Mixed-Signal and Dsp Design Techniques
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MIXED-SIGNAL AND DSP DESIGN TECHNIQUES INTRODUCTION SECTION 1 SAMPLED DATA SYSTEMS SECTION 2 ADCs FOR DSP APPLICATIONS SECTION 3 DACs FOR DSP APPLICATIONS SECTION 4 FAST FOURIER TRANSFORMS SECTION 5 DIGITAL FILTERS SECTION 6 DSP HARDWARE SECTION 7 INTERFACING TO DSPs SECTION 8 DSP APPLICATIONS SECTION 9 HARDWARE DESIGN SECTION 10 TECHNIQUES INDEX ANALOG DEVICES TECHNICAL REFERENCE BOOKS PUBLISHED BY PRENTICE HALL Analog-Digital Conversion Handbook Digital Signal Processing Applications Using the ADSP-2100 Family (Volume 1:1992, Volume 2:1994) Digital Signal Processing in VLSI DSP Laboratory Experiments Using the ADSP-2101 ADSP-2100 Family User's Manual PUBLISHED BY ANALOG DEVICES Practical Design Techniques for Sensor Signal Conditioning Practical Design Techniques for Power and Thermal Management High Speed Design Techniques Practical Analog Design Techniques Linear Design Seminar ADSP-21000 Family Applications Handbook System Applications Guide Amplifier Applications Guide Nonlinear Circuits Handbook Transducer Interfacing Handbook Synchro & Resolver Conversion THE BEST OF Analog Dialogue, 1967-1991 HOW TO GET INFORMATION FROM ANALOG DEVICES Analog Devices publishes data sheets and a host of other technical literature supporting our products and technologies. 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Call your local sales office and request a data sheet. A Worldwide Sales Directory including telephone numbers is listed on the back cover of the 1997 Short Form Designers' Guide. TECHNICAL SUPPORT AND CUSTOMER SERVICE I In the U.S.A. and Canada, call 800-ANALOGD, (800-262-5643). For technical support on all products, select option one, then select the product area of interest. For price and delivery, select option three. For literature and samples, select option two. Non-800 Number: 781-937-1428. MIXED-SIGNAL AND DSP DESIGN TECHNIQUES a ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks are due the many technical staff members of Analog Devices in Engineering and Marketing who provided invaluable inputs during this project. Particular credit is due the individual authors whose names appear at the beginning of their material. Special thanks go to Wes Freeman, Ed Grokulsky, Bill Chestnut, Dan King, Greg Geerling, Ken Waurin, Steve Cox, and Colin Duggan for reviewing the material for content and accuracy. Judith Douville compiled the index. Walt Kester 2000 Copyright 2000 by Analog Devices, Inc. Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the copyright owner. Information furnished by Analog Devices, Inc., is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices, Inc., for its use. Analog Devices, Inc., makes no representation that the interconnections of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing or future patent rights, nor do the descriptions contained herein imply the granting of licenses to make, use, or sell equipment constructed in accordance therewith. Specifications are subject to change without notice. ISBN-0-916550-23-0 MIXED-SIGNAL AND DSP DESIGN TECHNIQUES SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION SECTION 2 SAMPLED DATA SYSTEMS I Discrete Time Sampling of Analog Signals I ADC and DAC Static Transfer Functions and DC Errors I AC Errors in Data Converters I DAC Dynamic Performance SECTION 3 ADCs FOR DSP APPLICATIONS I Successive Approximation ADCs I Sigma-Delta ADCs I Flash Converters I Subranging (Pipelined) ADCs I Bit-Per-Stage (Serial, or Ripple) ADCs SECTION 4 DACs FOR DSP APPLICATIONS I DAC Structures I Low Distortion DAC Architectures I DAC Logic I Sigma-Delta DACs I Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) SECTION 5 FAST FOURIER TRANSFORMS I The Discrete Fourier Transform I The Fast Fourier Transform I FFT Hardware Implementation and Benchmarks I DSP Requirements for Real Time FFT Applications I Spectral Leakage and Windowing SECTION 6 DIGITAL FILTERS I Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters I Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filters I Multirate Filters I Adaptive Filters SECTION 7 DSP HARDWARE I Microcontrollers, Microprocessors, and Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) I DSP Requirements I ADSP-21xx 16-Bit Fixed-Point DSP Core I Fixed-Point Versus Floating Point I ADI SHARC® Floating Point DSPs I ADSP-2116x Single-Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD) Core Architecture I TigerSHARC™: The ADSP-TS001 Static Superscalar DSP I DSP Benchmarks I DSP Evaluation and Development Tools SECTION 8 INTERFACING TO DSPs I Parallel Interfacing to DSP Processors: Reading Data From Memory-Mapped Peripheral ADCs I Parallel Interfacing to DSP Processors: Writing Data to Memory-Mapped DACs I Serial Interfacing to DSP Processors I Interfacing I/O Ports, Analog Front Ends, and Codecs to DSPs I DSP System Interface SECTION 9 DSP APPLICATIONS I High Performance Modems for Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) I Remote Access Server (RAS) Modems I ADSL (Assymetric Digital Subscriber Line) I Digital Cellular Telephones I GSM Handset Using SoftFone™ Baseband Processor and Othello™ Radio I Analog Cellular Basestations I Digital Cellular Basestations I Motor Control I Codecs and DSPs in Voiceband and Audio Applications I A Sigma-Delta ADC with Programmable Digital Filter SECTION 10 HARDWARE DESIGN TECHNIQUES I Low Voltage Interfaces I Grounding in Mixed Signal Systems I Digital Isolation Techniques I Power Supply Noise Reduction and Filtering I Dealing with High Speed Logic INDEX MIXED-SIGNAL AND DSP DESIGN TECHNIQUES INTRODUCTION SECTION 1 SAMPLED DATA SYSTEMS SECTION 2 ADCs FOR DSP APPLICATIONS SECTION 3 DACs FOR DSP APPLICATIONS SECTION 4 FAST FOURIER TRANSFORMS SECTION 5 DIGITAL FILTERS SECTION 6 DSP HARDWARE SECTION 7 INTERFACING TO DSPs SECTION 8 DSP APPLICATIONS SECTION 9 HARDWARE DESIGN SECTION 10 TECHNIQUES INDEX INTRODUCTION SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 1.a INTRODUCTION 1.b INTRODUCTION SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION Walt Kester ORIGINS OF REAL-WORLD SIGNALS AND THEIR UNITS OF MEASUREMENT In this book, we will primarily be dealing with the processing of real-world signals using both analog and digital techniques. Before starting, however, let's look at a few key concepts and definitions required to lay the groundwork for things to come. Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary defines a signal as "A detectable (or measurable) physical quantity or impulse (as voltage, current, or magnetic field strength) by which messages or information can be transmitted." Key to this definition are the words: detectable, physical quantity, and information. SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS I Signal Characteristics N Signals are Physical Quantities N Signals are Measurable N Signals Contain Information N All Signals are Analog I Units of Measurement N Temperature: °C N Pressure: Newtons/m2 N Mass: kg N Voltage: Volts N Current: Amps N Power: Watts Figure 1.1 By their very nature, signals are analog , whether DC, AC, digital levels, or pulses. It is customary, however, to differentiate between analog and digital signals in the following manner: Analog (or real-world) variables in nature include all measurable physical quantities. In this book, analog signals are generally limited to electrical variables, their rates of change, and their associated energy or power levels. Sensors are used to convert other physical quantities (temperature, pressure, etc.) to electrical signals. The entire subject of signal conditioning deals with preparing real-world signals for processing and includes such topics as sensors (temperature 1.1 INTRODUCTION and pressure, for example), isolation and instrumentation amplifiers, etc. (see Reference 1). Some signals result in response to other signals. A good example is the returned signal from a radar or ultrasound imaging system, both of which result from a known transmitted signal. On the other hand, there is another classification of signals, called digital, where the actual signal has been conditioned and formatted into a digit. These digital signals may or may not be related to real-world analog variables. Examples include the data transmitted over local area networks (LANs) or other high speed networks. In the specific case of Digital Signal Processing (DSP), the analog signal is converted into binary form by a device known as an analog-to-digital converter (ADC).