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Teachers' Resource Book on Fundamental SLAC-PUB-4879 LBL-26669 January 1989 CM) TEACHERS’ RESOURCE BOOK ON FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES AND INTERACTIONS* HELEN R. QUINN AND JONATHAN DORFAN Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford University, Stanford, California 94309 R. MICHAEL BARNETT,ROBERT N.CAHNAND GERSON GOLDHABER~ Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720 and tDepartment of Physics, University of California GORDON J. AUBRECHT, II Department of Physics, Ohio State University Marion, Ohio 43302 AND MEMBERS OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES AND INTERACTIONS CHART COMMITTEE To accompany the FPICC Wall Chart @Copyright 1989 FPICC The U.S. Government is licensed to publish or reproduce this work. t * This work was supported by the Director, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, Division of High Energy Physics, and Office of University and Industry Programs of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract Nos. DE-AC03-76SF00098 and DE-AC03-76SF00515, and by the National Science Foundation under agreement no. PHY83-18358. DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored : by the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor The Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or : responsibihty for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of ‘any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or ’ representsthat its use would not infringe privately owned rights. ~Reference herein to any specific commercial products process,or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or other- wise, does not necessanly constitute or imply its endorsement, : recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or The Regents of the University of Cali- fomia. The views and opinions of authors expressedherein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States ~Government or any agency thereof or The Regents of the University of California and shall not be used for adverttsmg or ’ product endorsement purposes. Printed in the United States of America Available from National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Price Code: A04 Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory is an equal opportunity employer. 1 . I The Fundamental Particles and Interactions Chart Committee Acknowledgments We would like to give credit to the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Illustrations William T. Achor (Western Maryland College), Gordon J. Aubrecht, Department that produced the chart. The primary design and artwork was done by II (Ohio’ State University), R. Michael Barnett (Lawrence Berkeley Liliana Jach. The airbrush artwork in the four figures was the creation of George Laboratory), Robert Beck Clark (Texas A&M University), Andria IIuggard. Coordination of this work plus artistic input came from Ralph Dennis, Erzberger .(Palo Alto High School, California), Drasko Jovanovic (Fermi head of the Illustrations Department. We are grateful for the excellent work of this National Accelerator Center), Frederick S. Priebe, Chair (Palmyra group. Area High School, Pennsylvania), Helen R. Quinn (Stanford Linear This project benefited greatly from the encouragement, advice, and support Accelerator Center), James Ruebush (St. Charles High School, Illinois), of Roland Otto, Director of the ‘Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Center for Science and Thad P. Zaleskiewicz (University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg), and Engineering Education. The FPICC is indebted to many individuals for their contributions to the project thus far. Among them are physics students at Palmyra Area High School Funding (PA), Palo Alto High School, (CA), and St. Charles High School, (IL). We wish to acknowledge the valuable advice on the content of the chart and book which we The FPICC has received funding from a variety of sources. Support for com- received from R. N. Cahn, I. Hinchliffe, J. D. Jackson, and C. G. Wohl (LBL), from mittee organization and internal communications was received from the Palmyra M. Karliner and M. E. Peskin (SLAC), f rom A. Gould and C. Sneider (Lawrence (PA) Area School District and from the Conference on the Teaching of Modern Hall of Science), and from R. Apra (Pioneer High School, CA), P. Moore (Piedmont Physics through National Science Foundation Grant TEI-8550610 to the Ameri- High School, CA), H. Nelson (Berkeley High School, CA) Sister M. E. Parrot (Notre can Association of Physics Teachers. The development and publication of the chart Dame Academy, KY), and D. Shortenhaus (Miramonte High School, CA). Valuable and ancillary materials was supported by the Director, Office of Energy Research, technical input was also given by B. Armstrong and G. S. Wagman (LBL) and from Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, Division of High Energy Physics and 3. Quinn (Lick-Wilmerding High School, CA). Office of University and Industry Programs of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract Nos. DE-AC03-76SF00098 and DE-AC03-76SF00515 and by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Agreement No. PHY83-18358 (funding re- ceived via the Center for Science and Engineering Education and the Particle Data Group of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and via the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center). This is a Preliminary Version of the Resource Book for use in field testing. January 1989 2 3 1.11 . 1 . I II TABLE dF CONTENTS 5.9 J/t+4 Particle .............. .‘iT ........ .104 5.10 ‘T Lepton ........................ .108 Chapter 1. Introduction ...................... 4 5.11 Fifth Quark , ..................... .108 5.12 W and 2 Bosons 1.1 Preliminaries ....................... 8 .................... .109 5.13 Future 1.2 Using the Chart ..................... 12 .......................... .lll 5.14 References Chapter 2. Overview ........................ 14 ............... r- ....... .lll Chapter 6. Further Explanations 2.1 Physics and Philology ................... 14 ................. .I12 6.1 The Structure of the Atom .112 2.2 Forces and Interactions .................. 14 ................ 6.2 The Structure of the Nucleus ............... .116 2.3 Particle Types ...................... 16 6.3 The Structure of Nucleons and other Baryons ........ .119 Chapter 3. The Components of the Chart ............. 20 6.4 Confinement ...................... .121 3.1 Layout of the Chart .................... 20 6.5 The Quark Content of Hadrons .............. .122 3.2 The Diagram of the Structure within an Atom ........ 20 6.6 Color and Color Neutrality ................ .123 3.3 Fermion Tables ....................... 21 6.7 Words and Pictures from Equations ............ .125 3.4 Boson Tables ....................... 29 6.8 Residual Strong Interactions ............... .134 3.5 Hadron Tables ...................... 32 6.9 Decays of Unstable Particles ............... .135 3.6 Properties of the Interactions ................ 36 6.10 The Higgs Boson .................... .138 3.7 Figures ........................ .40 6.11 Particle Theory in Astrophysics and Cosmology ....... .139 Chapter 4. Accelerators and Detectors ............... 49 6.12 Beyond the Standard Model ............... .140 4.1 Introduction to Experimental High Energy Physics ...... 49 Chapter 7. Bibliography . 1’ ‘. .141 4.2 Accelerators ....................... 54 4.3 Detectors ........................ 66 Chapter 5. Experimental Basis of Particle Physics ......... 91 5.1 The Nucleus ..... , ................. 91 5.2 Cosmic Rays ....................... 92 5.3 Strange Particles ..................... 95 5.4 Parity Violation ..................... 96 5.5 More and More Hadrons .................. 99 5.6 Structure of the Nucleon ................. ,102 5.7 Neutrino Experiments ................... ,102 5.8 Neutral Currents .................... ,103 iE . I . I 1 1. Introductioh tive transitions a nucleus goes from one state to another, in the process emitting some type of radiation. The earliest experiments on radioactivity identified three 1.1. PRELIMINARIES different types of radiation, called o, /3 and 7 rays. We now know that the o ray is actually a helium nucleus emitted in a spontaneous nuclear fission, a strong inter- People have long asked “What is the world made of?” and “What holds it action process. The y ray is an energetic photon emitted in a, transition mediated together ?” Particle physics seeks to answer these questions. Over the past ten years by an electrical interaction. The /3 ray, h owever, cannot be explained either by a clear consensus has evolved. Down to the smallest scales studied experimentally, strong or electrical interactions. It is an energetic electron which comes from a these questions are answered by a theory that particle physicists call “the Standard transition in that a neutron decays into a proton, emitting the energetic electron Model.” The purpose of this chart and the accompanying book is to summarize and, as later realized, an antineutrino. To explain this process requires yet another this theory in a form suitable for presentation to beginning physics students. type of interaction. It occurs relatively slowly compared to the emission of com- The Standard Model is a well-established theory that represents tremendous parable energy -r rays in electrical interactions. We call this a weak interaction, progress in our understanding of the fundamental structure of matter. It is as basic since the slow rate of the process indicates it must be due to an interaction that is to physics
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