bermanfaat dalam mempelajari biodiversitas merupakan hal yang mendasar dalam maupun taksonominya agar lebib berbati-hati mcmpelajari biodiversitas. 14 DAFfAR PUSfAKA Lowry, J.K. &A. A., Myers. 2013. A Phylogeny and Classification of the Senticaudata Christoffersen, M.L. 1995. Cladistic Taxonomy, subord.nov. (Crustacea:Amphipoda). Phylogenetic Systematics, and Zootaxa 3610(1): 001-080. Evolutionary Ranking. SystematicBiology 44(3):~54. Myers, AA. & Lowry J.K 2003. A phylogeny and a new classification of the Coropbiidea Lincoln, R, 1. 1979.British MarineAmphipoda: Leach, 1814 (Amphipoda). Journal of Gammaridea. British Museum (Natural CrustaceanBiology 23: 443-485. History).658 pages. WoRMS (2013). Ampbipoda. In: Lowry, J. 2013. Lowry, lK. & A A., Myers. 20 12a. New, mainly World Arnphipoda database. Accessed southern hemisphere, freshwater families of through: World Register of Marine Species Amphipoda (Crustacea), together with a at http://www.marinespecies.org/ description of the first freshwater calliopiid, aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1135 on Lutriwita bradburyi gen. nov. et sp. nov. 2014-01-28. Zootaxa 3499: 27-45. Zhang, Zhi-Qiang. 20II. Animal biodiversity:An Lowry lK and A A, Myers. 20 12b.Podosiridae, introduction to higher-level classification a new family of North Atlantic deep sea and taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148: 7- amphipod (Crustacea, Amphipoda). 12 Zootaxa3546: 81-84. 15 Lampiran I. Klasifikasi Subordo Senticaudata (Lowry & Myers, 2013) Infraorder Carangoliopsida (2 families) Family Ampithoidae Parvorder Carangoliopsidira Subfamily Ampithoinae Superfamily Carangoliopsoidea Subfamily Exampithoinae Family Carangoliopsidae Family Corophiidae Family Kairosidae Subfamily Coropbiinae lnfraorderTalitrida (15 families) Tribe Corophiini Parvorder Talitridira Tribe Haplocbeirini Superfamily Biancolinoidea Tribe Paracorophiini Family
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