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COLLOID CHEMISTRY Research in the Department of Colloid Chemistry “ Heterophase Polymerization “ Porous Polymers “ Chimera Polymers and Novel Synthetic Methods “ Modern Techniques of Colloid Analysis “ Hydrothermal Carbon Nanostructures and Coatings “ De Novo Nanoparticles “ Poly(ionic liquid)s as innovative polyelectrolytes COLLOID CHEMISTRY Research in the Department of Colloid Chemistry Scientific Profile Heterophase Polymerization The overall size of the Department of Colloid The notation „Heterophase Polymerization“ summarizes the Chemistry is about 65 people, covering a techniques of suspension-, emulsion-, mini-, and microemul- wide range of research topics. The effective sion-polymerization as well as precipitation polymerization. constituting element of the scientific activi- The solvent is usually water, but heterophase polymerization ties is the “project”, a structure headed by a in inverse media is also examined. This class of techniques, senior scientist involving a mixture of techni- although one of the eldest in polymer science, is still most cians, graduate students and post-docs (3–8 peo- actual, as it allows the production of high polymer containing ple). Projects are related to scientists, but usually formulations in water as an environment-friendly solvent. Markus Antonietti 06.02.1960 have a temporal character of about 5 years. After this time, Solvent free coatings, glues, paper and fabric production are 1983: Diploma, Chemistry permanent scientists (including the director) have to redefine just a small excerpt of a long list where polymer dispersions (University of Mainz) their profile to justify the allocation of resources. In the case have opened new possibilities and technologies, omnipresent Thesis: Bestimmung der Diffusion von of non-permanent scientists, the projects usually leave the in daily life, but usually unseen to the public. photomarkiertem Polystyrol: spezielle department with the promotion of the scientist, i.e. the group Central points of interest of the team working on hetero - Systeme, chemische und physikalisch- leaders can continue their specific research in their new aca- phase polymerization are: chemische Aspekte demic environment (usually as professors) without competi- 1985: Doctorate for natural science tion of the institute. · We want to simplify the synthesis of complex polymer mor- (summa cum laude, University of Mainz In the time of this report and following these schemes, phologies on a molecular level (synthesis of block & graft Thesis: Diffusion in topological serious changes of my department already observed in the copolymers by emulsion polymerization) and on a colloidal constraint polymer melts with last two reporting periods continued to take place. Dr. Mag- level (core-shell latices, hollow spheres, one-step synthesis Prof. Dr. H. Sillescu dalena Titirici, group leader on “Sustainable Carbon”, accept- of reinforced materials) by a rational use of the particle 1990: Habilitation, Physical Chemistry ed a position at Queen Mary University London, and the move interfaces in heterophase polymerization (Dr. Klaus Tauer). (University of Mainz) Thesis: Microgels of Prof. Dr. Xinchen Wang to Fuzhou University was complet- – Polymers with a special architecture ed, moving “Artificial Photosynthesis” into an International · We use new stabilizer systems (such as PILs) to generate 02/1991: Associate Professor Joint Research Lab. At the same time, I hired Dr. Jiayin Yuan new latexes structures and films with switchable Hydropho- (University of Mainz) (“Polymer Ionic Liquids”, PILs), Dr. Filipe Vilela (“Photocataly- bicity (Dr. Klaus Tauer, with Dr. Jiayin Yuan) 09/1991: Full Professor sis”), Dr. Dariya Dontsova (“Photosynthesis”), Dr. Davide (Philipps University Marburg) Esposito (“Processes for the raw material change”), and Dr. · Emulsions stability can be accomplished even without mole- Since 1993: Director Tim Fellinger (“Electrocatalysis”) as new group leaders to cular stabilizers using ultraclean conditions. The mecha- (Max Planck Institute of Colloids and start to establish their own research profile. It is fair to say nisms of this process are analyzed (Dr. Klaus Tauer) Interfaces, Golm), that a majority of the group is now still in the primary phase Full Professor (University of Potsdam) of higher academic profiling, making the following report Chimera Polymers and more idea that publication oriented. This turnover of leading Novel Polymerization Techniques junior scientists is beyond typical and easy, but reflects the Amphiphilic polymers consist of components which dissolve dynamic character of the department. in different media, e.g. a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic part. The profile of the department has therefore been seri- Since we are able to adjust both components sensitively to ously reoriented, keeping only some of the old strongholds. the dispersion medium as well as to the dispersant, am phi - The following topics are now found within the department: philic polymers allow the stabilization of unusual dispersion problems. The newest observation in this direction is that · Heterophase Polymerization also block copolymers without hydrophobic contrast can self- · Chimera Polymers and Novel Polymerization Techniques assemble to complex structures. Focal points of interest in · Polymeric Ionic Liquids this project group are: · Service Lab Electron microscopy · Carbon Materials and Hybrids for Energy applications · The micelle formation and lyotropic liquid crystalline phase · Processes for the Raw Material Change behavior of blockcopolymers polymers is examined in depen- · De Novo Inorganic Nanostructures dence of the molecular structure, the relative amount of the · Photocatalysis and Artificial Photosynthesis different components, as well as the secondary interactions between the structure forming bio-like blocks (Dr. Helmut The projects below those headers are briefly explained: Schlaad). · The introduction of secondary interactions such as H-bridges or dipole interactions results in superstructures with more complex order and broken symmetry, which oint the way to general rules of biomimetic mesoscale organization (Dr. Helmut Schlaad) 76 Polymeric Ionic Liquids · Porous polymers as membranes for fuel cells and battery Polymerized ionic liquids or poly (ionic liquid)s (PILs) are usu- separators and as novel gas storage materials (Dr. Jens ally synthesized by polymerization of ionic liquid (IL) Weber) monomers and constitute a subclass of polyelectrolyte that combines a part of IL’s properties with the common features · Metal free catalysis and Nitride Catalysis for water split- of polymers. PILs are not only another class of ordinary poly- ting, methane and ammonia activation, or CO2-reactions electrolytes, but carry extra properties, which can be attrib- (Prof. Dr. Xinchen Wang in the international joint laboratory, uted to the high polarizability of the monomer units. As such, new group leader Dr. Dariya Dontsova) PILs hold some unique structural merits and are advanta- geous in a multitude of materials applications, such as gas · New engineering carbons based on ILs and salt templating separation/absorption, carbon preparation, energy conver- as electrodes and electrode membranes for fuel cells and sion, catalysis, and many more. PILs are also surface-active electroxcatalysis; this also includes work on supercapaci- and multifunctional polyelectrolytes. Though the originally tors. Another application are metal free carbon catalysts for designed task of PILs was only to effectively stabilize a wide O2 and H2 activation (Dr. Tim Fellinger) variety of diverse nanoparticles, their unexpected versatile powers were quickly recognized and contribute significant to Processes for the Raw Material Change create science from the products. Hydrothermal Carbonization is a 100 year old technique to generate carbonaceous materials from biomass in a colloidal · PILs with special stabilization behavior and switchable solu- heterophase reaction processes. We reactivated in tha last tion properties are constructed from a wider range on 10 years this process to address questions of the sustain- organic cations and anions (Dr. Jiayin Yuan). able/chemical synthesis of carbon nanostructures and – just recently – also organic compounds. First experiments indi- · Biodegradable and biomass-based PILs are built from cate that not only the non-oil based raw material base hydrothermal reforming chemicals (Dr. Jiayin Yuan, Dr. (“sugar”) is highly attractive. It is also the broad range of Davide Esposito) chemistry which can be addressed and which makes this approach attractive. · PILs are used via complexation and/or carbonization as mesoporous membrane materials with high chemical selec- · Analysis of the elemental chemical steps of HTC and tivity and permeation (Dr. Jiaiyn Yuan, Markus Antonietti). hybridization with technical monomers to generate new materials, such as mesoporous scaffolds for catalysis, bat- Service Lab on Electron Microscopy tery applications and modern chromatography These activi- All the work described above is necessarily accompanied by ties are reported, but are transferred to London with the for- a considerable amount of colloid analysis which includes mer group leader Dr. Maria Magdalena Titirici) special techniques of transmission and scanning electron microscopy on soft, structured matter which are runned on · Performing hydrothermal processing under distinct catalytic the base of a central service group (Dr. Jürgen Hartmann). conditions does not lead only to carbon materials, but also It is a big problem that due
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