Between digital and physical identities: Uses of ICT International Journal of Applied by Greek spa establishments as points for analysing Information and Communication Technology perceptions of cultural heritage and economic IJOAICT (2016) development Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp. 21-36 Czestochowa – Poland a Y. Tzedopoulos * http://ijoaict.inbie.pl A. Kamaraa D. Lampadaa K. Ferlaa aTime Heritage, Cultural Heritage Consultants, Athens - Greece

Abstract:

The paper deals with some examples of ICT use by spa establishments in northern Greece in compari- son to the spas’ actual situation and development potential. Particular emphasis is put on how thermalism and cultural heritage are perceived, represented and promoted in the spas’ websites, and on how the comparison between the spas’ digital and physical identities reveals challenges that lie at the core of thermalism development in a time of economic crisis and paradigm change in communication, cure and recreation.

© 2016 The Authors. Published by Research and Innovation in Education Institute Publications House

Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the scientific committee of the interna- tional conference; ICTT 2016

Keywords: Thermalism, thermal springs, curative tourism, wellness tourism, cultural heritage, cultural identity, digital identity, development strategies

Introduction strategies, as regards both their specific cul- tural heritage and their choices between In this paper we will try to analyse the im- reproducing and adapting to current attitudes portance of Information and Communi- and practices in order to maintain and/or cations Technology (ICT) in shaping an raise their economic potential. The relevant “identity” for Greek thermal destinations fieldwork was carried out in August 2016 in and, subsequently, to show some aspects of the framework of the Erasmus project how the very concept of thermal tourism as Cultour+.1 a category of cultural tourism is affected and transformed by the use of ICT (Katsoni, I 2015). In the brave new world of ICT things can We will deal with three of the most important often be misleading. The print screen shown thermal centres in northern Greece and we in plate 1 is not taken from an escort service will compare their digital identity to their 1 Cultour +, http://www.cultourplus.info/en/ (last actual situation, prospects and development retrieved on October 12, 2016).

* Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected]

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl /1-1/between-digital.pdf 22 Y. Tzedopoulos, A. Kamara, D. Lampada, K. Ferla

website, but from the one of Apollonia Spa, the staff, does not provide for any medical the thermal establishment by the Lake Volvi treatment before a bath in the thermal in northern Greece.2 When we visited the springs, Apollonia Spa offers thermal exper- place in August 2016, instead of the ethereal tise and medical examination and advice to beings who haunt the spa’s website (plate 2) its clientele. we met charming old ladies like the one on plate 3 who slowly walks down the road on In the case of Apollonia Spa, the use of ICT, her way to a thermal treatment subsidized by instead of enhancing the thermal establish- a social tourism programme. As for the spa’s ment’s potential as a tourist destination, facilities, they were surely not as glossy as sends wrong messages and reveals strategic suggested by the website (plate 4) but rather weaknesses (Mariani et al., 2014). In simple in need of improvement and restoration words, the spa’s website conveys an image (plate 5), while advertised wellness services that does not correspond to reality. This dis- like massage, reflexology treatment and sau- crepancy, easily demonstrable by a short na (plate 6) are rarely sought after by the visit, can contribute to undermining the aims elderly clientele. inherent in the digital presentation (namely, the expanding of the clientele into younger However, the spa is not at all dysfunctional. audiences) and sooner or later work in the During our tour, in which we were escorted opposite direction. As a matter of fact, the by the spa’s manager, we couldn’t help but discrepancy is evident in the rather low visi- feel an atmosphere of community and human tors’ evaluation of the place on the relevant warmth. Wherever we went, eyes opened TripAdvisor webpage.3 On the other hand, wide to the sight of us (being both unknown the website does not focus on the spa’s com- and relatively young), while some old ladies parative advantages, namely the staff’s took the opportunity for a small talk with the know-how and the prevailing communal at- manager. Later, at the restaurant where we mosphere. In addition, it fails to include the sat for some refreshment and a discussion on spa in an integrated frame of places to visit the spa’s identity and prospects, an old gen- and things to do in the region. Although the tleman insisted on buying the manager website hosts a section on the nearby Lake a beer; at the nearby tables people were ex- Volvi (plate 7), it does not provide any con- changing in friendly but animated tones their crete information (or even hyperlinks) on views on the political situation. What is activities concerning the natural environ- more, the spa’s management has a very clear ment, such as swimming, trekking, cycling, view on what is indispensable for running birdwatching etc. Only a few words are de- a thermal establishment: contrary to the luxu- voted to the surviving old Ottoman bath ry wellness hotel “Galini” in the spa town of (plate 8), a few kilometres from the spa, in Kamena Vourla in Central Greece, which in a very small section on the history of ther- fact focuses more on beauty and fitness than malism in the area. This is a pity, since the on thermalism (Papageorgiou & Beriatos, 2011), and, according to our discussion with 3 “Apollonia Spa”, TripAdvisor, https://www .tripadvisor.com.gr/Attraction_Review-g4604604- d3741370-Reviews-Apollonia_Spa-Nea_Apollonia 2Apollonia Spa, http://www.apollonia-spa.gr/ (last _Thessaloniki_Region_Central_Macedonia.html retrieved on October 12. 2016). (last retrieved on October 12, 2016).

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl /1-1/between-digital.pdf Between digital and physical identities 23

information contained in this section is really webpage displays some unimaginative boxes well-documented, based by scholarly re- with the names of the thermal pools (plate 9). search (Vingopoulou-Papazotou, 1989- If the visitor clicks on the respective boxes, a 1990), and makes one beg for more. series of not particularly clear pictures ap- pear, sometimes in an eerie light that does Of course, part of the above is due to the lack not forebode anything pleasant (plate 10). of a holistic, transversal approach of cultural Nowhere is anyone to be seen, visitor or and environmental tourism (Franquesa & staff; this, together with the coldness of the Morell, 2011) that, one would argue, is simp- colours and the detachment from any emo- ly beyond the capacities of the spa’s tional warmth, makes the place look management. However, the biggest share- strangely abandoned (plate 11). Sometimes, holder in the company that owns the spa – the webpages remind of a notice board at the and the body that in fact runs the establish- entrance of some big public building, a fact ment–is the Municipality of Volvi, a public demonstrating a gross misunderstanding of authority that should play an important role the potential and the function of ICT (plate in planning strategies for local touristic pro- 12). As for any information concerning other motion. The digital presentation of Apollonia things to do and other places to see in the Spa highlights eloquently the contradictions area, it is simply lacking. Even the history of in the formation of an identity for thermal the Baths of Langadas since their exploita- centres in a wider cultural environment and tion in the 1920’s and their connection with in a period of acute crisis and developmental the development of Thessaloniki is not cov- dilemmas. We will return to this point later. ered at all.

II And yet, the place is lovely, well-kept and efficiently managed. There is a big open Now we will move from the shores of Lake space between the facilities nicely arranged Volvi to the outskirts of Thessaloniki, in the with trees, pathways, a café and a playground small town of Langadas, one of the most for children (plate 13). Two of the establish- well-known thermal centres in northern ment’s thermal pools are actually renovated Greece that has been hit hard by Greece’s Byzantine baths, one dating to the 9th and the financial and economic crisis. From the many other to the 14th century, while at the one lodging facilities that used to operate in the side of the open space there is the hotel “Me- town there is left only one hotel, which offers gas Alexandros” (plate 14), a splendid poor services and accommodation. example of modernist mid-war architecture. When we visited the Baths of Langadas, at The hotel is out of operation and the Munici- a small distance from the town, we discov- pality of Langadas, to which the thermal ered that the place was actually much more establishment belongs, is looking for an in- pleasant, welcoming and well-kept than its vestor. digital counterpart from the Baths’ website.4 Like Apollonia Spa, the Baths of Langadas In the section “Pictures” of the website, the offer to the visitors medical advice and ther-

4Iamatika Loutra Langada, http://www.loutralagada. mal expertise. However, their clientele is gr/ (last retrieved on October 12, 2016).

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl /1-1/between-digital.pdf 24 Y. Tzedopoulos, A. Kamara, D. Lampada, K. Ferla

different. Instead of social tourism groups, III the Baths of Langadas are focusing on the middle strata of nearby Thessaloniki. After We think that a comparison between the all, the small town was a thermal centre for websites of Apollonia Spa and the Baths of Thessaloniki’s bourgeoisie already in the Langadas is fruitful for our discussion and mid-war period. The emphasis is now put on that it could lead also to other analytical in- a combination of spa and wellness services sights. Both establishments are managed by (e.g. aromatherapy, jacuzzi) and on a relative municipal authorities; both have experienced detachment from strictly medical thermalism the overwhelming results of the financial and (Papageorgiou, 2009: 224-229). However, economic crisis that led to the collapse of the Baths’ strong points, attested also in the state-supported thermalism and to its rather largely positive evaluation in TripAdvisor,5 poor substitution by the inclusion of thermal are not actually evident in the spa’s digital bathing in isolated social tourism pro- 7 identity as conveyed by its website; nor is its grammes; what is more, both establishments potential to evolve into a centre for multiple try to cope with the crucial issue “curative tourist activities. thermalism versus wellness services” (Na- raindas & Bastos, 2011; Weisz, 2011). How On the other hand, the management of the comes ICT into this nexus? Baths is quite extrovert in what concerns alternative forms of ICT use. Apart from the The pretentiousness of Apollonia Spa’s web- website, there is a rich and regularly updated site shows an urgency for the widening of the Facebook account (plate 15), full of pictures establishment’s operations within an ill- from various events that have taken place in conceived strategic analysis that treats ICT as the premises.6 Few of them, however, have to old-school advertisement. On the other hand, do directly with bathing in the thermal the digital presence of the Baths of Langadas springs and as such do not add much to the displays a bureaucratic tick-box attitude that identity of the place as a thermal centre (plate conveys a sense of self-sufficiency. Both 16); still, the account’s role in promoting the digital presentations fail to stress out the Baths as a meeting place for a multitude of strong points of the respective spas in a way events as concerts, exhibitions etc. should not that would attract potential visitors while be underestimated. staying true to the identity of the places. In addition, and this is rather telling, both web- sites do not have an English version, as if attracting non-Greeks were a superfluous effort.

5 “Thermal Springs Lagada Spa”, TripAdvisor, https://www.tripadvisor.com.gr/Attraction_Review- 7 EKKE-Ethniko Kentro Koinonoikon Erevnon [Centre g189473-d6612772-Reviews- for Social Research], Erevnitiko programma Thermal_Springs_Lagada_Spa- “Iamatikes piges kai loutrotopoi” [Research pro- Thessaloni- gramme “Thermal springs and spas”], Athens, July ki_Thessaloniki_Region_Central_Macedonia.html 2016, (last retrieved on October 12, 2016). http://www.thermalsprings.gr/index.php/el/nea- 6Thermal Springs of Lagadas, https://el- anakoinoseis-2/448-i-episkepsimotita-stis-ellinikis- gr.facebook.com/loutralagada/ (last retrieved on Oc- iamatikes-piges-to-2015-erevna-tou-ekke (last re- tober 12, 2016). trieved on July 20, 2016).

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl /1-1/between-digital.pdf Between digital and physical identities 25

In short, we think that the use of ICT in the One of the few Greek members of EHTTA is realm of Greek thermal establishments re- the establishment of the Mud Baths of veals approaches and contradictions that lie Krinides near the city of Kavala in northeast- at the core of thermalism development. An ern Greece. This is in itself a sign of institution that plays a crucially supportive extroversion. In the following analysis we role in promoting and monitoring municipal will see whether this is verified in the Mud spa centres all over Greece is the Hellenic Baths’ digital identity, whether this digital Association of Municipalities with Thermal identity conforms to the actual situation of Springs (HAMTS). In its website,8 the Asso- the establishment, and what all these can tell ciation provides very useful information on us on how the Mud Baths’ role and prospects the thermal establishments of Greece and are being conceptualized. presents them one by one in an integrated and much more measured way, while it also IV provides query possibilities according to ge- First, the website is in its totality available ographical place and specific ailment (plate also in an English version, a fact that sup- 17). A great part of the website’s content, ports our extroversion hypothesis and stands particularly the informative one, is available in gross contrast with the digital identity of also in English, German and Russian, even if Apollonia’s and Langadas’s establishments, the quality of the translations is often ques- which we examined above.10 Second, the tionable. This is an important step towards Mud Baths’ website is particularly informa- a balanced and cooperative effort that would tive on the properties of the natural substance use creatively the possibilities of ICT. that is being used (plate 19). Of course, this In fact, an important aspect of ICT is its role is also due to the fact that mud bathing is not in displaying and supporting cooperation everybody’s taste and might require some networks. This has been put to use in the explanation as to how splashing naked in a website of the European Historic Thermal pool of mud, usually associated with dirt and Towns Association (EHTTA), as evident in sliminess, can contribute to health and well- the formation of a European Route of Histor- being. Nevertheless, the relevant section is ical and Thermal Towns (plate 18). The squarely placed within the overall architec- Association’s latest project is called “Ther- ture of the website and, without taking refuge mal Atlas”; according to Giuseppe Bellandi, in medical jargon, is composed in a matter- the president of EHTTA, the project “can of-fact and yet user-friendly tone. In the text become the best available database about it is explicitly stated that “it is important to European thermal heritage and a prime obey to the instructions of the consulting source of information, easily available for the physician in order to have a successful re- general public”.9

http://www.ehtta.eu/index.php?option=com_content 8Hellenic Association of Municipalities with Thermal &view=article&id=130:ehtta-gains-political- Springs, http://www.thermalsprings.gr/index.php/en/ support-for-thermal-heritage-in- (last retrieved on October 12, 2016). europe&catid=1:last-news&Itemid=41 (last re- 9 “EHTTA gains political support for thermal heritage trieved on October 11, 2016). in Europe”, European Historic Thermal Towns As- 10 Krinides Mud Bath, http://www.pilotherapia.gr/ sociation, (last retrieved on October 12, 2016).

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl /1-1/between-digital.pdf 26 Y. Tzedopoulos, A. Kamara, D. Lampada, K. Ferla

sult”.11 In other words, wellness expectations European Commission and the Council of are indeed allowed, particularly as to skin Europe in 2010, the role of the public sector cleansing, but not without medical advice. in fostering and supporting creative clusters of small and medium-sized enterprises along Third, and most telling, the website displays cultural routes is particularly important.12 In an entirely different approach of thermalism the case of Krinides, we cannot actually talk than the ones we have encountered so far. about particularly innovative enterprises; Mud bathing is presented as a collective ex- still, this cooperative attitude under munici- perience that is open to all, young and old, pal guidance is a good start that can acquire ailing and healthy, comfort- and wellness- wider participation and prospects. seeking alike (plate 20). Side by side in the pool and covered in therapeutic mud, the As for exploiting the potential of holistic visitors are transformed into a healing com- tourism, the Mud Baths’ website offers munity of equals (plate 21). In contrast to a section on sightseeing that focuses on the understanding thermalism as a product that archaeological site of nearby Philippi (plate must be over-personalized in order to be 23), which has been recently included in promoted within a competitive economic UNESCO’s list of World Heritage Monu- arena, the Mud Baths of Krinides are exploit- ments.13 Despite the brevity and poor ing creatively the historical and cultural documentation of the section (no hyperlink to potential of thermalism as a collective and the website of the archaeological site is pro- healing procedure. Nowhere are pictures of vided), this interest could serve as a starting beautiful girls in minimal clothing or clini- point for a strategic planning on the mutual cally clean spaces devoid of human presence; development of thermal, religious, and cul- instead, the pictures of mud-covered humans tural-archaeological tourism: after all, the bring thermalism back to the basics, that is, ancient city of Filippi was visited by St Paul to a rich and shared perception of one’s body. in his travels, and was the seat of one of the first Christian Churches in Europe. The photographs are loaded on Flickr, a fact that contributes to the Mud Baths’ visibility It is particularly important that the digital in an online community framework. A simi- identity of the Mud Baths conforms to the lar attitude is displayed in the website’s actual situation of the establishment (plate section on accommodation (plate 22). The 24). The Mud Baths, run by a municipal presentation of all lodging facilities near the company (Municipality of Kavala), are in Mud Baths, municipal and private, forms very good condition; apart from the mud a cluster of public and private enterprises that pool, there is a very beautiful Ottoman bath can be used for mutual benefit. According to that has been restored and renovated as a the study on the impact of European Cultural Routes on SMEs’ innovation and competi- 12 “Impact of European Cultural Routes on SMEs’ innovation and competitiveness”, pp. 47-48, Council tiveness, which was jointly launched by the of Europe, https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/ cultureherit- age/culture/routes/StudyCR_en.pdf (last retrieved on September 14, 2016). 11 “Mechanism of action”, Krinides Mud Bath, 13 Archaeological Site of Filippi, http://www.pilotherapia.gr/index2.html (last re- http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1517 (last retrieved on trieved on October 12, 2016). September 14, 2016).

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hydrotherapy facility (plate 25). The area is process and common experience. This, in its functional, welcoming and relatively well- turn, reflects different strategies on overall visited. While the number of visitors has development and cultural tourism as envis- been severely reduced since 2009, the blow aged by local authorities, while bringing has not been as hard as elsewhere, a fact due forth the role of network- and cluster- largely to the good cooperation between the building in a time of reduced public spend- municipality and the local society. ing.

The municipality has applied for a fund from What could be said in the way of preliminary the Greek National Strategic Reference conclusions is, first, that some things do not Framework for the construction of a vaulted need to be seen as totally incompatible: nei- roof over the pool, so that the spa can operate ther social thermalism has to be below all-year round. For the time being, most of quality standards nor wellness has to be as the visitors are supported by social tourism exclusive and “individualistic” as lifestyle programmes, while there are also some well- discourse would have us believe. The notions ness tourists. Many visitors seem to be well- of healing and community, we think, as well acquainted with the place and to have devel- as the active enhancement of thermalism as a oped a sense of community, a fact reinforced popular European cultural habitus that goes by the presence of a municipal camping that back to classical antiquity (Yegül, 1992; creates small “neighbourhoods” in the area it Ergin, 2011; Lucore & Trümper, 2012; Wal- occupies. In general, the Mud Baths of ton, 2014) can play a role in a synthesis Krinides present a balanced example of pop- between expectations coming from different ular curative thermalism that is now socio-cultural groups. widening the scope of its clientele. Second, thermalism must be linked to other V forms of cultural and environmental tourism in a holistic approach that, apart from eco- The use of ICT reveals some of the most cru- nomic development in a direction of “local cial issues concerning the development of branding”, may fuel processes of re- thermalism in Greece in a time of crisis. In constructing, negotiating and sharing identi- our case, the fact that all three establishments ties on the digital and the physical level we examined are run by municipal authori- (Smith & Robinson, 2006). ties and face similar difficulties is characteristic for the convergences and de- Third, there is no point in “pretending an viations we noted above. Indeed, the way the identity into existence” as if it were an object three establishments construct their digital to be desired and consumed (Apter, 1999: presence, together with the comparison be- 134). Knowing who we are is a process of tween their digital and physical identity, constant interaction with the others. The ef- underlines different perceptions on thermal- fective use of ICT for understanding and ism and its development: curative thermalism presenting the historical emergence and evo- versus wellness services; social thermalism lution of thermalism in Europe, as well as for versus individual visitors; thermalism as ad- constructing cooperation networks, clusters vertised product versus thermalism as and routes, could contribute to finding out

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl /1-1/between-digital.pdf 28 Y. Tzedopoulos, A. Kamara, D. Lampada, K. Ferla

one’s strong points, to anchoring them in in the end, would go back to the basics: peo- one’s historical and cultural experience, and ple finding relief and joy in thermal bathing to combining them with the others’ in a fair like their predecessors used to do for so division of labour. This, in its turn, could many centuries, and people providing them lead to an iterative process between physical with this opportunity in fair and sustainable and digital identity, between being and be- terms. coming, between cure and wellness, which,

Plates:

Plate1: From the website of Apollonia Spa Plate 2: From the website of Apollonia Spa

Source: http://www.apolloniaspa.gr/newsite/?page Source: http://www.apollonia-spa.gr/newsite/?page _id=74 _id=74

Plate 3: At Apollonia Spa, August 22, 2016 Plate 4: From the website of Apollonia Spa

Source: Photo by the authors Source: http://www.apolloniaspa.gr/newsite/?page _id=74

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl /1-1/between-digital.pdf Between digital and physical identities 29

Plate 5: At Apollonia Spa, August 22, 2016 Plate 6: From the website of Apollonia Spa: Advertised wellness services

Source: Photo by the authors Source: http://www.apolloniaspa.gr/newsite/?page _id=95

Plate 7: From the website of Apollonia Spa: Plate 8: From the website of Apollonia Spa: Lake Volvi The Ottoman bath

Source: http://www.apollonia-spa.gr/newsite/?page Source: http://www.apollonia-spa.gr/newsite/?page _id=14 _id=14

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl /1-1/between-digital.pdf 30 Y. Tzedopoulos, A. Kamara, D. Lampada, K. Ferla

Plate 9: From the website of the Baths of Lan- Plate 10: From the website of the Baths of gadas Langadas: Pool “Mygdonia”

Source: http://www.loutralagada.gr/%CF%86%CF% Source: http://www.loutralagada.gr/%CE%B4%CE 89%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%C %B5%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE F%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%85%CE%B %BD%CE%AE%CE%BC%CF%85%CE%B3%CE B%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF %8C/ %B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF% CE%B1/

Plate 11: From the website of the Baths of Plate 12: From the website of the Baths of Langadas: Pool “Koroneia” Langadas: Wellness services

Source: http://www.loutralagada.gr/%CE%B4%CE% Source: http://www.loutralagada.gr/%CF%86%CF% B5%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B 81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B4 D%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%8E %CE%B1%CF%83%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B1%C %CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9% CE%B1/ F%84%CE%BF%CF%82/

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Plate 13: At the Baths of Langadas, August Plate 14: At the Baths of Langadas, August 22, 2016: The garden and the café 22, 2016: Hotel “Megas Alexandros”

Source: Photo by the authors Source: Photo by the authors

Plate 15: Facebook account of the Baths of Plate 16: Meeting of lovers of vintage Volks- Langadas wagen models at the Baths of Langadas

Source: https://el-gr.facebook.com/loutralagada/ Source: https://el-gr.facebook.com/loutralagada/

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl /1-1/between-digital.pdf 32 Y. Tzedopoulos, A. Kamara, D. Lampada, K. Ferla

Plate 17: Map and query tool of Greek ther- Plate 18: Map of the European Route of His- mal establishments, from the website of the toric Thermal Towns, from the website of the Hellenic Association of Municipalities with European Historic Thermal Towns Associa- Thermal Springs tion

Source: http://www.thermalsprings.gr/index.php/en/ thermal-springs/geographical-search

Source: http://www.ehtta.eu/index.php?option=com_ content&view=article&id=73&Itemid=61

Plate 19: Properties of therapeutic clay, from Plate 20: Visitors at the Mud Baths of the website of the Mud Baths of Krinides Krinides

Source: http://www.pilotherapia.gr/index2.html Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/8300107@ N05/show

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl /1-1/between-digital.pdf Between digital and physical identities 33

Plate 21: The pool at the Mud Baths of Plate 22: The section on accommodation from Krinides the website of the Mud Baths of Krinides

Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/38300107@ N05/show Source: http://www.pilotherapia.gr/index2.html

Plate 23: Ancient Philippi, from the website Plate 24: At the Mud Baths of Krinides, Au- of the Mud Baths of Krinides gust 23, 2016

Source: http://www.pilotherapia.gr/index2.html Source: Photo by the authors

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl /1-1/between-digital.pdf 34 Y. Tzedopoulos, A. Kamara, D. Lampada, K. Ferla

Plate 25: At the Mud Baths of Krinides, August 23, 2016: The Ottoman bath

Source: Photo by the author

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Received: June 22, 2016. Accepted: November 16, 2016. Online Published: December 18, 2016 URL: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl

International Journal of Applied Information and Communication Technology, Volume 1, Issue 1, pp. 21-36 Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the authors, with first publication rights granted to the journal. By virtue of their appearance in this open access journal, articles are free to use, with proper attribu- tion, in educational and other non-commercial settings. Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl /1-1/between-digital.pdf