Iphigénie En Tauride

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Iphigénie En Tauride Gluck Iphigénie en Tauride Opéra de Bordeaux Iphigénie en Tauride Tragédie opéra en quatre actes Livret de Nicolas-François Guillard Musique de Christoph Willibald von Gluck Créé à Paris, sur la scène de l'Académie royale de musique, le 18 mai 1779 Grand-Théâtre de Bordeaux Avril-mai 2000 Assistante à la direction musicale et clavecin : Béatrice Berstel Assistants à la mise en scène : Sophie Petit, Johannes Haider Chef de chant : Martine Trégan Dramaturgie : Witold Bayer-Quest Régie générale : Clovis Bonnaud Maquillages réalisés par : Annie Lay-Senrens Décors, costumes, accessoires et perruques réalisés par : les Ateliers de l'Opéra de Bordeaux Première partie (Acte I - Acte II) : 60 mn Entracte : 20 mn Deuxième partie (Acte III - Acte IV) : 50 mn Durée totale du spectacle : 2 h 10 mn environ. Nouvelle production Opéra de Bordeaux Iphigénie en Tauride Musique de Christoph Willibald von Gluck Direction musicale : Jane Glover Mise en scène : Edouard Reichenbach Décors : Philippe Miesch Costumes : Dominique Louis Lumières : Nicolas Simonin Direction des études chorales : Jacques Blanc Iphigénie : Isabelle Vernet Thoas : Vincent Le Texier Oreste : Marc Barrard Pylade : William Burden Quatre prêtresses : Catherine Biar-Melle, Dania Di Nova Malichev Isabelle Lachèze Wha-Jin Lee Diane : Bernadette Lamothe Un Scythe / Un ministre : David Grousset Une femme grecque : Marilena Goia Orchestre National Bordeaux Aquitaine Directeur musical : Hans Graf Chœur de l'Opéra de Bordeaux Première le 30 avril 2000 Grand-Théâtre Bordeaux Le sacrifice d'.Iphigénie. Argument La douloureuse Légende mythologique est dans toutes les mémoires : Agamemnon sacrifiant sa fille Iphigénie, Diane sauvant la pure vic­ time de l'ambition paternelle et enfin la sombre fatalité qui s'abat sur la famille d'Agamemnon tué par sa femme, elle même frappée à son tour par la vengeance d'Oreste. Sauvée par Diane au moment où elle allait être immolée, Iphigénie a été conduite par la déesse en Tauride où elle est devenue la prêtresse du temple consacré à la Divinité. Une loi rigoureuse du tyran Thoas impose que les étrangers qui abor­ dent en Tauride soient impitoyablement sacrifiés devant la statue de Diane. Iphigénie a pour mission de les conduire à l'autel. Toutes ses pensées la portent vers la Grèce et vers son frère Oreste. Une violente tempête s'abat sur les rivages de Tauride et l'orage gronde. Iphigénie fait à ses compagnes le récit d'un songe effrayant qui l'a glacée en lui montrant le palais de son père renversé par la foudre, l'infortuné Agamemnon percé de coups et, obéissant à un ascendant impérieux, elle s'est vue meurtrière d'Oreste. Accablée par la fatalité, elle craint les plus grands malheurs. Tremblant de terreur, Thoas vient au pied de l'autel supplier la prê­ tresse d'intercéder pour lui. Ses jours lui semblent menacés si la vie d'un seul étranger était épargnée, et c'est avec des cantiques de joie que le peuple accueille la nouvelle de l'arrivée de deux jeunes étran­ gers qui sont conduits au temple où ils devront trouver la mort. 7 Les horribles pressentiments d'Iphigénie n'avaient pas menti, car les deux jeunes Grecs qu'un sort cruel a amenés en ce pays inhospitalier ne sont autres qu'Oreste et son ami Pylade : Oreste fuyant le souve­ nir maudit du meurtre de sa mère et Pylade enchaîné par les liens de la plus sincère amitié. C'est lui qui console l'infortuné Oreste, s'accusant d'avoir entraîné son ami dans l'abîme de ses malheurs. Des gardes ont séparé les deux compagnons fidèles et Oreste demeure seul, livré aux tourments des Furies qui viennent l'assaillir, l'accabler de mille remords. A la vue d'Iphigénie, Oreste tressaille, saisi d'une ressemblance. Il croit revoir sa mère, Clytemnestre, et recule d'horreur, mais les paroles de la prêtresse ont dissipé son trouble. Une tendre pitié envahit l'âme d'Iphigénie. Cet inconnu lui rappelle son frère et elle veut l'arracher au trépas. Mais l'heure funèbre a sonné, et, malgré ses alarmes, Iphigénie est condamnée à plonger le fer sacré dans le sein du noble étranger qui l'a si doucement émue ; pour­ tant elle ne saurait s'y résoudre sans implorer encore la Déesse. Cependant, les prêtresses conduisent Oreste au sacrifice. Se traînant avec peine, Iphigénie saisit le glaive et, tremblante, va frapper... Oreste s'écrie alors : « Ainsi tu péris en Aulide, Iphigénie, 6 ma sœur ! » A ces mots, Iphigénie reconnaît le frère bien-aimé et le presse dans ses bras, tandis que les prêtresses grecques se prosternent devant leur roi. Thoas, prévenu, se précipite afin de hâter le supplice et ordonne de frapper le fils d'Agamemnon. Dans sa fureur, il veut le tuer lui-même, menaçant Iphigénie. Mais Pylade, suivi d'une troupe de Grecs, a pénétré dans le temple et abat le tyran. Les gardes scythes, pour venger leur maître, se jettent sur les Grecs. Diane apparaît et apaise les combattants. Elle fait alors entendre ses décrets éternels : Oreste retournera à Mycène pour y régner ; Iphigénie quant à elle sera rendue aux Grecs. Iphigénie : Orages, beaux désespoirs Danielle PORTE Orage. Est-il orage en pays grec, en pays d'Harmonie ? Orage épique, oui. Orage, au début de l'Odyssée, où Poséidon-Neptune joue un rôle essentiel. Orage, plus tard, pour commencer l'Enéide et jeter Enée sur les côtes de Carthage. Orage faut-il pour amener Oreste aux rivages de Tauride. Orage n'y a-t-il pas, en revanche, chez Euripide, où l'on ne voit d'abord en scène qu'Iphigénie obsédée par son rêve tra­ gique et la vision de son frère mort. Cet orage a, d'abord, fourni l'une des originalités de l'ouvrage : un début ex abrupto, où l'on entend s'élever, en plein milieu des tour­ billons de musique déchaînés par les coups de timbales qui cassent eux-mêmes la longue et sereine ligne élégiaque de l'ouverture, la prière d'Iphigénie et des prêtresses : "Grands Dieux, soyez-nous secou- rables". l'affirmation, d'emblée, "l'innocence habite en nos cœurs", donne le ton : de blanches vierges terrorisées, d'innocentes victimes... El pourtant : ce sont elles, les exécutrices d'autres malheureux que les tempêtes jettent sur les côtes de Scythie. Bien contre leur gré : elles ne font qu'exécuter les ordres d'Artémis la Sauvage. Et voici la Fatalité grecque, YAnankè, gravée, selon Hugo, dans l'escalier de Notre-Dame. Euripide avait pris soin d'enchâsser le sujet de sa pièce dans la ligne des Destins, et il l'expliquait, cette interminable suite d'horreurs qui amenait à lui, en plusieurs temps : au Prologue, il mettait dans la bouche d'Iphigénie la généalogie de son héroïne : Tantale, Pélops, Atrée, Agamemnon ; et puis le sacrifice d'Aulis, la biche, et la pitié d'Artémis, qu'elle sert à présent. Dans un premier Chœur (v. 123 sqq.), il présentait ses suivantes, Grecques exilées dans le pays de la Mer Hostile et des rocs Symplégades, loin du foyer lumineux ; et elles chan­ taient les meurtres des Atrides, depuis l'Agneau d'or qui "déchaîna peine sur peine, meurtre sur meurtre et deuil sur deuil". Dans un autre chœur, il dénonçait (v. 432 sqq.) Hélène et sa faute. Les chants d'Iphigénie évoquaient, eux, chaque fois, sous diverses formes, le sacrifice à Aulis, qui l'avait, nous dirions aujourd'hui, traumatisée. De la même façon, Oreste racontait tout ce qui avait précédé son arrivée : le meurtre de Clytemnestre, son jugement sur l'Aréopage, son séjour à Delphes, l'ordre d'Apollon qui l'envoyait chez les Scythes. Sombre lignée, certes, que celle des infortunés jeunes Atrides ! Tantale, l'ancêtre, roi de Lydie, sert au banquet des dieux, histoire de tester leur intelligence, le corps de Pélops, son fils, mis en ragoût. Ils devinent, punissent, ressuscitent l'enfant, qui aura, plus tard, deux fils, jumeaux, Atrée et Thyeste. Et l'histoire se renouvelle : un agneau d'or naît chez Atrée, dont l'épouse, Aéropé, est la maîtresse de son beau-frère, et lui donne l'agneau. Atrée noie d'abord sa femme, et fait manger ensuite à Thyeste un autre épouvantable ragoût : le corps de ses deux fils aînés, Tantale et Plisthène. Il ne reste à Thyeste que le plus jeune... Egisthe ! Ce nom seul nous amène aux choses plus connues. Les fils d'Atrée, Agamemnon et Ménélas, ont épousé les filles de Tyndare, Clytemnestre et Hélène, celle même que Pâris, pour obéir, encore, à Aphrodite, a enlevée et conduite à Troie. Mobilisation générale. Sacrifice d'Iphigénie, pour obtenir les vents voulus. Guerre de Troie. Et puis, les Retours, ceux qui ne sont pas racontés dans l'épopée homérique mais fourniront les thèmes des nostoi aux Chants Cycliques, aux Chants Cypriens, plus tard aux Tragiques grecs. Le retour, notam­ ment, d'Agamemnon, tué, en même temps que Cassandre, sa captive, par Clytemnestre et son amant Egisthe ; vengé plus tard par Oreste aidé de sa sœur Electre. Eschyle, Sophocle et Euripide en donnèrent une éclatante illustration1. La suite ? Nous l'avons, justement, avec l'Iphigénie en Tauride. Iphigénie, qu'Artémis avait sauvée in-extremis, va être ramenée dans son pays par Oreste, après quelques péripéties. Rien de tout cela dans le texte que Gluck a mis en musique. Rien. Au lieu de la sanglante vendetta qui s'exerce entre les fils d'Atrée et ceux de Thyeste, au lieu des haines inexpiables conçues contre eux par les divinités, parfois depuis longtemps, tout est centré sur le dilemme sublime qui va déchirer les cœurs d'Oreste et de Pylade, la vie pour soi-même ou pour son ami, et sur le dilemme crucial qui torture celui d'Iphigénie : lequel tuer des deux beaux jeunes gens captifs devant elle ? Simplicité, donc, et pureté..
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